Flow meter quick connector assembly with anti-loosening structure
By introducing locking and protection mechanisms into the flow meter quick-connect assembly, the risk of disengagement caused by a decrease in locking force is resolved, achieving sealing and stability under complex operating conditions, and improving system safety and durability.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- CATO ELECTRONICS (KUNSHAN) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-05-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-03
AI Technical Summary
Existing flow meter quick-connect coupling assemblies may experience a decrease in locking force or single-point failure due to material fatigue under conditions such as long-term vibration, thermal cycling, mechanical tension, or sudden pressure increase, leading to accidental disconnection of the pipeline, causing media leakage and safety risks.
A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure was designed. By setting a locking mechanism, an adjustment mechanism and a protection mechanism on the surface of the female connector, and using components such as a limit slider, a guide slider and an adjustment slide frame, mechanical interlocking with the male connector is achieved to prevent accidental disengagement or displacement, and to prevent the locking mechanism from failing in the event of accidental collision or friction.
It improves the safety and durability of the flow measurement system, ensures the sealing and stability of the fluid transmission process, enhances the anti-interference ability under complex working conditions, and avoids unexpected fluid leakage and interruption.
Smart Images

Figure CN122329441A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of fluid connector technology, specifically to a flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure. Background Technology
[0002] A flow meter is an industrial automation instrument used to measure the volume or mass of fluid passing through a cross section of a pipe or open channel per unit time. Its core function is to continuously and accurately monitor the flow rate of the fluid and convert this physical quantity into a standard signal that can be displayed, recorded, or transmitted, thereby realizing flow monitoring, data acquisition, cost accounting, safety early warning, and automatic control in the production process. It is an indispensable key measuring device in industrial production and pipeline distribution.
[0003] The flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly operates as a fast, sealed, and reliable manual connection device. The pre-treated pipe fitting is directly inserted into the flow meter fixed fitting, and the fixed fitting's built-in locking mechanism automatically locks the pipe fitting under the action of a spring, thus achieving the connection between the male and female fittings. The entire process requires no tools, significantly improving the efficiency of flow meter installation, maintenance, or pipeline replacement, and ensuring the integrity and sealing reliability of the measurement system connection.
[0004] In the flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly, the locking mechanism can prevent the pipeline from accidentally retracting under normal fluid pressure or slight external force. Although the elastic teeth or balls inside the locking mechanism can withstand normal working pressure, under conditions such as long-term vibration, thermal cycling, accidental mechanical pulling or sudden pressure increase, there is a risk that the pipeline may accidentally detach due to material fatigue, decreased locking force or single-point failure, which may lead to medium leakage. This can cause process interruption, measurement inaccuracy and equipment pollution, or even production safety accidents, environmental hazards and personal injury. Summary of the Invention
[0005] Technical problems to be solved To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure, thus solving the problems mentioned in the background section.
[0006] Technical solution To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure, comprising a flow meter, wherein female connectors are fixedly installed at both ends of the flow meter, a connector frame is provided on the surface of the female connector away from the flow meter, a male connector is provided on the side of the female connector away from the flow meter, a pressure frame is provided on the surface of the male connector, one end of the male connector extends into the interior of the female connector, and the connector frame fits against the pressure frame; The connector frame is provided with a locking mechanism inside to restrict the position of the female connector and the male connector after connection. The surface of the female connector is provided with an adjustment mechanism to control the state of the locking mechanism. The surface of the female connector is provided with a protective mechanism to restrict the adjustment mechanism.
[0007] Preferably, the locking mechanism includes multiple extending grooves arranged in a circumferential array on the surface of the connector frame. Each of the multiple extending grooves has an extending slider slidably connected inside. The extending slider is L-shaped. The lateral portion of the extending slider away from the female connector has a shrinkage groove inside. A limit slider is slidably connected inside the shrinkage groove. A limit spring is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the shrinkage groove. The limit spring is fixedly connected to the limit slider.
[0008] Preferably, the lower end of the limiting slider is provided with an inclined surface on the side away from the female end connector, the inclined surface of the limiting slider is located on the sliding path of the pressing frame, and the surface of the extension slider is provided with a guide mechanism.
[0009] Preferably, the guiding mechanism includes two guide grooves symmetrically opened on the inner walls of both sides of the extension groove, and guide sliders are fixedly connected to both sides of the extension slider. The guide sliders extend into the interior of the adjacent guide grooves, and guide springs are fixedly connected to the inner walls of the guide grooves. The guide springs are fixedly connected to the adjacent guide sliders.
[0010] Preferably, the adjustment mechanism includes a limiting slide groove formed on the surface of the female end connector, an adjustment slide frame is rotatably connected inside the limiting slide groove, and multiple adjustment slide grooves are formed in a circumferential array on the surface of the adjustment slide frame. The lower end of the vertical portion of the extension slider near the adjustment slide frame is fixedly connected to a contact slide shaft, and the contact slide shaft extends into the interior of the adjacent adjustment slide groove.
[0011] Preferably, the adjusting groove is an arc-shaped groove, and the adjusting groove is distributed from the outside to the inside towards the center line of the adjusting slide frame.
[0012] Preferably, the protection mechanism includes two symmetrically arranged limiting slots on the surface of the adjusting slide frame, a sliding outer frame is slidably connected to the surface of the female end connector, an anti-spring is fixedly connected between the sliding outer frame and the protruding part of the female end connector, and two locking shafts are symmetrically fixedly connected to the side of the sliding outer frame near the male end connector, the locking shafts extending into the interior of the adjacent limiting slots.
[0013] Preferably, the surface of the female end connector has two symmetrically formed transverse grooves, and the inner wall of the sliding outer frame has two symmetrically fixed transverse sliders, which extend into the interior of the adjacent transverse grooves.
[0014] Beneficial effects The flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with anti-loosening structure provided by the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. The male connector position is restricted by the locking mechanism on the surface of the female connector, which effectively prevents the male connector from accidentally dislodging or shifting during use, thereby ensuring the sealing and stability of the fluid transmission process. In addition, the mechanical interlock enhances the connector's anti-interference ability under complex working conditions such as vibration and pressure fluctuation, thus improving the overall safety and durability of the flow measurement system.
[0015] 2. The protective mechanism on the surface of the locking mechanism effectively prevents the locking mechanism from failing due to accidental collisions or friction, avoiding unexpected fluid leakage or interruption during production. Under the anti-detachment function of the locking mechanism, an additional anti-misoperation protective layer is added, so that the female and male connectors can maintain extremely high connection integrity and system safety even in complex industrial environments with vibration and personnel movement. Attached Figure Description
[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the female connector connection structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the connector frame of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the guide groove of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the adjustable sliding frame connection structure of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the inner wall structure of the transverse groove of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the transverse sliding groove connection structure of the present invention.
[0017] The labels in the diagram represent: 1. Flow meter; 11. Female connector; 12. Connector frame; 13. Male connector; 14. Pressing frame; 2. Extension groove; 21. Extension slider; 22. Contraction groove; 23. Limiting spring; 24. Limiting slider; 3. Guide groove; 31. Guide spring; 32. Guide slider; 4. Limiting groove; 41. Adjusting slide frame; 42. Adjusting groove; 43. Contact slide shaft; 5. Limiting slot; 51. Lateral groove; 52. Contact spring; 53. Sliding outer frame; 54. Lateral slider; 55. Locking shaft. Detailed Implementation
[0018] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0019] refer to Figures 1 to 7 According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure will be described in detail below, including a flow meter 1, both ends of which are fixedly mounted with female end fittings 11. A fitting frame 12 is provided on the surface of the female end fitting 11 away from the flow meter 1. A male end fitting 13 is provided on the side of the female end fitting 11 away from the flow meter 1. One end of the male end fitting 13 extends into the interior of the female end fitting 11. The male end fitting 13 and the female end fitting 11 are usually connected by snap-fit or threaded connection. A pressure face frame 14 is provided on the surface of the male end fitting 13. One end of the male end fitting 13 extends into the interior of the female end fitting 11. The fitting frame 12 and the pressure face frame 14 are in contact. The connector frame 12 is equipped with a locking mechanism inside to restrict the position of the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 after connection. The surface of the female connector 11 is equipped with an adjustment mechanism to control the state of the locking mechanism. By adjusting the locking mechanism, the locking state of the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 is controlled, thereby disassembling the male connector 13. The surface of the female connector 11 is equipped with a protection mechanism to limit the adjustment mechanism. By limiting the adjustment mechanism, the protection mechanism prevents accidental contact that could cause the locking mechanism to fail, thereby disconnecting the female connector 11 and the male connector 13.
[0020] The locking mechanism includes multiple extended slide grooves 2 arranged in a circumferential array on the surface of the connector frame 12. Each of the multiple extended slide grooves 2 has an extended slider 21 slidably connected inside. The extended slider 21 is L-shaped. The horizontal part of the extended slider 21 away from the female end connector 11 has a shrinkage groove 22 inside. The shrinkage groove 22 is slidably connected to a limit slider 24. The inner wall of the shrinkage groove 22 is fixedly connected to a limit spring 23. The limit spring 23 is fixedly connected to the limit slider 24. The lower end of the limit slider 24 away from the female end connector 11 has an inclined surface. The inclined surface of the limit slider 24 is located on the sliding path of the pressure frame 14. The surface of the extended slider 21 is provided with a guide mechanism. The limit spring 23 applies a spring force to the limit slider 24. Initially, the inclined part of the limit slider 24 is disengaged from the shrinkage groove 22 under the action of the spring force of the limit spring 23. At this time, the limit spring 23 is in an uncompressed state.
[0021] The guiding mechanism includes two guide grooves 3 symmetrically opened on the inner walls of both sides of the extension groove 2. Guide sliders 32 are fixedly connected to both sides of the extension slider 21. The guide sliders 32 extend into the interior of the adjacent guide grooves 3. By sliding the guide sliders 32 inside the guide grooves 3, the extension slider 21 is driven to slide stably and synchronously along the guide grooves 3. Guide springs 31 are fixedly connected to the inner walls of the guide grooves 3. The guide springs 31 are fixedly connected to the adjacent guide sliders 32. The guide springs 31 apply elastic force to the guide sliders 32. Initially, under the elastic force of the guide springs 31, the guide sliders 32 are located inside the guide groove 3 near the male end connector 13. At this time, the guide springs 31 are in the normal state.
[0022] The adjustment mechanism includes a limiting slide groove 4 formed on the surface of the female end connector 11. An adjustment slide frame 41 is rotatably connected inside the limiting slide groove 4. Multiple adjustment slide grooves 42 are formed in a circumferential array on the surface of the adjustment slide frame 41. A contact slide shaft 43 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the vertical part of the extension slider 21 near the adjustment slide frame 41. The contact slide shaft 43 extends into the interior of the adjacent adjustment slide groove 42. The adjustment slide groove 42 is an arc-shaped groove. The adjustment slide grooves 42 are distributed from the outside to the inside towards the center line of the adjustment slide frame 41. Initially, the contact slide shaft 43 is located inside the end of the adjustment slide groove 42 near the center line of the adjustment slide frame 41.
[0023] When the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are connected, one end of the male connector 13 extends into the female connector 11 under the operation of the operator until the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are threaded or snapped together. During the process of the male connector 13 extending into the female connector 11, the pressing frame 14 moves towards the female connector 11 synchronously under the action of the male connector 13. As the pressing frame 14 moves closer to the female end connector 11, the pressing frame 14 comes into contact with the inclined surface of the limiting slider 24. The pressing frame 14 gives the inclined surface of the limiting slider 24 a pushing force, which in turn pushes the limiting slider 24 to retract into the inside of the shrinkage groove 22. At this time, the limiting spring 23 is compressed under the push of the limiting slider 24. As the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are connected, the connector frame 12 and the pressure frame 14 are in contact. At this time, the pressure frame 14 is disengaged from the sliding path of the limiting slider 24. Under the elastic force of the limiting spring 23, the limiting slider 24 slides along the surface of the pressure frame 14 towards the center line of the connector frame 12, thereby extending to the sliding path of the pressure frame 14. It also works with the connector frame 12 to restrict the position of the pressure frame 14, thereby preventing the male connector 13 from falling off. The position of the male connector 13 is restricted by the locking mechanism on the surface of the female connector 11, which effectively prevents the male connector 13 from accidentally coming off or shifting during use, thereby ensuring the sealing and stability of the fluid transmission process. The mechanical interlock also enhances the anti-interference ability of the connector under complex working conditions such as vibration and pressure fluctuation, and improves the overall safety and durability of the flow measurement system. By manually driving the adjustment slide frame 41 to rotate, a thrust is given to the contact slide shaft 43 through the surface adjustment slide groove 42, and then a thrust is given to the extension slider 21 away from the center line of the connector frame 12 through the contact slide shaft 43. This pushes each extension slider 21 to slide outward along the guide slide groove 3, thereby causing the limiting slider 24 to disengage from the sliding path of the pressure frame 14, thereby releasing the restriction of the locking mechanism on the pressure frame 14, thus facilitating the subsequent operation of the male end connector 13 disengaging from the female end connector 11.
[0024] The protective mechanism includes two symmetrically arranged limiting slots 5 on the surface of the adjusting slide frame 41. A sliding outer frame 53 is slidably connected to the surface of the female end connector 11. An abutment spring 52 is fixedly connected between the sliding outer frame 53 and the protruding part of the female end connector 11. The abutment spring 52 applies elastic force to the sliding outer frame 53. Two locking shafts 55 are symmetrically fixedly connected to the side of the sliding outer frame 53 near the male end connector 13. The locking shafts 55 extend into the interior of the adjacent limiting slots 5. Initially, the locking shafts 55 are pushed by the abutment spring 52 onto the sliding outer frame 53. Under the action of the limit slot 5, two transverse sliding grooves 51 are symmetrically opened on the surface of the female end connector 11. Two transverse sliders 54 are symmetrically fixed to the inner wall of the sliding outer frame 53. The transverse sliders 54 extend into the interior of the adjacent transverse sliding grooves 51. By sliding the transverse sliders 54 in the transverse sliding grooves 51, the sliding outer frame 53 is driven to slide stably along the transverse sliding grooves 51 on the surface of the female end connector 11, thereby ensuring that the locking shaft 55 extends accurately into the interior of the limit slot 5, thereby limiting the position of the adjusting slide frame 41.
[0025] Furthermore, when the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are in the connected state, the sliding outer frame 53 slides towards the male connector 13 under the push of the abutment spring 52, thereby driving the locking shaft 55 to extend into the interior of the limiting slot 5, thereby restricting the position of the adjusting slide frame 41, thus avoiding the problem of the operator accidentally touching the adjusting slide frame 41, thereby causing the locking mechanism to fail. The protective mechanism on the surface of the locking mechanism effectively prevents the locking mechanism from failing due to accidental collisions or friction, avoiding unexpected fluid leakage or interruption during production. Under the anti-detachment function of the locking mechanism, an additional anti-misoperation protective layer is added, so that the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 can maintain extremely high connection integrity and system safety in complex industrial environments with vibration and personnel movement.
[0026] When the connection between the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 is released, the sliding outer frame 53 needs to be manually pushed to slide away from the male connector 13. At this time, the abutment spring 52 is compressed under the push of the sliding outer frame 53, thereby causing the locking shaft 55 to disengage from the inside of the limiting slot 5, thereby releasing the restriction on the adjusting slide frame 41. By manually driving the adjusting slide frame 41 to rotate, a thrust is given to the contact slide shaft 43 through the surface adjusting slide groove 42, and a thrust is given to the extension slider 21 away from the center line of the connector frame 12 through the contact slide shaft 43, thereby pushing each extension slider 21 to slide outward along the guide slide groove 3, thereby causing the limiting slider 24 to disengage from the sliding path of the pressure surface frame 14, thereby releasing the restriction of the locking mechanism on the pressure surface frame 14, thus facilitating the subsequent operation of the male connector 13 disengaging from the inside of the female connector 11.
[0027] Working principle: When connecting the female connector 11 and the male connector 13, one end of the male connector 13 extends into the female connector 11 under the operation of the operator until the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are threaded or snapped together. During the process of the male connector 13 extending into the female connector 11, the pressure frame 14 moves towards the female connector 11 synchronously under the action of the male connector 13. As the pressing frame 14 moves closer to the female end connector 11, the pressing frame 14 comes into contact with the inclined surface of the limiting slider 24. The pressing frame 14 gives the inclined surface of the limiting slider 24 a pushing force, which in turn pushes the limiting slider 24 to retract into the inside of the shrinkage groove 22. At this time, the limiting spring 23 is compressed under the push of the limiting slider 24. As the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are connected, the connector frame 12 and the pressure frame 14 are in contact. At this time, the pressure frame 14 is disengaged from the sliding path of the limiting slider 24. Under the elastic force of the limiting spring 23, the limiting slider 24 slides along the surface of the pressure frame 14 towards the center line of the connector frame 12, thereby extending to the sliding path of the pressure frame 14. It also works with the connector frame 12 to restrict the position of the pressure frame 14, thereby preventing the male connector 13 from falling off. The locking mechanism on the surface of the female connector 11 restricts the position of the male connector 13, effectively preventing the male connector 13 from accidentally coming off or shifting during use, thereby ensuring the sealing and stability of the fluid transmission process. The mechanical interlock also enhances the connector's anti-interference ability under complex working conditions such as vibration and pressure fluctuations, thus improving the overall safety and durability of the flow measurement system.
[0028] Furthermore, when the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 are in the connected state, the sliding outer frame 53 slides towards the male connector 13 under the push of the abutment spring 52, thereby driving the locking shaft 55 to extend into the interior of the limiting slot 5, thereby restricting the position of the adjusting slide frame 41, thus avoiding the problem of the operator accidentally touching the adjusting slide frame 41, thereby causing the locking mechanism to fail. The protective mechanism on the surface of the locking mechanism effectively prevents the locking mechanism from failing due to accidental collisions or friction, avoiding unexpected fluid leakage or interruption during production. Under the anti-detachment function of the locking mechanism, an additional anti-misoperation protective layer is added, so that the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 can maintain extremely high connection integrity and system safety in complex industrial environments with vibration and personnel movement.
[0029] When the connection between the female connector 11 and the male connector 13 is released, the sliding outer frame 53 needs to be manually pushed to slide away from the male connector 13. At this time, the abutment spring 52 is compressed under the push of the sliding outer frame 53, thereby causing the locking shaft 55 to disengage from the inside of the limiting slot 5, thereby releasing the restriction on the adjusting slide frame 41. By manually driving the adjusting slide frame 41 to rotate, a thrust is given to the contact slide shaft 43 through the surface adjusting slide groove 42, and a thrust is given to the extension slider 21 away from the center line of the connector frame 12 through the contact slide shaft 43, thereby pushing each extension slider 21 to slide outward along the guide slide groove 3, thereby causing the limiting slider 24 to disengage from the sliding path of the pressure surface frame 14, thereby releasing the restriction of the locking mechanism on the pressure surface frame 14, thus facilitating the subsequent operation of the male connector 13 disengaging from the inside of the female connector 11.
Claims
1. A flow meter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure, comprising a flow meter (1), characterized in that: Both ends of the flow meter (1) are fixedly installed with female end connectors (11). A connector frame (12) is provided on the surface of the female end connector (11) away from the flow meter (1). A male end connector (13) is provided on the side of the female end connector (11) away from the flow meter (1). A pressure frame (14) is provided on the surface of the male end connector (13). One end of the male end connector (13) extends into the interior of the female end connector (11). The connector frame (12) and the pressure frame (14) are in contact. The connector frame (12) is provided with a locking mechanism inside to restrict the position of the female connector (11) and the male connector (13) after connection. The surface of the female connector (11) is provided with an adjustment mechanism to control the state of the locking mechanism. The surface of the female connector (11) is provided with a protection mechanism to restrict the adjustment mechanism.
2. The flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The locking mechanism includes multiple extended slide grooves (2) arranged in a circumferential array on the surface of the connector frame (12). Each of the multiple extended slide grooves (2) is slidably connected to an extended slider (21). The extended slider (21) is L-shaped. The horizontal part of the extended slider (21) away from the female end connector (11) has a shrinkage groove (22) inside. The shrinkage groove (22) is slidably connected to a limit slider (24). The inner wall of the shrinkage groove (22) is fixedly connected to a limit spring (23). The limit spring (23) is fixedly connected to the limit slider (24).
3. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The lower end of the limiting slider (24) is provided with an inclined surface on the side away from the female end connector (11). The inclined surface of the limiting slider (24) is located on the sliding path of the pressing frame (14). The surface of the extension slider (21) is provided with a guide mechanism.
4. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 3, characterized in that: The guiding mechanism includes two guide grooves (3) symmetrically opened on the inner walls of both sides of the extension groove (2). Guide sliders (32) are fixedly connected to both sides of the extension slider (21). The guide sliders (32) extend into the interior of the adjacent guide grooves (3). Guide springs (31) are fixedly connected to the inner walls of the guide grooves (3). The guide springs (31) are fixedly connected to the adjacent guide sliders (32).
5. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The adjustment mechanism includes a limiting slide groove (4) opened on the surface of the female end connector (11). An adjustment slide frame (41) is rotatably connected inside the limiting slide groove (4). Multiple adjustment slide grooves (42) are opened in a circumferential array on the surface of the adjustment slide frame (41). A contact slide shaft (43) is fixedly connected to the lower end of the vertical part of the extension slider (21) near the adjustment slide frame (41). The contact slide shaft (43) extends into the interior of the adjacent adjustment slide groove (42).
6. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The adjusting groove (42) is an arc-shaped groove, and the adjusting groove (42) is distributed from the outside to the inside towards the center line of the adjusting frame (41).
7. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The protection mechanism includes two limiting slots (5) symmetrically opened on the surface of the adjusting slide frame (41). A sliding outer frame (53) is slidably connected to the surface of the female end connector (11). An abutment spring (52) is fixedly connected between the sliding outer frame (53) and the protruding part of the female end connector (11). Two locking shafts (55) are symmetrically fixedly connected to the side of the sliding outer frame (53) near the male end connector (13). The locking shafts (55) extend into the interior of the adjacent limiting slots (5).
8. A flowmeter quick-connect fitting assembly with an anti-loosening structure according to claim 7, characterized in that: The surface of the female end connector (11) is symmetrically provided with two transverse sliding grooves (51), and the inner wall of the sliding outer frame (53) is symmetrically fixedly connected with two transverse sliders (54), and the transverse sliders (54) extend into the interior of the adjacent transverse sliding grooves (51).