Kidney unit function demonstration model

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of teaching models, and discloses a renal unit function demonstration model, which comprises a glomerulus model, a renal capsule model and a renal tubule model, the lower end of the glomerulus model is connected with the renal capsule model, and the lower end of the renal capsule model is connected with the renal tubule model; according to the utility model, the structure and the function of the kidney unit are visually displayed through the three-dimensional model, the teaching effect is improved, and the defects that the graphic planarity in a teaching material is relatively abstract, only can be displayed statically, is lack of stereoscopicity and intuitiveness, and cannot dynamically simulate the formation process of urine are overcome; by simulating the movement tracks of blood cells, glucose and urea in the urine forming process, the filter of glomerulus and the reabsorption effect of renal tubules in the urine forming process are visually reflected, and the teaching difficulty is broken through.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model belongs to the technical field of teaching models, in particular to a renal unit function demonstration model. Background Art

[0002] The nephron is the basic unit of kidney structure and function, consisting of the glomerulus, the renal capsule, and the renal tubules. The kidneys are the organs that form urine. As blood flows through the glomeruli, a portion of the plasma's water, inorganic salts, glucose, and urea, in addition to blood cells and large protein molecules, are filtered through the glomeruli into the renal capsule to form primary urine. As primary urine flows through the renal tubules, all of the glucose, most of the water, and some of the inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubules. These reabsorbed substances enter the capillaries surrounding the renal tubules and are returned to the bloodstream.

[0003] The nephron model was developed primarily to meet teaching needs, particularly in biology instruction, to help students understand the structure and function of the nephron. Traditional teaching methods, such as multimedia courseware or inoperable models, are not ideal, making it difficult for students to fully grasp the nephron.

[0004] Existing technical solutions use static images and data tables to illustrate the structure and function of the nephron. Some solutions use homemade nephron models assembled using flexible pipes and other materials, combined with different colored water or acids, bases, and acid-base indicators for indication. Models made with these materials have varying standards and poor aesthetics, which do not meet the scientific and artistic requirements of modern STEAM teaching methods. They also have certain practical shortcomings. For example, using different colored water for demonstrations makes cleaning difficult after the demonstration and limits its short-term reuse. Using acidic and alkaline materials for demonstrations also reduces safety during the demonstration.

[0005] Therefore, the prior art mainly summarizes the following deficiencies:

[0006] (1) Traditional graphics are flat and abstract, and can only be displayed statically. They lack three-dimensionality and intuitiveness, and cannot dynamically simulate the formation process of urine.

[0007] (2) The formation process of liquid simulated urine only shows a change in color, but does not reflect the principle of urine formation;

[0008] (3) The liquid is difficult to recycle after use and cannot be reused;

[0009] (4) The color change process is reflected by acid-base reaction, which may cause chemical pollution and waste liquid treatment problems;

[0010] (5) It is not friendly to teachers who teach multiple classes, as material preparation and waste liquid collection take up too much time.

[0011] Based on this, a nephron function demonstration model was designed, which aims to simulate the filtration function of the glomerulus and the reabsorption function of the renal tubule, so that students can intuitively see the process of urine formation in class. Utility Model Content

[0012] In view of the above situation, in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the present invention provides a renal unit function demonstration model, which effectively solves the problems raised in the above background.

[0013] To achieve the above object, the utility model provides the following technical solution: a renal unit function demonstration model, comprising a glomerulus model, a renal capsule model and a renal tubule model, wherein the lower end of the glomerulus model is connected to the renal capsule model, and the lower end of the renal capsule model is connected to the renal tubule model;

[0014] The glomerular model includes a glomerular body, a first cleft formed inside the glomerular body by two inclined panels, an afferent arteriole duct provided on one side above the first cleft, an efferent arteriole duct provided below the first cleft, both the afferent arteriole duct and the efferent arteriole duct being connected to the glomerular body, and a glomerular body through hole provided below the first cleft and at the lower end of the glomerular body;

[0015] The renal capsule model includes a renal capsule body, a cannula connected to the lower end of the renal capsule body, and the lower end of the renal capsule body is connected to the cannula through a through hole of the renal capsule body;

[0016] The renal tubule model includes a renal tubule body, an S-shaped tube connected to the interior of the renal tubule body, an upper end of the S-shaped tube extending to the upper end of the renal tubule body, an S-shaped tube inlet, an S-shaped tube outlet on the lower side of the S-shaped tube, and a second crack at the lower end of the S-shaped tube;

[0017] Three extratubular capillaries are respectively arranged around the front and rear ends of the main body of the renal tubule. The upper ends of the six extratubular capillaries share a capillary entrance, and the lower ends of the six extratubular capillaries share a capillary exit. The capillary entrance is connected to the efferent arteriole, and the S-shaped tube exit is connected to the extratubular capillaries surrounding the outside.

[0018] Preferably, the glomerular body is a spherical structure with a diameter of 60 mm, the inner diameters of the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole are both 10 mm, the width of the first slit is 4.5 mm, and is used to screen glomeruli of different diameters, wherein 6 mm glomeruli represent blood cells, 3.5 mm glomeruli represent glucose molecules, and 2 mm glomeruli represent urea molecules, and the diameter of the through-hole of the glomerular body is 25 mm.

[0019] Preferably, the renal capsule body is a hemispherical structure with a diameter of 80 mm, and the diameter of the through hole of the renal capsule body is 10 mm.

[0020] Preferably, the renal tubular body is a cylindrical structure with an outer diameter of 38 mm, a length of 210 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm. The outer diameter of the S-shaped tube is 10 mm, the outer diameter of the capillary tube outside the renal tubule is 10 mm, and the width of the second slit is 2.5 mm.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0022] 1. The utility model intuitively displays the structure and function of the nephron through a three-dimensional model, thereby improving the teaching effect and changing the shortcomings of the flat and abstract graphics in the textbooks, which can only be displayed statically, lack three-dimensionality and intuitiveness, and cannot dynamically simulate the process of urine formation.

[0023] 2. This new model simulates the activity trajectories of blood cells, glucose, and urea during urine formation, visually demonstrating the glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption during urine formation, thus overcoming the difficulty of teaching.

[0024] 3. The new model has a reasonable design and is easy to operate. It is easy for students to understand and operate, and helps to deepen students' understanding of the structure and working principles of the kidney and increase their interest in learning. At the same time, the model is easy to disassemble and assemble, which improves the convenience of teachers using it in teaching multiple classes in a row. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The accompanying drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of the specification. Together with the embodiments of the present invention, they are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute a limitation to the present invention.

[0026] In the attached figure:

[0027] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the utility model;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the utility model from another perspective;

[0029] Figure 3 It is a front half sectional view of the present utility model;

[0030] Figure 4 It is a side half-section view of the utility model;

[0031] Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view of the glomerular model of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 6 This is a cross-sectional view of the renal capsule model of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view of the renal tubule model of the present invention;

[0034] In the figure: 1. Glomerulus model; 11. Glomerulus body; 12. Oblique panel; 13. First cleft; 14. Afferent arteriole duct; 15. Efferent arteriole duct; 16. Through hole of glomerular body; 2. Renal capsule model; 21. Renal capsule body; 22. Cannula; 23. Through hole of renal capsule body; 3. Renal tubule model; 31. Renal tubule body; 32. S-shaped tubule; 33. S-shaped tubule entrance; 34. S-shaped tubule exit; 35. Second cleft; 36. Extratubular capillary duct; 37. Capillary entrance; 38. Capillary exit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments; based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0036] Embodiment 1, by Figure 1-Figure 7 The utility model includes a glomerulus model 1, a renal capsule model 2 and a renal tubule model 3. The lower end of the glomerulus model 1 is connected to the renal capsule model 2, and the lower end of the renal capsule model 2 is connected to the renal tubule model 3.

[0037] The glomerular model 1 includes a glomerular body 11. A first cleft 13 is formed inside the glomerular body 11 through two inclined panels 12. An afferent arteriole duct 14 is provided above one side of the first cleft 13. An efferent arteriole duct 15 is provided below the first cleft 13. Both the afferent arteriole duct 14 and the efferent arteriole duct 15 are connected to the glomerular body 11. A glomerular body through hole 16 is provided below the first cleft 13 and at the lower end of the glomerular body 11.

[0038] The renal capsule model 2 includes a renal capsule body 21, a sleeve 22 is connected to the lower end of the renal capsule body 21, and the lower end of the renal capsule body 21 is connected to the sleeve 22 through a renal capsule body through-hole 23;

[0039] The renal tubule model 3 includes a renal tubule body 31, an S-shaped tube 32 connected to the interior of the renal tubule body 31, an S-shaped tube inlet 33 extending from the upper end of the renal tubule body 31, an S-shaped tube outlet 34 at the lower side of the S-shaped tube 32, and a second slit 35 at the lower end of the S-shaped tube 32.

[0040] Three extra-tubular capillary tubes 36 are respectively arranged around the front and rear ends of the outside of the renal tubular main body 31. The upper ends of the six extra-tubular capillary tubes 36 share a capillary entrance 37, and the lower ends of the six extra-tubular capillary tubes 36 share a capillary exit 38. The capillary entrance 37 is connected to the efferent arteriole tube 15, and the S-shaped tube exit 34 is connected to the extra-tubular capillary tubes 36 surrounding the outside.

[0041] The glomerular body 11 is a spherical structure with a diameter of 60 mm. The inner diameters of the afferent arteriole duct 14 and the efferent arteriole duct 15 are both 10 mm. The width of the first slit 13 is 4.5 mm, which is used to screen glomeruli of different diameters. Among them, 6 mm glomeruli represent blood cells, 3.5 mm glomeruli represent glucose molecules, and 2 mm glomeruli represent urea molecules. The diameter of the glomerular body through hole 16 is 25 mm, which is used to collect fallen glomeruli.

[0042] The renal capsule body 21 is a hemispherical structure with a diameter of 80 mm. The diameter of the renal capsule body through hole 23 is 10 mm, and is used to communicate with the S-shaped tube inlet 33.

[0043] The renal tubular body 31 is a cylindrical structure with an outer diameter of 38 mm, a length of 210 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm. The outer diameter of the S-shaped tube 32 is 10 mm, the outer diameter of the renal tubular capillary tube 36 is 10 mm, and the width of the second slit 35 is 2.5 mm, which can screen 3.5 mm and 2 mm globules.

[0044] Working principle:

[0045] 1) Principle of Glomerular Model 1

[0046] Simulated blood (containing 6 mm diameter spheres simulating blood cells, 3.5 mm diameter spheres simulating glucose molecules, and 2 mm diameter spheres simulating urea molecules) enters the glomerular body 11 from the afferent arteriole duct 14;

[0047] Inside the glomerular body 11, a first slit 13 formed by two inclined panels 12 acts as a filter. Since the first slit 13 is 4.5 mm wide, it only allows glomeruli with a diameter less than or equal to 4.5 mm (i.e., 3.5 mm glomeruli simulating glucose molecules and 2 mm glomeruli simulating urea molecules) to pass through, while glomeruli with a diameter greater than 4.5 mm (i.e., 6 mm glomeruli simulating blood cells) are blocked within the glomerular body 11.

[0048] The glomeruli that pass through the first slit 13 (3.5 mm glomeruli simulating glucose molecules and 2 mm glomeruli simulating urea molecules) fall into the glomerular body through-hole 16 below, while the unfiltered glomeruli (6 mm glomeruli simulating blood cells) continue to flow out of the glomerular model 1 along the efferent arteriole duct 15 and enter the extratubular capillary duct 36 before flowing out;

[0049] 2) Working principle of renal capsule model 2

[0050] The 3.5 mm glomeruli simulating glucose molecules and the 2 mm glomeruli simulating urea molecules that fall from the glomerular body through-holes 16 on the glomerular body 11 enter the renal capsule body 21 and enter the S-shaped tube entrance 33 of the renal tubular model 3 through the renal capsule body through-holes 23. The 3.5 mm glomeruli simulating glucose molecules and the 2 mm glomeruli simulating urea molecules then enter the renal tubular model 3 for further sieving and reabsorption.

[0051] 3) Working principle of renal tubule model 3

[0052] 3.5 mm beads simulating glucose molecules and 2 mm beads simulating urea molecules flow downward in the S-shaped tube 32, simulating the urine transport process in the renal tubules;

[0053] At the lower end of the S-shaped tube 32, a second slit 35 with a width of 2.5 mm is provided. Since the diameter of the simulated urea molecule beads is 2 mm, they can flow out through the second slit 35, enter the renal tubular body 31, and then flow out from the lower end of the renal tubular body 31, simulating the formation process of urine.

[0054] Six extratubular capillary vessels 36 surround the renal tubular body 31. These vessels simulate the capillary network surrounding the renal tubules and are used to reabsorb useful substances filtered by the renal tubules. In this model, 3.5 mm glomeruli simulating glucose molecules are simulated as the objects of reabsorption. Because the S-shaped tube outlet 34 is connected to the surrounding extratubular capillary vessels 36, these glomeruli flow out of the S-shaped tube outlet 34 of the S-shaped tube 32, enter the extratubular capillary vessels 36, and finally flow out of the capillary outlet 38, simulating the reabsorption process of glucose molecules.

[0055] In summary, this nephron function demonstration model intuitively demonstrates the filtration and reabsorption principles of the nephron by simulating the structure and working process of the glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule. This model is not only educational, but also helps deepen students' understanding of the structure and working principles of the kidney.

Claims

1. A renal unit function demonstration model, comprising a glomerulus model (1), a renal capsule model (2) and a renal tubule model (3), characterized in that: The lower end of the glomerulus model (1) is connected to a renal capsule model (2), and the lower end of the renal capsule model (2) is connected to a renal tubule model (3); The glomerular model (1) includes a glomerular body (11), a first cleft (13) is formed inside the glomerular body (11) through two inclined panels (12), an afferent arteriolar duct (14) is provided on one side above the first cleft (13), an efferent arteriolar duct (15) is provided below the first cleft (13), the afferent arteriolar duct (14) and the efferent arteriolar duct (15) are both connected to the glomerular body (11), and a glomerular body through hole (16) is provided below the first cleft (13) and at the lower end of the glomerular body (11); The renal capsule model (2) includes a renal capsule body (21), the lower end of the renal capsule body (21) is connected to a sleeve (22), and the lower end of the renal capsule body (21) is connected to the sleeve (22) through a renal capsule body through-hole (23); The renal tubule model (3) includes a renal tubule body (31), an S-shaped tube (32) is connected to the interior of the renal tubule body (31), an upper end of the S-shaped tube (32) extends to the upper end of the renal tubule body (31) and is provided with an S-shaped tube inlet (33), an S-shaped tube outlet (34) is provided on the lower side of the S-shaped tube (32), and a second crack (35) is opened at the lower end of the S-shaped tube (32); Three extra-tubular capillary tubes (36) are respectively arranged around the front and rear ends of the renal tubular main body (31). The upper ends of the six extra-tubular capillary tubes (36) have a capillary entrance (37), and the lower ends of the six extra-tubular capillary tubes (36) have a capillary exit (38). The capillary entrance (37) is connected to the efferent arteriolar tube (15), and the S-shaped tube exit (34) is connected to the extra-tubular capillary tube (36) surrounding the outside.

2. The nephron function demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The glomerular body (11) is a spherical structure with a diameter of 60 mm. The inner diameters of the afferent arteriolar conduit (14) and the efferent arteriolar conduit (15) are both 10 mm. The width of the first slit (13) is 4.5 mm, which is used to screen glomeruli of different diameters. Among them, 6 mm glomeruli represent blood cells, 3.5 mm glomeruli represent glucose molecules, and 2 mm glomeruli represent urea molecules. The diameter of the glomerular body through hole (16) is 25 mm.

3. The nephron function demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The renal capsule body (21) is a hemispherical structure with a diameter of 80 mm, and the diameter of the renal capsule body through hole (23) is 10 mm.

4. The nephron function demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The renal tubular body (31) is a cylindrical structure with an outer diameter of 38 mm, a length of 210 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm. The outer diameter of the S-shaped tube (32) is 10 mm, the outer diameter of the renal tubular capillary tube (36) is 10 mm, and the width of the second cleft (35) is 2.5 mm.

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