A soybean high-yield cultivation method

Abstract

The application discloses a high-yield cultivation method of soybean. Under the premise of increasing the seedling density, the method realizes the robust but not excessive vegetative growth of the soybean, promotes the growth of the nodule, increases the nodule nitrogen fixation amount, and ensures the sufficient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil after the grain filling stage of the soybean, so as to provide the guarantee for the high light efficiency growth of the soybean after the grain filling stage. The cultivation method has strong operability, can effectively reduce the risk of high pod drop rate in the later growth period caused by the leaf growth and podding habit of the soybean, significantly improves the group ventilation and light transmission condition of the soybean after the grain filling stage, improves the light energy utilization rate, and further improves the yield and quality of the soybean. The application has important application value.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of soybean planting technology, specifically relating to a high-yield soybean cultivation method. Background Technology

[0002] Soybeans are a high-quality crop suitable for both grain, oil, and feed. Continuously improving soybean production technology is of great significance for ensuring the supply of soybeans in the Chinese market, and constantly seeking the best high-yield cultivation methods is an important way to achieve this goal.

[0003] In pursuit of higher soybean yields, planting density in soybean production is constantly increasing. Studies have shown that narrow-row dense planting of soybeans can achieve higher yields. Against this backdrop, the wide-ridge dense planting technique has gradually gained attention, such as the "wide-ridge dense" cultivation model, four rows on a wide ridge (130 cm) with equal row spacing, or wide-narrow row patterns. However, these cultivation models all suffer from excessively narrow row spacing, which is detrimental to ventilation and light penetration. Some studies have improved field ventilation and light penetration, enhancing photosynthesis and promoting robust plant growth, but these improvements are still not ideal. Furthermore, the fertilization schemes in existing wide-ridge high-yield cultivation models are not yet perfect, failing to fully consider the impact of nitrogen fertilizer application at different growth stages on root nodule nitrogen fixation, and the effect of root nodule nitrogen fixation on soil acidity. Soybean root nodules continuously release H₂ into the soil during nitrogen fixation. + Soybeans are prone to soil acidification. High levels of available nitrogen in the soil during the early stages of nodule development inhibit the number of nodules and nitrogen fixation. Sufficient nitrogen supply after pod formation, however, has a positive impact on prolonging the nodule nitrogen fixation period and delaying root senescence. Because soybean seeds are high in protein and fat, sufficient nitrogen needs to be transported to the pods during seed formation to meet the needs of protein and fat synthesis. Therefore, adequate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium supply after pod filling can significantly prolong the nodule nitrogen fixation period, improve root vigor, enhance leaf photosynthetic capacity, and rapidly transport photosynthetic products to the seeds. Therefore, based on the growth and development characteristics of soybeans, providing a set of optimized wide-narrow row configurations with fertilization and density, along with soil acidification and optimal nutrient management, is crucial for addressing existing problems in high-yield soybean cultivation. This is extremely important for improving soybean yield and quality and achieving sustainable development in soybean planting. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to improve soybean yield.

[0005] This invention first protects a high-yield soybean cultivation method. In this method, the tillage method used in soybean cultivation can be ridge cultivation;

[0006] The specific parameters of the ridge planting method are as follows: a wide ridge with a ridge width of 110±5 cm (such as 105 cm, 108 cm, 110 cm, 112 cm or 115 cm) or 130±5 cm (125 cm, 128 cm, 130 cm, 132 cm or 135 cm) is used, and two rows are planted on the ridge. When the ridge width is 110±5 cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge can be 35±3 cm (such as 32 cm, 35 cm or 38 cm), and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer sides of two adjacent ridges can be 75±3 cm. When the ridge width is 130±5 cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge can be 55±3 cm, and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer sides of two adjacent ridges can be 75±3 cm.

[0007] In the above method, the soybean variety can be a determinate soybean variety or a sub-determinate soybean variety.

[0008] The limited soybean varieties mentioned include, but are not limited to, soybean variety Dongnong 36, soybean variety Dongnong 64 and soybean variety Dongnong 57.

[0009] The sub-limited type soybean varieties include, but are not limited to, soybean variety Kennong 34, soybean variety Heihe 23, soybean variety Suinong 71, soybean variety Heinong 64 and soybean variety Heihe 43.

[0010] In the above method, the seedling density of soybeans can be 350,000 plants / hectare to 380,000 plants / hectare (e.g., 350,000 plants / hectare to 360,000 plants / hectare, 360,000 plants / hectare to 370,000 plants / hectare, 370,000 plants / hectare to 380,000 plants / hectare, 350,000 plants / hectare, 360,000 plants / hectare, 370,000 plants / hectare or 380,000 plants / hectare).

[0011] In the above method, fertilization in soybean cultivation may include seed fertilization and topdressing fertilization.

[0012] The aforementioned fertilization can employ mechanical side-deep fertilization technology.

[0013] Preferably, the fertilizer can be applied 6-8 cm (e.g., 6-7 cm, 7-8 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm or 8 cm) on the side of the seed between narrow rows, and 10-15 cm (e.g., 10-12 cm, 12-15 cm, 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm, 14 cm or 15 cm) deep.

[0014] Preferably, the fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing.

[0015] Preferably, the nitrogen content of the applied seed fertilizer accounts for 25-35% of the total nitrogen content (e.g., 25-30%, 30-35%, 25%, 30%, or 35%). The phosphorus content of the applied seed fertilizer accounts for 65-75% of the total phosphorus content (e.g., 65-70%, 70-75%, 65%, 70%, or 75%). The potassium content of the applied seed fertilizer accounts for 55-65% of the total potassium content (e.g., 55-60%, 60-65%, 55%, 60%, or 65%).

[0016] The N-P2O5-K2O ratio of any of the above-mentioned fertilizers can be 6-(12-16)-(13-18) (such as 6-(12-14)-(13-14.4), 6-(14-16)-(14.4-18), 6-12-13, 6-14-14.4 or 6-16-18).

[0017] The aforementioned fertilizer can be a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, and calcium magnesium phosphate. The calcium magnesium phosphate can adjust the soil pH. Specifically, when the soil pH is 5.5-6.0 (e.g., 5.5-5.8, 5.8-6.0, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or 6.0), the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate can be 45-55 kg / ha (e.g., 45-50 kg / ha, 50-55 kg / ha, 45 kg / ha, 50 kg / ha, or 55 kg / ha). When the soil pH is below 5.5, the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate is 90-110 kg / ha (e.g., 90-100 kg / ha, 100-110 kg / ha, 90 kg / ha, 100 kg / ha, or 110 kg / ha).

[0018] The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer mentioned above is a weakly alkaline fertilizer containing calcium, magnesium, and silicon. Applying calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer as seed fertilizer can not only regulate the acidity of the rhizosphere, create a good soil environment for soybean growth, ensure root development, and significantly increase the number of root nodules and nitrogen fixation, but also play an important role in improving root nodule nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic capacity when calcium and magnesium are applied at the same time.

[0019] The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer mentioned above can specifically be "Fuguixiang" free-range fertilizer produced by Hubei Fuguixiang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., with fertilizer registration certificate number Nongfei (2021) Zhunzi 17922.

[0020] In any of the methods described above, the timing of topdressing can be during the full bloom stage or the initial pod stage of soybeans.

[0021] Preferably, the topdressing can be applied in the center of the wide-row furrow.

[0022] Preferably, the depth of the topdressing application can be 15-20 cm (e.g., 15-18 cm, 18-20 cm, 15 cm, 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, 19 cm or 20 cm).

[0023] Preferably, the topdressing can be carried out simultaneously with the tilling and hoeing operations.

[0024] Preferably, the nitrogen in the topdressing fertilizer accounts for 65-75% of the total nitrogen (e.g., 65-70%, 70-75%, 65%, 70%, or 75%). The phosphorus in the topdressing fertilizer accounts for 25-35% of the total phosphorus (e.g., 25-30%, 30-35%, 25%, 30%, or 35%). The potassium in the topdressing fertilizer accounts for 35-45% of the total potassium (e.g., 35-40%, 40-45%, 35%, 40%, or 45%).

[0025] Preferably, the nitrogen applied as topdressing may contain 50%-70% (e.g., 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-65%, 65%-70%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% or 70%) of the total nitrogen content of the topdressing.

[0026] The N-P2O5-K2O ratio of any of the above-mentioned topdressing fertilizers can be 17.5-(5-10)-(9-17) (such as 17.5-(5-7.5)-(9-12), 17.5-(7.5-10)-(12-17), 17.5-5-9, 17.5-10-17 or 17.5-7.5-12).

[0027] 40-70% (e.g., 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 65% or 70%) of the total nitrogen content of any of the above-mentioned topdressings is slow-release nitrogen.

[0028] The top dressing described above can be composed of a mixture of urea, slow-release urea, diammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride. The slow-release urea provides 65% of the total nitrogen in the top dressing.

[0029] The application rate of any of the above-mentioned fertilizers is 250 kg / ha, and the input rates of N, P2O5 and K2O nutrients are 15, 35 and 36 kg / ha, respectively.

[0030] The application rate of any of the above-mentioned topdressing fertilizers is 200 kg / ha, with N, P2O5, and K2O nutrient inputs of 35, 15, and 24 kg / ha, respectively. Among them, the input of slow-release nitrogen is 22.75 kg / ha, accounting for 65% of the topdressing nitrogen and 45.5% of the total nitrogen.

[0031] The top dressing mentioned above can specifically be compound fertilizer.

[0032] The percentage mentioned above can specifically refer to a mass percentage.

[0033] In soybean varieties, "determinate" and "semi-determinate" are terms describing the plant's growth habits, primarily differing in whether an inflorescence forms at the tip of the main stem. Determinate soybean varieties form an inflorescence at a certain node on the main stem, then stop growing, resulting in a relatively fixed plant height and fewer branches. Semi-determinate soybean varieties continue to grow for a distance after flowering before forming an inflorescence; the plant height is slightly higher than determinate varieties, with more branches, and pods are more concentrated in the upper and middle parts of the plant.

[0034] The inventors of this application believe that, compared to rice and corn, soybean leaves are relatively flat, and pods grow in the leaf axils of each petiole node. Therefore, even with wide-row planting, the row spacing is still relatively small, resulting in insufficient light exposure for the lower leaves in the field, which hinders further improvement in soybean yield and quality. Therefore, optimizing the wide-narrow row configuration, increasing the row spacing, fully utilizing the marginal effect, and establishing a well-ventilated and light-permeable plant population structure are necessary to reduce flower and pod drop. The cultivation method provided by this invention is a high-yield planting scheme that combines optimized wide-narrow row planting on soybean ridges with soil pH adjustment and optimal nutrient management. While increasing seedling density, it improves ventilation and light penetration for the middle and lower leaves after the soybean canopy closes through the marginal effect of wide rows, significantly improving the photosynthetic productivity of the plant population, reducing pod drop rate, and thus increasing soybean yield. This invention addresses the specific nitrogen nutrition requirements of soybean root nodule nitrogen fixation, providing necessary nitrogen nutrition during the soybean seedling stage without allowing excessive available nitrogen in the soil to inhibit the root nodule's own nitrogen fixation ability. To address the declining nitrogen fixation capacity of soybean root nodules during the grain-filling stage, coupled with the high nitrogen demand during rapid grain development, a nitrogen fertilizer application strategy of a 3:7 ratio of initial nitrogen to topdressing is proposed. This approach satisfies the nitrogen needs of soybean seedlings without inhibiting root nodule nitrogen fixation. During the full bloom or early pod-forming stage, topdressing with nitrogen fertilizer, primarily slow-release nitrogen, is applied in wide-row furrows (approximately 37 cm from the seedbed) to provide sufficient nitrogen supply to the soybean root system during the grain-filling stage. Simultaneously, the enhanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients during the soybean grain formation stage effectively increases the photosynthetic productivity of the soybean population, ensuring improved soybean yield and quality.

[0035] This invention is applicable to the field of soybean cultivation technology. It optimizes the wide-narrow row configuration through large ridges, supplemented by optimal fertilization techniques centered on soil acidification and delayed application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, while increasing seedling density. By initiating nitrogen supplementation, it promotes robust but not excessive vegetative growth in soybeans, encourages root nodule growth, increases nitrogen fixation in root nodules, and ensures a sufficient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil after the soybean grain-filling stage, thus guaranteeing high light-efficiency growth. This cultivation model is highly operable, effectively reducing the risk of high pod drop rates in the later stages of growth due to soybean leaf growth and pod-setting habits. It significantly improves ventilation and light penetration within the soybean canopy after the grain-filling stage, increases light energy utilization, and consequently improves soybean yield and quality. Attached Figure Description

[0036] Figure 1 The diagram shows the location of the soybean seedling strip for 110 cm and 130 cm ridge widths; the upper diagram shows the 110 cm ridge and the lower diagram shows the 130 cm ridge. Detailed Implementation

[0037] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments. The given embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and not intended to limit its scope. The embodiments provided below can serve as a guide for further improvements by those skilled in the art and do not constitute a limitation on the invention in any way.

[0038] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are conventional methods, performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Unless otherwise specified, the materials and reagents used in the following examples are commercially available.

[0039] In the quantitative experiments in the following examples, three replicate experiments were set up, and the average value of the results was taken.

[0040] Example 1: Soybean planting experiment at Youyi Farm, Heilongjiang Province Experiment time: 2025 Experiment location: Friendship Farm, Heilongjiang Province The specific experimental steps are as follows: 1. Site selection Choose a flat plot of land with moderate to high fertility, good water and fertilizer retention capacity, and good drainage. In autumn, create wide ridges of 110 cm or 130 cm, avoiding continuous cropping or planting the same crop in the same location immediately after the same location. The soil pH should be 5.13.

[0041] 2. Sowing (1) Sowing time Sowing should be carried out when the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm stabilizes at 7-8℃ (around late April).

[0042] (2) Sowing method Use a precision seeder for ridge sowing, ensuring a sowing depth of 4 cm. Sow seeds evenly, avoiding gaps or missed spots.

[0043] (3) Setting the row spacing on the ridge Wide ridges with a ridge width of 110 cm or 130 cm are used for planting, with two rows planted on each ridge. The target number of seedlings per hectare is 370,000.

[0044] When the ridge width is 110cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge is 35cm, and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer side of two adjacent ridges can be 75cm. When the ridge width is 130cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge is 55cm, and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer sides of two adjacent ridges can be 75cm.

[0045] See the diagram showing the location of the soybean seedling strips for 110 cm and 130 cm ridge widths. Figure 1 .

[0046] (4) Sowing soybean varieties The commercially available soybean variety Kennong 34 was planted. This soybean variety belongs to the sub-determinate type of soybean.

[0047] (5) Sowing area 24 hectares 3. Fertilization plan (1) The fertilization plan for the 12 hectares of the experimental group is as follows: ① The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in seed fertilizer and top dressing Under the condition of a fixed total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (total nitrogen (N) 50 kg / ha, total phosphorus (P2O5) 50 kg / ha, and total potassium (K2O) 60 kg / ha), the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in soybean seed fertilizer and top dressing is as follows: The application of seed fertilizer should include nitrogen accounting for 30% of the total nitrogen (N), phosphorus accounting for 70% of the total phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium accounting for 60% of the total potassium (K2O); Topdressing should account for 70% of the total nitrogen (N) (including 50%-70% of the total nitrogen in topdressing as slow-release nitrogen), 30% of the total phosphorus (P2O5), and 40% of the total potassium (K2O).

[0048] The application rate of fertilizer is 250 kg / ha, and the input rates of N, P2O5 and K2O nutrients are 15, 35 and 36 kg / ha, respectively.

[0049] The topdressing application rate is 200 kg / ha, with N, P2O5 and K2O nutrient inputs of 35, 15 and 24 kg / ha respectively. Among them, the slow-release nitrogen input is 22.75 kg / ha, accounting for 65% of the topdressing nitrogen and 45.5% of the total nitrogen.

[0050] ② Fertilization location and method Fertilizer is applied using mechanical side-deep fertilization technology.

[0051] The fertilizer should be applied 6-8 cm to the side of the seed within the narrow row, at a depth of 10-15 cm.

[0052] Topdressing should be applied in the center of the wide furrow, and carried out simultaneously with tillage operations, at a depth of 15-20 cm.

[0053] ③The specific fertilization plan is as follows: The seed fertilizer is a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, and calcium magnesium phosphate. Based on the soil pH of 5.13 and the standard for determining the amount of calcium magnesium phosphate added (50 kg / ha for soil pH 5.5-6.0; 100 kg / ha for soil pH below 5.5), the amount of calcium magnesium phosphate added is 100 kg / ha. The N-P₂O₅-K₂O ratio in the mixed soybean seed fertilizer is 6-14-14.4, and the application rate is 250 kg / ha, applied at sowing.

[0054] The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer mentioned is the "Fuguixiang" free-range fertilizer produced by Hubei Fuguixiang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., with fertilizer registration certificate number Nongfei (2021) Zhunzi 17922. This calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer has the following properties: Ca+Mg≥25%, MgO≥6%, P2O5≥6%, SiO2≥30%, and CaO≥30%.

[0055] The topdressing fertilizer is a mixture of urea, slow-release urea, diammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride, with slow-release urea providing 65% of the total nitrogen content. The N-P2O5-K2O ratio in the mixed soybean topdressing fertilizer is 17.5-7.5-12, with an application rate of 200 kg / ha, applied during the full bloom or early pod stage in conjunction with inter-row cultivation.

[0056] (2) The fertilization plan for the control group of 12 hectares is as follows: ① The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium application ratios and specific fertilization plans for seed fertilizer and topdressing The control group received a single application of fertilizer without additional fertilization. The fertilizer used was a compound fertilizer with an N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 18-18-18.

[0057] The application rate is 250 kg / ha, applied at sowing; the input rates of N, P2O5 and K2O nutrients are all 45 kg / ha.

[0058] ② Fertilization location and method Fertilizer is applied using mechanical side-deep fertilization technology.

[0059] The fertilizer should be applied 6-8 cm to the side of the seed within the narrow row and 10-15 cm below the seed.

[0060] 4. Experimental Results Due to the prolonged and severe drought during the growing season, soybean yields across the entire growing region were lower than under normal conditions; however... In the experimental group, the soybean yield was 175.3 kg per mu.

[0061] In the control group, the soybean yield was 164.0 kg per mu.

[0062] This shows that, compared with the control group, the soybean yield in the experimental group was significantly higher, with an increase of 6.89%. This significant increase in soybean yield was mainly due to three factors: I. Cultivation Model—Optimization of Wide and Narrow Rows By improving the parameters of the ridge cultivation method and increasing the row spacing, the ventilation and light conditions in the soybean field are improved, thereby enhancing the photosynthesis of soybeans, reducing flower and pod drop, and promoting robust plant growth. II. Adjusting soil pH Using calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to regulate rhizosphere acidity creates a favorable soil environment for soybean growth, ensures root development, and significantly increases the number of root nodules and nitrogen fixation.

[0063] III. Topdressing Method To address the declining nitrogen fixation capacity of soybean root nodules during the grain-filling stage, coupled with the high nitrogen demand during rapid grain development, a nitrogen fertilizer application strategy of a 3:7 ratio of initial nitrogen to topdressing is proposed. This approach satisfies the nitrogen needs of soybean seedlings without inhibiting root nodule nitrogen fixation. During the full bloom or early pod formation stage, topdressing with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is applied in wide-row furrows to provide sufficient nitrogen supply to the soybean root system during the grain-filling stage. Simultaneously, the enhanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients during grain formation effectively increases the photosynthetic productivity of the soybean population, ensuring improved yield and quality. Theoretically, topdressing during the grain-filling stage yields the best results, but agricultural machinery cannot operate during this period. The topdressing proposed in this application, applied during the full bloom or early pod formation stage, can also be combined with inter-row cultivation.

[0064] The present invention has been described in detail above. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in a wide range of ways with equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from its spirit and scope, and without requiring unnecessary experiments. While specific embodiments have been provided, it should be understood that further modifications can be made to the invention. In summary, according to the principles of the invention, this application is intended to include any changes, uses, or improvements to the invention, including changes made using conventional techniques known in the art that depart from the scope disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A high-yield soybean cultivation method, characterized in that: The tillage method used in soybean cultivation is ridge cultivation; The parameters for the ridge planting method are as follows: use wide ridges with a ridge width of 110±5 cm or 130±5 cm, and plant two rows on the ridge; When the ridge width is 110±5 cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge is 35±3 cm, and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer sides of two adjacent ridges is 75±3 cm. When the ridge width is 130±5 cm, the distance between the two seedling strips on the ridge is 55±3 cm, and the distance between the two seedling strips on the outer sides of two adjacent ridges is 75±3 cm.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soybean varieties mentioned are either determinate or subdeterminate soybean varieties.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The recommended soybean seedling density is 350,000 to 380,000 plants per hectare.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: Fertilization in soybean cultivation includes seed fertilization and topdressing; The nitrogen content of the fertilizer applied is 25-35% of the total nitrogen, phosphorus content is 65-75% of the total phosphorus, and potassium content is 55-65% of the total potassium. The topdressing application consists of nitrogen accounting for 65-75% of the total nitrogen, phosphorus accounting for 25-35% of the total phosphorus, and potassium accounting for 35-45% of the total potassium.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The nitrogen applied as topdressing includes 50%-70% slow-release nitrogen of the total nitrogen content of the topdressing.

6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing. The topdressing and fertilization are carried out simultaneously with the tilling and hoeing operations.

7. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The N-P2O5-K2O ratio of the seed fertilizer is 6-(12-16)-(13-18). The N-P2O5-K2O ratio of the topdressing fertilizer is 17.5-(5-10)-(9-17).

8. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The timing for topdressing is during the peak flowering or early pod-forming stage of soybeans.

9. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The seed fertilizer is a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium chloride and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is a weakly alkaline fertilizer containing calcium, magnesium and silicon, used to adjust soil pH and promote soybean root development. The top dressing is composed of urea, slow-release urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that: When the soil pH is 5.5-6.0, the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 45-55 kg / ha; When the soil pH is below 5.5, the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 90-110 kg / ha.

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