Beamforming modulation method and apparatus for bit reconfigurable leaky antennas

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of antenna technology, providing a beamforming modulation method and apparatus for bit-reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas. The method includes: acquiring a target beam direction set and array parameters; initializing the modulation state of the radiating elements; and iteratively optimizing the following process: randomly selecting any radiating element, calculating the current function value of a preset objective function corresponding to all possible modulation states for that radiating element, and updating the modulation state of that radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; and outputting the optimized modulation state to control beamforming after satisfying a preset iteration termination condition. This invention combines an array factor model with random iterative optimization to achieve adaptive solution and precise control of the optimal modulation state of the radiating elements of a bit-reconfigurable leaky-wave antenna. It does not rely on single-bit quantization, is not limited by the antenna's physical period, and can flexibly and efficiently support complex multi-beam synthesis.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of antenna technology, and in particular to a beamforming modulation method and apparatus for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas. Background Technology

[0002] Leaky-wave antennas (LWAs), as a type of traveling-wave antenna, have advantages such as small size, low cost, and simple structure. Bit-reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas, which are reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas controlled by switches, are widely used due to their physical advantages. However, due to their simple structure, suitable beamforming modulation methods are more difficult to implement.

[0003] Currently, the main schemes applicable to beamforming modulation of bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas are the periodic reconfigurable method and the holographic quantization method, but both have significant limitations. First, the periodic reconfigurable method achieves beamforming by controlling the opening sequence of switches in the bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, arranging them according to a certain period. This method is only applicable when the desired beam direction has a corresponding achievable period, and it can only achieve multi-beam radiation by simply superimposing multiple single-beam states, which has strong limitations. Second, the holographic quantization method calculates the phase value or holographic amplitude based on the target direction and antenna parameters, and then controls the opening and closing state of the radiating elements according to the holographic amplitude through bit quantization. However, this method currently does not support multi-beam synthesis. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a beamforming modulation method and apparatus for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas, which solves the shortcomings of existing beamforming modulation methods for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas, such as poor flexibility and difficulty in effectively achieving multi-beam synthesis.

[0005] This invention provides a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, comprising: Obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna; Before the preset iteration termination condition is met, the following iterative optimization process is executed repeatedly: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; After the preset iteration termination condition is met, the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements is output, and the optimized modulation state is applied to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0006] According to the present invention, a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna is provided, wherein the target beam direction set includes at least two different target beam directions, and the construction step of the preset objective function includes: Based on the array factor model, the absolute value of the array factor corresponding to each of the target beam directions is calculated respectively; The absolute values ​​of the array factors corresponding to all the target beam directions are multiplied together to obtain the preset target function.

[0007] According to the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention, the step of determining the array factor model includes: From the array parameters, obtain the position vector corresponding to each radiating element, as well as the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each radiating element; For each target beam direction in the set of target beam directions, the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction is determined based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each radiation element.

[0008] According to the present invention, a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna is provided, wherein determining the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each radiating element includes: For each radiation unit, the modulation function value, amplitude, and conduction phase factor and spatial phase factor corresponding to the radiation unit are multiplied together to obtain the radiation component of the radiation unit. The modulation function value is determined based on the modulation state of the radiation unit, the conduction phase factor is determined based on the phase, and the spatial phase factor is determined based on the wavenumber in vacuum, the target beam direction, and the position vector. The radiation components of all the radiation elements are summed to obtain the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction.

[0009] According to the present invention, a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna includes the following steps for obtaining the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each radiating element: Obtain the coordinates of the feed origin of the leaky wave antenna; Based on the scattering parameters of a single radiating element, the attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky antenna are determined. The amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiation elements are calculated based on the coordinates of the feed origin, the position vector of each radiation element, the attenuation coefficient, and the phase coefficient.

[0010] According to the present invention, a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna is provided, wherein initializing the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna includes: The modulation state of each of the radiation units is initialized to the initial preset state, and the current iteration number is initialized to zero; The current iteration number is incremented after each iteration optimization, and the preset iteration termination condition is that the current iteration number reaches the preset maximum iteration number.

[0011] The present invention also provides a beamforming modulation apparatus for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, comprising: The parameter initialization module is used to obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and to initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna. The iterative optimization module is used to repeatedly execute the following iterative optimization process before satisfying the preset iteration termination condition: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; The status output module is used to output the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements after the preset iteration end condition is met, and to apply the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0012] The present invention also provides a reconfigurable leaky antenna, including a plurality of radiating elements and a controller, wherein the controller is electrically connected to a switch of each of the radiating elements, and the controller is configured to execute a beamforming modulation method as described above for a bit reconfigurable leaky antenna to control the modulation state of each of the radiating elements.

[0013] The present invention also provides an electronic device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and running on the processor, wherein the processor executes the computer program to implement the beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described above.

[0014] The present invention also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implements the beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described above.

[0015] The present invention also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described above.

[0016] The beamforming modulation method and apparatus for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas provided by this invention constructs an array factor model associated with the target beam direction set, array parameters, and modulation state of the radiating elements, and transforms the beamforming effect into a preset objective function for quantitative evaluation. This eliminates the dependence of traditional periodic reconfigurable methods on specific physical periods and the limitation of holographic quantization methods on single-bit quantization. In the optimization process, this invention employs an iterative optimization mechanism that randomly selects any radiating element and iterates through all possible modulation states to calculate its objective function value to seek local optima. This adaptively filters and updates the modulation state that yields the best beamforming effect, dynamically adjusting towards the optimal beam radiation direction. This optimization mode, which does not require a pre-defined structure, not only effectively improves the flexibility of beam modulation but also widely supports multi-bit reconstruction scenarios such as amplitude and phase, breaking through the bottleneck of existing technologies' difficulty in multi-beam synthesis. It can flexibly, efficiently, and accurately achieve integrated modulation from single beams to multi-beams. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this invention or related technologies, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or related technologies will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are some embodiments of this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic flowchart of the beamforming modulation method for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas provided by the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the process for determining the matrix factor model provided by the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the calculation of the matrix factor model provided by the present invention; Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the method for optimizing the modulation state of each radiating unit provided by the present invention. Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of the reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating how the maximum value of the objective function changes with the number of iterations in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 This is the optimized modulation state result of each radiating unit in one embodiment provided by the present invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of beam synthesis directions corresponding to different test examples in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the change of the maximum value of the objective function with the number of iterations in another embodiment provided by the present invention; Figure 11 This is the optimized modulation state result of each radiating unit in another embodiment provided by the present invention; Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of beam synthesis directions corresponding to different test examples in another embodiment provided by the present invention; Figure 13 These are the modulation state results of each radiating unit after optimization according to different optimization methods provided by this invention; Figure 14 This is a comparative diagram of beam synthesis directions corresponding to different optimization methods provided by this invention; Figure 15 This is a schematic diagram comparing the simulation results of different optimization methods provided by this invention; Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of the beamforming modulation device for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention. Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electronic device provided by the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the technical solutions of this invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0020] Leaky wave antennas (LWAs), as a type of traveling wave antenna, have significant advantages such as small size, low cost, and simple structure. Bit-reconfigurable leaky wave antennas refer to reconfigurable leaky wave antennas that are controlled by switches. For example, the most common 1-bit amplitude-reconfigurable leaky wave antenna is widely used due to its outstanding physical advantages. Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 1As shown, this type of antenna typically includes a waveguide structure for propagating traveling waves, with one end connected to a signal source and the other end connected to a matching load. Several reconfigurable radiating elements are arranged on the waveguide structure, capable of radiating a portion of the energy propagating through the waveguide. Each reconfigurable radiating element is controlled by a switch, having two adjustable states: ON and OFF, thus achieving reconfigurability of 1 bit amplitude. However, the very simplicity of the bit-reconfigurable leaky wave antenna structure makes it more difficult to implement beamforming modulation methods suitable for this type of antenna in practical applications.

[0021] Currently, beamforming modulation schemes suitable for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas are mainly divided into two categories: periodic reconfigurable methods and holographic quantization methods. However, both of these methods have certain defects and limitations in practical applications.

[0022] Specifically, spatial harmonic theory indicates that the radiation direction of a leaky antenna is related to the cyclic period of the antenna's structure. The periodically reconfigurable method refers to beamforming by controlling the activation sequence of the switches in a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, arranging them according to a certain period. The main limitation of this method is its extremely poor flexibility; beamforming can only be achieved when the desired beam direction has a corresponding and physically achievable period. Furthermore, this method is difficult to efficiently achieve multi-beam synthesis; currently, it can only simultaneously radiate multiple beams by simply physically superimposing multiple single-beam states, which has significant limitations.

[0023] Holographic quantization refers to calculating the corresponding phase value or holographic amplitude based on the desired beam direction and known leaky antenna parameters (such as the position, amplitude, and phase of each radiating element), and then determining the on / off state of the radiating element based on the holographic amplitude using bit quantization. The main limitation of this method is that it currently does not support multi-lobe (multi-beam) synthesis, and therefore cannot meet the multi-directional radiation requirements of complex communication scenarios.

[0024] It is evident that current beamforming modulation methods, when applied to bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas, generally suffer from drawbacks such as poor multi-beam synthesis capabilities, low flexibility, and reliance on specific periods or single-bit quantization methods. Therefore, a novel beamforming modulation method is urgently needed to overcome these shortcomings and achieve efficient and flexible synthesis from single-beam to multi-beam configurations.

[0025] This invention provides a beamforming modulation method for bit-reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas. This method, primarily applied to bit-reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas, aims to overcome the limitations of existing periodic reconfigurable methods and holographic quantization methods in multi-beam synthesis by employing a stochastic iterative optimization mechanism based on an array factor model. Here, beam synthesis refers to calculating and determining the specific parameters (such as the optimal modulation state) of each radiating element in the antenna array using a mathematical model based on the target beam direction to achieve the desired beamforming effect.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the beamforming modulation method for bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 2 As shown, the method includes: Step 210: Obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna.

[0027] Specifically, in the initial stage of beam synthesis, the desired radiation target must first be clearly defined. The acquired target beam direction set refers to the set of pointing angles of one or more beams that the antenna system is expected to synthesize. This set can range from large to small, covering multi-beam distributions across the entire airspace, dual-beam distributions within a specific sector, to single-beam pointing at a precise angle. Simultaneously, the array parameters of the leaky-wave antenna need to be obtained. These parameters form the physical basis for constructing the antenna's radiation characteristics and typically include, but are not limited to, the physical coordinates of each radiating element, the spacing between radiating elements, the feed origin information, and the wave propagation characteristics within the antenna structure.

[0028] After obtaining the basic inputs mentioned above, the initial state of the algorithm needs to be initialized. Specifically, the modulation state of all bit-reconfigurable radiating elements in the leaky antenna is assigned an initial, explicit state, such as uniformly setting it to 0 (which represents the off state for 1-bit amplitude reconfiguration and a certain initial phase reference state for multi-bit phase reconfiguration), or a uniform initial preset state, as a unified starting point for subsequent algorithm iteration and optimization.

[0029] Here, the modulation state of the radiating element refers to the specific physical operating mode of the reconfigurable radiating element under the action of its internal switch. It directly determines the amplitude or phase characteristics of the radiating element when radiating the waveguide-guided wave in space. Specifically, the range of values ​​for the modulation state depends on the reconstruction type and accuracy of the antenna. For example, in a 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable leaky wave antenna, the modulation state is usually 0 or 1, representing the physical state of the radiating element being off (not radiating) or on (radiating), respectively. In a 2-bit phase reconfigurable leaky wave antenna, the modulation state is usually 0, 1, 2, or 3, representing the four different discrete phase shift states introduced by the radiating element to the radiated wave.

[0030] Step 220: Before the preset iteration termination condition is met, the following iterative optimization process is executed cyclically: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set.

[0031] Specifically, after initializing the parameters, the system enters the iterative optimization phase. The system continuously checks whether the preset iteration termination condition has been met. This condition typically refers to the maximum number of iterations pre-set by the system, or convergence conditions such as the objective function value not showing significant optimization for multiple consecutive iterations. If this termination condition is not met, the system will continuously loop through the optimization process of evaluation and local optimum update.

[0032] In each iteration, the algorithm randomly selects a target radiating element (i.e., any radiating element) from all radiating elements and iterates through all possible modulation states for that element. The set of possible modulation states depends on the number of reconfigurable bits of the antenna. For example, a 1-bit amplitude-reconfigurable leaky antenna has two modulation states: 0 and 1; a 2-bit phase-reconfigurable leaky antenna has four modulation states: 0, 1, 2, and 3. For each possible modulation state of the radiating element, the current function value of the corresponding preset objective function is calculated to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the state change on the overall radiation characteristics of the antenna array.

[0033] Here, the preset objective function is a mathematical evaluation index used to characterize the beamforming effect. It is pre-constructed based on the array factor (AF) model. The array factor model is based on array antenna theory. Under the assumption that each array element (i.e., each radiating element) is isolated from each other and there is no mutual coupling, it is calculated using the array parameters obtained above, the modulation state distribution of all current radiating elements, and the target beam direction set. It can accurately reflect the cumulative effect of the radiation field strength in each target direction under the current antenna state.

[0034] After calculating the current function value of the selected target radiating element under all possible modulation states, the system directly performs a lateral comparison to select the modulation state that maximizes the current function value as the target state, and directly updates the state of the target radiating element to this target state. This locally greedy traversal search strategy ensures that each state update promotes better beam convergence towards the target direction, resulting in a stable and increasing convergence trend in the antenna's beamforming effect with each iteration. Furthermore, it achieves efficient optimization without relying on or comparing to global historical maximum values.

[0035] Step 230: After satisfying the preset iteration end condition, output the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements, and apply the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0036] Specifically, when the iterative loop triggers the preset iteration termination condition (e.g., the number of iterations is exhausted), it indicates that the algorithm has converged and found an approximate optimal solution in the current parameter space. At this point, the system stops iterating and outputs the optimized modulation states of each radiating unit fixed during the optimization process as the final modulation strategy.

[0037] Subsequently, the system controller maps this optimized modulation state sequence (e.g., a 1-bit 0 / 1 sequence or a 2-bit 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 sequence) into actual electrical signals and applies them to the control switches of each radiating element on the bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna. This physically excites the antenna to radiate electromagnetic waves that precisely match the target beam direction set, thereby achieving beamforming control of the antenna.

[0038] The method provided in this invention constructs an array factor model associated with the target beam direction set, array parameters, and modulation state of the radiating elements, and transforms the beamforming effect into a preset objective function for quantitative evaluation. This eliminates the dependence of traditional periodic reconfigurable methods on specific physical periods and the limitation of holographic quantization methods on single-bit quantization. During the optimization process, this invention employs an iterative optimization mechanism that randomly selects any radiating element and iteratively calculates its objective function value under all possible modulation states to seek local optima. This adaptively filters and updates the modulation state that yields the best beamforming effect, dynamically adjusting towards the optimal beam radiation direction. This optimization mode, which does not require a pre-defined structure, not only effectively improves the flexibility of beam modulation but also widely supports multi-bit reconstruction scenarios such as amplitude and phase, breaking through the bottleneck of existing technologies' difficulty in multi-beam synthesis. It can flexibly, efficiently, and accurately achieve integrated modulation from single beams to multiple beams.

[0039] Based on any of the above embodiments Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the process for determining the matrix factor model provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the target beam direction set includes at least two different target beam directions, and correspondingly, the steps for determining the array factor model include: Step 310: Obtain the position vector corresponding to each of the radiation elements, as well as the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiation elements, from the array parameters.

[0040] Specifically, Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the calculation of the matrix factor model provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 4 As shown, Figure 4 The blue area in the image shows the structure of a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, which has... A number of reconfigurable radiative units (i.e., 100 bits) Figure 4 (Red lines arranged at intervals in the blue area) The spacing between adjacent radiating units is .like Figure 4 Established in China As shown in the coordinate system, let the origin of the power supply be... Its coordinate vector is Using the feed origin as a reference, the nth [element] in the array can be determined. The coordinates of each radiating element are Its corresponding position vector (or coordinate vector) is At equal intervals In a one-dimensional linear array, its position coordinates can be represented as: .

[0041] Meanwhile, because electromagnetic waves experience attenuation and phase delay as they propagate through the waveguide structure of a leaky antenna, the energy and phase state of the wave differ when it reaches different radiating elements. Here, the propagation time of the wave within the waveguide to the [missing information - likely a specific location] can be obtained separately. Amplitude at each radiation unit and phase These two parameters are key physical quantities describing the excited state of each radiating unit, directly determining the initial amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic waves it radiates into space.

[0042] Further, in step 310, the steps of obtaining the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiating elements include: Step 311: Obtain the coordinates of the feed origin of the leaky wave antenna; Step 312: Based on the scattering parameters of a single radiating element, determine the attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky antenna; Step 313: Calculate the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiation units based on the coordinates of the feed origin, the position vector of each radiation unit, the attenuation coefficient, and the phase coefficient.

[0043] Specifically, to accurately calculate the array factor model, precise amplitude and phase information of the wave propagating to each radiating element must be obtained. First, the coordinates of the feed origin of the leaky-wave antenna must be obtained. For example... Figure 4 In the coordinate system shown, let the origin of the power supply be... Its coordinate vector It is the starting reference point for calculating the wave propagation distance.

[0044] Secondly, based on the scattering parameters of a single radiating element, the attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky antenna are determined. The radiating elements of a leaky antenna are typically mounted on waveguide structures such as microstrip transmission lines. In practical applications, since each radiating element radiates only a very small portion of the energy, the wave propagation characteristics in the waveguide can be approximated as being mainly determined by the waveguide's structure and the characteristics of a single radiating element. Therefore, the scattering parameters (i.e., S-parameters) of a single radiating element can be obtained through electromagnetic simulation or actual testing. By analyzing these S-parameters, the characteristic parameters of electromagnetic wave propagation in the waveguide structure containing that radiating element, i.e., the attenuation coefficient, can be extracted. and phase coefficient The attenuation coefficient characterizes the energy attenuation rate of the wave during propagation, and the phase coefficient characterizes the phase change rate of the wave during propagation. These two coefficients are key constants describing the physical process of wave propagation within a waveguide. For example, since each radiating element radiates only a very small portion of the energy, electromagnetic simulation or testing can be used to obtain the energy of a single device (i.e., a microstrip transmission line structure containing a single radiating element) in both ON and OFF states. Parameters. First, the obtained... The parameter is represented in complex form, that is ,in Transmission amplitude, This represents the transmission phase. Based on the principles of electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation and phase hysteresis, it can be determined using the formula... Calculate the attenuation coefficient using the formula Calculate the phase coefficient. This represents the physical width of a single device in the simulation. Subsequently, the width in both the ON and OFF states is calculated. and Finally, the overall attenuation coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky-wave antenna. and phase coefficient The S-parameters are obtained by averaging the values ​​calculated for the ON and OFF states respectively. It should be understood that the S-parameters are a set of parameter matrices used to describe the signal reflection and transmission characteristics between different ports of a linear network. A parameter is a specific element in the S-parameter matrix. In the scenario of this embodiment, it is only necessary to extract the element representing the forward transmission characteristic from the S-parameter set. By analyzing the parameters, including their amplitude and phase, the attenuation coefficient can be accurately calculated. and phase coefficient .

[0045] Finally, for the first There are radiating elements, and their position vectors are: Electromagnetic waves originate from the feed origin. The actual physical distance to the radiating element is Combining the attenuation coefficient obtained earlier... and phase coefficient The physical quantity, i.e., amplitude, when the wave reaches that position can be calculated separately. and phase Among them, the wave travels a certain distance. Afterwards, its amplitude will decay exponentially, therefore it can be approximated. for Similarly, after traveling this distance, the wave will experience a corresponding phase delay, therefore the phase... It can be approximated as If it needs to be converted to a phase factor in complex exponential form, then it is: ( It is an exponential expression in complex form. It is the imaginary unit.

[0046] Through the above steps, microscopic physical test or simulation data can be transformed into amplitude and phase parameters at each radiating element required for macroscopic array analysis, providing reliable data support for the accurate calculation of array factor models. This embodiment of the invention combines the S-parameter simulation or test results of individual array elements with the array's geometric position to accurately and efficiently approximate the amplitude and phase of the wave at each radiating element, reducing the enormous computational cost of full-array, full-wave electromagnetic simulation and improving modeling efficiency.

[0047] It should be noted that the above embodiments regarding the acquisition scheme for the amplitude and phase of wave propagation to each radiating element are only one feasible implementation method provided by the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto. In practical applications, the above objectives can also be achieved in other ways, such as directly performing full-wave electromagnetic simulation on the entire antenna to directly extract and obtain the amplitude and phase data at each radiating element. Furthermore, the approximate calculation scheme based on attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient given in the embodiments of the present invention is mainly applicable to specific leaky wave antenna (LWA) structures (e.g., Figure 4(As shown in the LWA); For different types of leaky wave antenna structures, their internal electromagnetic wave propagation mechanisms may differ. Therefore, it is necessary to use other applicable extraction or analysis methods to obtain the above-mentioned propagation parameters according to their actual physical characteristics. These equivalent substitutions or modifications based on common knowledge in the field should all be considered to fall within the protection scope of this invention.

[0048] Step 320: For each target beam direction in the target beam direction set, determine the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each radiation element.

[0049] Specifically, after obtaining the basic physical parameters of each of the aforementioned radiating elements, the next step is to determine the array factor model corresponding to each target beam direction in the target beam direction set, based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector of each radiating element. Step 320 specifically includes: Step 321: For each radiation unit, the modulation function value, the amplitude, the conduction phase factor, and the spatial phase factor corresponding to the radiation unit are multiplied together to obtain the radiation component of the radiation unit. The modulation function value is determined based on the modulation state of the radiation unit, the conduction phase factor is determined based on the phase, and the spatial phase factor is determined based on the wavenumber in vacuum, the target beam direction, and the position vector. Step 322: Summate the radiation components of all the radiation elements to obtain the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction.

[0050] Specifically, such as Figure 4 As shown, suppose we need to calculate the target beam direction in the set. The corresponding matrix factor. For the first Each radiating unit contributes electromagnetic fields in space, which depends not only on the value of its corresponding modulation function. (The value of this control function is based on the modulation state of the radiating unit) The determination reflects the modulation effect on the amplitude or phase of the wave and the amplitude of the excitation. It is also affected by two key phase factors: one is the phase change caused by wave propagation inside the antenna, which is transmitted through the phase factor. To characterize this factor, it is entirely based on phase. Secondly, the relative positions of the radiating elements in space lead to the spatial path difference when reaching the far-field observation point, which is determined by the spatial phase factor. Characterized by this factor, which is based on the wavenumber in vacuum. The target beam direction currently being calculated and position vector The modulus is determined by the modulus.

[0051] For the Each radiating unit, its modulation function value Amplitude Transmission phase factor Spatial phase factor Multiplying them together gives the result of the first product. Each radiating unit is in the direction The radiation component on.

[0052] Subsequently, based on the assumption that the array elements (i.e., the radiating units) are mutually isolated and there is no mutual coupling, and according to the principle of superposition of spatial electromagnetic fields, the radiating components of all radiating units are summed to obtain the target beam direction. The corresponding matrix factor model. That is, all of them. Each radiating unit is in the direction The linear superposition of the radiation components on the surface is expressed mathematically as follows: In the above formula, According to the modulation state Calculations show that, for example, for a 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable leaky antenna, (in For a 2-bit phase-reconfigurable leaky antenna, (in ).

[0053] The target beam direction can be obtained using the above formula. Regarding the modulation state of all radiating units The function expression, That is, the specific direction The matrix factor model.

[0054] In multi-beam integrated scenarios, the target beam direction set will include multiple different target beam directions, for example, the set contains... wait A desired radiation angle (i.e., target beam direction) constitutes a multi-lobed integrated scene. In order to accurately evaluate the integrated radiation effect in these multiple target directions, each angle (i.e., each target beam direction) in the set of target beam directions is calculated independently using the above method, thereby providing a mathematical basis for the subsequent construction of multi-beam integrated evaluation index (i.e., preset objective function).

[0055] The method provided in this invention mathematically models the physical characteristics (amplitude and conducted phase) of wave propagation in a leaky antenna with the spatial arrangement characteristics (position vector and spatial phase difference) of the radiating elements, and introduces the mapping relationship between modulation state and control function. This constructs an array factor model that accurately reflects the radiation characteristics of a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna. This model not only provides a reliable evaluation benchmark for subsequent optimization algorithms, but also calculates independently for each target beam direction. Thus, it meets the needs of multi-beam synthesis at the underlying logic level, laying a solid foundation for realizing complex multi-target beamforming.

[0056] Based on any of the above embodiments, the steps for constructing the preset objective function include: Based on the array factor model, the absolute value of the array factor corresponding to each of the target beam directions is calculated respectively; The absolute values ​​of the array factors corresponding to all the target beam directions are multiplied together to obtain the preset target function.

[0057] Specifically, after calculating the array factor model, in order to simultaneously measure the comprehensive effect of multi-beams under a unified evaluation system, a comprehensive pre-defined objective function needs to be constructed. Specifically, for each direction in the target beam direction set... The corresponding matrix factor can be obtained as follows: It is a complex number. To measure the intensity of the radiated energy in this direction, its modulus, i.e., the absolute value of the array factor, needs to be taken. .

[0058] To achieve multi-beam integration, it is desirable to integrate beams in all target beam directions. A large radiation field strength can be obtained above. In this embodiment of the invention, a product form is used to construct a preset objective function (defined as...). The specific expression is as follows: Understandably, using a product instead of simple addition can effectively avoid the phenomenon of extremely high field strength in one target beam direction while extremely low field strength in other target beam directions (i.e., beam distortion) occurs during the optimization process. Only when the absolute values ​​of the array factors in all target beam directions are relatively large will their product be effective. Only then will it reach its maximum. Therefore, the beam synthesis problem is transformed into adjusting the state combination of the radiating elements. This makes the preset objective function The optimization problem is to maximize the current function value.

[0059] The method provided in this invention constructs a preset objective function by multiplying the absolute values ​​of the array factors in each target beam direction. This not only transforms the multi-target beamforming problem into a single-target optimization problem, but also effectively ensures the balanced distribution of radiated energy in each target beam direction, thereby improving the quality and stability of multi-beamforming.

[0060] Based on any of the above embodiments, step 210, which initializes the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna, includes: The modulation state of each of the radiation units is initialized to the initial preset state, and the current iteration number is initialized to zero; The current iteration number is incremented after each iteration optimization, and the preset iteration termination condition is that the current iteration number reaches the preset maximum iteration number.

[0061] Specifically, after the system obtains the antenna parameters and the desired beam direction, it is necessary to initialize the modulation state of each radiating element to the initial preset state, that is, to uniformly initialize the state of each array element (also known as each radiating element) to a specific reference (e.g., uniformly initialize to 0). This provides the algorithm with a unified starting point for optimization that is not affected by prior bias.

[0062] At the same time, the current iteration count is initialized to zero, which means the current iteration count (i.e., the iteration variable) used to track the progress of the algorithm is initialized to zero. It is initialized to 0 as the starting point for the loop count.

[0063] After entering the iterative optimization phase, the current iteration number is incremented after each iteration. That is, after each iteration, a preset objective function is calculated for each randomly selected array element under all possible modulation states. The current function value is then updated, and the modulation state of the array element is updated to make it so that... After reaching the maximum target state, the iteration variable Automatically increment by 1. The system then checks the loop condition; the preset iteration termination condition is that the current iteration count reaches the preset maximum iteration count. During system initialization, a maximum iteration count (denoted as ) is pre-input. In each iteration variable After incrementing, the algorithm will determine Is it less than If yes, it means the preset iteration termination condition has not yet been met, and the system will jump back to the beginning of the loop to continue the next random selection of array elements and the search for a local optimum; if no (i.e. Reaching or exceeding If the condition is met, the algorithm will exit the loop, output the currently retained optimized state, and the optimization method will end.

[0064] This invention provides a clean and stable baseline for heuristic local greedy search by initializing all radiating elements to an initial preset state. At the same time, by introducing an iteration count and upper limit threshold judgment mechanism, not only is the state transition path of the entire optimization process controllable, effectively preventing the algorithm from getting stuck in an infinite loop deadlock state, but it can also achieve flexible balance control between computational resource consumption and beam optimization accuracy.

[0065] Based on any of the above embodiments Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the method for optimizing the modulation state of each radiating unit provided by this invention. The following is a summary of the process. Figure 5 This paper introduces and explains the logical flow of the entire beamforming modulation method at the computational level. For example... Figure 5 As shown, the algorithm flow is mainly divided into three sequential stages in terms of logical architecture: initialization, iteration, and output.

[0066] S1, Initialization Phase: First, the process enters the initialization phase. During this phase, the system receives external input conditions and resets its internal calculation baseline. Specifically, it first receives external commands, inputting antenna parameters (such as element positions, wave attenuation coefficients in the waveguide, and phase coefficients, etc.), the desired angle for integration (i.e., the direction of one or more target beams that the user expects the antenna to align with), and the number of iterations. (Used to set the upper limit of the termination boundary in the algorithm optimization process).

[0067] After receiving the parameters, the system performs state initialization. The modulation state of each element (i.e., each radiating element) on the leaky antenna is uniformly initialized to 0 (for 1-bit amplitude reconstruction, this is the off state; for multi-bit phase reconstruction, it is a certain initial phase reference state). Simultaneously, the iteration variable (i.e., the iteration count) used to track the number of iterations is initialized. Set it to 0.

[0068] S2, Iterative optimization phase: After initializing the parameters, the process enters the iterative optimization phase. The system will repeatedly execute a closed loop of local greedy optimization until the exit condition is met. In each single-step iteration, the algorithm first randomly selects one radiating element for optimization; let the location of this randomly selected radiating element be denoted as . .

[0069] Next, calculate the corresponding values ​​for all states. Specifically, the algorithm iterates through all possible modulation states (e.g., two states with 1 bit or four states with 2 bits) of the array element (i.e., the radiating element) at the specified location. The system then calculates the modulus of the array element in each state based on the array factor model. That is, the preset objective function value corresponding to the current array state combination, which reflects the comprehensive radiation intensity of the current state in the direction of the target beam.

[0070] Subsequently, the state of the selected radiating element is updated to enable... The system identifies the state corresponding to the maximum value of the function. By comparing the calculated current function values ​​horizontally, the system finds the target state that achieves a local optimum in radiation effect and marks its location. The state of the array element at that location is directly updated to the target state. After completing the local optimal state update of the radiating element, the iteration counter will increment and update, i.e., execute... Finally, the system determines whether the current iteration count is still less than the preset maximum iteration count. If the judgment result is yes, the process jumps back to the starting point of the stage and continues to randomly select the next array element for a new round of optimization; if the judgment result is no, it indicates that the algorithm has reached the set maximum computing power consumption limit, the system determines that the optimization has converged and jumps out of the iteration loop.

[0071] S3, Output Phase: After exiting the iteration loop, the process enters the final output stage. The system uses the combination of array element states retained from the last iteration as an approximate optimal solution and outputs the optimized state sequence. At this point, the entire optimization process ends, and the output result can be sent to the underlying controller for beamforming modulation of the antenna.

[0072] The method provided in this invention introduces an iterative optimization mechanism that randomly selects array elements and retains them based on the objective function of the array factor model through positive feedback. This breaks the strong dependence of traditional periodic reconfigurable methods on the cyclic period of the antenna structure and eliminates the need for a single bit quantization method like holographic quantization. This method directly aims to improve the radiation effect in the target direction, not only giving beamforming greater flexibility, allowing a single structure to adaptively match any achievable target angle, but also supporting complex beamforming scenarios from single beams to multi-lobes without requiring additional modifications to the underlying logic. It is also widely compatible with multi-baud reconfiguration scenarios, thereby improving the modulation efficiency and application range of bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas.

[0073] The method provided by this invention is applicable to beamforming of bit-reconfigurable leaky antennas and can be widely used in various communication and sensing devices and terminals, making it very suitable for next-generation communication system applications. To better understand the technical solution of this invention, the following detailed description uses an application to a 1-bit amplitude-reconfigurable leaky antenna as an example.

[0074] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 6 As shown, the reconfigurable leaky wave antenna (LWA) has 32 elements loaded onto a microstrip transmission line (a waveguide structure, i.e.) Figure 6 The 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable radiative unit (i.e., the red line arranged horizontally along the middle) Figure 6 (Red lines arranged longitudinally in the middle), the spacing between adjacent radiating units is... .exist Figure 6 In the diagram, the blue area represents the antenna's dielectric substrate (or dielectric layer, dielectric base), which carries the microstrip transmission line and the 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable radiating element above it. The optimization effect of the beamforming modulation method proposed in this invention will be illustrated through three embodiments below.

[0075] In one embodiment, to further verify the actual effect of the beamforming modulation method proposed in this invention, this embodiment provides a specific application test example (i.e., test verification for a single-beam integrated scenario) for detailed explanation.

[0076] In this embodiment, the leaky antenna is configured to include, for example: Figure 6 The diagram shows 32 1-bit amplitude reconfigurable radiating elements loaded on a microstrip transmission line, with the target beam direction to be synthesized set to 0 degrees. Under this boundary condition, the aforementioned heuristic stochastic iterative optimization algorithm was run independently three times, denoted as Test 1, Test 2, and Test 3, respectively.

[0077] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the change of the maximum value of the objective function with the number of iterations in one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 7 The convergence curve shows that, in three independent optimization tests, the maximum value of the preset objective function representing the evaluation index of beamforming effect is... (Unit: dB) all show a rapid increase followed by eventual stabilization with increasing iteration count. It can be clearly observed that... After more than 200 iterations, the algorithm no longer changes. This proves that the iterative optimization algorithm designed in this invention has excellent convergence speed and stability, and can quickly lock the optimal solution with limited computing power, avoiding the problems of blind search or non-convergence.

[0078] Figure 8This is the optimized modulation state result of each radiating element in one embodiment provided by the present invention, such as... Figure 8 As shown, after the algorithm fully converges, the three tests output corresponding 32-bit binary state control sequences (where 1 represents the radiating unit being in the on state and 0 represents the radiating unit being in the off state). These sequences composed of 0s and 1s will be directly sent to the underlying controller as drive signals to control the physical on / off state of each switching device.

[0079] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of beam synthesis directions corresponding to different test examples in one embodiment of the present invention, such as... Figure 9 As shown, Figure 8 The three different state sequences obtained are substituted into the matrix factor AF calculation model to obtain the spatial radiation field intensity distribution as follows: Figure 9 As shown. (Through) Figure 9 It can be clearly and intuitively observed that the synthesized main lobes all point very precisely to the preset target direction (0 degrees). This directly verifies the high accuracy of the method of this invention in beam pointing control. Furthermore, observation... Figure 9 It can also be observed that although the main lobes obtained from the three tests are highly overlapping and have the same target direction, their side lobe levels (SLL) and their distributions differ to some extent. This difference indicates that the stochastic iterative optimization strategy of this invention can effectively explore in the multidimensional solution space and find multiple near-optimal solution combinations with the same main lobe radiation performance but different side lobe characteristics, thereby enriching the available state library for beamforming.

[0080] In another embodiment, to further verify the versatility and effectiveness of the beamforming modulation method proposed in this invention in complex multi-target scenarios, this embodiment provides a detailed description of an application test example of multi-beam synthesis.

[0081] In this embodiment, the target beam direction to be synthesized is set to include a set of two different angles, namely, the target beam direction of synthesis is 0 degrees and 40 degrees. Under this boundary condition, a heuristic random iterative optimization algorithm based on a product form of a preset objective function is also run independently three times, which are denoted as Test 4, Test 5 and Test 6 respectively.

[0082] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the change of the maximum value of the objective function with the number of iterations in another embodiment provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 10 As shown, in a multi-beam synthesis scenario, the preset objective function is... This is the product of the absolute values ​​of the matrix factors in the 0-degree and 40-degree directions. Combined with... Figure 10The convergence curve shows that the algorithm maintains extremely high optimization efficiency even when dealing with more complex multi-objective optimization tasks. For the three independent tests (Tests 4 to 6), the representative indicator of the overall beamforming performance is... All of them climbed rapidly in the early stages of the iteration. It can be clearly observed that... After more than 150 iterations, the curve stops changing and becomes completely flat. This proves that the algorithm of this invention can quickly converge to the global or near-global optimum even under multi-beam constraints, demonstrating strong robustness.

[0083] Figure 11 This is the optimized modulation state result of each radiating element in another embodiment provided by the present invention, such as... Figure 11 As shown, after approximately 150 iterations and convergence, the algorithm outputs the optimal radiating element state configuration for dual-beam synthesis tasks at 0 degrees and 40 degrees. All three different binary sequences effectively meet the radiation requirements of the dual-beam system.

[0084] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of beam synthesis directions corresponding to different test examples in another embodiment of the present invention, such as... Figure 12 As shown, Figure 11 The state sequence obtained in the process is applied to the array factor model, and the resulting spatial radiation pattern is as follows: Figure 12 As shown. (Through) Figure 12 It can be clearly observed that the synthesized main lobes all precisely point simultaneously to the set target directions (i.e., 0 degrees and 40 degrees). At these two desired angles of 0 degrees and 40 degrees, the radiation field intensity reaches a relatively high peak, achieving a balanced distribution of energy in both directions. Meanwhile, similar to single-beam synthesis, the sidelobe (SLL) distributions in these three independent tests show some differences in the non-target directions, reflecting the algorithm's ability to explore diverse sidelobe characteristics while satisfying the main lobe constraint.

[0085] In another embodiment, to further demonstrate the performance of the method proposed in this invention, this embodiment provides a horizontal comparative test, which compares the performance of the heuristic iterative optimization method based on the matrix factor model proposed in this invention with the periodic reconfigurable method and the holographic quantization method commonly used in the prior art.

[0086] In this embodiment, a unified test boundary condition is set, namely, the expected target radiation direction is 30 degrees, and the antenna model still adopts the aforementioned leaky antenna with 32 radiating elements.

[0087] For the periodically reconfigurable method, based on spatial harmonic theory, the required period is calculated using the following formula: in, It refers to the cycle length (or modulation period) of the antenna switching state. It indicates how long the physical distance of the modulation state sequence of the radiating element needs to be repeated as a complete cycle in order to make the beam accurately point to the preset target direction. It refers to the order (or harmonic mode number) of spatial harmonics. It refers to the phase constant (i.e., phase coefficient) of wave propagation in the waveguide structure of a leaky antenna.

[0088] choose As the primary radiation mode, select As a suppression of spatial harmonics, the spacing offset is set to... Based on this calculation, the cycle length is: The cycle number is 111001100. Here, This refers to the mode order of the suppressed spatial harmonics. This refers to the fixed physical spacing between two adjacent radiating elements on a leaky antenna, which means that the switching state repeats a complete cycle every 9 adjacent radiating elements.

[0089] For holographic quantization, it calculates a reference wave. With target wave The superposition of these values ​​yields the holographic value. In this test, a threshold of 1.3 was manually set. When the holographic value was greater than this threshold, the state of the radiating element was set to ON; otherwise, it was set to OFF.

[0090] The method proposed in this invention directly inputs a target direction of 30 degrees, and the algorithm autonomously performs iterative optimization.

[0091] Figure 13 These are the modulation state results of each radiating element after optimization according to different optimization methods provided by this invention, such as... Figure 13 As shown in the table, the three different design theories and computational logics ultimately output three completely different sets of radiation unit switching control sequences. The periodic reconfigurable method exhibits a clear regularity and cycle, while the holographic quantization method and the method proposed in this invention exhibit a non-periodic state arrangement.

[0092] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram comparing the beam synthesis directions corresponding to different optimization methods provided by this invention. Figure 15 This is a comparative diagram of simulation results for different optimization methods provided by this invention, combined with... Figure 14 and Figure 15As can be observed from the curves, when targeting the specific task of 30-degree single-beam synthesis, the main lobes obtained by the three methods all accurately point to the target direction, and their peak performance is similar. However, the method proposed in this invention has significantly greater flexibility because it does not depend on the periodic repetition length of the radiating elements, nor does it require setting a quantization threshold. Moreover, the method proposed in this invention can achieve multi-beam synthesis without additional modifications.

[0093] The beamforming modulation apparatus for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention will be described below. The beamforming modulation apparatus for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna described below can be referred to in correspondence with the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna described above.

[0094] Based on any of the above embodiments Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of the beamforming modulation device for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the present invention, as shown below. Figure 16 As shown, the device includes: The parameter initialization module 1610 is used to obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and to initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna. The iterative optimization module 1620 is used to repeatedly execute the following iterative optimization process before satisfying the preset iteration termination condition: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the any radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the any radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; The status output module 1630 is used to output the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements after the preset iteration end condition is met, and to apply the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0095] The apparatus provided in this invention constructs an array factor model associated with the target beam direction set, array parameters, and modulation state of the radiating elements, and transforms the beamforming effect into a preset objective function for quantitative evaluation. This eliminates the dependence of traditional periodic reconfigurable methods on specific physical periods and the limitation of holographic quantization methods on single-bit quantization. During the optimization process, this invention employs an iterative optimization mechanism that randomly selects any radiating element and iterates through all possible modulation states to calculate its objective function value to seek local optima. This adaptively filters and updates the modulation state that yields the best beamforming effect, dynamically adjusting towards the optimal beam radiation direction. This optimization mode, which does not require a pre-defined structure, not only effectively improves the flexibility of beam modulation but also widely supports multi-bit reconstruction scenarios such as amplitude and phase, breaking through the bottleneck of existing technologies' difficulty in multi-beam synthesis. It can flexibly, efficiently, and accurately achieve integrated modulation from single beams to multiple beams.

[0096] Based on any of the above embodiments, the target beam direction set includes at least two different target beam directions, and the device further includes a target function construction module, which is used for: Based on the array factor model, the absolute value of the array factor corresponding to each of the target beam directions is calculated respectively; The absolute values ​​of the array factors corresponding to all the target beam directions are multiplied together to obtain the preset target function.

[0097] Based on any of the above embodiments, the objective function construction module is further configured to: From the array parameters, obtain the position vector corresponding to each radiating element, as well as the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each radiating element; For each target beam direction in the set of target beam directions, the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction is determined based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each radiation element.

[0098] Based on any of the above embodiments, the objective function construction module is specifically used for: For each radiation unit, the modulation function value, amplitude, and conduction phase factor and spatial phase factor corresponding to the radiation unit are multiplied together to obtain the radiation component of the radiation unit. The modulation function value is determined based on the modulation state of the radiation unit, the conduction phase factor is determined based on the phase, and the spatial phase factor is determined based on the wavenumber in vacuum, the target beam direction, and the position vector. The radiation components of all the radiation elements are summed to obtain the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction.

[0099] Based on any of the above embodiments, the objective function construction module is specifically used for: Obtain the coordinates of the feed origin of the leaky wave antenna; Based on the scattering parameters of a single radiating element, the attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky antenna are determined. The amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiation elements are calculated based on the coordinates of the feed origin, the position vector of each radiation element, the attenuation coefficient, and the phase coefficient.

[0100] Based on any of the above embodiments, the parameter initialization module is specifically used for: The modulation state of each of the radiation units is initialized to the initial preset state, and the current iteration number is initialized to zero; The current iteration number is incremented after each iteration optimization, and the preset iteration termination condition is that the current iteration number reaches the preset maximum iteration number.

[0101] Based on any of the above embodiments, this embodiment of the invention provides a reconfigurable leaky antenna, including multiple radiating elements and a controller. The controller is electrically connected to the switches of each of the radiating elements and is configured to execute the beamforming modulation method applied to the bit reconfigurable leaky antenna as described in any of the above embodiments to control the modulation state of each of the radiating elements.

[0102] Specifically, the antenna's hardware structure includes multiple radiating elements and a controller. The multiple radiating elements are typically arranged at a certain spacing on a waveguide structure (such as a microstrip transmission line). Each radiating element integrates or loads a switching device (such as a PIN diode, varactor diode, etc.) that can independently control the modulation state, in order to adjust whether the element radiates energy into space (such as achieving 1-bit amplitude reconfigurability).

[0103] To achieve intelligent dynamic beamforming, the controller is electrically connected to the switches of each radiating element. This controller can be a microcontroller unit (MCU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), or a dedicated driver board. The controller is configured to execute the beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described in any of the above embodiments.

[0104] In actual operation, the internal computing module of the controller autonomously runs the aforementioned algorithm based on array factor model construction, objective function calculation, and random iterative optimization, according to the input target beam direction. When the algorithm reaches the preset iteration termination condition, the controller outputs a final optimized set of modulation state sequences. Subsequently, the controller converts this set of state sequences into specific electrical control signals (such as high and low level bias voltages) through its hardware interface, and applies them to the switching devices of each electrically connected radiating unit, thereby controlling the modulation state of each radiating unit.

[0105] Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electronic device provided by the present invention, such as... Figure 17 As shown, the electronic device may include: a processor 1710, a communication interface 1720, a memory 1730, and a communication bus 1740, wherein the processor 1710, the communication interface 1720, and the memory 1730 communicate with each other through the communication bus 1740. Processor 1710 can call logic instructions in memory 1730 to execute a beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna. The method includes: acquiring a target beam direction set and array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initializing the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna; before satisfying a preset iteration termination condition, repeatedly executing the following iterative optimization process: randomly selecting any radiating element, calculating the current function value of a preset objective function corresponding to all possible modulation states of the radiating element, and updating the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein the preset objective function is constructed based on an array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; after satisfying the preset iteration termination condition, outputting the optimized modulation state of each radiating element, and applying the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0106] Furthermore, the logical instructions in the aforementioned memory 1730 can be implemented as software functional units and, when sold or used as independent products, can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, or the part that contributes to related technologies, or a portion of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of the present invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0107] On the other hand, the present invention also provides a computer program product, which includes a computer program that can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. When the computer program is executed by a processor, the computer can execute the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the above methods. The method includes: acquiring a target beam direction set and array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initializing the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna; before satisfying a preset iteration end condition, repeatedly executing the following iterative optimization process: randomly selecting any radiating element, calculating the current function value of a preset objective function corresponding to all possible modulation states of the radiating element, and updating the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein the preset objective function is constructed based on an array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; after satisfying the preset iteration end condition, outputting the optimized modulation state of each radiating element, and applying the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0108] In another aspect, the present invention also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon. When executed by a processor, the computer program implements a beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna provided by the methods described above. The method includes: acquiring a target beam direction set and array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initializing the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna; before satisfying a preset iteration termination condition, repeatedly executing the following iterative optimization process: randomly selecting any radiating element, calculating the current function value of a preset objective function corresponding to all possible modulation states of the radiating element, and updating the modulation state of the radiating element to a target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein the preset objective function is constructed based on an array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; after satisfying the preset iteration termination condition, outputting the optimized modulation state of each radiating element, and applying the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

[0109] The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement this without any creative effort.

[0110] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms, and of course, it can also be implemented by hardware. Based on this understanding, the above technical solutions, in essence or the parts that contribute to the related technology, can be embodied in the form of software products. This computer software product can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.

[0111] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A beamforming modulation method applied to a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, characterized in that, include: Obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna; Before the preset iteration termination condition is met, the following iterative optimization process is executed repeatedly: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; After the preset iteration termination condition is met, the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements is output, and the optimized modulation state is applied to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

2. The beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The target beam direction set includes at least two different target beam directions, and the steps for constructing the preset target function include: Based on the array factor model, the absolute value of the array factor corresponding to each of the target beam directions is calculated respectively; The absolute values ​​of the array factors corresponding to all the target beam directions are multiplied together to obtain the preset target function.

3. The beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The steps for determining the matrix factor model include: From the array parameters, obtain the position vector corresponding to each radiating element, as well as the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each radiating element; For each target beam direction in the set of target beam directions, the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction is determined based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each radiation element.

4. The beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that, The step of determining the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction based on the modulation state, amplitude, phase, and position vector corresponding to each of the radiating elements includes: For each radiation unit, the modulation function value, amplitude, and conduction phase factor and spatial phase factor corresponding to the radiation unit are multiplied together to obtain the radiation component of the radiation unit. The modulation function value is determined based on the modulation state of the radiation unit, the conduction phase factor is determined based on the phase, and the spatial phase factor is determined based on the wavenumber in vacuum, the target beam direction, and the position vector. The radiation components of all the radiation elements are summed to obtain the array factor model corresponding to the target beam direction.

5. The beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that, The steps for obtaining the amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiating elements include: Obtain the coordinates of the feed origin of the leaky wave antenna; Based on the scattering parameters of a single radiating element, the attenuation coefficient and phase coefficient of wave propagation in the leaky antenna are determined. The amplitude and phase of the wave propagating to each of the radiation elements are calculated based on the coordinates of the feed origin, the position vector of each radiation element, the attenuation coefficient, and the phase coefficient.

6. The beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The initialization of the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna includes: The modulation state of each of the radiation units is initialized to the initial preset state, and the current iteration number is initialized to zero; The current iteration number is incremented after each iteration optimization, and the preset iteration termination condition is that the current iteration number reaches the preset maximum iteration number.

7. A beamforming modulation device for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna, characterized in that, include: The parameter initialization module is used to obtain the target beam direction set and the array parameters of the leaky antenna, and to initialize the modulation state of each radiating element in the leaky antenna. The iterative optimization module is used to repeatedly execute the following iterative optimization process before satisfying the preset iteration termination condition: randomly select any radiating element, calculate the current function value of the preset objective function corresponding to the radiating element in all possible modulation states, and update the modulation state of the radiating element to the target state that maximizes the current function value; wherein, the preset objective function is constructed based on the array factor model and is used to characterize the beamforming effect, and the array factor model is determined based on the array parameters, the modulation state of each radiating element, and the target beam direction set; The status output module is used to output the optimized modulation state of each of the radiating elements after the preset iteration end condition is met, and to apply the optimized modulation state to the beamforming control of the leaky antenna.

8. A reconfigurable leaky antenna, characterized in that, The device includes multiple radiating elements and a controller, the controller being electrically connected to the switches of each of the radiating elements, the controller being configured to perform the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, to control the modulation state of each of the radiating elements.

9. An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and running on the processor, characterized in that, When the processor executes the computer program, it implements the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by the processor, it implements the beamforming modulation method for a bit-reconfigurable leaky antenna as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

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