Display device, method of manufacturing the same, and electronic device including the same

Abstract

A display device, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electronic device including the display device are provided. The display device includes a substrate, an anode electrode disposed on the substrate, a spacer disposed in the same layer as the anode electrode, and a pixel definition layer defining an opening exposing the anode electrode and covering at least a portion of the spacer on the spacer. A liquid repellency of the pixel definition layer is higher than a liquid repellency of the spacer.

Description

[0001] This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2025-0002367, filed on January 7, 2025, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] The embodiments of this disclosure generally relate to a display device, a method of manufacturing the display device, and an electronic device including the display device. Background Technology

[0003] Recently, as people have paid increasing attention to information display, research and development of display devices has been ongoing. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The embodiment provides a display device with improved reliability.

[0005] An embodiment provides a method for manufacturing the display device.

[0006] An embodiment provides an electronic device including the display device.

[0007] In embodiments of this disclosure, the display device may include: a substrate; an anode electrode disposed on the substrate; a spacer disposed in the same layer as the anode electrode; and a pixel defining layer defining an opening that exposes the anode electrode and covering at least a portion of the spacer, wherein the pixel defining layer has a higher hydrophobicity than the spacer.

[0008] In an embodiment, the pixel defining layer may include: a first portion that overlaps with the spacer in a plan view; and a second portion that is integrally formed with the first portion and has a height smaller than that of the spacer.

[0009] In an embodiment, the height of the first part may be less than or equal to the maximum height of the second part.

[0010] In one embodiment, at least a portion of the surface of the pixel defining layer may include fluorine.

[0011] In one embodiment, the upper surface of the second portion extending from the first portion may be hydrophobic.

[0012] In one embodiment, the spacer can make full contact with the pixel defining layer.

[0013] In an embodiment, the display device may further include: a light-emitting layer disposed on the anode electrode and disposed in the opening.

[0014] In an embodiment, the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the spacer can be greater than the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the light-emitting layer.

[0015] In embodiments of this disclosure, the display device may include: a substrate; a pixel defining layer disposed on the substrate; and a spacer disposed on the pixel defining layer and having a width smaller than that of the pixel defining layer, wherein at least a portion of the surface of each of the pixel defining layer and the spacer is hydrophobic.

[0016] In an embodiment, at least a portion of the surface of each of the pixel defining layer and the spacer may include fluorine.

[0017] In embodiments of this disclosure, a method of manufacturing a display device may include: forming an anode electrode on a substrate; forming a spacer in the same layer as the anode electrode; and forming a pixel defining layer that defines an opening for exposing the anode electrode and covers at least a portion of the spacer on the spacer, wherein the hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer is higher than that of the spacer.

[0018] In an embodiment, the pixel defining layer includes a first portion and a second portion, and the formation of the pixel defining layer may include: forming a first portion overlapping a spacer in a plan view; and integrally forming a second portion with the first portion, the second portion having a height smaller than the height of the spacer and larger than or equal to the height of the first portion.

[0019] In one embodiment, the pixel defining layer may include a fluorine-containing material.

[0020] In an embodiment, forming the pixel defining layer may include forming an initial pixel defining layer that is completely disposed on the substrate and the spacer.

[0021] In this embodiment, the height of the initial pixel defining layer may be less than the height of the spacer.

[0022] In an embodiment, the formation of the pixel defining layer may further include: exposing and developing a portion of the preliminary pixel defining layer that overlaps with a portion of the anode electrode to form a pixel defining layer defining an opening.

[0023] In an embodiment, the method may further include: forming a light-emitting layer disposed in the opening and on the anode electrode after the formation of the pixel defining layer.

[0024] In this embodiment, the light-emitting layer can be formed using an inkjet printing process.

[0025] In an embodiment, the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the light-emitting layer may be less than the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the spacer.

[0026] In embodiments of this disclosure, the electronic device may include: a processor; and a display device that displays an image in response to control by the processor, wherein the display device includes: a substrate; a plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate, wherein sub-pixels emitting light of the same color are arranged in the same column, wherein each of the plurality of sub-pixels may include an anode electrode disposed on the substrate; a spacer disposed in the same layer as the anode electrode; and a pixel defining layer that defines an opening exposing the anode electrode and covers at least a portion of the spacer, wherein the hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer is higher than that of the spacer. Attached Figure Description

[0027] The above and other features of the embodiments of this disclosure will become more apparent from the further detailed description of the embodiments of this disclosure with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0028] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the display device.

[0029] Figure 2 It is a diagram. Figure 1 A block diagram of an embodiment of a subpixel of a subpixel.

[0030] Figure 3 It is shown Figure 1 A plan view of an embodiment of the display panel.

[0031] Figure 4 It is shown Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the display panel.

[0032] Figure 5 It is shown Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the display panel.

[0033] Figure 6 yes Figure 3 An enlarged plan view of a portion of the display area of ​​the display panel.

[0034] Figure 7 It is along Figure 6 The cross-sectional view taken from line I-I'.

[0035] Figure 8 yes Figure 7 An enlarged cross-sectional view of region A.

[0036] Figure 9 It is a diagram. Figure 8 A cross-sectional view of another embodiment.

[0037] Figures 10 to 16 This is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a display device according to the present disclosure.

[0038] Figure 17 This is a block diagram of an embodiment of an electronic device.

[0039] Figure 18 Schematic diagrams illustrating various embodiments of an electronic device. Detailed Implementation

[0040] Because this disclosure allows for various modifications and numerous embodiments, specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in detail in the written description. However, this is not necessarily intended to limit this disclosure to a particular mode of practice, and it should be understood that all changes, equivalents, and substitutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of this disclosure are covered herein.

[0041] In describing the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals are used for the same elements. In the accompanying drawings, the dimensions of the structures are enlarged compared to their actual sizes for clarity of interpretation. It will be understood that although the terms "first," "second," etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one element from another. For example, the first element discussed below may be referred to as the second element without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Similarly, the second element may also be referred to as the first element.

[0042] It will be further understood that, when used in this disclosure, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," etc., indicate the presence of the described features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. Furthermore, when a first portion, such as a layer, film, region, or plate, is disposed "on" a second portion, the first portion may not only be "directly on" the second portion, but a third portion may be inserted between them. Furthermore, when it is stated that a first portion, such as a layer, film, region, or plate, is formed on a second portion, the surface of the second portion on which the first portion is formed is not necessarily limited to the upper surface of the second portion, but may include other surfaces of the second portion, such as side surfaces or lower surfaces. Conversely, when a first portion, such as a layer, film, region, or plate, is "below" a second portion, the first portion may not only be "directly below" the second portion, but a third portion may be inserted between them.

[0043] In the following description, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In this disclosure, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0044] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the display device DD.

[0045] refer to Figure 1The display device DD may include a display panel DP, a gate driver 120, a data driver 130, a voltage generator 140, and a controller 150.

[0046] The display panel DP includes sub-pixels SP. Sub-pixels SP can be connected to gate driver 120 via first to m-th gate lines GL1 to GLm, where m is a natural number greater than 0. Sub-pixels SP can be connected to data driver 130 via first to n-th data lines DL1 to DLn, where n is a natural number greater than 0.

[0047] Subpixels SP can produce two or more colors of light. In an embodiment, for example, each of the subpixels SP can produce light in colors such as red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, or yellow.

[0048] Two or more sub-pixels SP can constitute a pixel PXL. In an embodiment, for example, pixel PXL may include three sub-pixels SP, such as... Figure 1 As shown in the diagram. Thus, pixel PXL can emit light of various colors and brightnesses depending on the combination of light emitted from the sub-pixels SP included therein.

[0049] The gate driver 120 is connected to the sub-pixels SP arranged in the row direction via first to m gate lines GL1 to GLm. The gate driver 120 can output a gate signal to the first to m gate lines GL1 to GLm in response to a gate control signal GCS. In an embodiment, the gate control signal GCS may include a horizontal synchronization signal or a start signal indicating the start of each frame, etc.

[0050] The gate driver 120 may be disposed on one side of the display panel DP. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto. In embodiments, for example, the gate driver 120 may be divided into two or more drivers that are physically and / or logically separated, and these drivers may be disposed on one side of the display panel DP and on the opposite side of the display panel DP. Thus, the gate driver 120 may be disposed around the display panel DP in various forms.

[0051] Data driver 130 is connected to sub-pixels SP arranged in the column direction via first to nth data lines DL1 to DLn. Data driver 130 receives image data DATA and data control signal DCS from controller 150. Data driver 130 operates in response to data control signal DCS. In an embodiment, data control signal DCS may include source start signal, source shift clock, source output enable signal, etc.

[0052] The data driver 130 can receive voltage from the voltage generator 140. The data driver 130 can apply a data signal having a grayscale voltage corresponding to the image data DATA to the first to nth data lines DL1 to DLn using the received voltage. When a gate signal is applied to the first to mth gate lines GL1 to GLm, a data signal corresponding to the image data DATA can be applied to the first to nth data lines DL1 to DLn. Accordingly, sub-pixels SP can generate light corresponding to the data signal, and the display panel DP can display an image.

[0053] In one embodiment, the gate driver 120 and the data driver 130 may include complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (“CMOS”) circuit elements.

[0054] Voltage generator 140 can operate in response to a voltage control signal VCS from controller 150. Voltage generator 140 generates multiple voltages and provides the generated voltages to components of display device DD, such as gate driver 120, data driver 130, and controller 150. Voltage generator 140 can receive input voltages from outside display device DD and regulate the received voltages to thereby generate multiple voltages.

[0055] Voltage generator 140 can generate a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage. The generated first and second supply voltages can be supplied to the sub-pixel SP via power line PL. In other embodiments, at least one of the first and second supply voltages can be provided externally from the display device DD.

[0056] Furthermore, voltage generator 140 can provide various voltages and / or signals. In an embodiment, for example, voltage generator 140 can provide one or more initialization voltages applied to sub-pixel SP. In an embodiment, for example, during a sensing operation that senses the electrical characteristics of the transistors and / or light-emitting elements of sub-pixel SP, a predetermined reference voltage can be applied to the first to nth data lines DL1 to DLn, and voltage generator 140 can generate the reference voltage and transmit it to data driver 130. In an embodiment, for example, during a display operation that displays an image on display panel DP, a common pixel control signal can be applied to sub-pixel SP, and voltage generator 140 can generate the pixel control signal. In an embodiment, voltage generator 140 can provide the pixel control signal to sub-pixel SP via pixel control line PXCL. Although Figure 1The pixel control line PXCL shown is connected between the voltage generator 140 and the display panel DP, but this disclosure is not limited thereto. In embodiments, for example, the pixel control line PXCL may be connected between the gate driver 120 and the display panel DP. Pixel control signals can be transmitted from the voltage generator 140 to the pixel control line PXCL via the gate driver 120.

[0057] The controller 150 controls various operations of the display device DD. The controller 150 receives input image data IMG and corresponding control signals CTRL from the outside. The controller 150 can provide gate control signals GCS, data control signals DCS, and voltage control signals VCS in response to the control signal CTRL.

[0058] The controller 150 can output image data DATA by converting the input image data IMG into a format suitable for a display device DD or a display panel DP. In an embodiment, the controller 150 can output image data DATA by aligning the input image data IMG to fit the sub-pixels SP in each row.

[0059] Two or more of the components, including the data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150, can be housed (e.g., mounted) in a single integrated circuit. Figure 1 As shown, the data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 may be included in a driver integrated circuit (DIC). The data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 may be functionally distinct components located within a single driver integrated circuit (DIC). In other embodiments, at least one of the data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 may be provided as a component separate from the driver integrated circuit (DIC).

[0060] Figure 2 It is a diagram. Figure 1 A block diagram of an embodiment of a subpixel SP. Figure 2 It shows Figure 1 The sub-pixel SPij in the sub-pixel SP is set in the i-th row (i is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m) and the j-th column (j is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n).

[0061] refer to Figure 2 Subpixel SPij may include subpixel circuit SPC and light-emitting element LD.

[0062] The light-emitting element (LD) is connected between the first power supply voltage node VDDN and the second power supply voltage node VSSN. The first power supply voltage node VDDN is connected to... Figure 1One of the power lines (also known as supply lines) in the PL, and receives the first supply voltage. The second supply voltage node VSSN is connected to... Figure 1 The first supply voltage can be a second supply voltage, PL, and can have a higher voltage level than the second supply voltage.

[0063] The light-emitting element LD is connected between the anode electrode AE ​​and the cathode electrode CE. The anode electrode AE ​​can be connected to the first supply voltage node VDDN via a sub-pixel circuit SPC. In an embodiment, for example, the anode electrode AE ​​can be connected to the first supply voltage node VDDN via one or more transistors included in the sub-pixel circuit SPC. The cathode electrode CE can be connected to a second supply voltage node VSSN. The light-emitting element LD emits light according to the current flowing from the anode electrode AE ​​to the cathode electrode CE.

[0064] Sub-pixel circuits (SPCs) can be connected to Figure 1 The first to the mth gate lines GL1 to GLm, including the i-th gate line GLi and Figure 1 The first to the nth data lines DL1 to DLn, specifically the j-th data line DLj. In response to the gate signal received via the i-th gate line GL1, the sub-pixel circuit SPC controls the light-emitting element LD to emit light based on the data signal received via the j-th data line DLj. In an embodiment, the sub-pixel circuit SPC may be further connected to... Figure 1 The pixel control line PXCL. The sub-pixel circuit SPC can further control the light-emitting element LD in response to the pixel control signal received via the pixel control line PXCL.

[0065] For such operation, the sub-pixel circuit (SPC) may include circuit elements such as transistors and one or more capacitors.

[0066] The transistors of the sub-pixel circuit SPC may include P-type transistors and / or N-type transistors. In an embodiment, the transistors of the sub-pixel circuit SPC may include metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (“MOSFETs”). In an embodiment, the transistors of the sub-pixel circuit SPC may include amorphous silicon semiconductors, monocrystalline silicon semiconductors, polycrystalline silicon semiconductors, or oxide semiconductors, etc.

[0067] Figure 3 It is shown Figure 1 A plan view of an embodiment of the display panel DP.

[0068] refer to Figure 3 The display panel DP can include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA. The display panel DP displays the image through the display area DA. The non-display area NDA is positioned around the display area DA.

[0069] The display panel DP includes subpixels SP located in the display area DA. The subpixels SP can be arranged on a first direction DR1 and a second direction DR2 intersecting the first direction DR1. In one embodiment, for example, the subpixels SP can be arranged in a matrix pattern on the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2. In another embodiment, the subpixels SP can be arranged in a zigzag pattern on the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2. The arrangement of the subpixels SP can be varied in other embodiments. The first direction DR1 can be a row direction, and the second direction DR2 can be a column direction.

[0070] Two or more sub-pixels SP can constitute a pixel PXL. Figure 3 In this illustration, pixel PXL is shown as comprising three sub-pixels SP (e.g., SP1 to SP3), but this disclosure is not limited thereto. In an embodiment, for example, pixel PXL may comprise two sub-pixels SP. Hereinafter, for ease of description, it is assumed that pixel PXL comprises a first sub-pixel SP1, a second sub-pixel SP2, and a third sub-pixel SP3.

[0071] Each of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 can produce light of one of various colors, such as red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, or yellow. In the following text, for clarity and conciseness, it is assumed that the first sub-pixel SP1 produces red light, the second sub-pixel SP2 produces green light, and the third sub-pixel SP3 produces blue light.

[0072] Each of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 may include at least one light-emitting element that generates light. In an embodiment, the light-emitting elements of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 may generate light of the same color. In an embodiment, for example, the light-emitting elements of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 may generate blue light. In other embodiments, the light-emitting elements of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 may generate light of different colors from each other. In an embodiment, for example, the light-emitting elements of the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 may generate red, green, and blue light, respectively.

[0073] As a display panel DP, a self-emissive display panel can be adopted, such as a light-emitting diode (“LED”) display panel that uses micron- or nano-sized light-emitting diodes as light-emitting elements or an organic light-emitting display (“OLED”) panel that uses organic light-emitting diodes as light-emitting elements.

[0074] In the non-display area NDA, components for controlling the sub-pixel SP can be provided. Wiring connected to the sub-pixel SP (e.g., Figure 1The first to m gate lines GL1 to GLm, the first to n data lines DL1 to DLn, the power line PL, and the pixel control line PXCL can be arranged in the non-display area NDA.

[0075] Figure 1 At least one of the gate driver 120, data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 can be disposed in the non-display area NDA of the display panel DP. In an embodiment, the gate driver 120 can be disposed in the non-display area NDA. The data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 can be disposed in the non-display area NDA. Figure 1 The gate driver 120 is implemented in a separate driver integrated circuit (DIC) from the display panel (DP). The driver integrated circuit (DIC) can be connected to wiring arranged in the non-display area (NDA). In other embodiments, the gate driver 120 can be implemented together with the data driver 130, voltage generator 140, and controller 150 in a single integrated circuit separate from the display panel (DP).

[0076] In embodiments, the display area DA can have various shapes. The display area DA can have a closed-loop shape including straight edges and / or curved edges. In embodiments, for example, the display area DA can have shapes such as polygons, circles, semicircles, ellipses, etc.

[0077] In one embodiment, the display panel DP may have a flat display surface. In other embodiments, the display panel DP may have a display surface that is at least partially curved. In another embodiment, the display panel DP may be bendable, foldable, or rollable. In such embodiments, the substrate of the display panel DP and / or the display panel DP may include a flexible material.

[0078] Figure 4 It is shown Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the display panel DP.

[0079] refer to Figure 4 The display panel DP may include a substrate SUB and a pixel circuit layer PCL, a display element layer DPL, and an optical function layer LFL sequentially stacked on the substrate SUB in a third direction DR3 (e.g., the thickness direction of the substrate SUB) that intersects with the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2.

[0080] The substrate SUB may include an insulating material such as glass or resin. In one embodiment, for example, the substrate SUB may include a glass substrate. In another embodiment, the substrate SUB may include a polyimide (“PI”) substrate. In yet another embodiment, the substrate SUB may include a silicon wafer substrate manufactured using semiconductor processes.

[0081] In embodiments, the substrate SUB may comprise a material that is flexible to allow bending or folding, and may have a single-layer or multi-layer structure. In embodiments, for example, the flexible material may comprise at least one of polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, cellulose triacetate, and cellulose acetate propionate. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0082] A pixel circuit layer (PCL) is disposed on a substrate (SUB). The pixel circuit layer (PCL) may include an insulating layer and semiconductor and conductive patterns disposed between the insulating layers. The conductive patterns of the pixel circuit layer (PCL) can be used as circuit elements or wiring, etc.

[0083] The circuit elements of the pixel circuit layer PCL may include Figure 3 Each of the sub-pixels in SP Figure 2 The sub-pixel circuit (SPC) in the pixel circuit layer (PCL) can be provided with transistors of the sub-pixel circuit (SPC) and one or more capacitors.

[0084] The wiring of the pixel circuit layer (PCL) may include wiring connected to the sub-pixels (SP). The wiring of the pixel circuit layer (PCL) may also include various signal lines and / or voltage lines required to drive the display element layer (DPL).

[0085] The display element layer (DPL) is disposed on the pixel circuit layer (PCL). The display element layer (DPL) may include the light-emitting elements of the sub-pixels (SP).

[0086] An optical functional layer (LFL) may be disposed on a display element layer (DPL). The LFL may include a light conversion pattern with color conversion particles and / or scattering particles. In an embodiment, for example, the color conversion particles may include quantum dots. Quantum dots can change the wavelength (or color) of light emitted from the display element layer (DPL). The LFL may further include a light scattering pattern with scattering particles. In an embodiment, the light conversion pattern and the light scattering pattern may be omitted.

[0087] The optical functional layer (LFL) may further include a color filter layer containing a color filter. The color filter can selectively transmit light of a predetermined wavelength (or predetermined color). In some embodiments, the color filter layer may be omitted.

[0088] A window can be provided on the light functional layer (LFL) to protect the exposed surface (or top surface) of the display panel (DP). The window protects the DP from external impacts. The window can be attached to the LFL using an optically transparent adhesive member (or bonding member). The window can have a multilayer structure selected from glass substrates, plastic films, and plastic substrates. Such a multilayer structure can be formed through a continuous process or by using an adhesive bonding process with adhesive layers. The window, either entirely or partially, can be flexible.

[0089] Figure 5 It is shown Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the display panel DP.

[0090] refer to Figure 5 The display panel DP' may include a substrate SUB, a pixel circuit layer PCL, a display element layer DPL, an input sensing layer ISL, and a light functional layer LFL. The substrate SUB, pixel circuit layer PCL, display element layer DPL, and light functional layer LFL are respectively aligned with a reference... Figure 4 The substrate SUB, pixel circuit layer PCL, display element layer DPL, and optical function layer LFL are configured in a similar manner. Repeated explanations will be omitted below.

[0091] The input sensing layer (ISL) can sense user input on the top surface (or display surface) of the display panel DP'. The input sensing layer (ISL) may include a configuration suitable for sensing external objects such as a user's hand, pen, etc. In an embodiment, for example, the input sensing layer (ISL) may include touch electrodes.

[0092] Figure 6 yes Figure 3 A magnified plan view of a portion of the display area DA of the display panel DP.

[0093] refer to Figure 6 The display panel DP can include multiple pixels PXL in the display area DA. The multiple pixels PXL can include first to fourth pixels PXL1 to PXL4 arranged on the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2.

[0094] Each of the plurality of pixels PXL includes a subpixel SP. The plurality of subpixels SP included in a pixel PXL can each emit light of a different color. In an embodiment, subpixels SP included in a pixel PXL and emitting light of different colors can be arranged in a first direction DR1. In an embodiment, among the plurality of subpixels SP included in adjacent (adjacent) pixels PXL, subpixels SP emitting light of the same color can be arranged in the same column (e.g., arranged in a second direction DR2). That is, the plurality of subpixels SP can be arranged in a stripe pattern. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0095] Subpixels SP may include first to third subpixels SP1 to SP3. Each of the first to third subpixels SP1 to SP3 may include a portion disposed in a corresponding area of ​​the display device. In an embodiment, for example, the first to third subpixels SP1 to SP3 may each include first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 and first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3. The first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 may be disposed on the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. The first light-emitting layer EML1 may generate red light, the second light-emitting layer EML2 may generate green light, and the third light-emitting layer EML3 may generate blue light. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0096] The first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be spaced apart from each other. The first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can also be spaced apart from each other. The first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can be formed individually by inkjet printing and can extend incompletely across the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3.

[0097] Spacers SC can be respectively arranged at the boundaries between the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3. Spacers SC can be respectively arranged between the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 and can protrude from the substrate SUB. Display element layer DPL and components disposed on top of display element layer DPL (e.g., Figure 4 LFL or optical functional layer Figure 5 The spacing between the input sensing layers (ISL) can be kept constant by spacers (SC).

[0098] Figure 7 It is along Figure 6 A cross-sectional view taken by line I-I'. In an embodiment, for example, Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view showing only the pixel circuit layer PCL and the display element layer DPL of the display panel DP. Figure 8 yes Figure 7 An enlarged cross-sectional view of region A.

[0099] refer to Figure 7 The display element layer (DPL) can be disposed on the substrate (SUB) and the pixel circuit layer (PCL). The display element layer (DPL) may include first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, spacers SC, pixel defining layer (PDL), first to third light-emitting layers (EML1 to EML3), cathode electrode CE, and encapsulation layer (TFE).

[0100] Specifically, the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be arranged on the pixel circuit layer PCL. The first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be spaced apart from each other and overlap with the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 respectively.

[0101] The spacer SC can be disposed between the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 and on the pixel circuit layer PCL. The spacer SC can be disposed in the same layer as the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. In an embodiment, the spacer SC may not overlap with the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0102] The spacer SC can be configured to protrude beyond the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 to maintain a constant distance between the display panel DP and other components disposed on the encapsulation layer TFE, including the encapsulation substrate. Therefore, the distance l1 from the substrate SUB to the upper surface SCa of the spacer SC can be greater than the distance l2 from the substrate SUB to the upper surface EML1 to EML3 of each of the first to third light-emitting layers.

[0103] Each of the spacers SC may comprise an organic material. In an embodiment, for example, each of the spacers SC may comprise at least one of a polyimide resin and an acrylate resin.

[0104] A pixel defining layer (PDL) may be disposed on the pixel circuit layer (PCL) and the spacer (SC). The pixel defining layer (PDL) may cover the edge of each of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, and may cover at least a portion of the spacer (SC).

[0105] The pixel defining layer (PDL) may include organic materials. In embodiments, for example, the pixel defining layer (PDL) may include at least one of polyimide resins and acrylate resins.

[0106] In an embodiment, at least a portion of the surface of the pixel-defining layer (PDL) covering the spacer SC may be hydrophobic. Hydrophobicity can refer to the property that the surface of an object is not affinity for a liquid such that the liquid is not absorbed by the object but forms droplets or easily flows away from the surface of the object. The degree of hydrophobicity can be measured based on the contact angle defined by the droplet and the surface. In an embodiment, for example, an object may be described as hydrophobic when the droplet has a contact angle greater than about 90 degrees with the surface of the object. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto. Furthermore, when an object has higher hydrophobicity compared to another object, this may mean that the contact angle between the droplet and the surface of that object is greater than the contact angle between the droplet and the surface of the other object. Conversely, when an object has lower hydrophobicity compared to another object, this may mean that the contact angle between the droplet and the surface of that object is smaller than the contact angle between the droplet and the surface of the other object.

[0107] In an embodiment, for example, the pixel defining layer PDL may further include fluorine (F) in an organic material. Because the pixel defining layer PDL further includes or is composed of fluorine in an organic material, at least a portion of the surface of the pixel defining layer PDL may be hydrophobic. Accordingly, the pixel defining layer PDL includes a material different from that of the spacer SC, and the hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer PDL may be greater than that of the spacer SC. The spacer SC may be in full contact with the pixel defining layer PDL. That is, no other layer may be inserted between the spacer SC and the pixel defining layer PDL. Therefore, all surfaces of the spacer SC, except for the bottom surface of the spacer SC that contacts the pixel circuit layer PCL, may contact the pixel defining layer PDL.

[0108] Further reference Figure 8 The pixel defining layer (PDL) can have a larger width compared to the spacer SC. Since the width w2 of the pixel defining layer (PDL) is greater than the width w1 of the spacer SC, the pixel defining layer (PDL) can surround the side surface of the spacer SC and the edges of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3.

[0109] The pixel-limited layer (PDL) may include a first part PT1 and a second part PT2.

[0110] The first part PT1 may be the portion of the pixel-defined layer PDL that overlaps with the spacer SC in a planar view. The second part PT2 may be integrally formed with the first part PT1 and may have a height smaller than that of the spacer SC.

[0111] The first portion PT1 may cover at least a portion of the spacer SC and has a shape formed by flowing downwards along a portion of the upper surface and side surface of the spacer SC. That is, the height h2 of the first portion PT1 can generally be less than or equal to the maximum height of the second portion PT2. Furthermore, the portion of the first portion PT1 on the upper surface of the spacer SC may be in the form of a thin film or may be arranged discontinuously.

[0112] The second portion PT2 may surround the first portion PT1 and be integrally formed with it. That is, the second portion PT2 may include the same material as the first portion PT1. The second portion PT2 may cover the edges of each of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 on the pixel circuit layer PCL. The height h3 of the second portion PT2 may typically be less than the height h1 of the spacer SC. That is, the distance from the substrate SUB to the upper surface of the spacer SC may be greater than the distance from the substrate SUB to the upper surface of the second portion PT2. Therefore, the spacer SC may have a structure that protrudes upwards in a third direction DR3 beyond the top surface of the second portion PT2. The first portion PT1 may cover at least a portion of the surface of the spacer SC that protrudes upwards beyond the top surface of the second portion PT2.

[0113] More specifically, the first portion PT1 may include a first portion PT1-1 disposed on the side surface of the spacer SC and a first portion PT1-2 disposed on the upper surface of the spacer SC. In the height h2 of the first portion PT1, the height of the first portion PT1-2 may be less than or equal to the height of the first portion PT1-1. Since the pixel defining layer PDL is completely coated on the spacer SC, and the pixel defining layer PDL disposed on the upper surface of the spacer SC flows downward along the side surface of the spacer SC, the first portion PT1-2 disposed on the upper surface of the spacer SC can be formed thinner than the first portion PT1-1 (see [reference]). Figure 13 ).

[0114] In an embodiment, the upper surface PT2a and side surface of the second portion PT2 extending from the first portion PT1 include fluorine, such that the upper surface PT2a and side surface of the second portion PT2 extending from the first portion PT1 can be hydrophobic. Accordingly, when the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 are formed by inkjet printing, color mixing between the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can be prevented by the hydrophobic surface of the pixel defining layer PDL.

[0115] The pixel defining layer (PDL) can define openings (OP) that expose the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, respectively. The first to third light-emitting layers (EML1 to EML3) can be disposed within the openings (OP) and on the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, respectively. The first to third light-emitting layers (EML1 to EML3) can be formed individually using an inkjet process. Accordingly, the first to third light-emitting layers (EML1 to EML3) can be spaced apart from each other and not connected to each other.

[0116] The cathode electrode CE can be completely disposed on the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3, the spacer SC, and the pixel defining layer PDL. The cathode electrode CE can extend completely across the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3. The encapsulation layer TFE can be disposed on the cathode electrode CE. The encapsulation layer TFE can protect the components located in the underlying layers.

[0117] In this embodiment, a hydrophobic pixel defining layer (PDL) covers the spacer SC, preventing the first to third light-emitting layers (EML1 to EML3) from crossing the PDL to reach adjacent sub-pixels and causing color mixing. Furthermore, the portion of the PDL that does not overlap with the spacer SC (e.g., the second portion PT2) has a smaller height than the spacer SC, allowing the first portion PT1 of the PDL to protrude beyond the second portion PT2 to function as the spacer SC. No separate structure or process is added for this purpose, thus improving the reliability of the display device by preventing color mixing while simultaneously simplifying the device's structure and increasing its manufacturing efficiency.

[0118] Figure 9 It is a diagram. Figure 8 A cross-sectional view of another embodiment. Besides the pixel-defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC', according to Figure 9 The embodiments can be compared with those based on Figure 8 The embodiments are essentially the same. Accordingly, redundant explanations will be omitted.

[0119] refer to Figure 9 The pixel defining layer PDL' can be disposed on the substrate SUB. The spacer SC' can be disposed on the pixel defining layer PDL'. The spacer SC' can have a smaller width w1' and a smaller height h1' compared to the pixel defining layer PDL'. That is, the width w1' and height h1' of the spacer SC' can be smaller than the width w2 and height h2 of the pixel defining layer PDL'. Accordingly, the spacer SC' may not cover the entire surface of the pixel defining layer PDL', but may only be disposed on the upper surface of the pixel defining layer PDL'.

[0120] At least a portion of the surface of each of the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC' may be hydrophobic. In an embodiment, each of the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC' comprises an organic material, and at least a portion of the surface of each of the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC' may further comprise, for example, fluorine. That is, since each of the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC' comprises or is composed of fluorine, at least a portion of the surface of the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacer SC' may be hydrophobic.

[0121] The spacers SC' disposed on the pixel defining layer PDL' can be formed by inkjet printing. Since the surface of the pixel defining layer PDL' is hydrophobic, the spacers SC' formed by inkjet printing do not flow down the pixel defining layer PDL'. Furthermore, since the spacers SC' are formed by inkjet printing rather than photolithography, the fluorine on the surface of the pixel defining layer PDL' does not need to be removed during the fabrication of the spacers SC'. Accordingly, since the hydrophobicity of the surfaces of both the pixel defining layer PDL' and the spacers SC' is maintained, color mixing during the formation of the light-emitting layer can be prevented.

[0122] Figures 10 to 16 This is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a display device according to the present disclosure. In the embodiment, for example, Figures 10 to 16 The diagram illustrates the manufacturing process. Figure 7 and Figure 8 The method of the display device in the embodiments.

[0123] refer to Figure 10 A pixel circuit layer PCL can be formed on the substrate SUB. First to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be formed on the pixel circuit layer PCL. The first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be spaced apart from each other and overlap with the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3 respectively.

[0124] refer to Figure 11 The preliminary spacer PSC can be completely coated on the pixel circuit layer PCL and the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. The preliminary spacer PSC may include organic materials. In embodiments, for example, the preliminary spacer PSC may include at least one of polyimide resins and acrylate resins.

[0125] refer to Figure 12The spacer SC can be formed by exposing and developing a portion of the preliminary spacer PSC. The spacer SC can be formed in the same layer as the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. In embodiments, the spacer SC can be formed between the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 respectively without overlapping with the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0126] refer to Figure 13 A preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) can be completely formed on the pixel circuit layer (PCL), the first to third anode electrodes (AE1 to AE3), and the spacer (SC). The preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) may include a hydrophobic material. In an embodiment, for example, the preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) may include a material in which a fluorine additive containing fluorine is mixed with an organic material. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and in another embodiment, after the preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) includes an organic material, fluorine may be added to the surface of the preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) by performing a surface treatment using plasma treatment with fluorine gas to ensure hydrophobicity.

[0127] The height h3 of the preliminary pixel defining layer PPDL can be less than the height h1 of the spacer SC. Furthermore, the height from the upper surface of the preliminary pixel defining layer PPDL that does not overlap with the spacer SC to the substrate SUB can be less than the height from the upper surface of the spacer SC to the substrate SUB. By coating the preliminary pixel defining layer PPDL to a height h3 that is smaller than the height h1 of the spacer SC, a structure can be formed in which a portion of the spacer SC protrudes beyond the preliminary pixel defining layer PPDL. Therefore, the spacer SC can be used to maintain a constant distance between the display panel DP and the components arranged on top of the spacer SC.

[0128] Since the preliminary pixel defining layer (PPDL) is coated onto the spacer SC, the material forming the PPDL can be partially retained on the surface of the spacer SC that protrudes beyond a portion of the PPDL. The PPDL may include a first portion PT1 overlapping the spacer SC in a plan view and a second portion PT2 integrally formed with the first portion PT1 and having a height h3 that is smaller than the height h1 of the spacer SC and larger than or equal to the height of the first portion PT1. That is, the second portion PT2 is formed on the pixel circuit layer PCL at a height h3 that is smaller than the height h1 of the spacer SC, and the first portion PT1 can be retained on the surface of the spacer SC that protrudes beyond a portion of the PPDL.

[0129] Part PT1 and Part PT2 can be formed as a single unit and simultaneously using the same material.

[0130] refer to Figure 14 A pixel-defining layer (PDL) can be formed by partially removing the preliminary pixel-defining layer (PPDL) using a photolithography process. The PDL defining the opening OP that exposes each of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 can be formed by exposing and developing a portion of the preliminary pixel-defining layer PPDL that overlaps with a portion of each of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3. Specifically, the PDL defining the opening OP can be formed by exposing and developing a portion of the second portion PT2 of the preliminary pixel-defining layer PPDL. The opening OP can be defined in the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3, can overlap with the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, and can expose the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 respectively.

[0131] The width w2 of the pixel defining layer PDL covering the spacer SC can be greater than the width w1 of the spacer SC. Accordingly, the pixel defining layer PDL can cover the edge of each of the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3, and the surface of the spacer SC is covered by the pixel defining layer PDL, so that the hydrophobicity of the display area DA in which the pixel defining layer PDL is disposed can be maintained.

[0132] refer to Figure 15 First to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can be formed on the first to third anode electrodes AE1 to AE3 in the opening OP, respectively. The first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can be formed by inkjet printing. By utilizing the hydrophobicity of the surface of the pixel defining layer PDL, the inks constituting the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 can be prevented from mixing with each other.

[0133] The spacer SC can protrude beyond the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3 to maintain a constant distance between the display panel DP and other components disposed on the encapsulation layer TFE, including the encapsulation substrate. That is, the distance l2 from the substrate SUB to the upper surface EML1 to EML3 of each of the first to third light-emitting layers can be less than the distance l1 from the substrate SUB to the upper surface SCa of the spacer SC.

[0134] refer to Figure 16 The cathode electrode CE can be completely formed on the pixel defining layer PDL, the spacer SC, and the first to third light-emitting layers EML1 to EML3. The encapsulation layer TFE can be completely formed on the cathode electrode CE.

[0135] In this embodiment, when a liquid-repellent pixel defining layer (PDL) is formed on the spacer SC between the first to third sub-pixels SP1 to SP3, and then an emissive layer is formed by inkjet printing, the liquid-repellent nature of the PDL surface prevents the ink constituting the emissive layer from flowing to adjacent sub-pixels. Accordingly, color mixing can be prevented without adding a separate process, thereby improving the reliability of the display device and increasing manufacturing efficiency.

[0136] The display device in the embodiments can be applied to various electronic devices. The electronic device in the embodiments may include the display device described above, and may further include modules or devices with additional functions in addition to the display device.

[0137] Figure 17 This is a block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic device 1000. (See reference) Figure 17 The electronic device 1000 may include a display module 1100, a processor 1200, a memory 1300, and a power module 1400.

[0138] The processor 1200 may include at least one of a central processing unit (“CPU”), an application processor (“AP”), a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), a communication processor (“CP”), an image signal processor (“ISP”), and a controller.

[0139] The memory 1300 can store data and / or information used to operate the processor 1200 or the display module 1100. When the processor 1200 executes the application program stored in the memory 1300, input image data and / or control signals can be transmitted to the display module 1100. The display module 1100 can process the provided signals and output image information on the display screen.

[0140] The power module 1400 may include a power supply module (such as a power adapter or battery device) and a power conversion module. The power conversion module converts the power supplied by the power supply module and generates power to operate the electronic device 1000.

[0141] At least one of the components described above in the electronic device 1000 may be included in the display device in the embodiments described above. Furthermore, in terms of functionality, some of the modules described above may be included in the display device, and other modules may be provided separately from the display device. In an embodiment, for example, the display device may include a display module 1100, and the processor 1200, memory 1300, and power module 1400 may be provided as other devices in the electronic device 1000 other than the display device.

[0142] Figure 18Schematic diagrams showing various embodiments of the electronic device 1000 are provided.

[0143] refer to Figure 18 Various types of electronic devices in embodiments of the application display device may include: electronic devices that display images, such as smartphones 1000_1a, tablet PCs 1000_1b, laptop computers 1000_1c, televisions (“TV”) 1000_1d, and desktop monitors 1000_1e; wearable electronic devices that include display modules, such as smart glasses 1000_2a, head-mounted displays (“HMD”) 1000_2b, and smartwatches 1000_2c; and automotive electronic devices that include display modules, such as central information displays (“CID”) and interior mirror displays installed on the dashboard, center console, and instrument panel of a vehicle 1000_3.

[0144] In embodiments of this disclosure, since the pixel defining layer, being hydrophobic, covers the spacer, it prevents the first to third light-emitting layers from moving across the pixel defining layer to adjacent sub-pixels and causing color mixing. Furthermore, since the portion of the pixel defining layer that does not overlap with the spacer has a height less than the height of the spacer, the first portion of the pixel defining layer protrudes more than its second portion to function as a spacer. However, no separate structure or process is added for this purpose, thus preventing color mixing to improve the reliability of the display device while simultaneously simplifying the structure of the display device and improving its manufacturing efficiency.

[0145] This disclosure should not be construed as limiting itself to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to make this disclosure thorough and complete, and to fully convey the concepts of this disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0146] Although this disclosure has been specifically shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes in form and detail may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure as defined by the claims.

Claims

1. A display device, comprising: substrate; An anode electrode is disposed on the substrate; The spacer is disposed in the same layer as the anode electrode; as well as A pixel defining layer defines an opening that exposes the anode electrode, the pixel defining layer covering at least a portion of the spacer. The hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer is higher than that of the spacer.

2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein, The pixel definition layer includes: The first part overlaps with the spacer in the plan view; and The second part is integrally formed with the first part and has a height smaller than that of the spacer.

3. The display device according to claim 2, wherein, The height of the first part is less than or equal to the maximum height of the second part.

4. The display device according to claim 2, wherein, At least a portion of the surface of the pixel defining layer comprises fluorine.

5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein, The upper surface of the second portion extending from the first portion is hydrophobic.

6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein, The spacer is in full contact with the pixel defining layer.

7. The display device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising: A light-emitting layer is disposed on the anode electrode and in the opening.

8. The display device according to claim 7, wherein, The distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the spacer is greater than the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the light-emitting layer.

9. The display device according to claim 1, wherein, The spacer protrudes beyond the anode electrode in the thickness direction.

10. The display device according to claim 1, wherein, The width of the spacer is smaller than the width of the pixel defining layer.

11. A method of manufacturing a display device, the method comprising: An anode electrode is formed on the substrate; A spacer is formed in the same layer as the anode electrode; as well as A pixel defining layer is formed that defines an opening for exposing the anode electrode and covers at least a portion of the spacer. The hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer is higher than that of the spacer.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The pixel defining layer includes a first part and a second part, and The formation of the pixel-defining layer includes: The first portion formed in the plan view that overlaps with the spacer; and The second part is integrally formed with the first part, and the second part has a height that is smaller than the height of the spacer and larger than or equal to the height of the first part.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The pixel defining layer includes a fluorine-containing material.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The formation of the pixel-defining layer includes: A preliminary pixel defining layer is formed that is completely disposed on the substrate and the spacer.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, The height of the initial pixel defining layer is less than the height of the spacer.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein, The formation of the pixel-defining layer further includes: The portion of the preliminary pixel defining layer that overlaps with a portion of the anode electrode is exposed and developed to form the pixel defining layer that defines the opening.

17. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 16, further comprising: After the formation of the pixel defining layer, a light-emitting layer is formed disposed in the opening and on the anode electrode.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The light-emitting layer is formed using an inkjet printing process.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein, The distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the light-emitting layer is less than the distance from the substrate to the upper surface of the spacer.

20. An electronic device comprising: processor; as well as A display device that displays an image in response to control by the processor, the display device comprising: substrate; A plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate, each of the plurality of sub-pixels including an anode electrode disposed on the substrate; The spacer is disposed in the same layer as the anode electrode; and A pixel defining layer defines an opening that exposes the anode electrode and covers at least a portion of the spacer. Among these, sub-pixels that emit light of the same color are arranged in the same column, and The hydrophobicity of the pixel defining layer is higher than that of the spacer.

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