A material surface ice adhesion force testing device, method and evaluation method

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of ice-coated material performance testing, and particularly relates to a material surface ice adhesion force testing device, method and evaluation method, which comprises a refrigeration sub-device and a testing sub-device arranged in the refrigeration sub-device; wherein the refrigeration sub-device adopts a double-layer insulation box body structure with a sandwich design, comprising a refrigeration pipeline system arranged in the sandwich and a double-temperature zone control system arranged on the box body structure; the refrigeration pipeline system comprises a first refrigeration pipeline arranged at the bottom of the box body structure and a second refrigeration pipeline arranged at the upper part of the box body structure; the double-temperature zone control system comprises a first temperature control subsystem connected with the first refrigeration pipeline and a second temperature control subsystem connected with the second refrigeration pipeline; the first temperature control subsystem and the second temperature control subsystem are independent of each other.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of performance testing technology for icing materials, specifically relating to a device, method, and evaluation method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface. Background Technology

[0002] The statements in this section are merely background information related to the present invention and do not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0003] Ice buildup on material surfaces is a widespread problem in cold climates and high-altitude environments globally, posing serious safety hazards and economic losses to many industrial sectors. For example, in the aerospace industry, ice buildup on critical components such as the leading edge of aircraft wings and engine air intakes can alter aerodynamic shapes, leading to decreased lift, increased drag, and even flight accidents. In wind power generation, ice buildup on blades can change blade airfoils, reducing power generation efficiency, and unbalanced ice loads can also cause unit vibration and shorten service life. In the power transmission industry, ice accumulation on transmission lines and insulators can lead to line breaks, tower collapses, and flashover trips, causing widespread power outages. In communication facilities, refrigeration equipment, and transportation, ice adhesion is also a key factor affecting equipment performance and safety.

[0004] In low-temperature, high-humidity, rainy, or snowy weather, the surface of objects is prone to frost and ice formation, which has a significant impact on social production and people's lives. In the power industry, it directly affects normal power transmission; in the transportation industry, it directly leads to railway shutdowns or highway congestion; in the communications industry, it directly affects normal signal transmission; and in the agricultural industry, it directly impacts the growth of greenhouse crops, causing direct economic losses to farmers.

[0005] To address these issues, de-icing methods have emerged, and the application of anti-icing coatings is currently a key research focus. In performance testing of anti-icing coatings, the adhesion of ice to the material surface directly affects the subsequent performance; therefore, the adhesion of ice to the material surface is a crucial indicator.

[0006] According to the inventors, existing methods for testing ice adhesion suffer from several drawbacks. Firstly, uneven temperature fields in the testing environment can introduce significant errors. Secondly, overly simplified testing procedures make it difficult to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the data. Thirdly, the lack of systematic evaluation criteria makes existing test data highly susceptible to misleading analysis. Therefore, a systematic study on ice adhesion to material surfaces is urgently needed to overcome these technical limitations. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention proposes a testing device, method, and evaluation method for ice adhesion on material surfaces. By combining differentiated pipe density arrangement with a dual-temperature zone independent control system, and employing a "sandwich structure" test sample formed using a "clamping dynamic icing method," along with specific test timing control, it solves the technical challenges of significant test errors introduced by uneven temperature fields in the testing environment and the difficulty in ensuring data accuracy and reliability due to overly simplified testing procedures. Furthermore, by systematically and effectively combining a naming system, validity determination, and result characterization, it forms a method for evaluating ice adhesion on material surfaces, addressing the technical problem that the lack of systematic result evaluation standards makes existing test data prone to misleading analysis.

[0008] According to some embodiments, the first aspect of the present invention provides a material surface ice adhesion testing device, which adopts the following technical solution: A material surface ice adhesion testing device includes a refrigeration sub-device and a testing sub-device disposed inside the refrigeration sub-device. The refrigeration sub-device employs a double-layer insulated box structure with a sandwich design, including a refrigeration piping system disposed in the sandwich and a dual-temperature zone control system disposed on the box structure. The refrigeration piping system includes a first refrigeration pipe disposed at the bottom of the box structure and a second refrigeration pipe disposed at the top of the box structure. The dual-temperature zone control system includes a first temperature control sub-system connected to the first refrigeration pipe and a second temperature control sub-system connected to the second refrigeration pipe. The first temperature control sub-system and the second temperature control sub-system are independent of each other.

[0009] It should be noted that the independent setup of the first and second temperature control subsystems allows the operator to establish different temperature distributions in the vertical direction inside the chamber as needed. For example, the bottom test platform and the upper air layer can be set to the same or different preset temperatures to accurately simulate the thermal boundary conditions for ice formation.

[0010] As a further technical limitation, the layout density of the second refrigeration pipe is twice that of the layout density of the first refrigeration pipe.

[0011] As a further technical limitation, the refrigeration piping system uses copper pipes arranged at equal intervals.

[0012] As a further technical limitation, the dual-temperature zone control system also includes an observation window with a double-fold sliding three-layer vacuum glass structure located on the top of the enclosure structure; the observation window is sealed to the enclosure structure using a soft silicone rubber sealing ring.

[0013] As a further technical limitation, the refrigeration sub-device also includes a temperature monitoring and feedback system, which includes a plurality of temperature probes arranged inside the housing structure, and a temperature integrated control sub-system connected to the temperature probes.

[0014] It should be noted that the temperature integrated control subsystem calculates the required cooling capacity based on feedback from a single temperature probe and intelligently distributes it to the two independent cooling systems, one above and one below. The temperature integrated control subsystem senses the temperature inside the chamber through the probe and then controls the different temperature integrated control subsystems with two different opening degrees based on the physical characteristics of the density of the upper and lower pipes, so that the overall temperature field inside the entire chamber reaches and maintains the set temperature.

[0015] As a further technical limitation, the testing sub-device includes a testing component fixing platform with testing components and a pull-out tester fixing platform with a pull-out tester. The fixing platform adopts a steel plate base, and fixing devices are provided at both ends of the steel plate base. The fixing device includes at least an elastic fixing strip and fixing bolts for fixing the elastic fixing strip to the steel plate base. Fixing bolt holes matching the fixing bolts are opened on the steel plate base. The pull-out tester is a manual pull-out tester that includes at least a clamping head and testing equipment.

[0016] According to some embodiments, the second aspect of the present invention provides a method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, employing the following technical solution: A method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface includes placing a first test component and a second test component in a material surface ice adhesion testing device provided by a first scheme, comprising: Both the first test component and the second test component are placed in a preset low-temperature environment; An ice-water medium layer is formed on the test surface of the second test component; The test surface of the first test component is pressed onto the formed ice-water medium layer, and after freezing, a sandwich test body consisting of the first test component, the ice-water medium layer, and the second test component is formed. Normal tensile force is applied by a pull-out spindle set on the first test component until the ice layer separates from the first or second test component. The normal tensile force applied during separation is the adhesion force, thus completing the test of ice adhesion on the material surface.

[0017] It should be noted that the sandwich test body forms a thin layer of ice between two solid materials. When normal pull is performed, the maximum stress is effectively transferred from the edge to the central area of ​​the sample, which significantly reduces the influence of edge stress concentration and makes the measured adhesion force closer to the intrinsic bonding strength between the material and the ice interface.

[0018] As one or more embodiments, the first test component includes a test sample and a drawing spindle adhered to the non-test surface of the test sample, wherein the drawing spindle and the non-test surface are bonded together by an adhesive layer; the second test component uses the test sample; the sandwich test body includes a first test component, an ice-water medium layer, and a second test component, wherein the test surfaces of the first test component and the second test component are respectively disposed on both sides of the ice-water medium layer.

[0019] According to some embodiments, a third aspect of the present invention provides a method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface, which employs the material surface ice adhesion testing device provided by the first aspect and the material surface ice adhesion testing method provided by the second aspect, and adopts the following technical solutions: A method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface includes: A structured naming system for sandwich test bodies is constructed, namely, the second test component is named the bottom fixed anti-icing material layer A, the ice-water medium layer is named the middle ice layer B, the first test component is named the upper anti-icing material layer C, the adhesive layer is named the layer D, and the drawing spindle is named the layer E. If the fracture layer when the ice layer separates from the first or second test component under normal tensile force occurs at the A / B interface, inside the B layer, or at the B / C interface, then the test of ice adhesion to the material surface is valid; otherwise, the test of ice adhesion to the material surface is invalid and needs to be repeated. When testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, a multi-dimensional characterization method is used to evaluate the adhesion of ice to the material surface.

[0020] It should be noted that the provided method for evaluating ice adhesion on material surfaces introduces fracture location and fracture mode, elevating the test results from a single "force value" to a "multi-dimensional data set" that includes force value, fracture mode, and area ratio. This provides rich information for the evaluation of material performance and enables more accurate, reliable, and in-depth testing and evaluation of ice adhesion.

[0021] As one or more implementation methods, the multi-dimensionality includes test values ​​characterizing the adhesion of ice to the material surface, fracture modes determined based on the actual effective fracture location, and the area ratio of different fracture modes characterizing the percentage of the actual fracture location to the contact surface area.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: This invention addresses the problem of excessive testing errors caused by temperature by combining differentiated pipe density layout with a dual-temperature zone independent control system; it uses a "sandwich structure" test sample formed by a "clamping dynamic icing method" and specific test timing control to solve the problem of accurate and stable material surface adhesion test results; and it systematically evaluates the adhesion of ice to material surfaces by effectively combining a naming system, validity judgment, and result characterization. Attached Figure Description

[0023] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this embodiment, are used to provide a further understanding of this embodiment. The illustrative embodiments and their descriptions are used to explain this embodiment and do not constitute an improper limitation of this embodiment.

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a material surface ice adhesion testing device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 2 This is another structural schematic diagram of the material surface ice adhesion testing device in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the test sub-device in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the dual-temperature zone control system in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the fixed platform in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the sandwich-type test body in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a structural diagram of the structured naming system for the sandwich-type test body in Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0026] It should be noted that the following detailed descriptions are exemplary and intended to provide further illustration of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0027] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0028] In this invention, terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," "back," "vertical," "horizontal," "side," and "bottom" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are used only to facilitate the description of the structural relationships of the various components or elements of this invention and do not specifically refer to any component or element in this invention. They should not be construed as limiting the invention.

[0029] In this invention, terms such as "fixed connection," "connected," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly, indicating a fixed connection, an integral connection, or a detachable connection; a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can determine the specific meaning of these terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances, and they should not be construed as limitations on the invention.

[0030] Where there is no conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0031] Example 1 Embodiment 1 of the present invention introduces a device for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface.

[0032] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 The illustrated device for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface includes a refrigeration sub-device and a testing sub-device disposed within the refrigeration sub-device. The refrigeration sub-device employs a double-layered insulated enclosure structure with a sandwich design, including a refrigeration piping system disposed within the sandwich layer, a dual-temperature zone control system disposed on the enclosure structure, and a temperature monitoring and feedback system. The refrigeration piping system includes a first refrigeration pipe disposed at the bottom of the enclosure structure and a second refrigeration pipe disposed at the top of the enclosure structure, the second refrigeration pipe having twice the density of the first refrigeration pipe. The temperature monitoring and feedback system includes several temperature probes disposed inside the enclosure structure, and an integrated temperature control sub-system connected to the temperature probes.

[0033] In this embodiment, the first refrigeration pipe can be spiral, U-shaped, or S-shaped to ensure temperature uniformity in the bottom area.

[0034] It should be noted that the interlayer in this embodiment is filled with high-performance insulation materials, such as rigid polyurethane foam, vacuum insulation panels (VIP), or aerogel felt. The thickness and thermal conductivity of the insulation material have been carefully calculated to ensure that the outer wall temperature of the chamber remains close to room temperature even at extreme low temperatures (e.g., -50°C), avoiding energy loss and external condensation. In addition to being filled with insulation material, the internal space of the interlayer also provides channels for the layout of the refrigeration piping system.

[0035] It should be noted that, in order to achieve faster and more uniform temperature control in the upper part of the chamber to compensate for the thermal disturbance caused by opening the observation window, and to establish a larger temperature gradient in the vertical direction, the layout density of the second refrigeration pipe in this embodiment is twice that of the first refrigeration pipe. For example, if the spacing of the first refrigeration pipe is set to 100mm, then the spacing of the second refrigeration pipe 122 can be set to 50mm. This differentiated design is based on the natural convection principle of "hot air rises and cold air sinks," and the upper space needs stronger cooling capacity to counteract heat conduction and radiation from the top.

[0036] As one or more implementation methods, the internal temperature integrated control subsystem calculates the required cooling capacity based on feedback from a single temperature probe and intelligently distributes it to the two independent cooling systems above and below. The temperature integrated control subsystem senses the temperature inside the chamber through the probe and then controls different temperature integrated control subsystems with two different opening degrees based on the physical characteristics of the density of the upper and lower pipes, so that the overall temperature field inside the entire chamber reaches and maintains the set temperature.

[0037] like Figure 4 As shown, the dual-temperature zone control system includes a first temperature control subsystem connected to the first refrigeration pipe and a second temperature control subsystem connected to the second refrigeration pipe, as well as an observation window with a double-fold sliding three-layer vacuum glass structure installed on the top of the enclosure structure; the first temperature control subsystem and the second temperature control subsystem are independent of each other; the observation window and the enclosure structure are sealed with a soft silicone rubber sealing ring.

[0038] It should be noted that the first temperature control subsystem is connected to the first refrigeration pipe through a pipeline to form a closed refrigeration cycle; in this embodiment, the first temperature control subsystem includes a first compressor, a first condenser, a first evaporator, a first expansion valve, and a first temperature controller; the first temperature controller receives a temperature sensor signal from the bottom of the cabinet and accurately controls the start and stop of the first compressor or the refrigerant flow, so that the temperature at the bottom of the cabinet is stabilized at a preset value (e.g., accurate to ±0.2°C).

[0039] The second temperature control subsystem is connected to the second refrigeration piping via pipelines, forming another completely independent closed refrigeration cycle. Its composition is similar to that of the first subsystem, including a second compressor, a second condenser, a second evaporator, a second expansion valve, and a second temperature controller. It independently controls the temperature of the upper part of the casing.

[0040] The first and second temperature control subsystems are independent of each other and can be activated simultaneously or only one of them can be activated; they can be set to the same temperature or completely different temperatures. For example, the bottom can be set to -10°C to simulate a cold substrate, while the top can be set to -5°C to simulate relatively warm air, to study the effect of temperature gradient on ice adhesion.

[0041] The observation window employs a double-fold sliding three-layer vacuum glass structure, combined with a soft silicone rubber sealing ring. This ensures excellent thermal insulation performance and prevents condensation on the outer wall of the chamber while providing a wide and unobstructed field of view. Researchers can observe the morphological changes of the ice layer during freezing (such as bubble migration and crack initiation) and the crack propagation path during pull-out tests in real time and clearly, linking macroscopic mechanical properties with microscopic failure processes. This helps to reveal the failure mechanism of ice adhesion.

[0042] It should be noted that in this embodiment, the pipe spacing at the bottom of the box is set to 2cm; the refrigeration pipe system uses copper pipes with equal spacing.

[0043] like Figure 3 As shown, the testing sub-device includes a test component fixing platform equipped with test components and a pull-out tester fixing platform equipped with a pull-out tester. Figure 5 As shown, the fixed platform adopts a steel plate base, and both ends of the steel plate base are equipped with fixing devices. The fixing devices include at least an elastic fixing strip and fixing bolts for fixing the elastic fixing strip to the steel plate base. The steel plate base is provided with fixing bolt holes that match the fixing bolts. The pull-out tester is a manual pull-out tester that includes at least a clamping head and a testing device.

[0044] The steel plate base in the testing sub-device, along with elastic fixing strips and fixing bolts, can firmly secure test components of various sizes and shapes, ensuring that the samples will not shift or shake during the pull-out test, thus guaranteeing test stability. The fixing device has a simple design, is easy to assemble and disassemble, and improves testing efficiency. A manual pull-out tester is used, which is low-cost, intuitive to operate, and allows the operator to use their sense of touch to help determine the failure process.

[0045] It should be noted that the thickness of the steel plate base in this embodiment is not less than 3mm.

[0046] This embodiment employs a double-layer insulated chamber combined with an independent dual-temperature zone cooling piping system, enabling independent and precise temperature control of the bottom (sample area) and top (air area) of the test chamber. This not only achieves temperature uniformity throughout the test space but also simulates complex thermodynamic scenarios in nature where the substrate temperature differs from the air temperature (such as radiative cooling and differences in heat conduction), making the ice formation conditions closer to actual working conditions and thus obtaining more practically meaningful adhesion data. The first and second temperature control subsystems are independent of each other, and can work together to achieve constant temperature or be set differently to construct temperature gradients, providing a hardware foundation for studying the influence of temperature gradients on ice adhesion.

[0047] Example 2 Embodiment 2 of the present invention introduces a method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface.

[0048] A method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface includes placing a first test component and a second test component in a material surface ice adhesion testing apparatus as described in Embodiment 1, comprising: Both the first test component and the second test component are placed in a preset low-temperature environment; An ice-water medium layer is formed on the test surface of the second test component; The test surface of the first test component is pressed onto the formed ice-water medium layer, and after freezing, it forms a layer like... Figure 6 The sandwich-type test body shown consists of a first test component, an ice-water medium layer, and a second test component; Normal tensile force is applied by a pull-out spindle set on the first test component until the ice layer separates from the first or second test component. The normal tensile force applied during separation is the adhesion force, thus completing the test of ice adhesion on the material surface.

[0049] It should be noted that the magnitude of the applied normal tensile force can be obtained using a pull-out tester.

[0050] As one or more implementation methods, such as Figure 6 As shown, in this embodiment, the first test component includes a test sample and a drawing spindle adhered to the non-test surface of the test sample. The drawing spindle and the non-test surface are bonded together by an adhesive layer. The second test component uses the test sample. The sandwich test body includes the first test component, the ice-water medium layer, and the second test component. The test surfaces of the first test component and the second test component are respectively disposed on both sides of the ice-water medium layer.

[0051] It should be noted that the thickness of the ice-water medium layer in the sandwich test body is controlled by adjusting the amount of initial aqueous medium introduced. In this embodiment, before applying the normal tensile force, the pulling spindle on the first test component is connected by the clamping head on the pulling tester. After connection, it is left to stand for a certain period of time (set to 5 min to 15 min in this embodiment) to eliminate the mechanical disturbance and local stress introduced by the clamping operation.

[0052] In this embodiment, within a short time window after the settling time ends (generally set within <30 seconds to prevent changes in the ice layer structure or sublimation caused by prolonged waiting in a low-temperature environment), the ice adhesion force testing device on the material surface is activated to apply a tensile force, and the tensile force value when the ice layer detaches from the surface of the first test component or the second test component is recorded, thus obtaining the ice adhesion force.

[0053] It should be noted that when the ice layer separates from the first test component or the second test component, it means that the ice layer detaches from the surface of the first test component or the second test component. The magnitude of the normal tensile force applied during separation is the ice adhesion force.

[0054] The sandwich testing method used in this embodiment places the ice layer between two test materials (or one test material and one standard material). When a normal pull-out force is applied, the stress distribution inside the ice layer becomes more uniform due to the constraint of the upper and lower materials, and the maximum tensile stress shifts from the edge position of the traditional single-sided pull-out to the central region of the ice layer. This change in mechanical mechanism effectively avoids premature failure caused by edge defects and stress concentration, making the test results closer to the intrinsic bonding strength between the material and the ice interface, and greatly improving the accuracy and reliability of the data.

[0055] Example 3 Based on Example 2, Example 3 of this invention introduces a test method for anti-icing coatings on aluminum substrates, which aims to test the ice adhesion of the anti-icing coating on the surface of the aluminum substrate and to evaluate the anti-icing ability of the coating.

[0056] The testing device described in Example 1 is turned on. By setting the dual-temperature zone control system, the lower half of the chamber (corresponding to the sample placement area) is set to -10℃ and the upper half of the chamber (corresponding to the observation and operation area) is set to -5℃, thus completing the cooling start-up. Subsequently, the uniformity of the internal temperature of the testing device is checked, that is, by using the temperature probes inside the chamber and the temperature integrated control device at the bottom of the chamber, it is confirmed that the temperature field inside the chamber has reached a stable state. The triple-layer vacuum glass and soft silicone rubber sealing ring at the observation window effectively prevent external condensation and internal heat loss.

[0057] It should be noted that during the process of judging the stable state of the temperature field, the internal temperature of the device is displayed on the temperature display. After the chamber is closed, if there is no large temperature fluctuation (±2℃) within 1 hour, the temperature field is considered to be in a stable state. The temperature integrated control device can form a temperature feedback system and a temperature control system to control the temperature in conjunction, and can also display the temperature around the test area.

[0058] The first test assembly (with the anti-icing coating material fixed at the bottom, denoted as layer A), to which the drawn spindle (layer E) has been bonded, is fixed to the steel plate base inside the test device via its non-test surface (back side). It is then secured with elastic fixing strips and screws to ensure no displacement occurs during the test. Using a micro-syringe, 1.5 mL of deionized water (initial aqueous phase medium) is evenly dripped onto the test surface (coating surface) of layer A. The second test assembly (with the anti-icing coating material on top, denoted as layer C), to which the drawn spindle has been bonded, is quickly aligned with the test surface of layer A and slowly brought into contact. At this point, the water droplet is flattened and rapidly freezes at low temperature, forming a sandwich structure of "layer A – ice layer (layer B) – layer C". By controlling the water injection volume (1.5 mL), the thickness of the final ice layer (layer B) can be precisely controlled. Measurements show that the ice layer thickness formed at this water injection volume is approximately 1.0 mm. After the sandwich structure stabilizes, maintain the chamber temperature at -10℃ for 1 hour to ensure that the ice layer is completely solidified and achieves a stable bond with the coating interface.

[0059] Open the observation window and carefully connect the clamping head of the manual pull-out tester (PosiTest) to the pull-out spindle (E part) of the second test component (C layer); after connection, let it stand for 5 minutes to eliminate the instantaneous mechanical disturbance and local stress concentration caused by the clamping operation to the ice / coating interface, and ensure the stability of the initial state of the test.

[0060] After the settling period, the operator applied a uniform and stable pulling force within 30 seconds. Because the test was completed in a short time, it effectively prevented the sublimation of the ice surface or microscopic changes in structure that might occur due to prolonged waiting in a low-temperature environment, ensuring the accuracy of the test results and recording the maximum force value at the moment of ice detachment.

[0061] It should be noted that different materials used in the test components will result in certain differences in the test results. This embodiment can accurately, reliably, and effectively compare and analyze the adhesion between different material surfaces and ice layers. For example, the test results for aluminum plates and steel plates alone will certainly differ; however, if the same coating material is sprayed onto the surfaces of aluminum and steel substrates respectively, and the test results show effective fracture, the error between the two is very small.

[0062] This embodiment proposes an evaluation method based on fracture location and mode. By constructing an "ABCDE" structured naming system, the validity of test results is determined based on clearly defined physical phenomena. The test is considered valid only when fracture occurs at the A / B or B / C interfaces related to the material / ice interface or within the B layer of the ice layer. This mechanism fundamentally eliminates invalid data caused by interfering factors such as adhesive failure. Further multi-dimensional characterization (adhesion value, fracture mode, and area ratio of different fracture modes) provides researchers with a "fingerprint" for evaluating the interfacial bonding performance of materials. This allows for in-depth analysis of whether overall weak adhesion at the interface or local defects lead to failure, thus providing more directional guidance for material surface modification (such as hydrophilic / hydrophobic treatment and microstructure design).

[0063] Example 4 Embodiment 4 of the present invention introduces a method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface.

[0064] A method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface, employing both the material surface ice adhesion testing device described in Example 1 and the material surface ice adhesion testing method described in Example 2, includes: Build as Figure 7 The structured naming system for the sandwich-type test body, as shown, names the entire test body sequentially from bottom to top as follows: Layer A, which is the second test component with the anti-icing material fixed at the bottom; Layer B, which is the ice-water medium layer between the ice layers; Layer C, the first test component of the upper anti-icing material; Layer D, namely the adhesive layer; E layer, i.e., the drawn spindle.

[0065] Based on the location of the fracture layer, determine whether this test is valid. Specifically: (1) Valid test When the fracture layer that separates the ice layer from the first or second test component under normal tensile force occurs at the A / B interface (the ice layer completely detaches from the bottom material surface), inside the B layer (the ice layer itself fractures, with some ice remaining on the A and C surfaces), or at the B / C interface (the ice layer completely detaches from the top material surface), it indicates that the failure occurs in the area related to the target research object (material / ice interface or ice body). This test is an effective test of the ice adhesion to the material surface.

[0066] (2) Invalid test When the ice layer separates from the first or second test component under normal tensile force, the fracture occurs in layer D (adhesive layer failure, spindle separation from layer C), C / D interface, E / D interface, or inside layer A or C (material body fracture), indicating that the test failed to effectively assess the adhesion between the material and the ice, the data is invalid, and the test needs to be repeated.

[0067] When testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, a multi-dimensional characterization method is used to evaluate the adhesion of ice to the material surface.

[0068] It should be noted that the multi-dimensional aspects in this embodiment include test values ​​characterizing the adhesion of ice to the material surface, fracture modes determined based on the actual effective fracture location, and the area ratio of different fracture modes characterizing the percentage of the actual fracture location to the contact surface area.

[0069] Based on the test results in Example 3, this example processes and evaluates the relevant test data to complete the comparison of material properties and the evaluation of data validity.

[0070] The testing equipment showed that the maximum tensile force in a certain test was 5N. The actual contact area between the ice layer and the coating was 20 mm², and the calculated test strength value was 250 kPa.

[0071] After testing, the sample was opened and the fracture surface was observed. According to the structured naming system established in this embodiment (the second test component is named the bottom fixed anti-icing material layer A, the ice-water medium layer is named the middle ice layer layer B, the first test component is named the upper anti-icing material layer C, the adhesive layer is named layer D, and the drawn spindle is named layer E), the observed fracture situation is as follows: most of the ice layer remains on the surface of layer A, but the fracture surface mainly occurs inside the ice layer (layer B), and at the same time, a very small area on the surface of layer A exposes the coating substrate.

[0072] The fractures occurred within the B ice layer (the main part) and at the A / B interface (a small area); both of these locations are considered "valid fracture locations" as defined in this invention, meaning the test data is valid and does not need to be repeated.

[0073] The test results of the sample are fully characterized by three dimensions, namely: (1) First dimension The first dimension is the test value of ice adhesion. The measured peak tensile force Fmax is divided by the contact area S between the ice layer and the material (i.e. the test surface area of ​​the first test component or the second test component) to obtain the adhesion force per unit area, i.e., the ice adhesion strength, in Pascals (Pa) or Megapascals (MPa). The adhesion test value is τ = Fmax / S.

[0074] The test value in this embodiment is 250 kPa.

[0075] (2) Second dimension The second dimension is the fracture mode. Based on the actual effective fracture location, the specific fracture mode is determined, mainly divided into: Interfacial failure, including A / B and B / C interface failure, indicates that the failure occurs entirely at the interface between the material and the ice, and the measured adhesion force directly reflects the interfacial bonding strength.

[0076] Cohesive failure, also known as fracture within layer B, indicates that the strength of the ice layer itself is lower than the interfacial strength between it and the materials on either side; the adhesion force measured in this case represents the tensile strength of the ice.

[0077] Mixed-mode failure occurs when the fracture path crosses both the interface and the ice layer interior; for example, some areas may be fractured at the A / B interface, while other areas may be fractured within the B layer cohesively. This mode indicates that the interface strength and the cohesive strength of the ice layer are comparable.

[0078] The fracture mode in this embodiment is a mixed fracture, that is, mainly cohesive fracture within the ice layer, accompanied by a small amount of adhesion fracture at the A / B interface. This indicates that the strength of the ice layer itself is similar to the bonding strength of the coating / ice interface.

[0079] (3) Third dimension The third dimension is the proportion of fracture area. In this embodiment, the proportion of fracture area includes: cohesive fracture within the ice layer (inside layer B): approximately 90%; and interfacial fracture (A / B interface): approximately 10%.

[0080] It should be noted that the size of the fracture area and the adhesion assessment are related as follows: the larger the fracture area (especially the larger the area occurring internally), the better the adhesion; the smaller the fracture area (the larger the area occurring at the interface), the worse the adhesion. To improve the accuracy of the assessment, it is generally necessary to analyze the fracture mode in conjunction with the fracture pattern; specifically, cohesive fracture (excellent adhesion), mixed fracture (good / acceptable adhesion), and interfacial fracture (poor adhesion).

[0081] During multiple measurements, a fracture occurred at layer D (adhesive layer) in one set of parallel tests. This fracture location was deemed invalid. The data from that test was discarded, and a new sample needed to be prepared for testing. This avoids misleading data that could lead to incorrect assessments of material properties due to adhesive failure.

[0082] Calculation example 1 The following comparative tests were conducted on two different anti-icing coating materials (superhydrophobic coating 01, 02 and hydrophilic coating 01, 02).

[0083] All test conditions remain consistent, namely: The temperature was -10℃, the freezing time was 1 hour, the ice layer was formed using a sandwich method, and the ice layer thickness was controlled to be 1.0 mm by the amount of water injected. The test results are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of Test Results Superhydrophobic coating 01, specifically: The test value was 250 kPa, and the fracture mode was almost entirely interfacial fracture. This perfectly confirms its excellent anti-icing performance—ice and coating are very weakly bonded and easily detach from the interface under stress. The invalid parallel samples (cohesive fracture within the coating) suggest that for the preparation of superhydrophobic coating samples, it is necessary to ensure that the test coating samples are well cured and the coating structure is stable to ensure the validity of the test.

[0084] Hydrophilic coating 01, specifically: The test value was 1000 kPa, and the fracture mode was mixed fracture. This indicates that the ice and coating are firmly bonded, and failure requires overcoming the cohesive energy of the ice layer itself. The invalid parallel sample (adhesive layer fracture) suggests that for coatings with strong adhesion, the choice of adhesive or the sample fixation method needs to be optimized to ensure the validity of the test.

[0085] The three-dimensional characterization in this embodiment not only distinguishes the adhesion strength of the two materials (250KPa and 1000KPa), but also reveals the difference in their anti-icing mechanisms: the superhydrophobic coating achieves anti-icing through weak interfacial bonding, while the hydrophilic coating demonstrates its properties through high-strength bonding (damage occurs inside the ice). This in-depth mechanistic analysis cannot be provided by traditional single-test value methods.

[0086] Calculation example 2 Three different coating materials were selected and applied to an aluminum alloy substrate: superhydrophobic coating A, hydrophilic coating B, and ordinary hydrophobic coating C. Using the apparatus of Example 1 and the method of Example 2, ice adhesion tests were conducted at -10°C, and the evaluation results are shown in Table 2.

[0087] Table 2 Evaluation Results Based on Table 2, the adhesion values ​​τ are: Coating A (0.06 MPa) < Coating C (0.32 MPa) < Coating B (0.5 MPa). It can be seen that the superhydrophobic coating A has the lowest ice adhesion and the best performance, while the hydrophilic coating B has the highest ice adhesion and the worst performance.

[0088] Based on Table 2 and combined with multi-dimensional information, we can conclude that: (1) Coating A The value is extremely low, and it is 100% interfacial fracture; it greatly reduces the bonding force between ice and the interface, making the ice easy to fall off as a whole.

[0089] (2) Coating B The τ value was the highest, but 80% of the fractures occurred within the ice layer. This indicates that the interfacial bonding strength between the hydrophilic coating B and the ice is actually very high, exceeding the cohesive strength of the ice itself; the measured 0.5 MPa is actually the tensile strength of the ice, not the interfacial strength; the true interfacial strength should be greater than 0.5 MPa. To reduce its ice adhesion, it may be necessary to start by reducing the interfacial bonding strength, rather than improving the quality of the ice layer.

[0090] (3) Coating C The τ value is moderate, and the fracture mode is a mixed fracture with almost equal parts; the interfacial strength is close to the cohesive strength of ice; there may be local inhomogeneities on the material surface, resulting in debonding in some areas and ice layer remaining in others.

[0091] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code. The solutions in the embodiments of the present invention can be implemented using various computer languages, such as the object-oriented programming language Java and the interpreted scripting language JavaScript.

[0092] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0093] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0094] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0095] Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, those skilled in the art, upon learning the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including both the preferred embodiments and all changes and modifications falling within the scope of the invention.

[0096] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, if these modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this invention and their equivalents, this invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.

[0097] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this practice and is not intended to limit the scope of this practice. Various modifications and variations can be made to this practice by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of this practice should be included within the protection scope of this practice.

Claims

1. A device for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, characterized in that, The device includes a refrigeration sub-device and a testing sub-device disposed within the refrigeration sub-device. The refrigeration sub-device employs a double-layered insulated enclosure structure with a sandwich design, including a refrigeration piping system disposed within the sandwich layer and a dual-temperature zone control system disposed on the enclosure structure. The refrigeration piping system includes a first refrigeration pipe disposed at the bottom of the enclosure structure and a second refrigeration pipe disposed at the top of the enclosure structure. The dual-temperature zone control system includes a first temperature control sub-system connected to the first refrigeration pipe and a second temperature control sub-system connected to the second refrigeration pipe. The first temperature control sub-system and the second temperature control sub-system are independent of each other.

2. The material surface ice adhesion testing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The layout density of the second refrigeration pipe is twice that of the first refrigeration pipe.

3. The material surface ice adhesion testing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The refrigeration piping system uses copper pipes arranged at equal intervals.

4. The material surface ice adhesion testing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The dual-temperature zone control system also includes an observation window with a double-fold sliding three-layer vacuum glass structure located on the top of the enclosure structure; the observation window is sealed to the enclosure structure using a soft silicone rubber sealing ring.

5. The material surface ice adhesion testing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The refrigeration sub-unit also includes a temperature monitoring and feedback system, which includes several temperature probes installed inside the housing structure, and an integrated temperature control sub-system connected to the temperature probes.

6. The material surface ice adhesion testing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The testing sub-device includes a testing component fixing platform with testing components and a pull-out tester fixing platform with a pull-out tester. Both ends of the steel plate base are provided with fixing devices. The fixing devices include at least an elastic fixing strip and fixing bolts for fixing the elastic fixing strip to the steel plate base. The steel plate base has fixing bolt holes that match the fixing bolts. The pull-out tester is a manual pull-out tester that includes at least a clamping head and testing equipment.

7. A method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, comprising placing a first test component and a second test component in a material surface ice adhesion testing apparatus as described in any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, include: Both the first test component and the second test component are placed in a preset low-temperature environment; An ice-water medium layer is formed on the test surface of the second test component; The test surface of the first test component is pressed onto the formed ice-water medium layer, and after freezing, a sandwich test body consisting of the first test component, the ice-water medium layer, and the second test component is formed. Normal tensile force is applied by a pull-out spindle set on the first test component until the ice layer separates from the first or second test component. The normal tensile force applied during separation is the adhesion force, thus completing the test of ice adhesion on the material surface.

8. The method for testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The first test component includes a test sample and a drawing spindle adhered to the non-test surface of the test sample, wherein the drawing spindle and the non-test surface are bonded together by an adhesive layer; the second test component uses the test sample; the sandwich test body includes the first test component, an ice-water medium layer, and a second test component, wherein the test surfaces of the first test component and the second test component are respectively disposed on both sides of the ice-water medium layer.

9. A method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface, comprising the material surface ice adhesion testing device according to any one of claims 1-6 and the material surface ice adhesion testing method according to any one of claims 7-8, characterized in that, include: A structured naming system for sandwich test bodies is constructed, namely, the second test component is named the bottom fixed anti-icing material layer A, the ice-water medium layer is named the middle ice layer B, the first test component is named the upper anti-icing material layer C, the adhesive layer is named the layer D, and the drawing spindle is named the layer E. If the fracture layer when the ice layer separates from the first or second test component under normal tensile force occurs at the A / B interface, inside the B layer, or at the B / C interface, then the test of ice adhesion to the material surface is valid; otherwise, the test of ice adhesion to the material surface is invalid and needs to be repeated. When testing the adhesion of ice to a material surface, a multi-dimensional characterization method is used to evaluate the adhesion of ice to the material surface.

10. The method for evaluating the adhesion of ice to a material surface as described in claim 9, characterized in that, The multi-dimensional features include test values ​​characterizing the adhesion of ice to the material surface, fracture modes determined based on the actual effective fracture location, and the area ratio of different fracture modes characterizing the percentage of the actual fracture location relative to the contact surface area.

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