Dual-mode intelligent sensing system of automobile seat and partition arrangement method thereof

Abstract

The application provides a dual-mode intelligent sensing system of an automobile seat and a partition arrangement method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of automobile intelligent cabins. The system comprises a plurality of flexible thin film piezoresistive sensors, a plurality of flexible capacitive sensors, a signal acquisition module, a modal fusion algorithm module and an electronic control module. According to the stress characteristics and monitoring requirements of different areas of the automobile seat, the seat is divided into a pressure concentration area, a non-pressure concentration area and a mixed arrangement area. The flexible thin film piezoresistive sensor array is arranged in the pressure concentration area to collect pressure distribution data. The flexible capacitive sensor array is arranged in the non-pressure concentration area to monitor the occupancy and the fit. The dual-mode mixed arrangement is adopted in the mixed arrangement area. Through the partition arrangement method of matching the characteristics of different sensors with the pressure distribution characteristics of the automobile seat and the dual-mode data fusion processing, the advantages of the two sensing modes are complementary, and the resource optimization configuration is realized. The application has the advantages of comprehensive perception, optimized power consumption and high reliability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of automotive intelligent cockpit technology, specifically to a dual-modal intelligent sensing system for automotive seats and its partitioning arrangement method. Background Technology

[0002] With the continuous improvement of automotive intelligence, car seats have gradually become intelligent core components integrating occupant classification, posture monitoring, airbag control, and adaptive seat adjustment. As a key foundation for realizing these functions, the automotive seat sensing system is one of the core R&D directions for the current automotive industry upgrade. Currently, automotive seat intelligent sensing systems mainly use a single sensing principle to achieve monitoring functions. The mainstream technical solutions fall into two categories: one is a pressure distribution sensor based on the piezoresistive effect, which senses the contact pressure between the occupant and the seat through conductive foam or piezoresistive film arrays, enabling relatively accurate occupant weight classification and posture recognition, providing a data basis for adaptive seat adjustment; the other is a occupancy sensor based on the capacitive effect, which detects the proximity of the occupant to the seat through electrode plates, mainly used for seatbelt reminders and seat departure detection, and has the advantage of low power consumption monitoring.

[0003] However, the limitations of a single sensing mode are significant and cannot meet the comprehensive monitoring needs of intelligent car seats: although a single piezoresistive mode can accurately acquire contact pressure distribution and realize functions such as weight classification and posture recognition, it cannot effectively sense the contact state between the occupant and the seat, resulting in a detection blind spot; although a single capacitive mode can realize low-power occupancy monitoring and non-contact sensing, and complete functions such as seat belt reminder and seat departure detection, it is difficult to acquire accurate pressure distribution information and cannot provide reliable data support for functions such as seat adaptive adjustment and precise airbag control.

[0004] In recent years, multimodal fusion sensing has become a research hotspot in the field of automotive seat sensing. Some existing technologies attempt to solve the defects of single-modality sensing through multimodal data fusion. For example, Runxin Micro Technology (CN121341020A) disclosed a seat adjustment method based on multimodal data, which achieves adaptive seat adjustment through weighted fusion processing; Anhui Jianghuai Automobile (CN121316662A) disclosed a multi-dimensional seat safety monitoring system, which achieves occupant status recognition through multi-source data fusion.

[0005] Existing technical solutions mostly focus on data fusion and decision output at the algorithm level, without addressing the differences in physical characteristics between piezoresistive and capacitive sensors. They fail to functionalize and partition the two types of sensors at the structural level, nor do they fully consider the force characteristics and detection requirements of different areas of the seat. Therefore, how to achieve functional partitioning and multimodal collaborative monitoring at the physical structure level, based on the signal characteristic differences between piezoresistive and capacitive sensors and the force characteristics of different areas of the car seat, to enable the two sensing modes to complement each other and thus improve the detection comprehensiveness and reliability of the seat sensing system, is a pressing technical problem to be solved in this field and is also the starting point for the development of this invention. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a dual-modal intelligent sensing system for automobile seats and its partitioning arrangement method, so as to solve the technical problems of incomplete monitoring and insufficient adaptability of the existing automobile seat sensing system due to the use of a single sensing mode.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A dual-modal intelligent sensing system for an automobile seat and its partitioned arrangement method, comprising multiple flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor arrays, multiple flexible capacitive sensor arrays, a signal acquisition module, a modal fusion algorithm module, and an electronic control module; The array of multiple flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensors monitors static pressure and pressure distribution based on the piezoresistive effect, and outputs a resistance change signal that is positively correlated with the pressure magnitude. The array of multiple flexible capacitive sensors achieves proximity sensing and fit monitoring based on the capacitance effect, and outputs a capacitance change signal that is negatively correlated with the proximity distance and the degree of fit. The flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array are arranged in multiple functional areas of the car seat according to the force characteristics and monitoring requirements of different areas. The multiple functional areas include at least a pressure concentration area, a non-pressure concentration area, and a mixed arrangement area. The signal acquisition module is electrically connected to two sensor arrays and is used to acquire, filter, and amplify the sensor signals output by the sensors. The modal fusion algorithm module is electrically connected to the signal acquisition module and is used to perform targeted partitioning and adaptation processing on the dual-modal sensing signals. The electronic control module is electrically connected to the modal fusion algorithm module and is used to receive fused data and output intelligent decision-making instructions.

[0008] In the above system, the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array in the pressure concentration area is composed of a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor unit array, which is used to collect static pressure and pressure distribution data to accurately capture the magnitude of contact pressure; the flexible capacitive sensor array in the non-pressure concentration area is composed of a flexible capacitive sensor unit array, which is used to collect proximity sensing and contact data to achieve low-power occupancy monitoring; the hybrid arrangement area is equipped with a dual-mode hybrid sensor array, which is composed of a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and a flexible capacitive sensor array arranged in a non-overlapping manner, with no gap between the boundaries of the two sensor arrays, taking into account both static pressure monitoring and proximity and contact monitoring, and realizing the collaborative operation of the two sensing modes.

[0009] The present invention also provides a method for the partitioned layout of an intelligent sensing system for automotive seats based on the above system, comprising the following steps: S1. Divide the car seat into multiple functional areas, wherein the multiple functional areas include at least a pressure concentration area, a non-pressure concentration area, and a mixed arrangement area; S2. Determine the sensor arrangement type for each area based on the signal characteristics differences between flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensors and flexible capacitive sensors. S3. Arrange a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array in the pressure concentration area, arrange a flexible capacitive sensor array in the non-pressure concentration area, and use a two-sensor hybrid arrangement in the mixed arrangement area. S4. Embed the arranged sensors inside the seat, and connect the leads to the signal acquisition module.

[0010] As a further preferred embodiment, in step S1, the pressure concentration area includes the middle of the seat cushion, the non-pressure concentration area includes the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest and the headrest, and the mixed arrangement area includes the middle of the backrest.

[0011] As a further preferred option, in step S3, the specifications of the sensor arrays arranged in each functional area are adapted to the contact area and monitoring requirements of the corresponding human body parts.

[0012] As a further preferred embodiment, in step S4, the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array are arranged with a preset distance, and the capacitive sensor is provided with a ground electrode layer to eliminate interference; all sensors are sealed and packaged, and the temperature range is adapted to automotive operating conditions, preferably -40℃ to 85℃.

[0013] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: Compared with the prior art, this invention achieves dual-modal fusion sensing by combining flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensors and flexible capacitive sensors, and arranges functional zones according to the force characteristics of different areas of the car seat. In the pressure concentration area, piezoresistive sensors are used to achieve high-precision pressure distribution acquisition, while in the non-pressure concentration area, capacitive sensors are used to achieve low-power occupancy monitoring and fit monitoring. The mixed arrangement area adopts a dual-modal hybrid arrangement, realizing the complementary advantages and optimized resource allocation of the two sensing modes. This solves the technical problems of incomplete monitoring and insufficient adaptability of existing single sensing modes, and has significant advantages such as comprehensive sensing, optimized power consumption, accurate decision-making, and high reliability. Attached Figure Description

[0014] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the intelligent sensing system for automotive seats of the present invention.

[0016] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the partitioned layout method of the intelligent sensing system for automotive seats according to the present invention.

[0017] Figure 3a , Figure 3b These are schematic diagrams of the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor and the flexible capacitive sensor of the intelligent sensing system of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the intelligent sensing system of the present invention.

[0019] Labels in the diagram: 1-Car seat, 2-Flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor, 3-Flexible capacitive sensor, 4-Signal acquisition module, 5-Modal fusion algorithm module, 6-Electronic control module; Figure 2 1a - Pressure Concentration Zone, 1b - Mixed Layout Zone, 1c - Non-Pressure Concentration Zone In Figure 3a: 201-upper protective layer, 202-upper electrode layer, 203-piezoresistive sensitive layer, 204-lower electrode layer, 205-lower protective layer, 206-flexible substrate; In Figure 3b: 301 - upper protective layer, 302 - upper electrode layer, 303 - dielectric layer, 304 - lower electrode layer, 305 - protective layer. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be noted that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. like Figure 1 As shown, one embodiment of the present invention is provided: a dual-modal intelligent sensing system for a car seat, comprising: 2. Multiple flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensors; 3. Multiple flexible capacitive sensors; 4. Signal acquisition module; 5. Modal fusion algorithm module; and 6. Electronic control module.

[0021] The flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor 2 is arranged in an array in the pressure concentration area and mixed arrangement area of ​​the car seat, and realizes static pressure and pressure distribution monitoring based on the piezoresistive effect.

[0022] The flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor 2 consists of an upper protective layer 201, an upper electrode layer 202, a piezoresistive sensitive layer 203, a lower electrode layer 204, a lower protective layer 205, and a flexible substrate 206, as shown in the schematic diagram below. Figure 3a As shown, when the sensor is pressed, the resistance of the sensitive layer changes accordingly, and the output is a resistance change signal that is positively correlated with the pressure magnitude. This signal is used to reflect the magnitude and distribution of the contact pressure between the occupant and the seat, providing basic data for occupant weight recognition, posture judgment, and pressure distribution detection. The flexible capacitive sensor 3 is arranged in an array in the non-pressure concentrated area and mixed arrangement area of ​​the car seat, realizing proximity sensing and fit monitoring based on the capacitance effect. The sensor consists of an upper protective layer 301, an upper electrode layer 302, a dielectric layer 303, a lower electrode layer 304, and a protective layer 305, as shown in the schematic diagram below. Figure 3b As shown, when a human body approaches or comes into contact with the seat surface, the capacitance value between the electrodes changes accordingly, and the output capacitance change signal is negatively correlated with the approach distance and the degree of contact, which is used to realize occupant occupancy detection, proximity sensing, body contact monitoring, and seat departure detection.

[0023] The signal acquisition module 4 is electrically connected to the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array, respectively, and is used to perform unified processing on the raw signals output by the two types of sensors.

[0024] Its main functions include: real-time acquisition of resistance and capacitance change signals; filtering, amplification, and noise reduction of the signals to eliminate vibration and electromagnetic interference during vehicle operation; and transmitting stable and effective feature signals to the modal fusion algorithm module to provide reliable input for subsequent data fusion.

[0025] The modal fusion algorithm module 5 is electrically connected to the signal acquisition module 4 and is used to receive the processed dual-modal signal and perform partitioned adaptation and fusion processing according to the monitoring characteristics of different functional areas of the seat.

[0026] For areas with concentrated pressure, non-concentrated pressure, and mixed layout, corresponding fusion strategies are adopted to complement the advantages of piezoresistive and capacitive signals, and output comprehensive characteristic data that can fully reflect the occupant's status, including but not limited to occupant's occupant position, sitting posture, body fit, and pressure distribution information. The electronic control module 6 is electrically connected to the modal fusion algorithm module 5, and is used to receive the fused integrated data and output corresponding intelligent decision instructions according to preset rules.

[0027] The commands can be used for functions such as adaptive adjustment of car seats, seat belt reminders, airbag control, driver fatigue warning, and occupant status monitoring, realizing intelligent linkage between the seat sensing system and the vehicle control system.

[0028] like Figure 2 As shown, the present invention discloses a method for arranging car seats in a partitioned manner, comprising the following steps: S1 Seat Functional Area Division: Based on the stress characteristics and monitoring needs of different areas of the car seat, the seat is divided into pressure concentration zones, non-pressure concentration zones, and mixed arrangement zones. The pressure concentration zone includes the center of the seat cushion (corresponding to the ischial tuberosities), which is the main stress area when the occupant sits, requiring focused monitoring of static pressure and pressure distribution. The non-pressure concentration zone includes the front edge of the seat cushion (corresponding to the front thighs), the side wings of the backrest (corresponding to the sides of the lower back), and the headrest (corresponding to the head support area). These areas experience less stress, and monitoring is primarily required for occupant approach, contact, and disembarkation. The mixed arrangement zone includes the center of the seat back (corresponding to the lower back), requiring simultaneous monitoring of both stress and proximity when the occupant sits. Each zone is clearly demarcated to ensure no overlap and comprehensive coverage of the entire seat area.

[0029] S2 Sensor Type Matching Based on the differences in the core signal characteristics of the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor 2 and the flexible capacitive sensor 3, sensor types are matched for each functional area: the pressure concentration area (center of the seat cushion) is mainly for static pressure monitoring, so a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array is configured for monitoring; the non-pressure concentration area (front edge of the seat cushion, side wings of the backrest, headrest) is mainly for proximity sensing and fit monitoring, so a flexible capacitive sensor array is configured for monitoring; the center of the backrest, as a mixed arrangement area, is a key support area of ​​the seat and needs to monitor both lumbar static pressure and back fit at the same time, so a mixed arrangement of the two types of sensors is adopted to form a dual-modal hybrid monitoring structure. The considerations for this matching strategy are as follows: the core advantage of the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor 2 is its high accuracy in static pressure monitoring and its ability to accurately capture pressure distribution details, making it suitable for monitoring the needs of areas with concentrated pressure; the core advantage of the flexible capacitive sensor 3 is its sensitive dynamic response and low power consumption, enabling it to quickly detect the approach and contact of the human body, making it suitable for monitoring the needs of areas without concentrated pressure; and the hybrid arrangement in the middle of the backrest takes into account both monitoring needs, achieving complementary advantages and solving the problem that a single sensor cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of pressure monitoring and contact measurement, thereby improving the comprehensiveness of monitoring.

[0030] S3 sensor array arrangement Based on the sensor type matching results described above, the array layout for each area was completed: a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array was placed in the center of the seat cushion, completely covering the area; a hybrid layout was used in the center of the backrest, employing a composite array of flexible thin-film piezoresistive and flexible capacitive sensors, arranged in a non-overlapping pattern with tight, non-overlapping boundaries; flexible capacitive sensor arrays were placed at the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest, and the headrest, each covering its corresponding area. The specifications of the sensor arrays in each area can be flexibly adjusted according to the contact area of ​​the corresponding body part and monitoring requirements, ensuring monitoring effectiveness while also controlling costs.

[0031] S4 Sensor Installation and Anti-interference Processing Each sensor array is embedded inside seat 1, located between the foam layer and the seat cover, and secured with automotive-grade flexible adhesive to ensure a tight fit between the sensors and the seat surface. The conductive leads of all sensors are routed uniformly along the edge of the seat's internal frame or through pre-reserved gaps in the foam layer, converging at the signal acquisition module at the bottom of the seat and electrically connected via waterproof connectors. A preset distance is maintained between the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array to prevent crosstalk; the capacitive sensor array is equipped with a grounding electrode layer connected to the vehicle's grounding terminal to eliminate electromagnetic interference within the vehicle. All sensors employ a sealed encapsulation structure, using automotive-grade flexible encapsulation film to adapt to complex automotive operating conditions.

[0032] Through the above steps, the piezoresistive and capacitive sensors are arranged in separate zones on the car seat, laying the foundation for subsequent signal acquisition and fusion processing.

[0033] This embodiment combines Figure 4 The flowchart of the intelligent sensing system of the present invention shown below details the complete workflow of the system from startup to decision output.

[0034] like Figure 4 As shown, after the system is powered on and initialized, the sensor array, signal acquisition module 4, modal fusion algorithm module 5, and electronic control module 6 enter the working state. First, the self-test program of each module is completed to ensure that the sensor array, transmission line and each functional module are working properly, in order to prepare for subsequent monitoring.

[0035] When an occupant approaches the seat, a flexible capacitive sensor array deployed in non-pressure-concentrated areas of the seat (including the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest, and the headrest area) is the first to detect the human proximity signal, and the capacitance value changes accordingly. After being processed by the signal acquisition module, this signal triggers the system to wake up, causing other modules that are in low-power standby mode to switch to normal operating mode, thereby effectively reducing the overall standby power consumption of the system.

[0036] After the occupants are seated, the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array, located in the pressure concentration area (the center of the seat cushion), begins to synchronously collect pressure distribution signals. The piezoresistive sensors operate based on the piezoresistive effect; when subjected to vertical pressure, the resistance value of the sensitive array changes in a positive correlation with the magnitude of the pressure. Through array arrangement, the pressure magnitude and spatial distribution of the buttocks and waist can be accurately captured.

[0037] Meanwhile, flexible capacitive sensor arrays deployed in non-pressure-concentrated areas (including the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest, and the headrest area) and capacitive sensor arrays mixed in the middle of the backrest simultaneously collect signals of the occupant's proximity and fit with the seat. Capacitive sensors operate based on the capacitance effect; when a person approaches or fits against the seat, the capacitance value between the electrodes changes in a negative correlation with the proximity distance and the degree of fit. Based on this, it can be determined whether the occupant's posture is correct and whether their body fits well with the seat.

[0038] The signal acquisition module 4 acquires the raw signals output by the two sensors in real time and performs preprocessing operations such as filtering and amplification to effectively eliminate vibration interference and electromagnetic interference generated during vehicle operation. After extracting stable and effective signal features, it transmits them to the modal fusion algorithm module.

[0039] Modal fusion algorithm module 5 receives preprocessed dual-modal signals. First, it identifies the functional area type (pressure-concentrated area, non-pressure-concentrated area, or mixed arrangement area) based on the signal source. Then, it employs corresponding partitioned adaptation fusion strategies for different areas. For pressure-concentrated areas, the piezoresistive signal is processed; for non-pressure-concentrated areas, the capacitive signal is processed; and for mixed arrangement areas such as the middle of the backrest, balanced weight fusion is used to achieve complementary advantages between piezoresistive and capacitive signals. After fusion processing, it outputs comprehensive occupant status data, including occupant occupancy status, weight estimation, sitting posture, body fit, pressure distribution, and other multi-dimensional information.

[0040] The electronic control module 6 receives the integrated data and, combined with preset automotive standards and ergonomic parameters, generates corresponding intelligent decision-making instructions. These instructions can be transmitted to the actuators via the vehicle bus to achieve functions such as adaptive seat adjustment (e.g., adjusting seat cushion height, backrest angle, and lumbar support strength), seat belt reminder, airbag control parameter optimization, and driver fatigue warning, thereby completing the closed loop of the entire system from perception and fusion to decision control.

Claims

1. A dual-modal intelligent sensing system for an automobile seat, characterized in that, include: Multiple flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor arrays, multiple flexible capacitive sensor arrays, signal acquisition module, modal fusion algorithm module, and electronic control module; The array of multiple flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensors achieves static pressure and pressure distribution monitoring based on the piezoresistive effect. The array of multiple flexible capacitive sensors achieves proximity sensing and fit monitoring based on the capacitance effect; The flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array are arranged in multiple functional areas of the car seat according to the force characteristics and monitoring requirements of different areas. The multiple functional areas include at least a pressure concentration area, a non-pressure concentration area, and a mixed arrangement area. The signal acquisition module is electrically connected to the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array, and is used to acquire, filter, and amplify the raw signals output by the two sensors in real time. The modal fusion algorithm module is electrically connected to the signal acquisition module and is used to perform targeted partitioning adaptation processing on the dual-modal sensing signals. The electronic control module is electrically connected to the modal fusion algorithm module and is used to receive data processed by the fusion algorithm and output intelligent decision-making instructions.

2. The dual-modal intelligent sensing system for a car seat according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pressure concentration area includes the center of the car seat cushion, the non-pressure concentration area includes the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest, and the headrest, and the mixed arrangement area includes the center of the backrest.

3. The dual-modal intelligent sensing system for an automotive seat according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the pressure concentration zone, the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array is composed of flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor unit arrays, used to focus on collecting static pressure and pressure distribution data; in the non-pressure concentration zone, the flexible capacitive sensor array is composed of capacitive sensor unit arrays, used to focus on collecting fit data; in the hybrid arrangement zone, a dual-mode hybrid sensor array is set, consisting of a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and a flexible capacitive sensor array arranged in a non-overlapping manner, with no gaps between the boundaries of the two sensor arrays, taking into account both static pressure and fit monitoring.

4. A method for partitioning a dual-modal intelligent sensing system for an automotive seat as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Divide the car seat into multiple functional areas, wherein the multiple functional areas include at least a pressure concentration area, a non-pressure concentration area, and a mixed arrangement area; S2. Based on the signal characteristic differences between the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array, and in conjunction with the monitoring requirements of each functional area, determine the type of sensor array to be deployed in each functional area. S3. Arrange a flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array in the pressure concentration area, arrange a flexible capacitive sensor array in the non-pressure concentration area, and arrange the two sensor arrays in a mixed arrangement area. S4. Embed the arranged sensor array inside the seat, and its leads are connected to the signal acquisition module.

5. The partitioned layout method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step S1, the pressure concentration area is the middle of the seat cushion of the car seat, the non-pressure concentration area includes the front edge of the seat cushion, the side wings of the backrest and the headrest, and the mixed arrangement area is the middle of the backrest of the car seat.

6. The partitioned layout method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The specifications of the sensor arrays arranged in each functional area are adapted to the contact area of ​​the corresponding human body parts and the required monitoring resolution of each functional area of ​​the seat.

7. The partitioned layout method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step S4, the flexible thin-film piezoresistive sensor array and the flexible capacitive sensor array maintain a preset spacing in their layout, and the flexible capacitive sensor array is equipped with a grounding electrode layer connected to the grounding terminal of the vehicle body.

8. The partitioned layout method according to claim 4, characterized in that, All sensor arrays are hermetically sealed and their temperature range is adapted to automotive operating conditions.

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