Anti-explosion sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust pipeline
By introducing an explosion-proof structure and a gas-liquid separation device into the exhaust gas pipeline of the sintering furnace mechanical pump, the problem of explosions caused by high-pressure exhaust was solved, the smooth transmission of exhaust gas and the safety of the pipeline were achieved, and the stability and sealing of the overall structure were enhanced.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- AETNA NORTH TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-19
Smart Images

Figure CN224382163U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of sintering furnace exhaust gas treatment and pipeline safety technology, specifically, it relates to an explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline. Background Technology
[0002] During the actual operation of the sintering furnace, the mechanical pumps discharge a large amount of gas and oil fumes when drawing in atmospheric air. The oil fumes will recondense into oil after cooling in the exhaust pipes. Especially in the first two minutes when the sintering furnace is evacuated from atmospheric air to a vacuum, the exhaust volume is extremely large and the pressure is very high. In addition, the hydrogen crushing process before sintering NdFeB will leave a certain amount of hydrogen in the powder. During the sintering process, hydrogen will be released. If the pipeline is designed to be horizontal and the construction cannot achieve absolute horizontality, some hydrogen will remain in the pipeline.
[0003] In the past, sintering furnace exhaust gas pipelines were often connected using the nearest available connection and right-angle tees. When one mechanical pump started, the gas discharged from it would collide with the gas discharged from other branch mechanical pumps. When two or more mechanical pumps were running simultaneously, loud explosions were very likely to occur, and in severe cases, the explosion-proof diaphragm might even burst, or the mechanical pump oil tank might rupture, posing serious safety hazards to equipment and operators. In terms of closed-loop pressurized return water pipelines for cooling circulating water, right-angle tees would cause water flow to collide, slowing down the return water flow, obstructing the flow, increasing the return water pressure, and affecting the normal operation of the pipeline.
[0004] In view of this, this utility model is proposed. Utility Model Content
[0005] To solve the aforementioned technical problem of pipe popping, the basic concept of the technical solution adopted by this utility model is as follows:
[0006] An explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline, comprising:
[0007] The first transverse gas transmission pipe is cylindrical.
[0008] The explosion-proof structure includes a first explosion-proof part and a second explosion-proof part. The first explosion-proof part includes a first branch gas guide pipe disposed inside a first transverse gas transmission pipe. Two sets of holes are opened on the outer wall of the first transverse gas transmission pipe. One end of the first branch gas guide pipe is fixedly installed in one set of holes in the first transverse gas transmission pipe, and a second branch gas guide pipe is fixedly installed in the other set of holes. The first branch gas guide pipe and the second branch gas guide pipe are in a 45-degree "L" shape. The second explosion-proof part includes a first vertical gas transmission pipe disposed outside the first transverse gas transmission pipe. Two sets of holes are opened on the outer wall of the first vertical gas transmission pipe. A third branch gas guide pipe and a fourth branch gas guide pipe are fixedly installed in the holes respectively. The third branch gas guide pipe and the fourth branch gas guide pipe are in a 45-degree "L" shape.
[0009] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a second transverse gas pipe is provided outside the first transverse gas pipe. A set of holes are provided on the outer wall of the second transverse gas pipe, and a fifth branch gas pipe is fixedly installed in the holes. The fifth branch gas pipe is in the shape of a 45-degree "L".
[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an eccentric variable diameter guide pipe is provided on the outside of the first transverse gas transmission pipe, a first guide pipe is fixedly installed on one side of the outer wall of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe, and a second guide pipe is fixedly installed on the other end of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe.
[0011] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first return liquid bend is provided on the outside of the first transverse gas pipe, a second return liquid bend is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the first return liquid bend, a third feed pipe is fixedly installed at one end of the second return liquid bend, a connecting flange is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the third feed pipe, a threaded groove is provided inside the connecting flange, and a limit bolt is spirally installed inside the threaded groove.
[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first conveying pipe is fixedly installed at one end of the first return bend, a second conveying pipe is fixedly installed at the other end of the first return bend, a discharge hopper is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second conveying pipe, and a first drain pipe is fixedly installed at the bottom of the discharge hopper.
[0013] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first hexagonal sleeve is fixedly installed at one end of the first drain pipe, a second hexagonal sleeve is spirally installed inside the first hexagonal sleeve, a second drain pipe is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second hexagonal sleeve, a drain valve is provided on the outer wall of the second hexagonal sleeve, and a handle is rotatably installed on the outer wall of the drain valve.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment of this utility model, a connecting pipe is fixedly installed between the first horizontal gas supply pipe, the first vertical gas supply pipe, the second horizontal gas supply pipe, the first guide pipe, and the first material supply pipe.
[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
[0016] 1. To achieve the purpose of explosion protection for pipelines, to ensure directional flow, to reduce the impact of exhaust gas on the inner wall of the pipeline, to clear any abnormal airflow or pressure that may occur on the side of the pipeline, to prevent it from directly impacting the pipeline, to reduce the possibility of explosions, and to improve the safety of the equipment.
[0017] 2. To achieve the purpose of gas-liquid separation of waste gas, collect and discharge the liquid accumulated in the waste gas, ensure the smooth flow of waste gas in the pipeline, and improve the cleaning efficiency of the pipeline.
[0018] 3. To transport exhaust gas, improve the explosion-proof effect of the pipeline, ensure the sealing and stability of the connection, enable all components to work together to achieve the function of explosion-proof sound, enhance the integrity and rigidity of the entire exhaust gas pipeline structure, reduce the possibility of explosion caused by pipeline instability, and optimize the user experience of the device.
[0019] The specific embodiments of this utility model will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description
[0020] In the attached diagram:
[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the first transverse gas transmission pipe structure of this utility model;
[0022] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the first vertical gas transmission pipe structure of this utility model;
[0023] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the second transverse gas transmission pipe structure of this utility model;
[0024] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the eccentric variable diameter guide tube structure of this utility model;
[0025] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the first return fluid bend structure of this utility model;
[0026] Figure 6 This is a disassembled schematic diagram of the connecting flange and the limiting bolts of this utility model;
[0027] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the second hexagonal sleeve structure of this utility model.
[0028] In the diagram: 10. First transverse gas delivery pipe; 11. First branch gas guide pipe; 12. Second branch gas guide pipe; 13. First vertical gas delivery pipe; 14. Third branch gas guide pipe; 15. Fourth branch gas guide pipe; 16. Second transverse gas delivery pipe; 17. Fifth branch gas guide pipe; 18. First guide pipe; 19. Eccentric reducing diameter guide pipe; 20. Second guide pipe; 21. First return liquid bend pipe; 22. First feed pipe; 23. Second feed pipe; 24. Second return liquid bend pipe; 25. Third feed pipe; 26. Connecting flange; 27. Threaded groove; 28. Limit bolt; 29. Discharge hopper; 30. First drain pipe; 31. First hexagonal sleeve; 32. Second hexagonal sleeve; 33. Second drain pipe; 34. Drain valve; 35. Handle. Detailed Implementation
[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this utility model clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are used to illustrate this utility model.
[0030] Example 1: An explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline, specifically as follows... Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the device includes a first transverse gas pipe 10, which is cylindrical; and an explosion-proof structure, which includes a first explosion-proof part and a second explosion-proof part. The first explosion-proof part includes a first branch gas guide pipe 11 disposed inside the first transverse gas pipe 10. Two sets of holes are provided on the outer wall of the first transverse gas pipe 10. One end of the first branch gas guide pipe 11 is fixedly installed in one set of holes in the first transverse gas pipe 10, and a second branch gas guide pipe 12 is fixedly installed in the other set of holes. The first branch gas guide pipe 11 and the second branch gas guide pipe 12 are in a 45-degree "L" shape. The second explosion-proof part includes a first vertical gas pipe 13 disposed outside the first transverse gas pipe 10. Two sets of holes are provided on the outer wall of the first vertical gas pipe 13. A third branch gas guide pipe 14 and a fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 are fixedly installed in the holes respectively. The third branch gas guide pipe 14 and the fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 are in a 45-degree "L" shape. The first branch air guide pipe 11 and the second branch air guide pipe 12 are vertically fixed by the first horizontal air supply pipe 10, and the third branch air guide pipe 14 and the fourth branch air guide pipe 15 are horizontally fixed by the first vertical air supply pipe 13.
[0031] Specifically, such as Figure 3 As shown, a second transverse gas conveying pipe 16 is provided outside the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10. A set of holes is opened on the outer wall of the second transverse gas conveying pipe 16, and a fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 is fixedly installed in the holes. The fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 is in a 45-degree "L" shape. The second transverse gas conveying pipe 16 fixes the fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 laterally. The first branch gas guide pipe 11 and the second branch gas guide pipe 12 transport the exhaust gas vertically, and the third branch gas guide pipe 14, the fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 and the fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 transport the exhaust gas laterally.
[0032] Based on the above, the structure of the first transverse gas pipe 10, the first branch gas pipe 11, the second branch gas pipe 12, the first vertical gas pipe 13, the third branch gas pipe 14, the fourth branch gas pipe 15, the second transverse gas pipe 16, and the fifth branch gas pipe 17 achieves the purpose of explosion protection for the pipeline, enabling directional flow, reducing the impact force of exhaust gas on the inner wall of the pipeline, clearing any abnormal airflow or pressure that may occur on the side of the pipeline, preventing direct impact on the pipeline, reducing the possibility of explosions, and improving the safety of the device.
[0033] Example 2: Based on Example 1, specifically as follows... Figure 4 As shown, an eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19 is provided on the outside of the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10. A first guide pipe 18 is fixedly installed on one side of the outer wall of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19, and a second guide pipe 20 is fixedly installed on the other end of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19. The first guide pipe 18 and the second guide pipe 20 are connected through the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19, so that the exhaust gas is transported from the top of the first guide pipe 18, the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19 and the second guide pipe 20, and the liquid is transported from the bottom of the first guide pipe 18, the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19 and the second guide pipe 20, thus achieving a state of gas-liquid separation.
[0034] Specifically, such as Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, a first return liquid bend 21 is provided on the outside of the first transverse gas pipe 10. A second return liquid bend 24 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the first return liquid bend 21. A third feed pipe 25 is fixedly installed at one end of the second return liquid bend 24. A connecting flange 26 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the third feed pipe 25. A threaded groove 27 is opened inside the connecting flange 26. A limit bolt 28 is screwed into the threaded groove 27. The connecting flange 26 is tightly attached to the housing, and the limit bolt 28 is screwed into the threaded groove 27 to fix the third feed pipe 25 to the housing.
[0035] Specifically, such as Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, a first feed pipe 22 is fixedly installed at one end of the first return bend 21, and a second feed pipe 23 is fixedly installed at the other end of the first return bend 21. A discharge hopper 29 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second feed pipe 23, and a first drain pipe 30 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the discharge hopper 29. The mechanical energy of the liquid accumulated in the waste gas is transported through the first return bend 21, the first feed pipe 22, and the second feed pipe 23, and the return bend 24 and the third feed pipe 25 provide protection against liquid return.
[0036] Specifically, such as Figure 7 As shown, a first hexagonal sleeve 31 is fixedly installed at one end of the first drain pipe 30. A second hexagonal sleeve 32 is spirally installed inside the first hexagonal sleeve 31. A second drain pipe 33 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second hexagonal sleeve 32. A drain valve 34 is provided on the outer wall of the second hexagonal sleeve 32, and a handle 35 is rotatably installed on the outer wall of the drain valve 34. Rotating the handle 35 opens and closes the drain valve 34 on the second hexagonal sleeve 32, allowing the liquid from the mobile phone to be discharged through the discharge hopper 29, the first drain pipe 30, and the second drain pipe 33.
[0037] Based on the above, the structure consisting of the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10, the first guide pipe 18, the eccentric reducing diameter guide pipe 19, the second guide pipe 20, the first return liquid bend 21, the first conveying pipe 22, the second conveying pipe 23, the second return liquid bend 24, the third conveying pipe 25, the connecting flange 26, the threaded groove 27, the limiting bolt 28, the discharge hopper 29, the first drain pipe 30, the first hexagonal sleeve 31, the second hexagonal sleeve 32, the second drain pipe 33, the drain valve 34, and the handle 35 achieves the purpose of gas-liquid separation of waste gas, collects and discharges the liquid accumulated in the waste gas, ensures the smooth flow of waste gas in the pipeline, and improves the cleaning efficiency of the pipeline.
[0038] Example 3: Based on Examples 1 and 2, specifically as follows... Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, connecting pipes are fixedly installed between the first horizontal gas supply pipe 10, the first vertical gas supply pipe 13, the second horizontal gas supply pipe 16, the first guide pipe 18, and the first material supply pipe 22. The number of side pipes can be added as needed during installation. The connecting pipes are not shown in the figure; their function is to connect multiple sets of pipes.
[0039] In summary, the structure of the first horizontal gas conveying pipe 10, the first vertical gas conveying pipe 13, the second horizontal gas conveying pipe 16, the first guide pipe 18, and the first material conveying pipe 22 is used to transmit waste gas, improve the explosion-proof effect of the pipeline, ensure the sealing and stability of the connection, enable the components to work together to achieve the function of preventing explosions, enhance the integrity and rigidity of the entire waste gas pipeline structure, reduce the possibility of explosions caused by pipeline instability, and optimize the user experience of the device.
[0040] Working principle: The first transverse gas conveying pipe 10 is cylindrical and serves as the main channel for transporting exhaust gas. In the first explosion-proof section, the first branch gas guide pipe 11 is located inside the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10, and the outer wall of the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10 has two sets of holes. One end of the first branch gas guide pipe 11 is fixedly installed in one set of holes, and the second branch gas guide pipe 12 is fixedly installed in the other set of holes. The two are in a 45-degree "L" shape. The first horizontal gas supply pipe 10 vertically fixes the first branch gas guide pipe 11 and the second branch gas guide pipe 12. When the exhaust gas flows in the first horizontal gas supply pipe 10, the first branch gas guide pipe 11 and the second branch gas guide pipe 12 can make the exhaust gas flow in a direction, reducing the impact force of the exhaust gas on the inner wall of the pipe and reducing the risk of explosion caused by gas collision or impact on the pipe wall. In the second explosion-proof part, the first vertical gas supply pipe 13 is set outside the first horizontal gas supply pipe 10. Its outer wall has two sets of holes. A set of third branch gas guide pipe 14 and a set of fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 are fixedly installed in the holes, and the two are in a 45-degree "L" shape. The third branch gas guide pipe 14 and the fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 are horizontally fixed through the first vertical gas conveying pipe 13. The third branch gas guide pipe 14 and the fourth branch gas guide pipe 15 work together with the first branch gas guide pipe 11 and the second branch gas guide pipe 12 to transmit the exhaust gas in multiple directions, further disperse the pressure generated by the exhaust gas flow, and enhance the explosion-proof performance of the pipeline. A second horizontal gas conveying pipe 16 is set outside the first horizontal gas conveying pipe 10. A set of holes is opened on its outer wall. The fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 is fixedly installed in the holes, forming a 45-degree "L" shape. The fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 is laterally fixed through the second transverse gas conveying pipe 16. The fifth branch gas guide pipe 17 participates in the transverse transmission of exhaust gas, and together with the other branch gas guide pipes, optimizes the exhaust gas flow path and reduces the popping noise caused by abnormal exhaust gas flow. An eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19 is set on the outside of the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10. The first guide pipe 18 is fixedly installed on one side of its outer wall, and the second guide pipe 20 is fixedly installed on the other end. The exhaust gas is transmitted at the top of the first guide pipe 18, the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19, and the second guide pipe 20. Due to the density difference between exhaust gas and liquid, the liquid will accumulate at the bottom under the action of gravity.The first guide pipe 18 and the second guide pipe 20 are connected by an eccentric variable diameter guide pipe 19 to achieve gas-liquid separation, with waste gas being transported at the top and liquid being transported at the bottom. This avoids liquid accumulation in the pipes, which could affect waste gas transport and cause abnormal situations. A first return liquid bend 21 is installed on the outside of the first transverse gas conveying pipe 10, and a second return liquid bend 24 is fixedly installed on its outer wall. A third conveying pipe 25 is fixedly installed at one end of the second return liquid bend 24. A connecting flange 26 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the third conveying pipe 25. A threaded groove 27 is opened inside the connecting flange 26, and a limiting bolt 28 is screwed into the threaded groove 27. By tightly fitting the connecting flange 26 to the shell and screwing the limiting bolt 28 into the threaded groove 27, the third conveying pipe 25 can be fixed to the shell. The liquid accumulated in the waste gas is transported through the first return bend 21, the first conveying pipe 22, and the second conveying pipe 23. The second return bend 24 and the third conveying pipe 25 serve as return protection, ensuring smooth liquid return and preventing excessive liquid accumulation in the pipes from affecting normal operation. The first conveying pipe 22 is fixedly installed at one end of the first return bend 21, and the second conveying pipe 23 is fixedly installed at the other end. A discharge hopper 29 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second conveying pipe 23, and a first drain pipe 30 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the discharge hopper 29. A first hexagonal sleeve 31 is fixedly installed at one end of the first drain pipe 30, and a second hexagonal sleeve 32 is spirally installed inside it. A second drain pipe 33 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second hexagonal sleeve 32. A drain valve 34 is provided on the outer wall of the second hexagonal sleeve 32, and a handle 35 is rotatably installed on the outer wall of the drain valve 34. The rotating handle 35 allows for the opening and closing of the drain valve 34, discharging the collected liquid through the discharge hopper 29, the first drain pipe 30, and the second drain pipe 33. This ensures timely cleaning of the liquid within the pipeline and maintains its normal operating condition. Connecting pipes (not shown in the diagram) are fixedly installed between the first horizontal air conveying pipe 10, the first vertical air conveying pipe 13, the second horizontal air conveying pipe 16, the first guide pipe 18, and the first material conveying pipe 22. The connecting pipes connect multiple sets of pipes, forming a complete waste gas conveying and liquid treatment system. This ensures that waste gas flows along the designed path and liquid is discharged smoothly, while also enhancing the overall integrity and stability of the pipeline structure, reducing problems such as popping noises caused by poor pipe connections or structural instability. During installation, the number of side pipes can be added as needed to meet different usage requirements.
[0041] It is understood that this utility model has been described through some embodiments, and those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes or equivalent substitutions can be made to these features and embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of this utility model. Furthermore, under the teachings of this utility model, these features and embodiments can be modified to adapt to specific situations and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of this utility model. Therefore, this utility model is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims of this application are within the protection scope of this utility model.
Claims
1. A sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust duct that prevents a loud explosion, characterized by, include: The first transverse gas transmission pipe (10) is cylindrical; The explosion-proof structure includes a first explosion-proof part and a second explosion-proof part. The first explosion-proof part includes a first branch gas guide pipe (11) disposed inside the first transverse gas transmission pipe (10). Two sets of holes are provided on the outer wall of the first transverse gas transmission pipe (10). One end of the first branch gas guide pipe (11) is fixedly installed in one set of holes in the first transverse gas transmission pipe (10), and a second branch gas guide pipe (12) is fixedly installed in the other set of holes. The second branch gas pipe (12) is in a 45-degree "L" shape; the second explosion-proof part includes a first vertical gas pipe (13) set outside the first horizontal gas pipe (10). The outer wall of the first vertical gas pipe (13) is provided with two sets of holes. A set of third branch gas pipe (14) and a set of fourth branch gas pipe (15) are fixedly installed in the holes respectively. The third branch gas pipe (14) and the fourth branch gas pipe (15) are in a 45-degree "L" shape.
2. The pop-resistant sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust duct of claim 1, wherein, A second transverse gas pipe (16) is provided outside the first transverse gas pipe (10). A set of holes are provided on the outer wall of the second transverse gas pipe (16). A fifth branch gas pipe (17) is fixedly installed in the holes. The fifth branch gas pipe (17) is in a 45-degree "L" shape.
3. The explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline according to claim 1, characterized in that, An eccentric variable diameter guide pipe (19) is provided on the outside of the first transverse gas pipe (10). A first guide pipe (18) is fixedly installed on one side of the outer wall of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe (19), and a second guide pipe (20) is fixedly installed at the other end of the eccentric variable diameter guide pipe (19).
4. The explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first transverse gas pipe (10) is provided with a first return liquid bend (21) on its outside. A second return liquid bend (24) is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the first return liquid bend (21). A third feed pipe (25) is fixedly installed at one end of the second return liquid bend (24). A connecting flange (26) is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the third feed pipe (25). A threaded groove (27) is opened inside the connecting flange (26). A limit bolt (28) is spirally installed inside the threaded groove (27).
5. The explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline according to claim 4, characterized in that, A first feed pipe (22) is fixedly installed at one end of the first return pipe (21), a second feed pipe (23) is fixedly installed at the other end of the first return pipe (21), a discharge hopper (29) is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second feed pipe (23), and a first drain pipe (30) is fixedly installed at the bottom of the discharge hopper (29).
6. The explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline according to claim 5, characterized in that, A first hexagonal sleeve (31) is fixedly installed at one end of the first drain pipe (30). A second hexagonal sleeve (32) is spirally installed inside the first hexagonal sleeve (31). A second drain pipe (33) is fixedly installed at the bottom of the second hexagonal sleeve (32). A drain valve (34) is provided on the outer wall of the second hexagonal sleeve (32). A handle (35) is rotatably installed on the outer wall of the drain valve (34).
7. The explosion-proof sintering furnace mechanical pump exhaust gas pipeline according to claim 1, characterized in that, A connecting pipe is fixedly installed between the first horizontal gas supply pipe (10), the first vertical gas supply pipe (13), the second horizontal gas supply pipe (16), the first guide pipe (18), and the first material supply pipe (22).