Timing synchronization correction for time difference of arrival based positioning estimation

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. Aspects of this disclosure relate to timing synchronization correction for location estimation based on TDOA (e.g., UL-TDOA, SL-TDOA, etc.). In some aspects, a calibration process based on relative time of arrival (RTOA) is performed to determine timing synchronization correction values ​​to be applied to TDOA measurements between two wireless receiving reference nodes. In other aspects, the synchronization correction values ​​are used in association with the TDOA-based location estimation of the target UE (e.g., for network-assisted positioning at the LMF, or transmitted to the target UE and used by the target UE for UE-based positioning). Such aspects can provide various technical advantages, such as more accurate TDOA-based location estimation for the target UE.

Description

Background Technology

[0001] 1. Technical Field All aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless technology.

[0002] 2. Related technical descriptions Wireless communication systems have evolved through many generations, including first-generation analog radiotelephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital radiotelephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, wireless services with internet capabilities, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), as well as digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and others.

[0003] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), delivers higher data transfer speeds, more connections, better coverage, and other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGC), the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on Positioning Reference Signals (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink Positioning Reference Signals (PRS)), and other technological enhancements compared to previous standards. These enhancements, along with the use of higher frequency bands, advancements in the PRS process and technology, and the high-density deployment of 5G, enable high-accuracy positioning based on 5G. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all conceived aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In one aspect, a method of operating a location estimation entity includes: sending at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission; receiving a time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission. The system transmits a second associated RTOA; determines a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA; determines a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; determines a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and derives a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0006] In one aspect, a method of operating a first wireless network component includes: receiving a request from a location estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; and, based on the request, performing a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0007] In one aspect, a method of operating a wireless receiving reference node includes: measuring a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission made by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmitting measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0008] In one aspect, a location estimation entity includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: transmit via the one or more transceivers at a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; and receive via the one or more transceivers a location measurement at the first wireless receiving reference node that corresponds to the first wireless network component. The method involves: transmitting a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission via the transceiver; receiving a second RTOA associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second radio receiving reference node, via the one or more transceivers; determining a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and a first expected RTOA; determining a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; determining a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and deriving a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0009] In one aspect, a first wireless network component includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors individually or in combination configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to perform a timing calibration process from a location estimation entity; and, based on the request, perform a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0010] In one aspect, a wireless receiving reference node includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: measure a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmit measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity via the one or more transceivers.

[0011] In one aspect, a location estimation entity includes: components for sending requests to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one request for a first timing calibration process associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; components for receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node; and components for receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node. The components include: a first RTOA and a first expected RTOA for determining a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node; a second RTOA and a second expected RTOA for determining a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node; a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0012] In one aspect, a first wireless network component includes: means for receiving a request from a location estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; and means for performing a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node according to the request; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0013] In one aspect, a wireless receiving reference node includes: means for measuring a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission made by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and means for transmitting measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0014] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a location estimation entity, cause the location estimation entity to: send at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission; receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node; and receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission. The second RTOA associated with the first radio transmission is measured at two radio receiving reference nodes; a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node is determined based on the first RTOA and a first expected RTOA; a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node is determined based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node is determined based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) is derived based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0015] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a first wireless network component, cause the first wireless network component to: receive a request from a location estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; and, according to the request, perform a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0016] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless receiving reference node, cause the wireless receiving reference node to: measure a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmit measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0017] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the aspects.

[0019] Figure 1 Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0020] Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C Example wireless network architectures based on various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0021] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C It is a simplified block diagram of several examples of components that can be used in user equipment (UE), base stations and network entities and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0022] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating various uplink channels within example uplink time slots according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 6A and Figure 6B This is a diagram illustrating example sidelink time slot structures with and without feedback resources according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 7 This is an illustration of an example of a location resource pool configured within a sidelink resource pool for communication, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0026] Figure 8 Examples of various positioning methods supported in new radios (NR) according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0027] Figure 9 Examples of Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) positioning techniques according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0028] Figure 10 Examples of UL-TDOA timing schemes according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0029] Figure 11 Examples of UL-TDOA signaling schemes according to various aspects of this disclosure are provided.

[0030] Figure 12 An exemplary process of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated.

[0031] Figure 13 An exemplary process of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated.

[0032] Figure 14 An exemplary process of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated.

[0033] Figure 15 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The example of the process is a specific implementation of the UL-TDOA timing scheme.

[0034] Figure 16 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The example of the process is a specific implementation of the UL-TDOA signaling scheme.

[0035] Figure 17 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The example of the process is a specific implementation of the UL-TDOA timing scheme.

[0036] Figure 18 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14The example of the process is a specific implementation of the UL-TDOA signaling scheme.

[0037] Figure 19 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 The specific implementation of the process is illustrated in the example.

[0038] Figure 20 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 The specific implementation of the process is illustrated in the example.

[0039] Figure 21 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 The specific implementation of the process is illustrated in the example.

[0040] Figure 22 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 The specific implementation of the process is illustrated in the example. Detailed Implementation

[0041] Various aspects of this disclosure are provided below in the description of various examples provided for illustrative purposes and in the accompanying drawings. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure.

[0042] Various aspects are involved in timing synchronization correction for positioning estimation based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA). In some designs, NR gNB deployments (e.g., enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) have a timing error requirement of 3 µs, which is much less stringent than the timing error requirement for UL-TDOA-based positioning. To meet positioning requirements, in some designs, the gNB needs to have (1) a synchronization source with a much higher sampling rate and (2) calibrated RF group delay. Of these two requirements, the first makes it difficult to use a pre-installed gNB for positioning purposes due to possible synchronization timing errors.

[0043] Specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. Aspects of this disclosure relate to timing synchronization correction for location estimation based on TDOA (e.g., UL-TDOA, SL-TDOA, etc.). In some aspects, a calibration process based on relative time of arrival (RTOA) is performed to determine timing synchronization correction values ​​to be applied to TDOA measurements between two radio receiving reference nodes. In other aspects, the synchronization correction values ​​are used in association with the TDOA-based location estimation of the target UE (e.g., for network-assisted positioning at the LMF, or transmitted to the target UE and used by the target UE for UE-based positioning). Such aspects can provide various technical advantages, such as more accurate TDOA-based location estimation for the target UE.

[0044] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0045] Those skilled in the art will understand that any of a variety of different techniques and methods can be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, and so on.

[0046] Furthermore, many aspects are described according to a sequence of actions to be performed by elements of, for example, a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuitry (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be entirely embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of this disclosure can be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which are contemplated within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each aspect described herein, any corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to perform the described actions."

[0047] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT). Generally, a UE can be any wireless communication device used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset positioning device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be interchangeably referred to as “Access Terminal” or “AT,” “Client Equipment,” “Wireless Equipment,” “Subscriber Equipment,” “Subscriber Terminal,” “Subscriber Station,” “User Terminal” or “UT,” “Mobile Equipment,” “Mobile Terminal,” “Mobile Station,” or variations thereof. Generally, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, a UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, etc.).

[0048] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with the UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, Node B, Evolved Node B (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may only provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term "traffic channel (TCH)" may refer to an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0049] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP can be the antenna of a base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be the antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal. Because, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0050] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0051] An “RF signal” refers to an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0052] Figure 1An example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. Base station 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or a gNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0053] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) via core network 170. Location server 172 can be part of core network 170 or can be external to core network 170. Location server 172 can be integrated with base station 102. UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 via base station 102 currently serving UE 104. UE 104 can also communicate with location server 172 via another path, such as via application server (not shown), via another network, such as via wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), etc. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 can be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., via core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), wherein intermediate nodes (if present) are omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0054] In addition to other functions, base station 102 may perform functions associated with one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) on backhaul link 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0055] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Enhanced Cell Identifier (ECI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographical coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographical coverage area 110.

[0056] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some areas within geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that can provide service to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0057] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0058] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) process before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0059] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in unlicensed spectrum can improve the coverage and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE. ® .

[0060] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW / near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that, in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0061] Transmit beamforming is a technique used to focus RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate). To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to be pointed in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationship, such that radio waves from the individual antennas add up in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0062] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning they appear to the receiver (e.g., the UE) as having the same parameters regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of type QCL D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0063] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is described as performing beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0064] The transmit and receive beams can be spatially correlated. Spatial correlation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., receive or transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0065] It is important to note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving the downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0066] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz to 7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz to 52.6GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6GHz" band. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although this differs from the designation used by the International Telecommunication Union.® Extremely high frequency (EHF) bands (30 GHz to 300 GHz) are designated as “millimeter wave” bands.

[0067] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified the operating bands used for these mid-band frequencies as the frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 and / or FR2 characteristics, thus effectively extending the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating frequency bands have been identified as the frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0068] In light of the foregoing, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "below 6 GHz" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "millimeter wave" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or within the EHF band.

[0069] In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where UE 104 / 182 performs an initial Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. Secondary carriers may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals. For example, since the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, the UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell," "serving cell," "component carrier," and "carrier frequency" can be used interchangeably.

[0070] For example, still refer to Figure 1 One of the frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCell"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20MHz carrier, two aggregated 20MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40MHz).

[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0072] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 may be able to communicate via sidelink. A sidelink-capable UE (SL-UE) can communicate with base station 102 via communication link 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between the UE and the base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via radio sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). Radio sidelink (or simply "sidelink") is an adaptation of core cellular network (e.g., LTE, NR) standards that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the need for communication through a base station. Sidelink communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more SL-UEs in a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communication may be located within the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102. Other SL-UEs in this group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102, or may be unable to receive transmissions from base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, the groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources used for sidelink communication. In other cases, sidelink communication is performed between the individual SL-UEs without involving base station 102.

[0073] On one hand, the sidelink 160 can operate via a wireless communication medium of interest that can be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other RATs for wireless communication. "Medium" can include one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. On another hand, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of unlicensed frequency bands shared among various RATs. While different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded their operation to unlicensed frequency bands such as those used by unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands used by Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include various variants of CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and so on.

[0074] It should be noted that, although Figure 1 Only two of these UEs are exemplified as SL-UEs (i.e., UE 164 and UE 182), but any UE exemplified can be an SL-UE. Furthermore, although only UE 182 is described as capable of beamforming, any UE exemplified (including UE 164) can be capable of beamforming. When SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they can beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UE 104), towards base stations (e.g., base station 102, base station 180, small cell 102', access point 150), etc. Therefore, in some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming via sidelink 160.

[0075] exist Figure 1 In the example, the UE shown (for simplicity, in) Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104) can receive signal 124 from one or more Earth-orbiting spacecraft (SV) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, SV 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that allows UE 104 to use as an independent source of location information. Satellite positioning systems typically include a system of transmitters (e.g., SV 112) positioned such that a receiver (e.g., UE 104) can determine its location on or above the Earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signal 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a set number of repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. While typically located in SV 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from SV 112.

[0076] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 can be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), which may be associated with or otherwise made capable of being used with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential correction, etc., such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlap Service (EGNOS), Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), GPS-assisted geographic augmentation navigation, or GPS and geographic augmentation navigation system (GAGAN). Therefore, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0077] On one hand, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 connects to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn connects to elements in the 5G network, such as the modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or network nodes in a 5GC. This element, in turn, provides access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities outside the 5G network, such as internet web servers and other user equipment. Thus, as a replacement or supplement to communication signals from the ground base station 102, UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0078] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In one example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can utilize any known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct). ® ,Bluetooth ® (etc.) to support.

[0079] Figure 2A An example wireless network architecture 200 is illustrated. For instance, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which work together to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also connect to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Furthermore, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either or both of the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0080] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which may be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be located outside the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0081] Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 240.5GC 260 is illustrated (which can be used with...). Figure 2AThe 5GC 210 (corresponding to 5GC 210) can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by the User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and the Session Management Function (SMF) 266, a transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and the Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Secure Anchoring Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with the Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204 and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204's authentication process. In the case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) authentication, AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AMF. AMF 264 also includes Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF and uses this key to derive an access network-specific key. AMF 264 functionality also includes location service management for regulatory services, transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as location server 230), transmission of location service messages between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for EPS interoperability, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports non-3GPP... ® (Third Generation Partner Program) Access network functionality.

[0082] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point interconnecting to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., strobing, redirection, traffic steering), lawful eavesdropping (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) processing for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and delivering and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 can also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and location servers (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0083] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, service orientation configuration at UPF 262 for routing services to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0084] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each can correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functions to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to transmit signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmit Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0085] Another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimation) of UE 204. Therefore, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a Location Services (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[0086] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260, and specifically connect UPF 262 and AMF 264 to one or more gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, while the interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 of NG-RAN 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connection 223, referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a radio interface referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0087] The functionality of the gNB 222 is divided among the gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically allocated to the gNB-DU 228, including user data delivery, mobility control, radio access network sharing, location, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DU 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of gNB 222 is typically managed by one or more independent gNB-RU 229s, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between gNB-DU 228 and gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Therefore, UE 204 communicates with gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0088] The deployment of communication systems such as 5G NR systems can be arranged in a variety of ways using various components or parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, RAN nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment (such as base stations or one or more units (or components) performing base station functions) can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, base stations (such as Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base stations, 5GNB, AP, TRP, cells, etc.) can be implemented as aggregated base stations (also known as standalone base stations or monolithic base stations) or decomposed base stations.

[0089] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, the CU can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0090] Base station type operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be used in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) (such as those developed by the O-RAN Alliance), and other similar networks. ® This can be used in proposed network configurations or virtualized radio access networks (vRAN, also known as cloud radio access networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which allows for flexibility in network design. Various units in a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other unit.

[0091] Figure 2C An example disaggregated base station architecture 250 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with the core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 via one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 255, or both). CUs 280 may communicate with one or more duplex units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DU 228) via a corresponding midhaul link (e.g., an F1 interface). DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RU 229) via a corresponding fronthaul link. RU 287 can communicate with the corresponding UE 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 204 can be served by multiple RU 287s simultaneously.

[0092] Each of these units (i.e., CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259, non-RT RIC 257, and SMO frame 255) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, these units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units, or both, via wireless transmission media.

[0093] In some aspects, the CU 280 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include RRC, PDCP, Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signaling with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as an E1 interface. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285 for network control and signaling, as needed.

[0094] DU 285 may correspond to a logic unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 287s. In some aspects, DU 285 may be at least partially based on functional partitioning (such as that provided by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)). ®The DU285 is configured to host one or more of the following functional partitions: the RLC layer, the MAC layer, and one or more high-PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, and demodulation). In some respects, the DU285 may also host one or more low-PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU285 or with control functions hosted by the CU280.

[0095] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 287s. In some deployments, an RU287 controlled by a DU 285 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both, based at least in part on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In such architectures, the RU 287 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 204s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of communication with the control plane and user plane of the RU 287 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the implementation of the DU 285 and CU 280 in cloud-based RAN architectures such as vRAN architectures.

[0096] SMO framework 255 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to interact with cloud computing platforms such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 269 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via cloud computing platform interfaces such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259. In some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 261) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RU 287s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 255 may also include a non-RT RIC 257 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 255.

[0097] The non-RT RIC 257 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 259. The non-RT RIC 257 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 259, such as via an A1 interface. The near-RT RIC 259 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources through data collection and actions via an interface such as an E2 interface, connecting one or more CU 280s, one or more DU 285s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 259.

[0098] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 259, the non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 259 and can be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 255 or the non-RT RIC 257. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 257 or the near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0099] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Examples are shown that can be incorporated into UE 302 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 304 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of...). Figure 2A and Figure 2BSeveral example components (represented by corresponding boxes) of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure (such as private networks) depicted herein support the operation as described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different specific implementations in different types of devices (e.g., in ASICs, in System-on-Chip (SoCs), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. Furthermore, a given device may contain one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0100] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, which provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.) for communication via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, and / or GSM networks. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356 for communication with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNB, gNB), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., a time / frequency resource set in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 each include: one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0101] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 each further include one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide the capability to communicate over a wireless communication medium of interest via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, Bluetooth). ® ZIGBEE® Z-WAVE ® Components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.) that enable communication between PC5, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Wireless Access for Vehicle Environments (WAVE), Near Field Communication (NFC), Ultra Wideband (UWB), etc., and other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.). Short-range transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) respectively according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.) respectively. Specifically, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 each include: one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively; and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As a specific example, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be Wi-Fi transceivers, Bluetooth transceivers, etc. ® Transceiver, Zigbee ® and / or Z-WAVE ® Transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0102] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 also include satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, each satellite signal interface including one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, and optionally including one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that can communicate with a spacecraft (e.g., spacecraft 112) via satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, base station 304 may be a spacecraft (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other spacecraft.

[0103] Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. When satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. When satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may request appropriate information and operations from other systems, and in at least some cases, use measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to perform calculations to determine the locations of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively.

[0104] Optional satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 (when present) can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can be provided with components for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. When satellite signal transmitter 374 is a satellite positioning system transmitter, the satellite positioning / communication signal 378 can be a GPS signal, GLONASS signal, etc. ® Signals include Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC signals, and QZSS signals. When satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 can request appropriate information and operations from other systems.

[0105] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, which provide components (e.g., transmitting components, receiving components, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, base station 304 may use one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. Similarly, network entity 306 may use one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or to communicate with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0106] Transceivers can be configured to communicate via wired or wireless links. A transceiver (whether wired or wireless) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). In some embodiments, the transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., implementing transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device), in some embodiments it may include separate transmitter and receiver circuitry, or in other embodiments it may be implemented in a different manner. The transmitter and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some embodiments) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit beamforming, as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter and receiver circuitry may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the corresponding device may perform only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit simultaneously. Wireless transceivers (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include network listening modules (NLMs) for performing various measurements.

[0107] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360 in some specific embodiments, and network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some specific embodiments) may generally be described as "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Therefore, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers typically involves signaling transmission via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will typically involve signaling transmission via a wireless transceiver.

[0108] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operation disclosed herein. UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394 for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 342, 384, and 394 may provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for transmitting, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0109] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memories 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, retrieval, maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may each include TDOA correction components 348, 388, and 398. TDOA correction components 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuitry that is part of or coupled to processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other respects, TDOA correction components 348, 388, and 398 may be external to processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, TDOA correction components 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which, when executed by processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. Figure 3A Possible locations of the TDOA correction component 348 are illustrated. The TDOA correction component may be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3B Possible locations of the TDOA correction component 388 are illustrated. The TDOA correction component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C Possible locations of the TDOA correction component 398 are illustrated. The TDOA correction component may be, for example, part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0110] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 342 to provide components for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal interfaces 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate positioning in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0111] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing instructions to a user (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device such as a keypad, touchscreen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0112] Referring more specifically to one or more processors 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. One or more processors 384 can implement functionality for the RRC layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC Service Data Units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority processing, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0113] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 implement Layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include: error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator can be used to determine the decoding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. These channel estimates can be derived from a reference signal transmitted by UE 302 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. Transmitter 354 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0114] At UE 302, receiver 312 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 316. Receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 342. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, along with the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. Then, data and control signals are provided to one or more processors 342, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0115] In the downlink, one or more processors 342 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0116] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmissions performed by base station 304, one or more processors 342 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), priority processing, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0117] The channel estimate derived by the channel estimator from the reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. The transmitter 314 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate the RF carrier for transmission.

[0118] Uplink transmissions are processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 302. Receiver 352 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 384.

[0119] In the uplink, one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport channel and the logical channel to recover IP packets from UE 302. IP packets from one or more processors 384 can be provided to the core network. One or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0120] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304 and / or network entity 306 are in Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe document is shown as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. In particular, Figures 3A to 3C Various components are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that can vary due to design choices, cost, equipment usage, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In certain cases, specific implementations of UE 302 may omit WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., wearable devices, tablets, personal computers (PCs), or laptops may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth). ® (Without cellular capability), or the short-range wireless transceiver 320 can be omitted (e.g., cellular only), or the satellite signal interface 330 can be omitted, or the sensor 344 can be omitted, etc. In another example, in Figure 3B In certain cases, specific implementations of base station 304 may omit WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only), or satellite signal interface 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, examples of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0121] Various components of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other via data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392 can form or be part of the communication interfaces of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, in cases where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality integrated into the same base station 304), data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392 can provide communication between these logical entities.

[0122] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe components can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or combine at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide that functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Furthermore, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, it should be understood that such operations, actions and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as processors 342, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memory 340, 386 and 396, TDOA correction components 348, 388 and 398, etc.

[0123] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may operate differently from the network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that can be configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304 or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as Wi-Fi).

[0124] Various frame structures can be used to support downlink and uplink transmission between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). Figure 4 Figure 400 illustrates an example frame structure according to various aspects of this disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0125] LTE (and in some cases NR) uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option to use OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are often referred to as tones, frequency slots, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated using data. Generally, modulation symbols are transmitted using OFDM in the frequency domain and SC-FDM in the time domain. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing can be 15 kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Therefore, for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, the nominal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth can also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband can cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, there can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands, respectively.

[0126] LTE supports a single set of parameters (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple sets of parameters (µ), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15kHz (µ=0), 30kHz (µ=1), 60kHz (µ=2), 120kHz (µ=3), and 240kHz (µ=4) or larger can be available. Within each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per time slot. For a 15kHz SCS (µ=0), there is one time slot per subframe, 10 time slots per frame, a time slot duration of 1 millisecond (ms), a symbol duration of 66.7 microseconds (µs), and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) of 4K FFT size. For a 30kHz SCS (µ=1), there are two time slots per subframe, 20 time slots per frame, a time slot duration of 0.5ms, a symbol duration of 33.3µs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) of 4K FFT size. For a 60kHz SCS (µ=2), there are four time slots per subframe, 40 time slots per frame, a time slot duration of 0.25ms, a symbol duration of 16.7µs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) of 4K FFT size. For a 120kHz SCS (µ=3), there are eight time slots per subframe, 80 time slots per frame, a time slot duration of 0.125ms, a symbol duration of 8.33µs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) of 4K FFT size. For a 240kHz SCS (µ=4), there are 16 time slots per subframe, 160 time slots per frame, a time slot duration of 0.0625ms, a symbol duration of 4.17µs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) of 4K FFT size.

[0127] exist Figure 4 In the example, a parameter set of 15kHz is used. Therefore, in the time domain, a 10ms frame is divided into 10 equal-sized subframes, each 1ms long, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 4 In the diagram, time is represented horizontally (on the X-axis), with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y-axis), with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0128] A resource grid can be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also known as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE corresponds to a symbol length in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain. Figure 4In the parameter set, for a normal cyclic prefix, the RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, the RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0129] Some REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). These reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSB), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. Figure 4 An example location (labeled "R") of an RE carrying a reference signal is shown.

[0130] The set of resource elements (REs) used for PRS transmission is called a "PRS resource". The set of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and span 'N' (such as one or more) consecutive symbols within a time slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, the PRS resource occupies a consecutive PRB in the frequency domain.

[0131] The transmission of PRS resources within a given PRB has a specific comb size (also known as "comb density"). The comb size 'N' represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of the PRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size 'N', the PRS is transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol within the PRB. For example, for comb size 'N', for each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, the RE corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) is used to transmit the PRS resource. Currently, for DL-PRS, comb sizes of comb size 'N'-2, comb size 'N'-4, comb size 'N'-6, and comb size 'N'-12 are supported. Figure 4 An example PRS resource configuration for Comb-4 (which spans four symbols) is shown. That is, the location of the shaded RE (marked as "R") indicates the Comb-4 PRS resource configuration.

[0132] Currently, DL-PRS resources can span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols within a time slot using a full-frequency-domain interleaved mode. DL-PRS resources can be configured in any downlink or flexible (FL) symbol within a time slot, configured by higher layers. For all REs of a given DL-PRS resource, there may be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE). The following are the symbol-by-symbol frequency offsets for comb sizes 2, 4, 6, and 12 on 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2-symbol comb teeth-2: {0, 1}; 4-symbol comb teeth-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 6-symbol comb teeth-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 12-symbol comb teeth-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb teeth-4: {0, 2, 1, 3} (e.g., in...) Figure 4 (in the example); 12-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 6-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; 12-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; and 12-symbol comb-12: {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}.

[0133] A “PRS resource set” is a collection of PRS resources used to transmit PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. Furthermore, PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and associated with a specific TRP (identified by the TRP ID). Additionally, PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity, common silence mode configuration, and the same repetition factor (such as “PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor”) across time slots. Periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource in the first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first PRS resource in the next PRS instance. Periodicity can have a length selected from: 2^µ The time slots are {4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240}, where µ = 0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor can have a length selected from {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} time slots.

[0134] In a PRS resource set, a PRS resource ID is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where one TRP can transmit one or more beams). That is, each PRS resource in a PRS resource set can be transmitted on a different beam, and therefore, a "PRS resource" (or simply "resource") can also be referred to as a "beam." It should be noted that this does not imply whether the UE knows the TRP and beam on which it transmits the PRS.

[0135] A “PRS instance” or “PRS timing” is an instance of a periodically repeating time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive time slots) in which a PRS is expected to be sent. A PRS timing may also be referred to as a “PRS positioning timing,” “PRS positioning instance,” “positioning timing,” “positioning instance,” “positioning repetition,” or simply “timing,” “instance,” or “repetition.”

[0136] A “positioning frequency layer” (also simply “frequency layer”) is a collection of one or more PRS resource sets with identical values ​​for certain parameters across one or more TRPs. Specifically, the collection of PRS resource sets has the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning that all parameter sets supported for the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) are also supported by the PRS), the same point A, the same downlink PRS bandwidth, the same starting PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb size. The point A parameter takes the value of the parameter “ARFCN-ValueNR” (where “ARFCN” stands for “Absolute Radio Channel Number”) and is an identifier / code specifying a pair of physical radio channels used for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth can have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers have been defined, and up to two PRS resource sets can be configured per frequency layer per TRP.

[0137] The concept of a frequency layer is somewhat similar to that of component carriers and bandwidth portions (BWPs), but the difference is that component carriers and BWPs are used by a single base station (or macrocell base station and small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while a frequency layer is used by several (usually three or more) base stations to transmit PRS. A UE can indicate the number of frequency layers it can support when transmitting its positioning capabilities to the network (such as during an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) session). For example, a UE can indicate whether it can support one or four positioning frequency layers.

[0138] It should be noted that the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" generally refer to specific reference signals used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" can also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as, but not limited to, PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc., as defined in LTE and NR. Furthermore, the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" can refer to downlink positioning reference signals, uplink positioning reference signals, or sidelink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. If further distinction is required regarding the type of PRS, downlink positioning reference signals can be referred to as "DL-PRS," uplink positioning reference signals (e.g., positioning SRS, i.e., PTRS) as "UL-PRS," and sidelink positioning reference signals as "SL-PRS." Furthermore, for signals that can be transmitted in the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink (e.g., DMRS), these signals may be preceded by "DL", "UL", or "SL" to distinguish the direction. For example, "UL-DMRS" may be different from "DL-DMRS".

[0139] On the one hand, Figure 4 The reference signal carried on the RE marked "R" can be the SRS. The SRS transmitted by the UE can be used by the base station to obtain the Channel State Information (CSI) used to transmit the UE. The CSI describes how the RF signal propagates from the UE to the base station and represents the combined effects of scattering, attenuation, and power decay with distance. The system uses the SRS for resource scheduling, link adaptation, massive MIMO, beam management, etc.

[0140] The set of REs used for SRS transmission is called an "SRS resource" and is identified by the parameter "SRS-ResourceId". The set of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and 'N' (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbols within a time slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol, SRS resources occupy one or more consecutive PRBs. An "SRS resource set" is a group of SRS resources used for SRS signal transmission and is identified by the SRS resource set ID ("SRS-ResourceSetId").

[0141] The transmission of SRS resources within a given PRB has a specific comb size (also known as "comb density"). The comb size 'N' represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of the SRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size 'N', the SRS is transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol within the PRB. For example, for comb size -4, for each symbol of the SRS resource configuration, the RE corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) is used to transmit the SRS of the SRS resource. Figure 4 In the example, the illustrated SRS is comb tooth-4 spanning four symbols. That is, the position of the shaded SRS RE indicates the SRS resource configuration of comb tooth-4.

[0142] Currently, SRS resources with comb tooth sizes of 2, 4, or 8 can span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 consecutive symbols within a time slot. The following are the symbol-by-symbol frequency offsets for the currently supported SRS comb tooth patterns. 1-symbol comb tooth-2: {0}; 2-symbol comb tooth-2: {0, 1}; 2-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2}; 4-symbol comb tooth-2: {0, 1, 0,1}; 4-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2, 1, 3} (as in...). Figure 4 (in the examples); 8-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 12-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 4-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6}; 8-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7}; and 12-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7, 0, 4, 2, 6}.

[0143] Generally, as mentioned above, the UE transmits an SRS so that the receiving base station (serving base station or neighboring base station) can measure the channel quality (i.e., CSI) between the UE and the base station. However, the SRS can also be specifically configured as an uplink positioning reference signal for uplink-based positioning procedures, such as uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), round-trip time (RTT), uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA), etc. As used herein, the term "SRS" can refer to an SRS configured for channel quality measurement or an SRS configured for positioning purposes. When it is necessary to distinguish between the two types of SRS, the former may be referred to herein as "SRS for communication" and / or the latter as "SRS for positioning" or "positioning SRS".

[0144] Several enhancements to the previously defined SRS may be available for “SRS for Positioning” (also known as “UL-PRS”), such as new interleaving patterns within SRS resources (other than single symbol / comb-2), new comb types for SRS, new sequences of SRS, a larger set of SRS resources per component carrier, and a larger number of SRS resources per component carrier. Furthermore, the parameters “SpatialRelationInfo” and “PathLossReference” are configured based on downlink reference signals or SSBs from adjacent TRPs. Further, an SRS resource can be transmitted outside the active BWP, and an SRS resource can span multiple component carriers. Moreover, SRS can be configured in RRC connected state and transmitted only within the active BWP. Additionally, there may be no frequency hopping, no repetition factor, a single antenna port, and new SRS lengths (e.g., 8 and 12 symbols). Open-loop power control may also exist, but closed-loop power control is not possible, and comb-8 (i.e., SRS transmitted every eighth subcarrier in the same symbol) can be used. Finally, the UE can transmit from multiple SRS resources using the same transmit beam for UL-AoA. These features can be configured via higher-layer RRC signaling (and potentially triggered or activated via MAC control elements (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI)).

[0145] Figure 5 This is Figure 500, illustrating various uplink channels within an example uplink timeslot. In Figure 5 In this diagram, time is represented horizontally (on the X-axis), increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y-axis), increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. Figure 5 In the example, a parameter set of 15 kHz is used. Therefore, in the time domain, the illustrated time slot length is one millisecond (ms), divided into 14 symbols.

[0146] The Random Access Channel (RACH) (also known as the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)) can be configured within one or more time slots in a frame. A PRACH may include six consecutive RB pairs within a time slot. The PRACH allows the UE to perform initial system access and achieve uplink synchronization. The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) may be located at the edge of the uplink system bandwidth. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, CSI reports, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-decoding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) carries data and may additionally be used to carry buffer status reports (BSR), power clearance reports (PHR), and / or UCI.

[0147] Sidelink communication occurs within transmit or receive resource pools. In the frequency domain, the smallest unit of resource allocation is a subchannel (e.g., a set of consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain). In the time domain, resource allocation is performed within a time slot interval. However, some time slots are unavailable for sidelinks, and some time slots contain feedback resources. Furthermore, sidelink resources can be (pre-)configured to occupy fewer than 14 symbols in a time slot.

[0148] Configure sidelink resources at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. RRC configuration can be pre-configured (e.g., pre-loaded on the UE) or configured (e.g., from the serving base station).

[0149] The NR side link supports Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) retransmission. Figure 6A This is a diagram 600 illustrating an example time slot structure without feedback resources based on various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 6A In the example, time is represented horizontally and frequency vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, and 14 symbols constitute a time slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is a subchannel. Currently, the (pre-)configured subchannel size can be selected from a set of {10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100} Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs).

[0150] For side-link time slots, the first symbol is a repetition of the previous symbol and is used for automatic gain control (AGC) settings. This is in Figure 6A This is illustrated using vertical and horizontal hashing. For example... Figure 6A As shown, for sidelinks, the Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH) and the Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH) are transmitted in the same time slot. Similar to the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), the PSCCH carries control information about sidelink resource allocation and a description of the sidelink data sent to the UE. Likewise, similar to the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), the PSSCH carries the UE's user data. Figure 6A In the example, the PSCCH occupies half the bandwidth of the sub-channel and only takes up three symbols. Finally, the gap symbol appears after the PSSCH.

[0151] Figure 6B This is a diagram 650 illustrating an example time-slot structure with feedback resources based on various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 6B In the example, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one OFDM symbol, and 14 symbols constitute a time slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is a subchannel.

[0152] Figure 6B The illustrated time slot structure and Figure 6A The illustrated time slot structures are similar, but the difference is... Figure 6B The illustrated time slot structure includes feedback resources. Specifically, the last two symbols of the time slot are dedicated to the Physical Side Link Feedback Channel (PSFCH). The first PSFCH symbol is a repetition of the second PSFCH symbol used for AGC setup. In addition to the gap symbol following the PSFCH, there is a gap symbol after the two PSFCH symbols. Currently, the resources used for the PSFCH can be configured using a periodicity selected from the set of {0, 1, 2, 4} time slots.

[0153] The first 13 symbols of a time slot in the time domain and the allocated sub-channels in the frequency domain form a sidelink resource pool. The sidelink resource pool may include resources for sidelink communication (transmission and / or reception), sidelink positioning (referred to as the resource pool for positioning (RP-P)), or both communication and positioning. A resource pool configured for both communication and positioning is referred to as a "shared" resource pool. In a shared resource pool, the RP-P is indicated by offset, periodicity, the number of consecutive symbols within a time slot (e.g., as few as one symbol), and / or bandwidth within component carriers (or bandwidth across multiple component carriers). Furthermore, the RP-P may be associated with a region or with a distance from a reference location.

[0154] A base station (or UE, depending on the resource allocation mode) may assign one or more resource configurations from the RP-P to another UE. Alternatively or additionally, a UE (e.g., a relay or remote UE) may request one or more RP-P configurations and may include one or more of the following in the request: (1) its location information (or area identifier), (2) periodicity, (3) bandwidth, (4) offset, (5) number of symbols, and (6) whether a configuration with “low interference” is required (which can be determined by the assigned quality of service (QoS) or priority).

[0155] The base station or UE can configure / assign rate matching resources or RP-Ps for rate matching / silencing to the sidelink UE, such that when there is a conflict between the assigned resource and another resource pool containing data (PSSCH) and / or control (PSCCH), the sidelink UE is expected to perform rate matching / silencing / punching of data, DMRS, and / or CSI-RS within the conflicting resource. This will achieve orthogonality between positioning and data transmission to increase the coverage of PRS signals.

[0156] Figure 7 Figure 700 illustrates an example of a location-based resource pool configured within a sidelink resource pool (i.e., a shared resource pool) for communication, according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 7In the example, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, and 14 symbols constitute a time slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is a subchannel.

[0157] exist Figure 7 In the example, the entire time slot (excluding the first and last symbols) can be a resource pool for sidelink communication. That is, any symbol other than the first and last can be allocated for sidelink communication. However, the RP-P is allocated in the last four pre-gap symbols of the time slot. Therefore, non-sidelink positioning data (such as User Data (PSSCH), CSI-RS, and control information) can only be sent in the first eight AGC symbols, not in the last four pre-gap symbols, to prevent conflicts with the configured RP-P. Non-sidelink positioning data that would normally be sent in the last four pre-gap symbols can be pruned or silenced, or rate-matched non-sidelink data that typically spans more than eight AGC symbols can be used to accommodate eight AGC symbols.

[0158] Sidelink Positioning Reference Signal (SL-PRS) has been defined to support the sidelink positioning process between UEs. Similar to the downlink PRS (DL-PRS), an SL-PRS resource consists of one or more resource elements (i.e., an OFDM symbol in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain). SL-PRS resources are designed with a comb-based pattern to enable Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based processing at the receiver. SL-PRS resources consist of uninterleaved or only partially interleaved resource elements in the frequency domain to provide small time-of-arrival (TOA) uncertainties and reduced overhead for each SL-PRS resource. SL-PRS can also be associated with a specific RP-P (e.g., some SL-PRS can be allocated in some RP-Ps). SL-PRS is also defined as having intra-slot repetition ( Figure 7 (not shown in the image) to allow for combined gain (if needed). RP-P inter-UE coordination may also exist to provide dynamic SL-PRS and data multiplexing while minimizing SL-PRS collisions.

[0159] NR supports various cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based positioning methods, uplink-based positioning methods, and positioning methods based on both downlink and uplink. Downlink-based positioning methods include: Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and Downlink Angle of Departure (DL-AoD) in NR. Figure 8Examples of various positioning methods according to aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. In the OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning process illustrated in scenario 810, the UE measures the difference between the times of arrival (ToA) of a reference signal (e.g., a positioning reference signal (PRS)) received from a base station (referred to as the reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurement) and reports these differences to the positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in auxiliary data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each non-reference base station. Based on the known locations of the base stations involved and the RSTD measurement, the positioning entity (e.g., a UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE's location.

[0160] For the DL-AoD positioning illustrated in scenario 820, the positioning entity uses measurement reports from the UE regarding the received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmitted beams to determine the angle between the UE and the transmitting base station. The positioning entity can then estimate the UE's position based on the determined angle and the known location of the transmitting base station.

[0161] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, the UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals, which are measured by a reference base station and multiple non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time of the reference signal (referred to as relative time of arrival (RTOA)) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the location and relative timing of the base stations involved. Based on the received-receive (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known location of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can use the TDOA to estimate the UE's location.

[0162] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from the UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurement and the angle of the receive beam to determine the angle between the UE and the base station. Based on the determined angle and the known location of the base station, the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0163] Downlink and uplink-based positioning methods include Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) positioning and Multiple Round-Trip Time (RTT) positioning (also known as "Multi-Cell RTT" and "Multi-RTT"). During RTT, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) sends a first RTT-related signal (e.g., PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or a base station), which then sends a second RTT-related signal (e.g., SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the time of transmission of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is called the receive-to-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement can be performed or adjusted to include only the time difference between the nearest time slot boundary of the received signal and the transmitted signal. The two entities can then transmit their Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 270), which calculates the round-trip time (RTT) between the two entities based on these two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., calculated as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity can transmit its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to another entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined based on the RTT and a known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For the multi-RTT positioning illustrated in scenario 830, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning process with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined based on the distance to the second entities and the known location of the second entities (e.g., using polygonal measurements). RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning technologies (such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD) to improve location accuracy, as illustrated in scenario 840.

[0164] The E-CID positioning method is based on Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, timing advance (TA), identifiers of detected neighboring base stations, estimated timing, and signal strength. The UE's location is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base stations.

[0165] To assist in positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide auxiliary data to the UE. For example, auxiliary data may include: the identifier of the base station (or the cell / TRP of the base station) from which the reference signal is measured, reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., including the number of consecutive time slots of the PRS, the periodicity of consecutive time slots of the PRS, silence sequences, frequency hopping sequences, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to a particular positioning method. Alternatively, auxiliary data may be derived directly from the base station itself (e.g., in periodically broadcast overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighboring network nodes without using auxiliary data.

[0166] In the case of OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedures, auxiliary data may also include the expected RSTD value and the associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the expected RSTD value may range from + / - 500 microseconds (µs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for positioning measurements is in FR1, the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may range from + / - 32 µs. In other cases, when all resources used for positioning measurements are in FR2, the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may range from + / - 8 µs.

[0167] Location estimates can be referred to by other names, such as location estimation, location, positioning, fixed location, etc. Location estimates can be geodesic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possible elevation), or they can be municipal and include street addresses, postal addresses, or some other verbal description of the location. Location estimates can be further defined relative to some other known location or in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possible elevation). Location estimates can include expected errors or uncertainties (e.g., by including the area or volume that the location is expected to include with a specified or default confidence level).

[0168] Figure 9 TDOA positioning technology 900 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. Figure 9In this model, the PRS (e.g., SL PRS or UL PRS) is transmitted by UE1 and measured by radio nodes 1 through 3 (e.g., gNB, UE, etc.). In the network-assisted UL-TDOA example, the LMF determines the UE location by using the time difference of arrival of a known uplink signal (e.g., SRS) from UE1 to multiple gNBs, which is assumed to provide the propagation delay difference from the UE to the gNB. The arrival time from the UE to each gNB is determined by the sampling timing offset of the UL signal. To achieve sub-meter accuracy in UL-TDOA-based positioning, near-perfect timing synchronization between gNBs (e.g., <2ns) may be required. On the one hand, a 1ns timing inaccuracy results in a 30cm (or 1 foot) location inaccuracy.

[0169] In some designs, NR gNB deployments (e.g., enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) have a timing error requirement of 3µs, which is much less stringent than the timing error requirement for UL-TDOA-based positioning. To meet positioning requirements, in some designs, the gNB needs to have (1) a synchronization source with a much higher sampling rate and (2) calibrated RF group delay. Of these two requirements, the first makes it difficult to use a pre-installed gNB for positioning purposes due to potential synchronization timing errors.

[0170] Figure 10 An example of a UL-TDOA timing scheme 1000 according to various aspects of this disclosure is provided.

[0171] Figure 11 An example of a UL-TDOA signaling scheme 1100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated.

[0172] refer to Figures 10 to 11 On the one hand, due to the timing difference (shown as y) between the time slot boundaries of the two gNBs, the timing offset difference |x0-x1| cannot be the same as |t0-t1|.

[0173] Various aspects of this disclosure relate to timing synchronization correction for location estimation based on TDOA (e.g., UL-TDOA, SL-TDOA, etc.). In some aspects, a calibration process based on relative time of arrival (RTOA) is performed to determine timing synchronization correction values ​​to be applied to TDOA measurements between two radio receiving reference nodes. In other aspects, the synchronization correction values ​​are used in association with the TDOA-based location estimation of the target UE (e.g., for network-assisted positioning at the LMF, or transmitted to the target UE and used by the target UE for UE-based positioning). Such aspects can provide various technical advantages, such as more accurate TDOA-based location estimation for the target UE.

[0174] Figure 12An exemplary process 1200 of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated. Figure 12 The process 1200 is performed by a location estimation entity. In some designs, this location estimation entity may correspond to a network component (e.g., an LMF integrated in a gNB / BS304 or O-RAN component, or a remote location server such as network entity 306). In other designs, the location estimation entity may correspond to another UE (e.g., a sidelink anchor UE or a sidelink server UE) or to the target UE itself. In scenarios where the location estimation entity is integrated with another device (e.g., a UE, gNB, location server, etc.), any reference to any Rx / Tx operation between the location estimation entity and the device integrated with the location estimation entity may correspond to information transfer between different logical components of the device via a data bus, etc.

[0175] refer to Figure 12 At 1210, a location estimation entity (e.g., transmitter 314 or 324 or 354 or 364, network transceiver 380 or 390, data bus 308 or 382, ​​etc.) sends at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component. In one aspect, the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. In another aspect, the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location. In another aspect, the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location. In some designs, the components for performing the transmission at 1210 include... Figures 3A to 3C Transmitters 314, 324, 354, or 364; network transceivers 380 or 390; data buses 308 or 382, ​​etc.

[0176] refer to Figure 12 At 1220, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, network transceiver 380 or 390, data bus 308 or 382, ​​etc.) receives the first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node. In some designs, the components for performing the reception at 1220 include Figures 3A to 3C Receivers 312, 322, 352, or 362; network transceivers 380 or 390; data buses 308 or 382, ​​etc.

[0177] refer to Figure 12At 1230, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, network transceiver 380 or 390, data bus 308 or 382, ​​etc.) receives a second RTOA associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node. In some designs, the components for performing the reception at 1230 include Figures 3A to 3C Receivers 312, 322, 352, or 362; network transceivers 380 or 390; data buses 308 or 382, ​​etc.

[0178] refer to Figure 12 At 1240, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., processor 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction component 348, 388, or 398, etc.) determines the first reception time offset associated with the first radio reception reference node based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA. In some designs, the components used to perform the determination at 1240 include Figures 3A to 3C Processors 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction components 348, 388, or 398, etc.

[0179] refer to Figure 12 At 1250, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., processor 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction component 348, 388, or 398, etc.) determines the second reception time offset associated with the second radio reception reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA. In some designs, the components used to perform the determination at 1250 include Figures 3A to 3C Processors 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction components 348, 388, or 398, etc.

[0180] refer to Figure 12 At 1260, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., processor 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction component 348, 388, or 398, etc.) determines the timing synchronization correction value between the first and second radio receiving reference nodes based on the first and second receiving time offsets. In some designs, the components used to perform the determination at 1260 include Figures 3A to 3C Processors 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction components 348, 388, or 398, etc.

[0181] refer to Figure 12At 1270, the positioning estimation entity (e.g., processor 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction component 348, 388, or 398, etc.) derives a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first and second radio receiving reference nodes and a timing synchronization correction value. (E.g., the timing synchronization correction value is used to first correct the TDOA, and the corrected TDOA is used for positioning estimation.) In some designs, the components used to perform the derivation at 1270 include... Figures 3A to 3C Processors 342, 384, or 394, TDOA correction components 348, 388, or 398, etc.

[0182] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal. In one aspect, the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0183] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal. In one aspect, the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0184] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, at least one request includes time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmit timing adjustment, transmit power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

[0185] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, the transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node that is farthest from the first wireless network component and is associated with the first timing calibration process.

[0186] See Figure 12 In some designs, the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed.

[0187] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, the first expected RTOA is based on the first known position and the second known position, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known position and the third known position.

[0188] refer to Figure 12In some designs, the location estimation entity further determines an additional set of receive time offsets associated with an additional set of wireless receive reference nodes that do not include either the first or second wireless receive reference node. In one aspect, the location estimation entity also sends a second request to the first wireless receive reference node and a third wireless receive reference node belonging to the additional set of wireless receive reference nodes for a second timing calibration process associated with a second wireless transmission performed by the second wireless network component. In one aspect, the second wireless network component is associated with a fourth known location, and the third wireless receive reference node is associated with a fifth known location. In one aspect, the location estimation entity also receives a third RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission as measured at the first wireless receive reference node. In one aspect, the location estimation entity also receives a fourth RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission as measured at the third wireless receive reference node. In one aspect, the location estimation entity further determines a third receive time offset associated with the first wireless receive reference node based on the third RTOA and a third expected RTOA. In one aspect, the location estimation entity further determines a fourth receive time offset associated with the third wireless receive reference node based on the fourth RTOA and a fourth expected RTOA. On the one hand, the positioning estimation entity also determines one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​between the first wireless receiving reference node, the second wireless receiving reference node, or both, and one or more wireless receiving reference nodes in an additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes based on the third and fourth receiving time offsets.

[0189] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component used for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE used for location estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0190] refer to Figure 12 In some designs, TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

[0191] Figure 13 An exemplary process 1300 of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated. Figure 13The process 1300 is performed by the first wireless network component (such as TRP or gNB / BS 304 or O-RAN component, such as RU). It should be noted that in some designs, the location estimation entity is deployed separately from the first wireless network component (e.g., at another UE or at a network component such as an LMF integrated in a gNB / BS 304 or O-RAN component, or a remote location server such as network entity 306). In scenarios where the location estimation entity is integrated with the first wireless network component itself, any reference to any Rx / Tx operation between the location estimation entity and the first wireless network component with the integrated location estimation entity can correspond to information transfer between different logical components of the first wireless network component via a data bus, etc. Furthermore, in some designs, Figure 13 The process 1300 can be combined with Figure 13 Process 1300 and Figure 12 The process involves 1200 collaborative executions.

[0192] refer to Figure 13 At 1310, the first wireless network component (e.g., receiver 352 or 362, data bus 382, ​​etc.) receives a request from the positioning estimation entity to perform a timing calibration procedure. In some designs, the components used to perform the receiving at 1310 include... Figure 3B Receivers 352 or 362, data bus 382, ​​etc.

[0193] refer to Figure 13 At 1320, a first wireless network component (e.g., transmitter 354 or 364, etc.) performs a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node upon request. In one aspect, the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. In another aspect, the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location. In another aspect, the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location. In another aspect, the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal. In some designs, the components for performing the transmission at 1320 include... Figure 3B The transmitter is 354 or 364, etc.

[0194] refer to Figure 13 In some designs, uplink signals include uplink sounding reference signals (SRS-P) for positioning or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0195] Figure 14 An exemplary process 1400 of communication according to one aspect of this disclosure is illustrated. Figure 14The process 1400 is performed by a radio receiving reference node (such as a UE (e.g., UE 302) or a radio network component (such as gNB / BS 304) or an O-RAN component (such as RU)). It should be noted that in some designs, the location estimation entity is deployed separately from the radio receiving reference node (e.g., at another UE or at a network component such as an LMF integrated in gNB / BS 304 or an O-RAN component, or a remote location server such as network entity 306). In scenarios where the location estimation entity is integrated with the radio receiving reference node itself, any reference to any Rx / Tx operation between the location estimation entity and the radio node with the integrated location estimation entity can correspond to information transfer between different logical components of the radio receiving reference node via a data bus, etc. Furthermore, in some designs, Figure 14 The process 1400 can be combined with Figure 13 Process 1300 and Figure 12 The process involves 1200 collaborative executions.

[0196] refer to Figure 14 At 1410, a wireless receiving reference node (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, processor 342 or 384, TDOA correction component 348 or 388, etc.) measures a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission made by a first wireless network component. In one aspect, the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. In another aspect, the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location. In another aspect, the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal. In some designs, the components for performing the measurement at 1410 include... Figures 3A to 3B Receivers 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, processors 342 or 384, TDOA correction components 348 or 388, etc.

[0197] refer to Figure 14 At 1420, the wireless receiving reference node (e.g., transmitter 314, 324, 354, or 364, network transceiver 380 or 390, data bus 308 or 382, ​​etc.) transmits measurement information associated with the first RTOA to the positioning estimation entity. In some designs, the components for performing the transmission at 1420 include Figures 3A to 3B Transmitters 314, 324, 354, or 364; network transceivers 380; data buses 308 or 382, ​​etc.

[0198] refer to Figure 14 In some designs, downlink signals include downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0199] refer to Figure 14 In some designs, measurement information includes the first RTOA.

[0200] refer to Figure 14 In some designs, the radio receiving reference node also determines the reception time offset associated with the radio receiving reference node based on a first RTOA and a projected RTOA, measures a second RTOA associated with a second radio transmission performed by the target user equipment (UE), corrects the second RTOA based on the reception time offset, and transmits the corrected second RTOA to a positioning estimation entity. In one aspect, the measurement information includes the corrected second RTOA. In another aspect, the projected RTOA is based on a first known location and a second known location.

[0201] refer to Figure 14 In some designs, the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component used for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE used for location estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0202] refer to Figure 14 In some designs, measurement information is associated with positioning estimates based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) derived from the positioning estimation entity. In one aspect, TDOA-based positioning estimates correspond to uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimates.

[0203] Figure 15 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The process 1200 to 1400 is an example of the specific implementation of the UL-TDOA timing scheme 1500.

[0204] Figure 16 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The process 1200 to 1400 is an example of the specific implementation of the UL-TDOA signaling scheme 1600.

[0205] refer to Figures 15 to 16 In a specific example, to identify the difference in Rx time slot boundaries between multiple gNBs, one or more gNBs are defined as 'UL TX' and are requested to periodically or non-periodically transmit uplink signals (e.g., SRS, PUSCH, etc.). When gNBs are installed, their locations are precisely measured, so the propagation delay from one gNB to another is known. On one hand, utilizing the uplink signal transmitted via the UL TX gNB... TX 'Pseudo-online calibration' of UL signals. LMF and UL TXgNB TXThe negotiation proceeds towards uplink signal transmission to other gNBs. This negotiation may include the uplink signal type (PUSCH, SRS, etc.), the corresponding configuration (e.g., time / frequency resource allocation, scrambling ID, cyclic shift, etc.), and uplink transmission timing adjustments. Once the uplink signal type and configuration are determined, the LMF notifies other gNBs of the transmission from the UL TX gNB. TX The uplink transmission. For the receiving gNB, this uplink signal transmission can be considered as if it were transmitted by the UE. When the gNB receives the UL signal from the ULTX gNB, the Rx time offset (defined as 'propagation delay') is calculated. - The timing offset (Rx) can be considered a calibration result and will be used to derive its position for the accurate UL_RTOA of a regular UE with an unknown UL_TDOA. Figures 15 to 16 In the middle, y0 = t g,0 - x g,0 And y1 = t g,1 - x g,1 On the one hand, if the propagation delay is less than the timing offset, then y is expected to be negative.

[0206] Figure 17 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The process 1200 to 1400 is an example of the specific implementation of the UL-TDOA timing scheme 1700.

[0207] Figure 18 Examples are given based on Figures 12 to 14 The process 1200 to 1400 is an example of the specific implementation of the UL-TDOA signaling scheme 1800.

[0208] refer to Figures 17 to 18 In a specific example, after obtaining / updating the Rx time offset (y0 or y1), when exporting UL-TDOA, the UL-RTOA is adjusted using the Rx time offset, for example: UL-TDOA u = UL-RTOA u,0 - UL-RTOA u,1 = (x u,0 + y0) – (x u,1 + y1) = (x u,0 – x u,1 ) +(y0– y1) Figure 19 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 Example implementation of process 1200 to 1400 1900.

[0209] Figure 20Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 The process is illustrated in the example implementation of 1200 to 1400 in 2000.

[0210] refer to Figures 19 to 20 In a specific example, the LMF can provide the UL TX gNB with additional information about uplink signal transmission (e.g., timing advance information). On one hand, the UL TX gNB can adjust the uplink transmission timing to compensate for propagation delays toward the furthest gNB that should receive the uplink signal. For example... Figures 19 to 20 As described, this long propagation delay may adversely affect uplink signal reception at the gNB. Figure 19 The text describes something without UL TX gNB. TX In scenarios where the timing is advanced. Figure 19 The text describes features including those from UL TX gNB. TX The scenario of a scheduled advance.

[0211] Figure 21 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 Example implementation of process 1200 to process 1400 2100.

[0212] Figure 22 Examples of various aspects according to this disclosure are shown respectively. Figures 12 to 14 Example implementation of process 1200 to process 1400 2200.

[0213] refer to Figures 21 to 22 In a specific example, UL_RTOA adjustments via Rx time offsets can be performed within the LMF. This, in turn, means that the gNB may be completely unaware of such adjustments. In other words, uplink transmissions from the UL TX gNB can be treated as if they were transmitted by the UE to other gNBs. Figures 21 to 22 The process described in each of them can be summarized as follows: 1. LMF maintains a table listing the gNBs participating in the location service, including relevant information such as location, Rx time offset, etc. Multiple such entries can be maintained for each {gNB, UL TX gNB} pair, provided that a participating gNB receives UL signals from multiple UL TX gNBs in the network.

[0214] 2. The LMF negotiates UL signal resource configuration (e.g., SRS, PUSCH, non-standard proprietary signals) with the UL TX gNB and the receiving gNB. UL signal resource configuration can reuse existing interface messages between the LMF and gNB (NL1 and NG-C interfaces) and interface messages between gNBs (Xn interface). Additional information (to help the gNB act as a UE) can be transmitted from the LMF to the UL TX gNB. This includes uplink signal transmission timing adjustments and uplink transmission power.

[0215] 3. Perform UL signal transmission (e.g., SRS) from one or more UL TX gNBs. The Rx time offset of gNBs around the UL TX gNB can be measured. No special signaling from the LMF to the gNB is required for the UL TX gNB; that is, the gNB assumes the uplink signal originates from the UE.

[0216] 4. The gNB measures UL_RTOA based on the received UL signal and sends the UL_RTOA measurement report back to the LMF.

[0217] 5. LMF updates the Rx time offset of each gNB by comparing the reported UL_RTOA with the expected propagation delay.

[0218] 6. For a UE whose location needs to be estimated, the LMF triggers operations (2) to (4) on the UL_RTOA value from the gNB, adjusts the UL_RTOA using the Rx time offset measured in (5), and calculates the UL_TDOA, which is used to determine the UE's location.

[0219] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, multiple UL TX gNBs can be deployed. On one hand, assume the gNB set uses a single UL TX gNB, i.e., gNB... TX1 This forms cluster C1 of gNB. Similarly, using UL TX gNB (i.e., gNB) TX2 Another set of gNBs forms a cluster C2 of gNBs. Assume gNB1 and gNB2 belong to C1 and C2 respectively. As noted above, timing synchronization errors (differences in y) are known within each gNB pair within the cluster, but unknown across the cluster. In some designs, there are UL TX gNBs (i.e., gNBs) within the range of only one gNB from C1 (e.g., gNB3) and one gNB from C2 (e.g., gNB4). TX3 That's enough (gNB) TX3 (Does not need to be seen by other gNBs or within the range of other gNBs). Use this public gNB. TX3Timing synchronization error can be calculated between any gNB pair across two clusters. For example, the timing synchronization error between gNB1 and gNB2 can be derived from the following: Synchronization error between gNB1 and gNB3 (using gNB...) TX1 Synchronization errors between gNB3 and gNB4 (using gNB) TX3 ) and synchronization errors between gNB4 and gNB2 (using gNB) TX2 By extension, this allows for deriving timing synchronization errors for all gNB pairs across two clusters, and the concept can be further extended to multiple clusters and multiple ULTX gNBs. On one hand, multiple ULTX gNBs within the same cluster can also be used to obtain a more robust estimate of the timing synchronization error between gNBs (e.g., by averaging the timing errors across such UEs or other means). On the other hand, the process of calculating the timing error across gNBs described above can be repeated over time to improve accuracy.

[0220] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, UL_RTOA adjustment via Rx time offset can be performed in the gNB (discussed above). On one hand, the LMF can directly derive UL_TDOA from the reported UL_RTOA from the gNB. On another hand, to enable the gNB to identify the Rx time offset based on measurements of the UL signal from the UL TX gNB, information about the UL TX gNB (e.g., identity, location, distance from the gNB, etc.) can be provided to the receiving gNB. On another hand, this information can be transmitted directly by the LMF or through an external entity in the network.

[0221] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, procedures 1200 to 1400 can be applied to existing 5G cellular networks without any external equipment for calibration, such as a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU). In another example, procedures 1200 to 1400 can be applied to any other cellular network that supports positioning estimation based on UL_TDOA / UL_RTOA. In one example, only a subset of gNBs may support the UL TX gNB feature (e.g., not all gNBs in the network need to support this feature). On one hand, gNBs typically have more UL TX power headroom than UEs, so a single UL TX gNB can reach a much wider area than if a UE were used to transmit UL signals.

[0222] refer to Figures 12 to 14In a specific example, the concepts described above can also be applied to a situation where a gNB transmits a DL signal (e.g., SSB, PRS, etc.) as normal gNB operation and other gNBs (e.g., referred to as 'DL RX gNB') are receiving the DL signal and identifying the Rx time offset to be applied in uplink signal reception from the UE. In one aspect, the DL signal transmission and reception scheduling / configuration can be negotiated between the LMF (or external arbitration entity), the gNB transmitting the DL signal, and the DL RX gNB via a defined new signaling message.

[0223] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, the gNB itself, as part of the positioning infrastructure, is software-upgraded to allow for alignment of timing synchronization errors. In this case, additional hardware such as a reference UE or PRU may not be required. The LMF manages the TX of UL signals across gNBs in UL time slots. Typically, TX from one gNB is received by multiple gNBs in UL time slots. In some designs, reconfiguration is not required, and the process can be performed in mission mode. The LMF allows gNBs to reuse UL signals in TDM / FDM TX or even based on the deployment scenario. Processes 1200 to 1400 can be repeated periodically (at intervals of approximately several hours or days). On the one hand, it is not necessary to change the UE in the system that is determining its positioning. On the other hand, the scheduler of the RX gNB can ensure that no other UE is performing TX on UL resources for process 1200 to 1400. Note that this will involve some loss of uplink throughput and additional calibration processing overhead.

[0224] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, an OTA transmission from one gNB may be received by other UEs because there is sufficient radiation from the sidelobes even at higher elevation angles. For example, connectivity may remain on an aircraft long after takeoff. On the one hand, localization itself requires a dense deployment of gNBs because the UE UL needs to be received by multiple gNBs for triangulation. In this sense, the gNB-gNB distance for localization use cases may be much smaller than in typical eMBB deployments.

[0225] refer to Figures 12 to 14In a specific example, the gNB acts as a reference TX node. On one hand, the gNB can transmit SRS in a UL time slot. On the other hand, it is assumed that this time slot is not used for any other purpose (no other Rx or Tx). On the other hand, the gNB does not need to perform reconfiguration. On the other hand, the gNB configuration for the SRS Tx can take into account UL and DL timing (N_TA offset) and propagation delay. On the other hand, the SRS Tx can be advanced based on the configuration from the L2 / LMF (possibly starting during the previous symbol period). This effectively serves as the TA that the UE will apply when transmitting the SRS. On the other hand, other gNBs (Rx gNBs) receive SRS from the UL TX gNB on UL resources. The Rx gNB can receive the SRS normally as if it were receiving from any UE. The SRS TA is notified to the LMF. On the other hand, the TA can be calculated with a precision of 1 ns, up to a maximum of half a symbol (5 km gNB-to-gNB distance).

[0226] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In a specific example, the upper layer (L2 / LMF) specifies the power of the gNB TX (e.g., the TX power of the SRS) in the UL timeslot. In one respect, this allows the upper layer to manage any interference and coverage from the TX when planning the TX and RX of positioning signals (e.g., SRS) across multiple gNBs.

[0227] refer to Figures 12 to 14 In specific examples, various RS types can be used in procedures 1200 to 1400. Some examples include SRS, PRS, PSS / SSS, PDSCH, etc. In some designs, SRS may be the most suitable RS type because the relevant 3GPP standard defines the positioning SRS, and the positioning SRS can be reused for the aforementioned calibration. The gNB can implement the positioning SRS Rx from the UE (e.g., therefore the Rx part does not require additional software development), the SRS Rx is also a roadmap project, and the SRS Tx requires additional work (e.g., since Tx is simpler, i.e., less implementation work, it is better to invest effort in Tx rather than Rx).

[0228] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are grouped together in the examples. This manner of disclosure should not be construed as an intention to have more features than those explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of this disclosure may include fewer features than those in the individual example clauses disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should be regarded accordingly as incorporated into the description, where each clause may serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clause to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect of that dependent clause is not limited to that specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include combinations of aspects of a dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or combinations of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein explicitly include these combinations unless explicitly stated or readily inferred that a particular combination is not intended for use (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if that clause does not directly depend on the independent clause.

[0229] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: Clause 1. A method for operating a location estimation entity, the method comprising: sending at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission; receiving a time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node and associated with the first wireless transmission. The system transmits a second associated RTOA; determines a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA; determines a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; determines a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and derives a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0230] Clause 2. The method according to Clause 1, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0231] Clause 3. The method according to Clause 2, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0232] Clause 4. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

[0233] Clause 5. The method according to Clause 4, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0234] Clause 6. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the at least one request includes time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

[0235] Clause 7. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 6, wherein the transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component associated with the first timing calibration process, or wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location, a combination thereof.

[0236] Clause 8. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 7, the method further comprising: determining an additional set of reception time offsets associated with an additional set of radio reception reference nodes that do not include either the first radio reception reference node or the second radio reception reference node.

[0237] Clause 9. The method according to Clause 8, the method further comprising: sending to the first wireless receiving reference node and a third wireless receiving reference node belonging to the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes a second request for a second timing calibration procedure associated with a second wireless transmission performed by a second wireless network component, wherein the second wireless network component is associated with a fourth known location, and wherein the third wireless receiving reference node is associated with a fifth known location; receiving a third RTOA as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node as associated with the second wireless transmission; receiving a fourth RTOA as measured at the third wireless receiving reference node as associated with the second wireless transmission; determining a third reception time offset associated with the first wireless receiving reference node based on the third RTOA and a third expected RTOA; determining a fourth reception time offset associated with the third wireless receiving reference node based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA; and determining one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​between the first wireless receiving reference node, the second wireless receiving reference node, or both, and one or more wireless receiving reference nodes in the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes based on the third reception time offset and the fourth reception time offset.

[0238] Clause 10. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 9, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for user equipment-based location estimation, or wherein the TDOA-based location estimation corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA location estimation, or a combination thereof.

[0239] Clause 11. A method of operating a first wireless network component, the method comprising: receiving from a location estimation entity a request to perform a timing calibration process; and, according to the request, performing a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0240] Clause 12. The method according to Clause 11, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0241] Clause 13. A method of operating a wireless receiving reference node, the method comprising: measuring a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission made by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmitting measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0242] Clause 14. The method according to Clause 13, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0243] Clause 15. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 14, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

[0244] Clause 16. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 15, the method further comprising: determining a reception time offset associated with the radio reception reference node based on the first RTOA and the expected RTOA; measuring a second RTOA associated with a second radio transmission performed by the target user equipment (UE); correcting the second RTOA based on the reception time offset; and transmitting the corrected second RTOA to the positioning estimation entity, wherein the measurement information includes the corrected second RTOA.

[0245] Clause 17. The method according to Clause 16, wherein the expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

[0246] Clause 18. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 17, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for location estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0247] Clause 19. The method according to any one of Clauses 13 to 18, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

[0248] Clause 20. The method according to Clause 19, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to the uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

[0249] Clause 21. A location estimation entity, the location estimation entity comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, a time-based time calibration procedure, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node, related to the first... The process includes: a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a wireless transmission; receiving a second RTOA associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node, via the one or more transceivers; determining a first reception time offset associated with the first wireless receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and a first expected RTOA; determining a second reception time offset associated with the second wireless receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; determining a timing synchronization correction value between the first and second wireless receiving reference nodes based on the first and second reception time offsets; and deriving a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first and second wireless receiving reference nodes and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0250] Clause 22. The location estimation entity as described in Clause 21, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0251] Clause 23. The positioning estimation entity as described in Clause 22, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for positioning.

[0252] Clause 24. The location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 21 to 23, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

[0253] Clause 25. The location estimation entity as described in Clause 24, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink location reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0254] Clause 26. The positioning estimation entity pursuant to any one of Clauses 21 to 25, wherein the at least one request includes time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

[0255] Clause 27. The location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 21 to 26, wherein the transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component associated with the first timing calibration process, or wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location, a combination thereof.

[0256] Clause 28. The positioning estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 21 to 27, wherein the one or more processors are individually or in combination further configured to: determine an additional set of reception time offsets associated with an additional set of radio reception reference nodes that do not include either the first radio reception reference node or the second radio reception reference node.

[0257] Clause 29. The location estimation entity as described in Clause 28, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: transmit via the one or more transceivers a second request for a second timing calibration procedure associated with a second wireless transmission performed by a second wireless network component, wherein the second wireless network component is associated with a fourth known location, and wherein the third wireless network component is associated with a fifth known location; receive via the one or more transceivers a third RTOA as measured at the first wireless network component and associated with the second wireless transmission; via the... One or more transceivers receive a fourth RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission, as measured at the third wireless receiving reference node; determine a third receive time offset associated with the first wireless receiving reference node based on the third RTOA and a third expected RTOA; determine a fourth receive time offset associated with the third wireless receiving reference node based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA; and determine one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​between the first wireless receiving reference node, the second wireless receiving reference node, or both, and one or more wireless receiving reference nodes in the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes based on the third receive time offset and the fourth receive time offset.

[0258] Clause 30. A location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 21 to 29, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for location estimation based on user equipment (UE), or wherein the TDOA-based location estimation corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA location estimation, or a combination thereof.

[0259] Clause 31. A first wireless network component, the first wireless network component comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to perform a timing calibration procedure from a location estimation entity; and, according to the request, to perform a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0260] Clause 32. The first wireless network component as described in Clause 31, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink probe reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0261] Clause 33. A wireless receiving reference node, the wireless receiving reference node comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: measure a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmit measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity via the one or more transceivers.

[0262] Clause 34. The radio receiving reference node as described in Clause 33, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0263] Clause 35. The wireless receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 33 to 34, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

[0264] Clause 36. A radio receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 33 to 35, wherein the one or more processors are individually or in combination further configured to: determine a receiving time offset associated with the radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and the expected RTOA; measure a second RTOA associated with a second radio transmission performed by a target user equipment (UE); correct the second RTOA based on the receiving time offset; and transmit the corrected second RTOA to the positioning estimation entity via the one or more transceivers, wherein the measurement information includes the corrected second RTOA.

[0265] Clause 37. The wireless receiving reference node as described in Clause 36, wherein the intended RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

[0266] Clause 38. A radio receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 33 to 37, wherein the positioning estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted positioning estimation or a target UE for positioning estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0267] Clause 39. A wireless receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 33 to 38, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

[0268] Clause 40. The radio receiving reference node as described in Clause 39, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to the uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

[0269] Clause 41. A location estimation entity, the location estimation entity comprising: means for sending to a first radio receiving reference node and a second radio receiving reference node at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first radio transmission performed by a first radio network component; wherein the first radio network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first radio receiving reference node corresponds to a second radio network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second radio receiving reference node corresponds to a third radio network component associated with a third known location; means for receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first radio transmission, as measured at the first radio receiving reference node; and means for receiving a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first radio transmission, as measured at the second radio receiving reference node. The components include: a second RTOA; a component for determining a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA; a component for determining a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA; a component for determining a timing synchronization correction value between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node based on the first reception time offset and the second reception time offset; and a component for deriving a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0270] Clause 42. The location estimation entity as described in Clause 41, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0271] Clause 43. The positioning estimation entity as described in Clause 42, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for positioning.

[0272] Clause 44. The location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 41 to 43, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

[0273] Clause 45. The location estimation entity as described in Clause 44, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink location reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0274] Clause 46. The positioning estimation entity pursuant to any one of Clauses 41 to 45, wherein the at least one request includes time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

[0275] Clause 47. The location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 41 to 46, wherein the transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component associated with the first timing calibration process, or wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location, a combination thereof.

[0276] Clause 48. The positioning estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 41 to 47, the positioning estimation entity further comprising: a component for determining an additional set of reception time offsets associated with an additional set of radio reception reference nodes that do not include the first radio reception reference node or the second radio reception reference node.

[0277] Clause 49. The positioning estimation entity of claim 48, further comprising: means for sending a second request to the first radio receiving reference node and a third radio receiving reference node belonging to the additional set of radio receiving reference nodes for a second timing calibration process associated with a second radio transmission performed by a second radio network component, wherein the second radio network component is associated with a fourth known location, and wherein the third radio receiving reference node is associated with a fifth known location; means for receiving a third RTOA associated with the second radio transmission as measured at the first radio receiving reference node; means for receiving a fourth RTOA associated with the second radio transmission as measured at the third radio receiving reference node; means for determining a third reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the third RTOA and a third expected RTOA; means for determining a fourth reception time offset associated with the third radio receiving reference node based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA; and means for determining one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​between the first radio receiving reference node, the second radio receiving reference node, or both, and one or more radio receiving reference nodes in the additional set of radio receiving reference nodes based on the third reception time offset and the fourth reception time offset.

[0278] Clause 50. A location estimation entity according to any one of Clauses 41 to 49, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for location estimation based on user equipment (UE), or wherein the TDOA-based location estimation corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA location estimation, or a combination thereof.

[0279] Clause 51. A first wireless network component, the first wireless network component comprising: means for receiving a request from a location estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; and means for performing a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node according to the request; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0280] Clause 52. The first wireless network component as described in Clause 51, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink probe reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0281] Clause 53. A wireless receiving reference node, the wireless receiving reference node comprising: means for measuring a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission made by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and means for transmitting measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0282] Clause 54. The radio receiving reference node as described in Clause 53, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0283] Clause 55. The wireless receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 53 to 54, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

[0284] Clause 56. A radio receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 53 to 55, the radio receiving reference node further comprising: means for determining a reception time offset associated with the radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and the expected RTOA; means for measuring a second RTOA associated with a second radio transmission made by a target user equipment (UE); means for correcting the second RTOA based on the reception time offset; and means for transmitting the corrected second RTOA to the positioning estimation entity, wherein the measurement information includes the corrected second RTOA.

[0285] Clause 57. The wireless receiving reference node as described in Clause 56, wherein the intended RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

[0286] Clause 58. A radio receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 53 to 57, wherein the positioning estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted positioning estimation or a target UE for positioning estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0287] Clause 59. A wireless receiving reference node according to any one of Clauses 53 to 58, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

[0288] Clause 60. The radio receiving reference node as described in Clause 59, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to the uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

[0289] Clause 61. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a location estimation entity, cause the location estimation entity to: send at least one request to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node for at least one request for a first timing calibration procedure associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node in association with the first wireless transmission; receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node in association with the first wireless transmission; and receive a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node in association with the first wireless transmission. The method involves: measuring a second RTOA associated with the first radio transmission at the line receiving reference node; determining a first reception time offset associated with the first radio receiving reference node based on the first RTOA and a first expected RTOA; determining a second reception time offset associated with the second radio receiving reference node based on the second RTOA and a second expected RTOA; determining a timing synchronization correction value between the first and second radio receiving reference nodes based on the first and second reception time offsets; and deriving a TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first and second radio receiving reference nodes and the timing synchronization correction value.

[0290] Clause 62. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 61, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0291] Clause 63. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 62, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0292] Clause 64. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 61 to 63, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

[0293] Clause 65. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 64, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0294] Clause 66. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 61 to 65, wherein the at least one request comprises time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

[0295] Clause 67. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 61 to 66, wherein the transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component associated with the first timing calibration process, or wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location, a combination thereof.

[0296] Clause 68. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 61 to 67, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the positioning estimation entity, cause the positioning estimation entity to: determine an additional set of reception time offsets associated with an additional set of radio reception reference nodes that do not include either the first radio reception reference node or the second radio reception reference node.

[0297] Clause 69. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 68, further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the positioning estimation entity, cause the positioning estimation entity to: send to the first radio receiving reference node and a third radio receiving reference node belonging to the additional set of radio receiving reference nodes a second request for a second timing calibration procedure associated with a second radio transmission performed by a second radio network component, wherein the second radio network component is associated with a fourth known location, and wherein the third radio receiving reference node is associated with a fifth known location; receive, as measured at the first radio receiving reference node, the timing calibration procedure associated with the second radio transmission. The third RTOA; receiving a fourth RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission as measured at the third wireless receiving reference node; determining a third receive time offset associated with the first wireless receiving reference node based on the third RTOA and the third expected RTOA; determining a fourth receive time offset associated with the third wireless receiving reference node based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA; and determining one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​between the first wireless receiving reference node, the second wireless receiving reference node, or both, and one or more wireless receiving reference nodes in the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes based on the third receive time offset and the fourth receive time offset.

[0298] Clause 70. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 61 to 69, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for user equipment-based location estimation, or wherein the TDOA-based location estimation corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA location estimation, or a combination thereof.

[0299] Clause 71. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a first wireless network component, cause the first wireless network component to: receive a request from a location estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; and, according to the request, perform a first wireless transmission to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node; wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, wherein the second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

[0300] Clause 72. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 71, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0301] Clause 73. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless receiving reference node, cause the wireless receiving reference node to: measure a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with a first wireless transmission by a first wireless network component, wherein the first wireless network component is associated with a first known location, wherein the wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and transmit measurement information associated with the first RTOA to a location estimation entity.

[0302] Clause 74. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 73, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0303] Clause 75. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 73 to 74, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

[0304] Clause 76. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 73 to 75, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the radio receiving reference node, cause the radio receiving reference node to: determine a reception time offset associated with the radio receiving reference node based on a first RTOA and an expected RTOA; measure a second RTOA associated with a second radio transmission performed by a target user equipment (UE); correct the second RTOA based on the reception time offset; and transmit the corrected second RTOA to the positioning estimation entity, wherein the measurement information includes the corrected second RTOA.

[0305] Clause 77. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 76, wherein the intended RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

[0306] Clause 78. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 73 to 77, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for location estimation based on user equipment (UE).

[0307] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 73 to 78, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

[0308] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 79, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to an uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

[0309] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and arts. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0310] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0311] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0312] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Example storage media are coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. The processor and storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium may reside as discrete components in the user terminal.

[0313] In one or more examples, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored as one or more instructions or code on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium includes both computer storage media and communication media, which includes any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium accessible to a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disc storage, disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and is accessible to a computer. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of a medium. As used herein, disks and optical discs include: compact optical discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while optical discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of these should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0314] While the foregoing disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of this disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to aspects of this disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly stated otherwise. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” etc., are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “having,” “comprising,” “including,” etc., do not exclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., element “having” A may also have B). Furthermore, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “at least partially based on” unless otherwise explicitly stated. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be open-ended when used in a series and is interchangeable with “and / or” unless otherwise explicitly stated (e.g., if used in conjunction with “any” or “only one”), or these alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Additionally, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, plural forms may also be considered unless explicitly stated to be limited to the singular. Therefore, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “described” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” include “one” component, function, action, or instruction that performs or is capable of performing the described or claimed functionality, and also include “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions that perform or are capable of performing the described or claimed functionality in combination.

Claims

1. A method for locating and estimating an entity, the method comprising: Send at least one request to the first wireless receiving reference node and the second wireless receiving reference node for a first timing calibration process associated with the first wireless transmission performed by the first wireless network component; The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to the second wireless network component associated with the second known location, and The second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; Receive the first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node. Receive a second RTOA associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node; A first receive time offset associated with the first wireless receive reference node is determined based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA. The second reception time offset associated with the second wireless reception reference node is determined based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA. The timing synchronization correction value between the first wireless receiving reference node and the second wireless receiving reference node is determined based on the first receiving time offset and the second receiving time offset. as well as The TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) is derived based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node, and the timing synchronization correction value.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one request comprises time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

7. The method according to claim 1, The transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component, which is associated with the first timing calibration process, or Wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or Wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location. Their combination.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Determine an additional set of receive time offsets associated with an additional set of wireless receive reference nodes that do not include either the first wireless receive reference node or the second wireless receive reference node.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: A second request is sent to the first wireless receiving reference node and a third wireless receiving reference node belonging to the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes, for a second timing calibration process associated with the second wireless transmission performed by the second wireless network component. The second wireless network component is associated with the fourth known location, and The third wireless receiving reference node is associated with the fifth known location; Receive a third RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node; Receive a fourth RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission, as measured at the third wireless receiving reference node; The third reception time offset associated with the first wireless reception reference node is determined based on the third RTOA and the third expected RTOA. The fourth receive time offset associated with the third wireless receive reference node is determined based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA. as well as Based on the third and fourth receive time offsets, one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​are determined between the first, second, or both wireless receive reference nodes and one or more wireless receive reference nodes in the additional set of wireless receive reference nodes.

10. The method according to claim 1, The location estimation entity refers to a network component used for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE used for location estimation based on user equipment (UE), or The TDOA-based positioning estimation mentioned above corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation, or Their combination.

11. A method of operating a first wireless network component, the method comprising: Receive a request from the positioning estimation entity to perform a timing calibration process; as well as According to the request, perform a first wireless transmission to the first wireless receiving reference node and the second wireless receiving reference node; The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to the second wireless network component associated with the second known location. The second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and The first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

13. A method for operating a wireless receiving reference node, the method comprising: Measure the first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission made by the first wireless network component. The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and The first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and The measurement information associated with the first RTOA is sent to the positioning estimation entity.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

16. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: The reception time offset associated with the wireless reception reference node is determined based on the first RTOA and the expected RTOA. The second RTOA is measured in association with the second radio transmission made by the target user equipment (UE); The second RTOA is corrected based on the received time offset; as well as Send the corrected second RTOA to the location estimation entity. The measurement information mentioned therein includes the corrected second RTOA.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the location estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE for location estimation based on user equipment (UE).

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to an uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

21. A location estimation entity, the location estimation entity comprising: One or more memory units; One or more transceivers; and One or more processors, communicatively coupled to one or more memories and one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors are configured individually or in combination to: Send at least one request for a first timing calibration process associated with a first wireless transmission performed by a first wireless network component to a first wireless receiving reference node and a second wireless receiving reference node via the one or more transceivers; The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to the second wireless network component associated with the second known location, and The second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location; Receive, via the one or more transceivers, a first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node. Receive, via the one or more transceivers, a second RTOA associated with the first wireless transmission, as measured at the second wireless receiving reference node; A first receive time offset associated with the first wireless receive reference node is determined based on the first RTOA and the first expected RTOA. The second reception time offset associated with the second wireless reception reference node is determined based on the second RTOA and the second expected RTOA. The timing synchronization correction value between the first wireless receiving reference node and the second wireless receiving reference node is determined based on the first receiving time offset and the second receiving time offset. as well as The TDOA-based positioning estimate of the target user equipment (UE) is derived based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the positioning reference signal (PRS) between the first radio receiving reference node and the second radio receiving reference node, and the timing synchronization correction value.

22. The positioning estimation entity of claim 21, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

23. The positioning estimation entity of claim 22, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

24. The positioning estimation entity of claim 21, wherein the first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal.

25. The positioning estimation entity of claim 24, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

26. The positioning estimation entity of claim 21, wherein the at least one request includes time-domain resource configuration, frequency-domain resource configuration, scrambling identifier, cyclic shift information, transmission timing adjustment, transmission power adjustment, or any combination thereof.

27. The positioning estimation entity according to claim 21, The transmission timing associated with the first wireless transmission is configured based on the distance between the first wireless network component and the corresponding wireless receiving reference node farthest from the first wireless network component, which is associated with the first timing calibration process, or Wherein the first wireless network component, the first wireless receiving reference node, and the second wireless receiving reference node are fixed, or Wherein the first expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location, and the second expected RTOA is based on the first known location and the third known location. Their combination.

28. The positioning estimation entity of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: Determine an additional set of receive time offsets associated with an additional set of wireless receive reference nodes that do not include either the first wireless receive reference node or the second wireless receive reference node.

29. The positioning estimation entity of claim 28, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: A second request for a second timing calibration procedure associated with a second wireless transmission performed by a second wireless network component is sent via the one or more transceivers to the first wireless receiving reference node and a third wireless receiving reference node belonging to the additional set of wireless receiving reference nodes. The second wireless network component is associated with the fourth known location, and The third wireless receiving reference node is associated with the fifth known location; Receive a third RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission, as measured at the first wireless receiving reference node, via the one or more transceivers; Receive, via the one or more transceivers, a fourth RTOA associated with the second wireless transmission, as measured at the third wireless receiving reference node; The third reception time offset associated with the first wireless reception reference node is determined based on the third RTOA and the third expected RTOA. The fourth receive time offset associated with the third wireless receive reference node is determined based on the fourth RTOA and the fourth expected RTOA. as well as Based on the third and fourth receive time offsets, one or more timing synchronization correction values ​​are determined between the first, second, or both wireless receive reference nodes and one or more wireless receive reference nodes in the additional set of wireless receive reference nodes.

30. The positioning estimation entity according to claim 21, The location estimation entity refers to a network component used for network-assisted location estimation or a target UE used for location estimation based on user equipment (UE), or The TDOA-based positioning estimation mentioned above corresponds to uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation, or Their combination.

31. A first wireless network component, the first wireless network component comprising: One or more memory units; One or more transceivers; and One or more processors, communicatively coupled to one or more memories and one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors are configured individually or in combination to: Receive a request to perform a timing calibration process from the positioning estimation entity via the one or more transceivers; and According to the request, perform a first wireless transmission to the first wireless receiving reference node and the second wireless receiving reference node; The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The first wireless receiving reference node corresponds to the second wireless network component associated with the second known location. The second wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a third wireless network component associated with a third known location, and The first wireless transmission is configured as an uplink signal.

32. The first wireless network component of claim 31, wherein the uplink signal includes an uplink probe reference signal (SRS-P) for positioning or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

33. A wireless receiving reference node, the wireless receiving reference node comprising: One or more memory units; One or more transceivers; and One or more processors, communicatively coupled to one or more memories and one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors are configured individually or in combination to: Measure the first relative time of arrival (RTOA) associated with the first wireless transmission made by the first wireless network component. The first wireless network component is associated with a first known location. The wireless receiving reference node corresponds to a second wireless network component associated with a second known location, and The first wireless transmission is configured as a downlink signal; and Measurement information associated with the first RTOA is sent to the positioning estimation entity via the one or more transceivers.

34. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 33, wherein the downlink signal includes a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

35. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 33, wherein the measurement information includes the first RTOA.

36. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 33, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: The reception time offset associated with the wireless reception reference node is determined based on the first RTOA and the expected RTOA. The second RTOA is measured in association with the second radio transmission made by the target user equipment (UE); The second RTOA is corrected based on the received time offset; and The corrected second RTOA is sent to the positioning estimation entity via the one or more transceivers. The measurement information mentioned therein includes the corrected second RTOA.

37. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 36, wherein the intended RTOA is based on the first known location and the second known location.

38. The radio receiving reference node of claim 33, wherein the positioning estimation entity corresponds to a network component for network-assisted positioning estimation or a target UE for positioning estimation based on user equipment (UE).

39. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 33, wherein the measurement information is associated with a positioning estimate based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) derived by the positioning estimation entity.

40. The wireless receiving reference node of claim 39, wherein the TDOA-based positioning estimation corresponds to the uplink (UL)-TDOA positioning estimation.

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