Lightning arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power extraction and dynamic power management

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of power equipment monitoring technology, specifically to a surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array energy harvesting and dynamic power management. The system includes an energy harvesting module comprising a rectifier array and an energy conversion unit. The input terminal of the rectifier array is connected to the surge arrester grounding circuit. The energy conversion unit is used to regulate the DC signal and output a DC voltage. An energy storage and management unit has its input terminal connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit. A signal acquisition unit has its input terminal connected to the surge arrester valve plate. A lightning strike counting branch is included. A communication module is used to wirelessly upload monitoring and evaluation data. An MCU is connected to the energy conversion unit, energy storage and management unit, signal acquisition unit, lightning strike counting branch, and communication module. This invention solves the problem of energy imbalance in the system, thereby ensuring absolute self-powering and long-term stable maintenance-free operation of the surge arrester online monitoring device throughout its entire lifecycle.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power equipment monitoring technology. More specifically, this invention relates to a surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management. Background Technology

[0002] Zinc oxide surge arresters are crucial overvoltage protection devices in substations and distribution networks, and their operating status directly affects the safety and stability of the entire power system. Under the combined effects of long-term exposure to operating voltage and external environmental factors (such as overvoltage lightning strikes, pollution, and high temperatures), the zinc oxide varistors inside the surge arrester inevitably age or become damp, leading to a gradual increase in leakage current (especially the resistive current component). If not detected and addressed promptly, this slow deterioration process may eventually cause thermal breakdown or even explosion of the surge arrester. Therefore, real-time online monitoring of characteristic parameters such as the total current, resistive current, and number of lightning strikes of the surge arrester is of significant engineering importance.

[0003] Existing online surge arrester monitoring devices face significant power supply bottlenecks in practical applications: First, traditional external mains or battery power supply methods suffer from difficulties in high-voltage side insulation, complex on-site wiring, limited battery life, and extremely high maintenance costs. Second, some devices attempt to achieve self-powering by extracting leakage current energy from the surge arrester's grounding circuit (CT energy extraction). However, under normal operating conditions, the leakage current flowing through the surge arrester is extremely weak (typically only tens to hundreds of microamps). Under such stringent low energy conditions, existing conventional single-channel energy extraction circuits are extremely inefficient, unable to sustain high-frequency data sampling, complex harmonic analysis calculations, and high-power wireless data transmission. This easily leads to frequent system crashes, deadlocks, or missed reports of critical data due to "energy imbalance," severely restricting the deep application of passive IoT technology in smart grids. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the technical problems of existing surge arrester monitoring devices, such as low energy extraction efficiency and unreasonable energy dispatch in weak leakage current environments, which prevent long-term stable passive operation, this invention provides a surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array energy extraction and dynamic power management.

[0005] The energy harvesting module includes a rectifier array and an energy conversion unit. The input terminal of the rectifier array is connected to the grounding circuit of the surge arrester. The rectifier array is used to collect the leakage energy of the surge arrester and rectify the leakage energy into a DC signal. The energy conversion unit is used to regulate the DC signal and output a DC voltage to provide operating power to the MCU, signal acquisition unit, and communication module. The energy storage and management unit has its input terminal connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit. It is used to store electrical energy and monitor the voltage across its internal energy storage element in real time. The voltage across the energy storage element provides a judgment benchmark for the MCU to schedule the operating power. The signal acquisition unit has its input terminal connected to the surge arrester valve plate. The collection unit is used to obtain the full current data of the surge arrester and perform signal conditioning; the lightning strike counting branch is used to collect the residual voltage signal across the surge arrester valve and convert the residual voltage signal into a hardware interrupt pulse; the communication module is used to wirelessly upload the monitoring and evaluation data; it is connected to the energy conversion unit, energy storage and management unit, signal acquisition unit, lightning strike counting branch and communication module; the MCU is used to execute a dynamic power management strategy based on the voltage across the energy storage element, dynamically control the power supply status of the system, and schedule and switch between different power consumption modes of energy accumulation and task execution; wherein, the rectifier array is composed of a preset number of energy harvesting units connected in a series-parallel combination.

[0006] Preferably, the rectifier array includes four identical energy harvesting units, wherein the energy harvesting units are connected in series and then in parallel for every two units; each energy harvesting unit includes a Schottky diode rectifier bridge; the energy conversion unit includes a voltage multiplier circuit, a second filter circuit and a voltage regulator circuit connected in series; and the energy storage element of the energy storage and management unit is a capacitor.

[0007] Preferably, the power supply terminal of the MCU is continuously connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit to receive working power, and its signal terminal is connected to the energy storage and management unit, the signal acquisition unit and the lightning strike counting branch respectively; the power supply control terminal of the MCU is connected in series in the power supply input circuit of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module respectively; the MCU controls the power supply status of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module by turning on or off the corresponding power supply input circuit.

[0008] Preferably, the signal acquisition unit includes a leakage current sensor, a first filter circuit, and an amplifier circuit connected in series, and its output analog signal is sent to the analog-to-digital conversion interface in the MCU for sampling; the lightning strike counting branch includes an action count sensor, a front-end protection circuit, a shaping circuit, and an opto-isolation module connected in series, and its output terminal is connected to the interrupt pin of the MCU to achieve electrical isolation and trigger an interrupt.

[0009] Preferably, the dynamic power management strategy executed by the MCU includes: the MCU detecting the initial power supply state and the voltage across the energy storage element; when the voltage across the energy storage element is lower than a preset operating threshold voltage, the MCU cuts off the power supply to the signal acquisition unit and the communication module and controls itself to enter a sleep mode, so that the energy harvesting module can fully store energy for the energy storage element; the MCU continuously acquires the voltage across the energy storage element; when the voltage across the energy storage element reaches the operating threshold voltage, the MCU exits the sleep mode and enters the measurement phase, and controls the supply of operating power to the signal acquisition unit; the MCU obtains the measurement completion status and the current voltage across the energy storage element; when it determines that the voltage across the energy storage element meets the energy threshold required for data transmission, the MCU controls the signal acquisition unit and the communication module to power on and enter the communication phase.

[0010] Preferably, the MCU also performs time scheduling calculations during the measurement and communication phases: the MCU acquires pre-stored energy storage-time relationship curve data and energy consumption-time relationship curve data locally, and when performing power supply status scheduling, the MCU dynamically calculates the start time interval between the next measurement and communication phases by combining the voltage across the energy storage element currently collected; the MCU obtains the operating power consumption parameters of the lightning strike counting branch, and when calculating the start time interval, the MCU reserves backup energy to meet the energy consumption required for multiple lightning strike counting interruptions.

[0011] Preferably, the MCU adopts a dual-core microcontroller architecture. Its internally integrated first processing core is used to perform low-level real-time operations and respond to the interrupt pulse of the lightning strike counting branch. Its internally integrated second processing core with a floating-point arithmetic unit is used to execute dynamic power management scheduling logic and mathematical analysis algorithms.

[0012] Preferably, the signal acquisition unit and communication module are short-range wireless communication terminals with built-in security protocols; during the data upload communication phase, under the control of the MCU, the signal acquisition unit and communication module encapsulate the acquired surge arrester status data and environmental parameters into JSON format data packets using the ARINC615 protocol, and send them to the external network through an omnidirectional antenna.

[0013] Preferably, it also includes a remote monitoring center located on the digital station platform. The remote monitoring center is used to receive the monitoring data, perform longitudinal comparison of factory reference values, analyze the long-term growth trend of resistive current, and determine the phase balance of the three-phase surge arrester data. The monitoring data includes the surge arrester monitoring status data of the total surge arrester current, resistive current component, and number of lightning strikes.

[0014] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention improves energy conversion efficiency under extremely weak current by employing a multi-unit series-parallel rectifier array. Simultaneously, it introduces a dynamic power management strategy based on the energy storage terminal voltage, enabling the MCU to monitor the energy level in real time during standby mode and precisely switch on or off the controlled power supply links to high-power peripheral modules via physical switches. This refined hardware and software coordinated scheduling—operating according to energy availability, storing energy when power is low, and waking up when power is sufficient—solves the problem of energy imbalance in the system, thereby ensuring absolute self-powering and long-term stable maintenance-free operation of the surge arrester online monitoring device throughout its entire lifecycle. Attached Figure Description

[0015] The above and other objects, features, and advantages of exemplary embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent upon reading the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, several embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation, and like or corresponding reference numerals denote like or corresponding parts, wherein: Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating the structure of a surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0017] The specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating the structure of a surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] like Figure 1 As shown, the surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array energy harvesting and dynamic power management includes an energy harvesting module, an energy conversion unit, an energy storage and management unit, a signal acquisition unit, a communication module, and an MCU.

[0020] The energy harvesting module includes a rectifier array and an energy conversion unit. The input terminal of the rectifier array is connected to the grounding circuit of the surge arrester. The rectifier array is used to collect the leakage energy of the surge arrester and rectify the leakage energy into a DC signal. The energy conversion unit is used to regulate the DC signal and output a DC voltage to provide operating power to the MCU, signal acquisition unit, and communication module. The input terminal of the energy storage and management unit is connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit. It is used to store electrical energy and monitor the voltage across its internal energy storage element in real time. The voltage across the energy storage element provides a judgment benchmark for the MCU to schedule the operating power. The input terminal of the signal acquisition unit is connected to the surge arrester valve plate. The signal acquisition unit is used to obtain the total current data of the surge arrester and perform signal conditioning. A lightning strike counting branch is used to collect... The residual voltage signal across the surge arrester valve plate is converted into a hardware interrupt pulse; the communication module is used to wirelessly upload monitoring and evaluation data; it is connected to the energy conversion unit, energy storage and management unit, signal acquisition unit, lightning strike counting branch and communication module; the MCU is used to execute a dynamic power management strategy based on the voltage across the energy storage element, dynamically control the power supply status of the system, and schedule and switch between different power consumption modes of energy accumulation and task execution; the MCU is used to execute a dynamic power management strategy based on the voltage across the energy storage element, and control the power supply status of the signal acquisition unit and communication module by turning on or off the corresponding power supply input circuit; wherein, the rectifier array is composed of a preset number of energy harvesting units connected in a series-parallel combination.

[0021] The energy harvesting unit is used to improve energy harvesting efficiency under weak current. The power supply terminal of the MCU is continuously connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit to receive working power, and its signal terminals are respectively connected to the energy storage and management unit, the signal acquisition unit, and the lightning strike counting branch. The power supply control terminal of the MCU is connected in series in the power supply input circuits of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module. The MCU controls the power supply status of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module by turning on or off the corresponding power supply input circuits.

[0022] It should be noted that the power supply status of the signal acquisition unit and communication module refers to whether these two power-consuming components are in an active state where they are powered on or in a deep sleep state where they are powered off. The control principle is as follows: the MCU uses real-time monitoring of the terminal voltage of the energy storage element as the sole criterion, and controls the electronic switch to determine whether to supply power to external components. The purpose of this control is to solve the problem of energy imbalance in the system under weak leakage current conditions. Through dynamic energy allocation, it ensures that energy storage and core data acquisition tasks are prioritized under any energy condition, and high-power wireless communication actions are only executed when sufficient energy is accumulated, thereby achieving complete self-powering and maintenance-free operation of the monitoring device.

[0023] Furthermore, the series-parallel combination method specifically refers to the following: the rectifier array uses multiple identical energy harvesting units. Every two energy harvesting units are first combined in series to increase the output DC voltage amplitude. Then, the series-connected energy harvesting unit groups are connected in parallel to each other to increase the overall output DC current capability. This specific array topology can effectively disperse the losses of individual components, achieving high-sensitivity start-up and high-efficiency energy conversion under the condition of extremely small leakage current of the surge arrester.

[0024] In one embodiment, the rectifier array includes four identical energy harvesting units, wherein the energy harvesting units are connected in series and then in parallel for every two units; each energy harvesting unit includes a Schottky diode rectifier bridge; the energy conversion unit includes a voltage multiplier circuit, a second filter circuit and a voltage regulator circuit connected in series; and the energy storage element of the energy storage and management unit is a capacitor.

[0025] It should be noted that the Schottky diode rectifier bridge has ultra-high speed and fast recovery characteristics and extremely low forward voltage drop (0.2V~0.78V lower than ordinary rectifier bridges), which can minimize energy loss during the rectification of microampere-level AC signals; the voltage multiplier circuit is used to further boost the rectified low-voltage DC to the voltage level usable by the system; the second filter circuit is used to eliminate ripple and noise during the boosting process; and the voltage regulator circuit ensures that the final DC voltage output to each load is smooth and constant. In addition, the energy storage element is preferably a supercapacitor, which has physical characteristics such as a long cycle life of millions of cycles, fast charging speed, and an extremely wide operating temperature range. It can efficiently collect and lock the weak electrical energy slowly extracted from the surge arrester circuit, providing a reliable energy pool for the subsequent transient high-power operation of the system.

[0026] In one embodiment, the signal acquisition unit includes a leakage current sensor, a first filter circuit, and an amplifier circuit connected in series, and its output analog signal is sent to the analog-to-digital conversion interface in the MCU for sampling; the lightning strike counting branch includes an action count sensor, a front-end protection circuit, a shaping circuit, and an opto-isolation module connected in series, and its output terminal is connected to the interrupt pin of the MCU to achieve electrical isolation and trigger an interrupt.

[0027] It should be noted that the action count sensor is a sensitive element used to directly sense the residual AC voltage generated by the surge arrester valve plate at the moment of lightning strike; the front-end protection circuit uses transient voltage suppression diodes to absorb and suppress transient surges caused by lightning strikes, protecting the vulnerable digital circuitry at the back end; the shaping circuit generally uses a single-channel Schmitt trigger, which is used to normalize the irregular analog waveform after protection into a standard rectangular digital pulse with sharp edges; the opto-isolation module is an optical coupling device that transmits pulse signals unidirectionally through an "electrical-optical-electrical" conversion process.

[0028] Connecting the output of the opto-isolation module to the interrupt pin of the MCU ensures that there is no direct electrical connection between the input and output of the optocoupler. This completely blocks the fatal high-voltage lightning surge from the arrester side from entering the low-voltage side of the MCU, achieving physical-level electrical isolation. On the other hand, the shaped lightning pulse acts directly on the interrupt pin of the MCU, generating a hardware-level external interrupt signal. This allows the MCU, which is in a deep sleep state, to be instantly woken up without cyclic polling, responding to the lightning event with high priority and reducing the system's standby power consumption.

[0029] In one embodiment, the dynamic power management strategy executed by the MCU includes: the MCU detecting the initial power supply state and the voltage across the energy storage element; when the voltage across the energy storage element is lower than a preset operating threshold voltage, the MCU cuts off the power supply to the signal acquisition unit and the communication module and controls itself to enter a sleep mode, so that the energy harvesting module can fully store energy for the energy storage element; the MCU continuously acquires the voltage across the energy storage element; when the voltage across the energy storage element reaches the operating threshold voltage, the MCU exits the sleep mode and enters the measurement phase, and controls the supply of operating power to the signal acquisition unit; the MCU obtains the measurement completion status and the current voltage across the energy storage element; when it determines that the voltage across the energy storage element meets the energy threshold required for data transmission, the MCU controls the signal acquisition unit and the communication module to power on and enter the communication phase.

[0030] It should be noted that the signal acquisition unit specifically includes a customized low-power current sensor module and a back-end signal conditioning board composed of operational amplifiers; the communication module specifically includes a short-range wireless communication terminal (such as a WAPI communication module) with a built-in processing core and security encryption protocol, as well as a matching antenna radio frequency circuit.

[0031] The specific control principle of the MCU in the above embodiments is based on a finite state machine model of the energy pool level. The MCU regards the voltage across the energy storage capacitor as an energy reference scale. When the system energy is scarce (i.e., the voltage is below the threshold), the MCU physically disconnects the power supply circuit of the external components and enters its own ultra-low power mode, cutting off all unnecessary energy inputs and accumulating energy. Only when the energy is accumulated enough to cover the cost of a single task (such as data acquisition or wireless transmission) will the MCU supply power to the corresponding components briefly as needed and in stages, and immediately cut off power after the task is completed, thereby realizing precise calculation and intelligent scheduling of weak and unstable energy.

[0032] In one embodiment, the MCU also performs time scheduling calculations during the measurement and communication phases: the MCU acquires pre-stored energy storage-time relationship curve data and energy consumption-time relationship curve data locally, and when performing power supply state scheduling, the MCU dynamically calculates the start time interval between the next measurement and communication phases by combining the voltage across the energy storage element currently collected; the MCU obtains the operating power consumption parameters of the lightning strike counting branch, and when calculating the start time interval, the MCU reserves backup energy to meet the energy consumption required for multiple lightning strike counting interruptions.

[0033] It should be noted that the energy storage-time relationship curve data characterizes the charging rate model of the supercapacitor terminal voltage gradually increasing over time under a specific leakage current environment; while the energy dissipation-time relationship curve data characterizes the discharging model of the capacitor voltage rapidly decreasing over time during different stages of the system, such as sensor measurement, algorithm calculation, or wireless communication. These two data points are typically obtained through actual measurements and fitting in the laboratory during the product development and factory calibration stages, simulating various operating conditions of the surge arrester, and are then stored as constant configuration parameters in the memory of the terminal microcontroller.

[0034] The measurement phase refers to the working period after the MCU is woken up, powers on the sensor, and uses the ADC to convert the surge arrester leakage current and temperature, while simultaneously running a harmonic analysis algorithm locally for feature extraction. The communication phase refers to the brief, high-energy-consuming working period during which the MCU powers the RF module, establishes a wireless connection, and sends the encapsulated data packet to the cloud. The startup time interval between these two phases is calculated by the MCU based on the aforementioned curve data and the current remaining voltage, representing the shortest waiting time the system must continuously accumulate energy in sleep mode to ensure successful execution of the next action.

[0035] In one embodiment, the MCU adopts a dual-core microcontroller architecture. Its internally integrated first processing core is used to perform low-level real-time operations and respond to the interrupt pulse of the lightning strike counting branch. Its internally integrated second processing core with a floating-point arithmetic unit is used to execute dynamic power management scheduling logic and mathematical analysis algorithms.

[0036] It should be noted that the first processing core is usually an ultra-low power low-level control core (such as Cortex-M0+), which resides at the low level and is responsible for maintaining the operation of the device's basic state machine. It can maintain real-time monitoring and rapid response to lightning strike hardware interrupt pulses at very low cost when the system is in low-power sleep mode. The second processing core is a high-performance application core (such as a Cortex-M4 with an FPU), which is dedicated to handling complex computational loads. It can not only accurately execute millisecond-level dynamic power scheduling logic, but also use the floating-point instruction set to quickly run complex digital signal processing algorithms such as Fourier harmonic analysis, and accurately separate the fundamental and resistive current components used to determine the aging of the surge arrester from the full current signal.

[0037] In one embodiment, the signal acquisition unit and the communication module are short-range wireless communication terminals with built-in security protocols. During the data upload communication phase, under the control of the MCU, the signal acquisition unit and the communication module encapsulate the acquired surge arrester status data and environmental parameters into JSON format data packets using the ARINC615 protocol, and send them to the external network through an omnidirectional antenna.

[0038] It should be noted that the ARINC615 protocol is a highly reliable data loading and transmission communication protocol specification, which can ensure the integrity and security of status data interaction between equipment and monitoring center. The omnidirectional antenna is a radio frequency antenna that uniformly radiates and receives electromagnetic waves in a 360-degree horizontal direction. It allows surge arrester monitoring terminals installed in various locations within switchgear or substations to establish a stable wireless communication link without needing to be deliberately aligned with a receiving base station, greatly simplifying on-site construction and deployment and improving the robustness of spatial communication.

[0039] In one embodiment, the system further includes a remote monitoring center located on a digital station platform. The remote monitoring center is used to receive the monitoring data and perform longitudinal comparisons of factory reference values, analysis of the long-term growth trend of resistive current, and phase-to-phase balance comparisons of the three-phase surge arrester data. The monitoring data includes the surge arrester monitoring status data, which includes the total surge arrester current, resistive current component, and number of lightning strikes.

[0040] It should be noted that the remote monitoring center is a top-level application system deployed on the digital station platform server. It is typically based on a stable operating system such as Linux and undergoes secondary development, serving as the "data brain" of the entire surge arrester online monitoring system. This center not only provides a foundation for long-term data storage and management but also offers a human-machine interface, enabling maintenance engineers to intuitively view the real-time status curves and alarm information of all front-end devices.

[0041] The remote monitoring center performs the following actions: seamlessly receiving JSON data uploaded by terminals through public component interfaces (such as HTTP requests or WebSocket subscriptions); using diagnostic algorithms to perform longitudinal threshold verification between the current resistive current value and the equipment's factory reference value; analyzing the long-term slow growth trend of resistive current by plotting time series data to predict the risk of equipment thermal collapse in advance; and in three-phase switchgear application scenarios, comparing the characteristic data of A, B, and C phase surge arresters in parallel. If a significant deviation or imbalance is found in the data of a certain phase, the corresponding phase's equipment anomaly or fault alarm is quickly located and issued, ultimately providing scientific data support for condition-based maintenance.

[0042] In the description of this specification, "multiple" or "several" means at least two, such as two, three or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0043] While this specification has shown and described numerous embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many modifications, alterations, and alternatives will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and essence of the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in the practice of this invention.

Claims

1. A surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management, characterized in that, include: The energy harvesting module includes a rectifier array and an energy conversion unit. The input terminal of the rectifier array is connected to the grounding circuit of the surge arrester. The rectifier array is used to collect the leakage energy of the surge arrester and rectify the leakage energy into a DC signal. The energy conversion unit is used to regulate the DC signal and output a DC voltage to provide working power to the MCU, signal acquisition unit and communication module. An energy storage and management unit, whose input terminal is connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit, is used to store electrical energy and monitor the voltage across the energy storage element in real time. The voltage across the energy storage element provides a criterion for the MCU to schedule the working electrical energy. A signal acquisition unit, whose input terminal is connected to the surge arrester valve plate, is used to obtain the full current data of the surge arrester and perform signal conditioning. The lightning strike counting branch is used to collect the residual voltage signal across the arrester valve plate and convert the residual voltage signal into a hardware interrupt pulse; A communication module, used to wirelessly upload monitoring and evaluation data; The MCU is connected to the energy conversion unit, energy storage and management unit, signal acquisition unit, lightning strike counting branch and communication module; the MCU is used to execute dynamic power management strategy based on the voltage across the energy storage element, dynamically control the power supply status of the system, and schedule and switch between different power consumption modes of energy accumulation and task execution. The rectifier array is composed of a preset number of energy harvesting units connected in a series-parallel combination.

2. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rectifier array includes four identical energy harvesting units, wherein the energy harvesting units are connected in series and then in parallel for every two units; each energy harvesting unit includes a Schottky diode rectifier bridge; the energy conversion unit includes a voltage multiplier circuit, a second filter circuit and a voltage regulator circuit connected in series; and the energy storage element of the energy storage and management unit is a capacitor.

3. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 1, characterized in that, The power supply terminal of the MCU is continuously connected to the output terminal of the energy conversion unit to receive working power, and its signal terminal is connected to the energy storage and management unit, the signal acquisition unit and the lightning strike counting branch respectively; the power supply control terminal of the MCU is connected in series in the power supply input circuit of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module respectively; the MCU controls the power supply status of the signal acquisition unit and the communication module by turning on or off the corresponding power supply input circuit.

4. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 3, characterized in that, The signal acquisition unit includes a leakage current sensor, a first filter circuit, and an amplifier circuit connected in series. The analog signal output by the unit is sent to the analog-to-digital conversion interface in the MCU for sampling. The lightning strike counting branch includes an action count sensor, a front-end protection circuit, a shaping circuit, and an opto-isolation module connected in series. Its output is connected to the interrupt pin of the MCU to achieve electrical isolation and trigger an interrupt.

5. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 4, characterized in that, The dynamic power management strategies executed by the MCU include: The MCU detects the initial power supply status and the voltage across the energy storage element. When the voltage across the energy storage element is lower than the preset operating threshold voltage, the MCU cuts off the power supply to the signal acquisition unit and the communication module and controls itself to enter a sleep mode, so that the energy harvesting module can fully store energy for the energy storage element. The MCU continuously collects the voltage across the energy storage element, and when the voltage across the energy storage element reaches the operating threshold voltage, the MCU exits the sleep mode and enters the measurement phase, and controls the supply of operating power to the signal acquisition unit. The MCU obtains the measurement completion status and the current voltage across the energy storage element. When it determines that the voltage across the energy storage element meets the energy threshold required for data transmission, the MCU controls the signal acquisition unit and communication module to power on and enter the communication phase.

6. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 5, characterized in that, The MCU also performs time scheduling calculations during the measurement and communication phases: The MCU acquires the energy storage-time relationship curve data and energy consumption-time relationship curve data pre-stored locally, and when performing power supply state scheduling, the MCU combines the voltage across the energy storage element currently collected to dynamically calculate the start time interval between the next measurement phase and the communication phase. The MCU obtains the operating power consumption parameters of the lightning strike counting branch, and when calculating the start-up time interval, the MCU reserves the backup energy required to meet the operation of multiple lightning strike counting interruptions.

7. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 1, characterized in that, The MCU adopts a dual-core microcontroller architecture. Its internally integrated first processing core is used to perform low-level real-time operations and respond to the interrupt pulses of the lightning strike counting branch. Its internally integrated second processing core with a floating-point arithmetic unit is used to execute dynamic power management scheduling logic and mathematical analysis algorithms.

8. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 1, characterized in that, The signal acquisition unit and communication module are short-range wireless communication terminals with built-in security protocols. During the data upload communication phase, under the control of the MCU, the signal acquisition unit and communication module encapsulate the acquired surge arrester status data and environmental parameters into JSON format data packets using the ARINC615 protocol, and send them to the external network through an omnidirectional antenna.

9. The surge arrester monitoring system based on rectifier array power harvesting and dynamic power management according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a remote monitoring center located on the digital station platform. The remote monitoring center is used to receive the monitoring data, perform longitudinal comparison of factory reference values, analyze the long-term growth trend of resistive current, and determine the phase balance of three-phase surge arrester data. The monitoring data includes the surge arrester monitoring status data of the total surge arrester current, resistive current component, and number of lightning strikes.

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