Island terrain-based off-grid multi-energy complementary space layout optimization method

Abstract

This invention discloses an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography, belonging to the field of spatial layout optimization technology. It includes: constructing a spatial database by acquiring island topographic, meteorological, and planning data; building a multi-source data consistency evaluation model based on spatial resolution, timeliness, and coordinate consistency; eliminating prohibited construction zones and identifying energy development spatially compatible units; establishing a spatial adaptation, techno-economic, and operational reliability constraint system with the dual objectives of minimizing the levelized cost over the entire life cycle and maximizing energy self-sufficiency; and using a multi-objective iterative optimization algorithm to solve for the Pareto optimal solution set, ultimately delineating the preferred areas and coordinates for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities and outputting the spatial layout plan. This invention effectively solves problems such as complex island topography, heterogeneous data, poor off-grid power supply stability, and unreasonable layout.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of spatial layout optimization technology, and more specifically to an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography. Background Technology

[0002] Islands, as an important part of maritime territory, possess significant ecological, national defense, and economic development value. Remote islands are generally far from the mainland power grid coverage, relying heavily on diesel generators for electricity, which leads to high fuel transportation costs, large carbon emissions, poor power supply stability, and severe environmental pollution. Meanwhile, islands possess abundant renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, tidal, and wave energy. Adopting off-grid wind / solar / tidal / storage multi-energy complementary systems is the optimal technological path to solve the island power supply problem and achieve green and low-carbon energy supply.

[0003] Current planning and layout of island multi-energy complementary systems suffer from the following technical shortcomings: heterogeneous multi-source data, poor spatial adaptability, singular layout optimization objectives, difficulty in balancing economic efficiency and autonomy, low planning efficiency, and poor feasibility. Existing technologies cannot meet the integrated planning requirements of off-grid multi-energy complementary systems in complex island terrain, which demand spatial adaptability, optimal economics, high autonomy, and high reliability.

[0004] Therefore, proposing an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography to solve the difficulties of existing technologies is a problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography, which effectively solves problems such as complex island topography, heterogeneous data, poor off-grid power supply stability, and unreasonable layout. It significantly improves the accuracy of multi-source data adaptation on islands, achieves dual-objective optimization of lowest cost and highest energy self-sufficiency rate, ensures reliable system operation, and outputs spatial layout plans that can be directly implemented in engineering.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: An off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography includes the following steps: S1. Acquire island geomorphological data, meteorological data, planning data, hydrological and marine data, load demand data, engineering geological data, resource exploration data, and environmental and ecological data, and form a spatial database after preprocessing; S2. Based on the spatial resolution, timeliness and coordinate consistency parameters in the spatial database, construct a multi-source data consistency evaluation model, eliminate prohibited construction areas, identify and output a set of spatially adaptable units with one or more energy development potentials. S3. Construct an objective function with the lowest levelized cost throughout the life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the core, and construct a constraint system based on spatial adaptability, techno-economic factors and operational reliability. S4. Construct an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm. Input a set of spatial adaptation units, and solve for the Pareto optimal solution set and its corresponding quantitative evaluation results through iterative calculation. S5. Based on the evaluation results, delineate regional targets for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities, and output spatial layout plans.

[0007] Optionally, the comprehensive evaluation value of the multi-source data consistency evaluation model constructed in S2 is:

[0008] Where M is the comprehensive score for multi-source data consistency, R is the score for spatial resolution consistency, T is the score for data timeliness, and C is the score for coordinate consistency. This represents the spatial resolution consistency weighting coefficient. This is the weighting coefficient for data timeliness. The coordinate consistency weight coefficient satisfies and, .

[0009] Optionally, the specific content of removing prohibited construction areas in S2 is as follows: spatial units with a comprehensive evaluation value M lower than the preset threshold M0 are judged as invalid data areas and removed. The prohibited construction areas include: ecological protection red line areas, high-risk areas for geological disasters, coastal prohibited construction areas, and core residential areas.

[0010] Optionally, the specific details of the output calculation for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities in S3 are as follows: The power output of wind power facilities is calculated by combining the characteristics of island wind resources, wind turbine technical parameters, and the impact of topographic obstruction. The power output formula is as follows:

[0011] in, The actual wind power output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of the fan is in kW. Let t be the actual wind speed at the island's wind measurement point, expressed in m / s. The cut-in wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The rated wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The cutoff velocity of the fan is expressed in m / s. The output of photovoltaic (PV) facilities takes into account the solar radiation intensity of the island, module conversion efficiency, temperature degradation, and terrain shading coefficient. The output formula is as follows:

[0012] in, The actual photovoltaic output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of photovoltaic modules, in kW. The actual solar irradiance at time t, in W / m² 2 , Standard test irradiance, unit: W / m 2 , The temperature coefficient of photovoltaic modules is expressed in % / ℃. The actual operating temperature of the photovoltaic module at time t is expressed in °C. The standard test temperature is in °C. This is the terrain shading coefficient; 1 for no shading, and calculated based on actual measurements for shading; 0 < <1; The output of tidal energy facilities is calculated based on the tidal range and tidal flow characteristics of the island, using turbine power generation:

[0013] in, The actual tidal energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The density of seawater is expressed in kg / m³. This is the acceleration due to gravity, expressed in m / s². Let t be the flow rate through the machine, in m³ / s. The effective tidal range at time t is expressed in meters (m). The overall efficiency of the tidal power generation system; The output of wave energy facilities is calculated based on the wave height and wave period characteristics of islands, using an oscillating float-type wave energy device:

[0014] in, Let t be the actual wave energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The significant wave height at time t, in meters. The wave period at time t, in seconds. The wave group velocity is expressed in m / s. The wavefront width of the wave energy device is in meters. The overall efficiency of wave energy power generation systems; The output of energy storage facilities, taking into account the state of charge, rated capacity, and charge / discharge efficiency, are calculated using the following formulas: Discharge output formula:

[0015] Charging output formula:

[0016] in, The actual output power of energy storage and discharge at time t, in kW. The actual output power of energy storage charging at time t, in kW. The rated capacity of the energy storage system is expressed in kWh. Let t be the state of charge of the stored energy. For the maximum permissible state of charge of energy storage, For energy storage and discharge efficiency, The energy storage charging efficiency is given by Δt, which is the time step in hours.

[0017] Optionally, the objective function constructed in S3, with the core objectives of minimizing the levelized cost over the entire life cycle and maximizing energy self-sufficiency, is as follows: The objective function for minimizing the levelized cost over the entire lifecycle is:

[0018] in, The total investment cost, For operation and maintenance costs, For equipment replacement costs, For residual value income, Total power supply over the entire lifecycle; The objective function for achieving the highest energy self-sufficiency rate is:

[0019] in, Annual electricity supply from renewable energy sources This represents the system's total annual load demand.

[0020] Optionally, the constraint system in S3, based on spatial adaptability, technical economy, and operational reliability, is specifically as follows: Spatial adaptability constraints are:

[0021] in, Assign 0-1 variables to the i-th spatial unit facility. The adaptation determination value for the i-th spatial unit; The techno-economic constraints are:

[0022] in, To pre-set a maximum leveling cost; The operational reliability constraints are:

[0023] in, , For energy storage charging and discharging, 0-1 state variables, To achieve the minimum energy self-sufficiency rate, For the curtailment rate, This represents the maximum permissible rate of power curtailment.

[0024] Optionally, an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm is constructed in S4. This algorithm takes the set of spatially adaptable units as input, uses a dual objective function and constraint system as optimization conditions, and employs a multi-objective iterative optimization approach for computation. Initialize algorithm parameters, including population size, number of iterations, crossover probability, mutation probability, and convergence accuracy; The spatial adaptation unit, facility installation scale, and deployment location are encoded into algorithmic individuals to generate an initial population; Based on the lowest levelized cost over the entire life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate, selection, crossover, and variation operations are carried out generation by generation; Each iteration performs constraint checks and eliminates infeasible solutions. After iterative convergence, the Pareto optimal solution set is selected and output through non-dominated sorting and crowding calculation; For each scheme in the Pareto optimal solution set, the output, levelized cost over the entire life cycle, energy self-sufficiency rate, spatial adaptability, technical and economic performance, and operational reliability of wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities are calculated to form corresponding quantitative evaluation results.

[0025] Optionally, in S5, regional targets for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities are defined based on the evaluation results, including geographical coordinates, land use area, and maximum installed capacity. The output spatial layout plan is a geographic information layer file that can be implemented in engineering projects.

[0026] As can be seen from the above technical solution, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography, which has the following beneficial effects: (1) This invention unifies the standards of landform, meteorological and planning data through a multi-source data consistency evaluation model, accurately eliminates prohibited construction areas, avoids invalid site selection and improves spatial matching degree; constructs an objective function with the lowest levelized cost of the whole life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the core, and constructs a constraint system with spatial adaptability, technical economy and operational reliability, so as to reduce investment and operation and maintenance costs while improving the utilization rate of renewable energy and off-grid self-sufficiency capacity; (2) The present invention provides a quantifiable and implementable output of the preferred area and standardized layout plan with geographic coordinates, which can be directly connected to GIS engineering design, improve the planning efficiency and implementability of island energy projects, and is applicable to the layout optimization of wind / solar / tidal / storage multi-energy complementary systems in various remote islands and areas without power grid coverage. Attached Figure Description

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0028] Figure 1 The present invention provides a flowchart of an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] See Figure 1 As shown, this invention discloses an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography, comprising the following steps: S1. Acquire island geomorphological data, meteorological data, planning data, hydrological and marine data, load demand data, engineering geological data, resource exploration data, and environmental and ecological data, and form a spatial database after preprocessing; S2. Based on the spatial resolution, timeliness and coordinate consistency parameters in the spatial database, construct a multi-source data consistency evaluation model, eliminate prohibited construction areas, identify and output a set of spatially adaptable units with one or more energy development potentials. S3. Construct an objective function with the lowest levelized cost throughout the life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the core, and construct a constraint system based on spatial adaptability, techno-economic factors and operational reliability. S4. Construct an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm. Input a set of spatial adaptation units, and solve for the Pareto optimal solution set and its corresponding quantitative evaluation results through iterative calculation. S5. Based on the evaluation results, delineate regional targets for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities, and output spatial layout plans.

[0031] Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluation value of the multi-source data consistency evaluation model constructed in S2 is:

[0032] Where M is the comprehensive score for multi-source data consistency, R is the score for spatial resolution consistency, T is the score for data timeliness, and C is the score for coordinate consistency. This represents the spatial resolution consistency weighting coefficient. This is the weighting coefficient for data timeliness. The coordinate consistency weight coefficient satisfies and, .

[0033] Furthermore, the specific content of removing prohibited construction areas in S2 is as follows: spatial units with a comprehensive evaluation value M lower than the preset threshold M0 are judged as invalid data areas and removed. The prohibited construction areas include: ecological protection red line areas, high-risk areas for geological disasters, coastal prohibited construction areas, and core residential areas.

[0034] Furthermore, the specific details of the output calculations for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities in S3 are as follows: The power output of wind power facilities is calculated by combining the characteristics of island wind resources, wind turbine technical parameters, and the impact of topographic obstruction. The power output formula is as follows:

[0035] in, The actual wind power output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of the fan is in kW. Let t be the actual wind speed at the island's wind measurement point, expressed in m / s. The cut-in wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The rated wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The cutoff velocity of the fan is expressed in m / s. The output of photovoltaic (PV) facilities takes into account the solar radiation intensity of the island, module conversion efficiency, temperature degradation, and terrain shading coefficient. The output formula is as follows:

[0036] in, The actual photovoltaic output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of photovoltaic modules, in kW. The actual solar irradiance at time t, in W / m² 2 , Standard test irradiance, unit: W / m 2 , The temperature coefficient of photovoltaic modules is expressed in % / ℃. The actual operating temperature of the photovoltaic module at time t is expressed in °C. The standard test temperature is in °C. This is the terrain shading coefficient; 1 for no shading, and calculated based on actual measurements for shading; 0 < <1; The output of tidal energy facilities is calculated based on the tidal range and tidal flow characteristics of the island, using turbine power generation:

[0037] in, The actual tidal energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The density of seawater is expressed in kg / m³. This is the acceleration due to gravity, expressed in m / s². Let t be the flow rate through the machine, in m³ / s. The effective tidal range at time t is expressed in meters (m). The overall efficiency of the tidal power generation system; The output of wave energy facilities is calculated based on the wave height and wave period characteristics of islands, using an oscillating float-type wave energy device:

[0038] in, Let t be the actual wave energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The significant wave height at time t, in meters. The wave period at time t, in seconds. The wave group velocity is expressed in m / s. The wavefront width of the wave energy device is in meters. The overall efficiency of wave energy power generation systems; The output of energy storage facilities, taking into account the state of charge, rated capacity, and charge / discharge efficiency, are calculated using the following formulas: Discharge output formula:

[0039] Charging output formula:

[0040] in, The actual output power of energy storage and discharge at time t, in kW. The actual output power of energy storage charging at time t, in kW. The rated capacity of the energy storage system is expressed in kWh. Let t be the state of charge of the stored energy. For the maximum permissible state of charge of energy storage, For energy storage and discharge efficiency, The energy storage charging efficiency is given by Δt, which is the time step in hours.

[0041] Furthermore, the objective function constructed in S3, with the core objectives of minimizing the levelized cost over the entire life cycle and maximizing energy self-sufficiency, is as follows: The objective function for minimizing the levelized cost over the entire lifecycle is:

[0042] in, The total investment cost, For operation and maintenance costs, For equipment replacement costs, For residual value income, Total power supply over the entire lifecycle; The objective function for achieving the highest energy self-sufficiency rate is:

[0043] in, Annual electricity supply from renewable energy sources This represents the system's total annual load demand.

[0044] Furthermore, the constraint system in S3, based on spatial adaptability, technical economy, and operational reliability, specifically includes: Spatial adaptability constraints are:

[0045] in, Assign 0-1 variables to the i-th spatial unit facility. The adaptation determination value for the i-th spatial unit; The techno-economic constraints are:

[0046] in, To pre-set a maximum leveling cost; The operational reliability constraints are:

[0047] in, , For energy storage charging and discharging, 0-1 state variables, To achieve the minimum energy self-sufficiency rate, For the curtailment rate, This represents the maximum permissible rate of power curtailment.

[0048] Further, in S4, an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm is constructed, which takes the set of spatial adaptation units as the input, the dual-objective function and the constraint system as the optimization conditions, and uses the multi-objective iterative optimization method for calculation: Initialize the algorithm parameters, including population size, number of iterations, crossover probability, mutation probability, and convergence accuracy; Encode the spatial adaptation units, facility installed capacity, and layout positions as algorithm individuals to generate an initial population; Based on the lowest levelized cost of the whole life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the fitness basis, perform selection, crossover, and mutation operations generation by generation; Check the constraint conditions for each generation of iteration, and eliminate infeasible solutions; After the iteration converges, screen and output the Pareto optimal solution set through non-dominated sorting and crowding degree calculation; For each scheme in the Pareto optimal solution set, calculate the output, whole life cycle levelized cost, energy self-sufficiency rate, spatial adaptation degree, spatial adaptability, technical economy, and operation reliability of wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities respectively, and form corresponding quantitative evaluation results.

[0049] Further, in S5, the regional targets of wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities determined according to the evaluation results include geographical coordinates, land use scope, and upper limit of installable capacity; The output spatial layout plan is a geographic information layer file that can be implemented in engineering.

[0050] In a specific embodiment, it includes the following content: Taking a medium-sized island as the implementation object: Obtain data such as the area, terrain, annual average wind speed, annual total radiation, stability of tidal patterns, and peak load of the island.

[0051] Collect the DEM elevation data, land use data, wind speed / light / tide meteorological data, ecological protection red line and construction planning data of the island, and construct a spatial database after denoising, registration, and unifying the coordinate system.

[0052] Construct a consistency evaluation model: , set a threshold M0, and eliminate the data invalid area where M < M0; identify the ecological red line, geological hazard points, and coastal no-construction areas as prohibited construction areas; output the set of spatial adaptation units U, including geographical units available for wind power, photovoltaic, tide, and energy storage.

[0053] Construct an objective function with the lowest levelized cost of the whole life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the core, and construct a constraint system with spatial adaptability, technical economy, and operation reliability: The objective function for the lowest levelized cost of the whole life cycle is:

[0054] in, The total investment cost, For operation and maintenance costs, For equipment replacement costs, For residual value income, Total power supply over the entire lifecycle; The objective function for achieving the highest energy self-sufficiency rate is:

[0055] in, Annual electricity supply from renewable energy sources This represents the system's total annual load demand.

[0056] Spatial adaptability constraints are:

[0057] in, Assign 0-1 variables to the i-th spatial unit facility. The adaptation determination value for the i-th spatial unit; The techno-economic constraints are:

[0058] in, To pre-set a maximum leveling cost; The operational reliability constraints are:

[0059] in, , For energy storage charging and discharging, 0-1 state variables, To achieve the minimum energy self-sufficiency rate, For the curtailment rate, This represents the maximum permissible rate of power curtailment.

[0060] Using spatial adaptation units as input, Pareto optimal solution sets are obtained through iterative calculations, and the outputs are the power output, levelized cost over the entire life cycle, energy self-sufficiency rate, spatial adaptability, spatial suitability, techno-economic performance, and operational reliability results for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities. The layout plan output is determined based on the optimal solution, which meets the long-term stable power supply needs of the island off-grid, and has significant economic benefits and renewable energy utilization effects.

[0061] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on the differences from other embodiments. The same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to each other.

[0062] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for optimizing the spatial layout of off-grid multi-energy complementary systems based on island topography, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Acquire island geomorphological data, meteorological data, planning data, hydrological and marine data, load demand data, engineering geological data, resource exploration data, and environmental and ecological data, and form a spatial database after preprocessing; S2. Based on the spatial resolution, timeliness and coordinate consistency parameters in the spatial database, construct a multi-source data consistency evaluation model, eliminate prohibited construction areas, identify and output a set of spatially adaptable units with one or more energy development potentials. S3. Calculate the output of wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities, and construct an objective function with the lowest levelized cost over the entire life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate as the core. Construct a constraint system with spatial adaptability, techno-economics, and operational reliability. S4. Construct an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm. Input a set of spatial adaptation units, and solve for the Pareto optimal solution set and its corresponding quantitative evaluation results through iterative calculation. S5. Based on the evaluation results, delineate regional targets for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities, and output spatial layout plans.

2. The off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, The comprehensive evaluation value of the multi-source data consistency evaluation model constructed in S2 is: Where M is the comprehensive score for multi-source data consistency, R is the score for spatial resolution consistency, T is the score for data timeliness, and C is the score for coordinate consistency. This represents the spatial resolution consistency weighting coefficient. This is the weighting coefficient for data timeliness. The coordinate consistency weight coefficient satisfies and, .

3. The off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The specific content of removing prohibited construction areas in S2 is as follows: spatial units with a comprehensive evaluation value M lower than the preset threshold M0 are judged as invalid data areas and removed. The prohibited construction areas include: ecological protection red line areas, high-risk areas for geological disasters, coastal prohibited construction areas, and core residential areas.

4. The off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific details of the output calculations for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities in S3 are as follows: The power output of wind power facilities is calculated by combining the characteristics of island wind resources, wind turbine technical parameters, and the impact of topographic obstruction. The power output formula is as follows: in, The actual wind power output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of the fan is in kW. Let t be the actual wind speed at the island's wind measurement point, expressed in m / s. The cut-in wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The rated wind speed of the fan is expressed in m / s. The cut-off velocity of the fan is expressed in m / s. The output of photovoltaic (PV) facilities takes into account the solar radiation intensity of the island, module conversion efficiency, temperature degradation, and terrain shading coefficient. The output formula is as follows: in, The actual photovoltaic output at time t is expressed in kW. The rated power of the photovoltaic module, in kW. The actual solar irradiance at time t, in W / m² 2 , Standard test irradiance, unit: W / m 2 , The temperature coefficient of photovoltaic modules is expressed in % / ℃. The actual operating temperature of the photovoltaic module at time t is expressed in °C. The standard test temperature is expressed in °C. This is the terrain shading coefficient; 1 for no shading, and calculated based on actual measurements for shading; 0 < <1; The output of tidal energy facilities is calculated based on the tidal range and tidal flow characteristics of the island, using turbine power generation: in, The actual tidal energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The density of seawater is expressed in kg / m³. This is the acceleration due to gravity, expressed in m / s². Let t be the flow rate through the machine, in m³ / s. The effective tidal range at time t is expressed in meters (m). The overall efficiency of the tidal power generation system; The output of wave energy facilities is calculated based on the wave height and wave period characteristics of islands, using an oscillating float-type wave energy device: in, Let t be the actual wave energy output at time t, expressed in kW. The significant wave height at time t, in meters (m). The wave period at time t, in seconds. The wave group velocity is expressed in m / s. The wavefront width of the wave energy device is in meters. The overall efficiency of wave energy power generation systems; The output of energy storage facilities, taking into account the state of charge, rated capacity, and charge / discharge efficiency, are calculated using the following formulas: Discharge output formula: Charging output formula: in, The actual output power of energy storage and discharge at time t, in kW. The actual output power of energy storage charging at time t, in kW. The rated capacity of the energy storage system is expressed in kWh. Let t be the state of charge of the stored energy. For the maximum permissible state of charge of energy storage, For energy storage and discharge efficiency, The energy storage charging efficiency is given by Δt, which is the time step in hours.

5. The off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, The objective function constructed in S3, with the core objectives of minimizing the levelized cost over the entire life cycle and maximizing energy self-sufficiency, is as follows: The objective function for minimizing the levelized cost over the entire lifecycle is: in, The total investment cost, For operation and maintenance costs, For equipment replacement costs, For residual value income, Total power supply over the entire lifecycle; The objective function for achieving the highest energy self-sufficiency rate is: in, Annual electricity supply from renewable energy sources This represents the system's total annual load demand.

6. The method for optimizing the off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, The constraint system in S3, based on spatial adaptability, techno-economic factors, and operational reliability, is specifically as follows: Spatial adaptability constraints are: in, Assign 0-1 variables to the i-th spatial unit facility. The adaptation determination value for the i-th spatial unit; The techno-economic constraints are: in, To pre-set a maximum leveling cost; The operational reliability constraints are: in, , For energy storage charging and discharging, 0-1 state variables, To achieve the minimum energy self-sufficiency rate, For the curtailment rate, This represents the maximum permissible rate of power curtailment.

7. The method for optimizing the off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, an off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization algorithm is constructed. It takes the set of spatially adaptable units as input, a dual objective function and a constraint system as optimization conditions, and employs a multi-objective iterative optimization approach for computation. Initialize algorithm parameters, including population size, number of iterations, crossover probability, mutation probability, and convergence accuracy; The spatial adaptation unit, facility installation scale, and deployment location are encoded into algorithmic individuals to generate an initial population; Based on the lowest levelized cost over the entire life cycle and the highest energy self-sufficiency rate, selection, crossover, and variation operations are carried out generation by generation; Each iteration performs constraint checks and eliminates infeasible solutions. After iterative convergence, the Pareto optimal solution set is selected and output through non-dominated sorting and crowding calculation; For each scheme in the Pareto optimal solution set, the output, levelized cost over the entire life cycle, energy self-sufficiency rate, spatial adaptability, technical and economic performance, and operational reliability of wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities are calculated to form corresponding quantitative evaluation results.

8. The off-grid multi-energy complementary spatial layout optimization method based on island topography according to claim 1, characterized in that, S5 defines regional targets for wind power, photovoltaic, tidal / wave, and energy storage facilities based on the evaluation results, including geographical coordinates, land use scope, and maximum installed capacity. The output spatial layout plan is a geographic information layer file that can be implemented in engineering projects.

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