A fuel cell stack and a method of optimizing distribution of edge restriction fluid for a fuel cell stack

Abstract

This invention provides a fuel cell stack, comprising a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), electrode plates, current collectors, and end plates sequentially disposed on both sides of the MEA. A fluid cavity is formed at the relative positions of the MEA, electrode plates, current collectors, and the end plate on the first side. The end plate on the second side is not connected to the outside. The fluid cavity includes multiple inlet distribution manifolds and multiple outlet distribution manifolds. The cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifolds on a portion of the MEA, electrode plates, current collectors, and end plates in the MEA on the first side is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifolds on the remaining MEA and electrode plates in the MEA on the second side. By adjusting the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifolds at the edge sections, a local throttling structure is added, changing the static pressure distribution at both ends of the edge sections, thereby effectively improving the uniformity of reactant distribution at the edge sections of a high-power fuel cell and enhancing the overall performance of the stack. This invention also provides a method for optimizing fluid distribution at the edge sections of a fuel cell stack.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of fuel cell technology, and specifically relates to a fuel cell stack and a method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of the fuel cell stack. Background Technology

[0002] A fuel cell is a device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction, offering advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency and low environmental pollution. With the increasing market demand for high-power-density fuel cells, fuel cell systems are developing towards multi-section series connection and higher power output. However, during the operation of high-power fuel cell stacks, the low power consumption of edge sections has become increasingly prominent, becoming a key technical bottleneck restricting the overall performance and reliability of the stack.

[0003] Currently, high-power fuel cell stacks commonly employ a multi-section series structure. However, in actual operation, edge sections (single-cell plates located at the edge of the stack) near the inlet and outlet of the fuel cell stack often exhibit significantly lower power output than the average sections. This problem mainly stems from two factors: Firstly, because edge sections are located at the beginning or end of the fluid distribution path, the flow rate of reactant gas they receive is significantly lower than that of the intermediate sections, leading to insufficient reactant supply and incomplete electrochemical reactions. Secondly, edge sections are located in the low-temperature region of the fuel cell stack's thermal management, resulting in relatively low operating temperatures. This causes the water vapor generated during the reaction to easily condense into liquid water and accumulate in the flow channels or gas diffusion layer. The retention of liquid water further increases the gas transport resistance inside the edge section, exacerbating the deterioration of reaction conditions and causing localized gas shortages, leading to significantly lower power output in the edge section and even affecting the battery life.

[0004] Therefore, how to effectively improve the uniformity of reactant distribution at the edge nodes of high-power fuel cells is a problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a fuel cell stack and a method for optimizing the distribution of reactants at the edge of the fuel cell stack, which can effectively improve the uniformity of reactant distribution at the edge of a high-power fuel cell.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides a fuel cell stack, comprising: a membrane electrode assembly, electrode plates, current collectors and end plates sequentially disposed on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly;

[0007] The membrane electrode assembly includes multiple membrane electrodes stacked sequentially. Fluid cavities are formed at the relative positions of the membrane electrode assembly, the electrode plate, the current collector, and the end plate located on the first side. The end plate located on the second side is not connected to the outside.

[0008] The fluid cavity includes multiple inlet distribution manifolds and multiple outlet distribution manifolds. The multiple inlet distribution manifolds are used for the fluid medium to flow through each segment membrane electrode, and the multiple outlet distribution manifolds are used to collect and discharge the fluid medium flowing through each segment membrane electrode.

[0009] The cross-sectional area of ​​a portion of the membrane electrodes, the electrode plate, the current collector, and the outlet distribution manifold on the end plate in the membrane electrode assembly located on the first side is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​the remaining portion of the membrane electrodes and the outlet distribution manifold on the electrode plate in the membrane electrode assembly located on the second side.

[0010] Optionally, in the above-described fuel cell stack, the fluid medium includes at least one of hydrogen, air, and coolant.

[0011] Optionally, in the above-mentioned fuel cell stack, the plurality of inlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen inlet distribution manifold for introducing hydrogen, a coolant inlet distribution manifold for introducing coolant, and an air inlet distribution manifold for introducing air.

[0012] The plurality of said outlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen outlet distribution manifold for discharging hydrogen gas, a coolant outlet distribution manifold for discharging coolant, and an air outlet distribution manifold for discharging air.

[0013] Optionally, in the above-mentioned fuel cell stack, the cross-sectional area of ​​a portion of the membrane electrode assembly, the electrode plate, the current collector, and the outlet distribution manifold on the end plate located on the first side is 30% ± 20% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the remaining portion of the membrane electrode assembly and the outlet distribution manifold on the electrode plate located on the second side.

[0014] The present invention also provides a method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack, using the fuel cell stack described above, the method comprising: reducing the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of the fuel cell stack near the outlet.

[0015] Optionally, in the above method for optimizing the distribution of fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack, the fluid medium includes hydrogen, air, and coolant, and the fluid cavity on the fuel cell stack includes multiple inlet distribution manifolds for respectively introducing hydrogen, air, and coolant, and multiple outlet distribution manifolds for respectively discharging hydrogen, air, and coolant.

[0016] Optionally, in the above method for optimizing the distribution of fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack, the reduced outlet distribution manifold is at least one of a plurality of outlet distribution manifolds corresponding to different fluid media.

[0017] Optionally, in the above method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of the fuel cell stack, the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of at least one of the membrane electrode assembly, the electrode plate, the current collector, and the end plate located on the first side is reduced.

[0018] Optionally, in the above method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of the fuel cell stack, the area range is reduced to 30% ± 20% of the initial area.

[0019] Optionally, in the above method for optimizing the distribution of fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack, the fluid cavity of the membrane electrode is realized by machining a die, the fluid cavity of the electrode plate is realized by forming a mold, the fluid cavity of the current collector is realized by machining, and the fluid cavity of the end plate is realized by machining.

[0020] This invention provides a fuel cell stack, which has the following advantages:

[0021] By adjusting the cross-sectional area of ​​the edge section outlet distribution manifold and increasing the local throttling structure, the static pressure distribution at both ends of the edge section is changed, thereby effectively improving the uniformity of reactant distribution in the edge section of the high-power fuel cell, effectively alleviating the problem of low temperature in the edge section caused by insufficient reactant gas, and improving the temperature uniformity of the fuel cell stack, thereby improving the overall performance, efficiency and reliability of the fuel cell stack.

[0022] The present invention also provides a method for optimizing the distribution of reactants at the edge of a fuel cell stack. By applying the above-mentioned fuel cell stack, the uniformity of reactant distribution at the edge of a high-power fuel cell can be effectively improved. Attached Figure Description

[0023] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0024] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a fuel cell stack provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the end plate, current collector, membrane electrode and electrode plate provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of each manifold on the end plate provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 4 This is a comparison diagram of the airflow distribution effect of the hydrogen outlet distribution manifold of the fuel cell stack edge section in the embodiment of the present invention and the prior art.

[0028] In the image above:

[0029] 100-Endplate;

[0030] 200-Combs;

[0031] 300-film electrode;

[0032] 400-plate;

[0033] 511-Hydrogen into the distribution manifold;

[0034] 512-Hydrogen distribution manifold;

[0035] 521 - Coolant inlet manifold;

[0036] 522 - Coolant outlet manifold;

[0037] 531-Air-in distribution manifold;

[0038] 532 - Empty distribution manifold. Detailed Implementation

[0039] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0040] The core of this invention is to provide a fuel cell stack and a method for optimizing the distribution of reactants at the edge of the fuel cell stack, which can effectively improve the uniformity of reactant distribution at the edge of a high-power fuel cell.

[0041] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions provided by the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0042] Fuel cell stacks generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen at the membrane electrode interface, but the reaction process is accompanied by water generation, heat accumulation, and changes in gas concentration gradient.

[0043] Fuel cell stacks have multiple channels, categorized into four types: gas flow channels (hydrogen / air), cooling flow channels, common manifolds, and sealed flow channels. Their core functions are: uniform gas supply, efficient drainage, precise temperature control, and prevention of cross-contamination, collectively ensuring the stable and efficient conduct of the electrochemical reaction. If these channels are poorly designed, problems such as "flooding" (liquid water clogging the flow channels), "dry membrane" (proton exchange membrane dehydration and failure), localized overheating, or uneven voltage distribution in individual cells can easily occur, directly leading to performance degradation or even failure.

[0044] Therefore, the channels on the fuel cell stack are not only physical pathways, but also key interfaces for the multi-field coupling and regulation of "thermal-mass-electricity".

[0045] For details, please refer to Figures 1-4 , Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a fuel cell stack provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the end plate, current collector, membrane electrode and electrode plate provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of each manifold on the end plate provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a comparison diagram of the airflow distribution effect of the hydrogen outlet distribution manifold of the fuel cell stack edge section in the embodiment of the present invention and the prior art.

[0046] The present invention provides a fuel cell stack comprising: a membrane electrode assembly, an electrode plate 400, a current collector 200 and an end plate 100 sequentially disposed on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly.

[0047] The membrane electrode assembly includes multiple membrane electrodes 300 stacked sequentially. A fluid cavity is formed at the relative positions of the membrane electrode assembly, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 located on the first side. The end plate 100 located on the second side is not connected to the outside. The fluid cavity includes multiple inlet distribution manifolds and multiple outlet distribution manifolds. The multiple inlet distribution manifolds are used for the fluid medium to flow through each membrane electrode 300, and the multiple outlet distribution manifolds are used to collect and discharge the fluid medium flowing through each membrane electrode 300.

[0048] Different fluid media are used as reactants and transported to the membrane electrode assembly through inlet and outlet distribution manifolds machined on the membrane electrode assembly, electrode plate 400, current collector 200 and end plate 100. The reactants are diffused to the electrode surface and the current generated by the electrochemical reaction is collected.

[0049] The cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on a portion of the membrane electrode 300, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 in the membrane electrode assembly on the first side is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on the remaining portion of the membrane electrode 300 and electrode plate 400 in the membrane electrode assembly on the second side.

[0050] The fuel cell stack provided by this invention improves the uniformity of reactant distribution in the edge section of a high-power fuel cell by adjusting the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of its edge section, increasing the local throttling structure, and changing the static pressure distribution at both ends of the edge section. This effectively alleviates the problem of low temperature in the edge section caused by insufficient reactant gas and improves the temperature uniformity of the fuel cell stack, thereby enhancing the overall performance, efficiency, and reliability of the fuel cell stack.

[0051] It should be noted that the membrane electrode 300 is responsible for electrochemical reactions and proton conduction, and is the core of the battery's energy conversion. The shape and size of the outlet of the membrane electrode 300 are achieved by machining a die, which simplifies reducing the outlet area. The electrode plate 400 is responsible for current collection, gas distribution, heat management, and providing structural support for the membrane electrode 300. The shape and size of the outlet of the electrode plate 400 are achieved by molding a die. The current collector 200 is used for electron conduction and collection and is the connecting part between the external circuit and the fuel cell stack. The shape and size of the outlet of the current collector 200 can be achieved by machining. The end plate 100 plays a role in structural fixation, gas guidance, and sealing. It is the external support of the fuel cell stack. The shape and size of the outlet of the end plate 100 can be achieved by machining.

[0052] The fluid medium includes at least one of hydrogen, air, and coolant. Of course, other media can be selected as alternatives depending on actual needs.

[0053] Specifically, the fuel cell stack in this design incorporates three fluid media: hydrogen, air, and coolant. These three fluid media are distributed through a manifold cavity to the reaction chamber within each membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 300. The main focus is on the flow distribution of the media in the hydrogen, air, and coolant channels.

[0054] The multiple inlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen inlet distribution manifold 511 for introducing hydrogen, a coolant inlet distribution manifold 521 for introducing coolant, and an air inlet distribution manifold 531 for introducing air.

[0055] The multiple outlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen outlet distribution manifold 512 for discharging hydrogen, a coolant outlet distribution manifold 522 for discharging coolant, and an air outlet distribution manifold 532 for discharging air.

[0056] Its arrangement is as follows Figure 3 As shown, the hydrogen inlet distribution manifold 511, the coolant inlet distribution manifold 521, and the empty outlet distribution manifold 532 are located on one side of each individual cell in the fuel cell stack from top to bottom, while the empty outlet distribution manifold 531, the coolant outlet distribution manifold 522, and the hydrogen outlet distribution manifold 512 are located on the other side of each individual cell in the fuel cell stack from top to bottom.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on a portion of the membrane electrode 300, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 in the membrane electrode assembly on the first side is 30% ± 20% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on the remaining portion of the membrane electrode 300 and electrode plate 400 in the membrane electrode assembly on the second side. Specifically, it can be any value among 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 45%, and 50%, or a value between any two values.

[0058] This can be understood as follows: the outlet distribution manifolds of the remaining membrane electrode 300 and electrode plate 400 on the second side retain their initial area, while the cross-sectional areas of the outlet distribution manifolds of the remaining membrane electrode 300, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 on the first side are all adjusted to range from 100% of the initial area to 30% ± 20% of the initial area. The first cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifolds of the remaining membrane electrode 300 and electrode plate 400 on the second side is equal in this section, and the second cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifolds of the remaining membrane electrode 300, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 on the first side is also equal in this section, with the second cross-sectional area being 30% ± 20% of the first cross-sectional area. By improving the distribution of fluid near the edge of the battery outlet, the problem of low electrical performance caused by insufficient fluid distribution at the edge can be reduced.

[0059] In addition, the present invention provides a method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack by reducing the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold near the outlet of the fuel cell stack, while keeping the cross-sectional areas of the other parts of the outlet distribution manifold and the inlet distribution manifold unchanged.

[0060] The key to this invention lies in improving the outlet distribution manifold. Specifically, it involves adjusting the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold corresponding to the outermost section or several edge sections located closest to the outlet distribution manifold (first side) of the battery stack. The cross-section of the outlet distribution manifold can be designed as a rectangle, parallelogram, or other geometric shapes, as long as the area is reduced.

[0061] By altering the static pressure distribution at both ends of the edge section, the flow rate of the medium flowing through the edge section is increased, thereby optimizing the flow distribution of the fluid medium in the edge section. The component requiring adjustment is a portion of the membrane electrode assembly 300 located on the first side of the fuel cell stack (e.g.,...). Figure 1 As shown, it can be implemented on a membrane electrode 300, an electrode plate 400, a current collector 200, and an end plate 100.

[0062] Fluid media include hydrogen, air, and coolant. Of course, other media can be selected as alternatives depending on actual needs.

[0063] The fluid chamber on the fuel cell stack includes multiple inlet manifolds for introducing hydrogen, air and coolant respectively, and multiple outlet manifolds for discharging hydrogen, air and coolant respectively.

[0064] The core reaction of a fuel cell is the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. At the anode, hydrogen reacts with the catalyst to produce electrons, protons, and hydrogen ions; at the cathode, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water. To ensure the reaction proceeds fully, the flow rates of hydrogen and oxygen need to be sufficient; otherwise, the reaction rate may be insufficient, leading to a decrease in cell performance and affecting the efficiency and stability of the entire system. The heat generated by the cell reaction needs to be dissipated by a coolant. A uniform coolant maintains a consistent temperature across the cell components, preventing localized overheating or undercooling, thereby improving efficiency and reliability.

[0065] By applying the method of the present invention, the flow rates of hydrogen, air and coolant in the edge sections of the fuel cell stack can be significantly increased.

[0066] The main method to improve flow distribution at the edge of the inlet and outlet is to adjust the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold. Adjusting the flow cross-sectional area at the inlet of the outlet distribution manifold is limited by the size of the inlet components, making adjustment difficult. To achieve greater flow distribution at the edge, while maintaining a constant inlet static pressure, the most effective method is to reduce the static pressure at the outlet. This adjustment is made at the outlet of the edge distribution manifold, increasing the outlet flow velocity and decreasing the outlet static pressure. This reduces the static pressure difference between the two ends of the edge section, improving the flow distribution at the inlet and outlet. Practical results can be seen in [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 3 .

[0067] This method is applicable to one or more of the hydrogen outlet distribution manifold 512, coolant outlet distribution manifold 522, and empty outlet distribution manifold 532 in a fuel cell stack. Since both the inlet and outlet distribution manifolds are located on the first side of the end plate 100, the fluid distribution differences between individual cells in each section of the fuel cell stack depend on the static pressure distribution on both sides of the inlet and outlet distribution manifolds. This can be achieved by adjusting the cross-sectional area at the outlet of the edge section outlet distribution manifold (e.g., ...). Figure 2 The method can change the static pressure distribution at both ends of the edge section, so that the flow rate of the edge section at the manifold outlet is significantly increased compared with that of the average section, optimize the fluid distribution of the edge section, and reduce the single low problem caused by the small gas volume of the edge section.

[0068] In a specific embodiment, the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of at least one of the membrane electrode assembly, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 located on the first side can be reduced. By combining the above four components, the flow rate at the inlet and outlet edge sections can be increased simply by adjusting the outlet cross-sectional area of ​​one or more components. This method is simple and efficient, has low processing costs, high processing flexibility, does not require complex processes, and can be easily implemented in actual production.

[0069] Specifically, the area reduction range is 30% ± 20% of the initial area. Within this error range, it is possible to increase the outlet flow rate and reduce the static pressure at the edge section outlet.

[0070] The beneficial effects of the technical solution provided by this invention include:

[0071] 1. Compared with the existing technology, which reduces the flow resistance of the fluid cavity in the edge section and increases the flow rate of the fluid medium in the edge section, this solution adopts the method of reducing the cross-section of the fluid cavity near the edge section. Under the condition that the static pressure at the inlet of the edge section distribution manifold remains unchanged, the flow velocity at the outlet is increased and the static pressure at the outlet is reduced, so that the flow resistance at both ends of the edge section increases, which can significantly increase the flow rate of the fluid in the inlet and outlet edge sections.

[0072] 2. In the past, adding blocking blocks to the connecting manifold or end plate assembly outside the fuel cell stack to improve the overall consistency of the fuel cell stack was a relatively complex measure. This solution proposes to reduce the flow area at the outlet of the membrane electrode 300, electrode plate 400, current collector 200, and end plate 100 at the outlet of the distribution manifold inside the fuel cell stack, thereby reducing the area of ​​the outlet fluid cavity. This is easier to process. Since the outlet flow velocity is directly increased at the edge section, the effect of reducing the static pressure at the edge section outlet and increasing the flow rate at the edge section is more obvious.

[0073] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the orientation descriptions, such as up, down, front, back, left, right, etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application.

[0074] As indicated in this application and claims, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the words "a," "an," "a," and / or "the" are not specifically singular and may include the plural. Generally, the terms "comprising" and "including" only indicate the inclusion of expressly identified steps and elements, which do not constitute an exclusive list, and the method or apparatus may also include other steps or elements. An element defined by the phrase "comprising an..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, product, or apparatus that includes the element.

[0075] In the description of this application, unless otherwise expressly defined, terms such as "setup," "installation," and "connection" should be interpreted broadly, and those skilled in the art can reasonably determine the specific meaning of the above terms in this application in conjunction with the specific content of the technical solution.

[0076] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on the differences from other embodiments. The same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to each other.

[0077] This article uses specific examples to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principles of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fuel cell stack, characterized in that, include: Membrane electrode assembly, electrode plate (400), current collector plate (200) and end plate (100) sequentially disposed on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly. The membrane electrode assembly includes multiple membrane electrodes (300) stacked sequentially. Fluid cavities are formed at the relative positions of the membrane electrode assembly, the electrode plate (400), the current collector plate (200), and the end plate (100) located on the first side. The end plate (100) located on the second side is not connected to the outside. The fluid cavity includes multiple inlet distribution manifolds and multiple outlet distribution manifolds. The multiple inlet distribution manifolds are used for the fluid medium to flow through each segment membrane electrode (300), and the multiple outlet distribution manifolds are used to collect and discharge the fluid medium flowing through each segment membrane electrode (300). The cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on a portion of the membrane electrode assembly (300), the electrode plate (400), the current collector (200), and the end plate (100) located on the first side is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on the remaining portion of the membrane electrode assembly (300) and the electrode plate (400) located on the second side.

2. The fuel cell stack according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fluid medium includes at least one of hydrogen, air, and coolant.

3. The fuel cell stack according to claim 2, characterized in that, The plurality of said inlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen inlet distribution manifold (511) for introducing hydrogen, a coolant inlet distribution manifold (521) for introducing coolant, and an air inlet distribution manifold (531) for introducing air. The plurality of said outlet distribution manifolds include: a hydrogen outlet distribution manifold (512) for discharging hydrogen, a coolant outlet distribution manifold (522) for discharging coolant, and an air outlet distribution manifold (532) for discharging air.

4. The fuel cell stack according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on a portion of the membrane electrode (300), the electrode plate (400), the current collector (200), and the end plate (100) in the membrane electrode assembly located on the first side is 30% ± 20% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold on the remaining portion of the membrane electrode (300) and the electrode plate (400) in the membrane electrode assembly located on the second side.

5. A method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack, characterized in that, The method of using a fuel cell stack according to any one of claims 1-4 includes: reducing the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of the fuel cell stack near the outlet.

6. The method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack according to claim 5, characterized in that, The fluid medium includes hydrogen, air, and coolant, and the fluid cavity on the fuel cell stack includes multiple inlet manifolds for introducing hydrogen, air, and coolant respectively, and multiple outlet manifolds for discharging hydrogen, air, and coolant respectively.

7. The method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack according to claim 6, characterized in that, The reduced outlet distribution manifold is at least one of a plurality of outlet distribution manifolds corresponding to different fluid media.

8. The method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack according to claim 6, characterized in that, Reduce the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet distribution manifold of at least one of the membrane electrode assembly, the electrode plate (400), the current collector plate (200), and the end plate (100) located on the first side.

9. The method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack according to claim 5, characterized in that, The area reduction range is 30% ± 20% of the initial area.

10. The method for optimizing the distribution of throttling fluid at the edge of a fuel cell stack according to claim 5, characterized in that, The fluid cavity of the membrane electrode (300) is realized by machining a die, the fluid cavity of the electrode plate (400) is realized by forming a mold, the fluid cavity of the current collector (200) is realized by machining, and the fluid cavity of the end plate (100) is realized by machining.

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