A perforated riot suit
By adopting a hollow structure and reinforcing rib design in the riot gear, the problems of heavy weight and poor heat dissipation of the riot gear have been solved, achieving the effects of lightness and efficient heat dissipation, and enhancing protective performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- YF PROTECTOR CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-23
Smart Images

Figure CN224398476U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of police equipment technology, and in particular to a hollowed-out riot suit. Background Technology
[0002] Riot suits are personal protective equipment used by special police, armed police, and riot control forces during high-risk missions. Modern riot suits are primarily used to defend against physical attacks such as clubs, stones, and knives during large-scale riots and mass incidents. They also protect critical body parts during counter-terrorism operations, reducing injuries from bullet fragments, Molotov cocktails, and explosive shrapnel. Most modern riot suits are made of multi-layered composite structures using high-strength plastics and high-strength coatings, balancing protection with lightweight construction. They also offer advantages such as impact resistance, puncture resistance, waterproofing, corrosion resistance, and kinetic energy mitigation. However, existing riot suits have relatively simple surface cushioning structures, are heavy, have poor heat dissipation, and can restrict movement while wearing them, reducing mission efficiency.
[0003] For example, a "quick-wearing riot control suit" disclosed in Chinese patent literature, publication number CN220153389U, includes a neck armor, upper shoulder armor, lower shoulder armor, chest armor, upper arm armor, elbow armor, waist armor, groin armor, forearm armor, thigh armor, knee armor, calf armor, foot armor, back armor, hand armor, calf armor, and ankle armor. The tops of the chest armor and back armor are hinged together, and connecting straps are fixedly installed on the lower part of the left and right side walls of the back armor. Its shortcomings are that, due to the limitations of its internal multi-layered structure, the armor is relatively heavy, has poor heat dissipation, and relies solely on a buffer layer for cushioning, resulting in poor impact mitigation. Summary of the Invention
[0004] This invention aims to overcome the problems of existing armor being heavy, having poor heat dissipation, and requiring significant physical exertion to wear, thus affecting mission efficiency. It provides a hollowed-out riot control suit with a hollowed-out structure that effectively reduces the weight of the armor while minimizing the direct contact area between the human body and the armor, increasing internal airflow space, and improving heat dissipation efficiency.
[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution.
[0006] A perforated riot control suit includes a front panel located at the chest, a rear panel located at the back, and lower waist protection panels located on both sides of the front panel. The front panel has a concave structure with several inwardly protruding perforated structures, and the surface of the perforated structures has ventilation holes. Reinforcing ribs are provided on the back of the front panel. The perforated structures and ventilation holes are willow-leaf shaped. The perforated structures protrude from the inner surface of the front panel, forming reinforcing ribs. The protrusion height of the perforated structures from the inner surface of the front panel is 2-3 mm.
[0007] The key features of this invention are: the front shell is positioned at the chest of the upper garment and is manufactured using injection molding. The outermost layer of the front shell has a concave structure, effectively reducing the weight of the armor and making it more convenient to wear; the concave structure has several inwardly protruding hollow structures, further reducing the weight of the armor; at the same time, the hollow structures have holes connecting the inner and outer surfaces, greatly increasing the breathability and heat dissipation of the armor; the outer surface has large hole areas, effectively increasing the heat dissipation area; the inner protruding parts have reinforcing ribs with small hole areas and large contact areas with the body, effectively enhancing the cushioning capacity of the reinforcing ribs, and at the same time enhancing the overall ability of the armor to resist external impacts.
[0008] Preferably, it also includes an upper arm guard located at the upper arm position, which provides protection for the upper arm. The hollow structure forms reinforcing ribs on the protruding portions of the upper arm guard and the forearm guard.
[0009] As a preferred option, an elbow guard is also included to protect the elbow area.
[0010] Preferably, it also includes a shoulder protector shell located at the shoulder position to protect the human shoulder area. The perforated structure protrudes into the inner surface of the shoulder protector shell to form reinforcing ribs.
[0011] As a preferred option, a knee pad cover is also included, which provides protection for the knee.
[0012] Preferably, the system also includes a front baffle and a rear baffle, which are located below the front and rear shells. The surfaces of the front and rear baffles are provided with aluminum alloy plates, which are fixed to the outer surfaces of the front and rear baffles by adhesive.
[0013] The front and rear panels provide protection for the groin and buttocks areas, respectively.
[0014] As a preferred option, a lumbar support shell is also included, which is respectively disposed on both sides of the front baffle.
[0015] The waist area is further protected by a lumbar support shell.
[0016] Preferably, the reinforcing rib is located inside the armor and has a hole in the middle, which serves as a buffer while increasing heat dissipation.
[0017] Preferably, the reinforcing rib has a large contact area with the human body and is made of soft, high-strength rubber, which enhances impact resistance and improves wearing comfort.
[0018] The upper arm guard is located on the upper arm and has an arc-shaped cross-section that fits the upper arm. It has several inwardly protruding hollow structures on both sides, and the protruding parts inside are equipped with reinforcing ribs to increase the impact resistance of the protective gear.
[0019] Preferably, the shoulder pad has several inwardly protruding hollow structures, which are arranged symmetrically side by side, and the protruding parts inside are provided with reinforcing ribs to increase the impact resistance of the protective gear.
[0020] The calf protector is located on the lower leg and provides protection for it. The calf protector has an arc-shaped structure that fits the lower leg.
[0021] Preferably, the lower leg guard shell has several inwardly protruding hollow structures, which are arranged symmetrically side by side, and the protruding parts inside are provided with reinforcing ribs to increase the impact resistance of the protective gear.
[0022] The thigh protector is located on the thigh and provides protection for it. The thigh protector has an arc-shaped structure that fits the thigh.
[0023] Preferably, the thigh protector shell has several inwardly protruding perforated structures, which are symmetrically arranged side by side. The protruding portions are provided with reinforcing ribs to increase the impact resistance of the protective gear. The perforated structures form reinforcing ribs on the inner surfaces of the thigh and shin protector shells.
[0024] The forearm guard shell is located at the forearm position. Its cross-sectional shape is an arc that fits the forearm. It has several inwardly protruding hollow structures on both sides, and the protruding parts inside are equipped with reinforcing ribs to increase the impact resistance of the protective gear.
[0025] Preferably, the shoe also includes a foot protector shell on the instep and ankle protector shells on both sides of the shoe.
[0026] The instep and ankle protectors are primarily designed to protect the instep, sides, and ankles.
[0027] Preferably, the reinforcing ribs are made of highly elastic rubber at the points of contact with the body, which increases wearing comfort while ensuring cushioning.
[0028] Preferably, the hollow structure has external holes on its outer surface and internal holes on its inner surface. The hole structure is mainly used to conduct heat and improve the heat dissipation efficiency of the armor.
[0029] Therefore, this utility model has the following beneficial effects: (1) By adding a hollow structure to the surface of the riot suit, the weight of the riot suit is effectively reduced and its portability is increased; (2) By setting a hole structure, the heat transfer efficiency inside and outside the riot suit is improved and the heat dissipation performance is increased; (3) By setting a reinforcing rib structure inside the riot suit, the contact area between the body and the riot suit is reduced, the heat dissipation efficiency is improved, and the strength of the riot suit is improved, and the impact dispersion ability is stronger. Attached Figure Description
[0030] Figure 1 This is a structural schematic diagram of the front side of this utility model.
[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the outer surface of the front shell.
[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the inner surface of the front shell.
[0033] Figure 4 This is a structural diagram of a protective arm shell.
[0034] Figure 5 This is a structural diagram of a shoulder guard shell.
[0035] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the inner surface of the lower leg shell.
[0036] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of a structure with reinforcing ribs on the inner surface of the front hull.
[0037] In the diagram, 3 is the front shell, 4 is the rear shell, 14 is the upper arm protector shell, 2 is the forearm protector shell, 15 is the shoulder protector shell, 5 is the thigh protector shell, 10 is the calf protector shell, 90 is the concave structure, 92 is the hollow structure, 921 is the heat dissipation hole, 93 is the reinforcing rib, 60 is the instep protector shell, 70 is the ankle protector shell, 11 is the front baffle, 31 is the rear baffle, 12 is the elbow protector shell, 21 is the upper waist protector shell, 22 is the lower waist protector shell, and 23 is the knee protector shell. Detailed Implementation
[0038] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
[0039] like Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, a perforated riot control suit includes a jacket and trousers, and further includes a front shell 3 located at the chest of the jacket, a back shell 4 located at the back of the jacket, upper arm protectors 14 and forearm protectors 2 located at the arms of the jacket, shoulder protectors 15 located at the shoulders of the jacket, and thigh protectors 5 and calf protectors 10 located at the trousers. The front shell 3 has a concave structure 90, and the concave structure 90 has several inwardly protruding perforated structures 92. Heat dissipation holes 921 are provided inside and outside the perforated structures. Reinforcing ribs 93 are provided on the back of the front shell 3. The perforated structures 92 protrude from the inner surface of the front shell 3, and the protruding portions form the reinforcing ribs 93. The protrusion height of the perforated structures 92 from the inner surface of the front shell 3 is 2-3 mm.
[0040] In this embodiment, the riot suit mainly provides all-round protection to the body through modular protective components. The connection components of each part are described in detail below in conjunction with the connection method of each part.
[0041] With the front shell 3 as the core, it is connected to the left and right shoulder guards above the front shell 3 by a police high-strength connecting strap. The connecting straps on different components are connected by connecting buckle grooves.
[0042] The shoulder pad shell 15 has a spherical structure to adapt to the shape of the human shoulder. A connecting groove is provided at the connection position between the shoulder pad shell 15 and the upper arm guard shell 14, and it is connected to the upper arm guard shell 14 through a connecting component. The hollow structure protrudes into the inner surface of the shoulder pad shell 15 to form reinforcing ribs 93.
[0043] The upper arm cover has an arc-shaped cross-section, which allows it to fit better against the upper arm and increase stability when worn.
[0044] The lower end of the upper arm guard shell 14 is provided with a connecting hole, which is connected to the elbow guard shell 12 by connecting screws. The hollow structure protrudes into the inner surface of the upper arm guard shell 14 and the lower arm guard shell 2 to form reinforcing ribs 93.
[0045] The elbow pad shell 12 has a spherical groove at its lower end and a fixed sliding groove on the outside of the spherical groove. The forearm pad shell 2 has a spherical structure at its upper end that fits into the spherical groove at the lower end of the elbow pad shell 12. The elbow pad shell 12 is slidably connected to the forearm pad shell 2 through the fixed sliding groove on the outside, ensuring that the wearer can move his arms freely after wearing the riot gear, while also increasing the protection effect on the arms.
[0046] The front baffle 11 is trapezoidal, which increases the protection range while reducing weight; the surface of the front baffle 11 has several protrusions to increase its strength; the outermost layer of the front baffle 11 is made of aluminum alloy and is connected to the inner plastic sheet by adhesive; the upper end of the front baffle 11 has a connecting groove, through which a high-strength police connecting strap passes to connect with the upper front shell 3. The surfaces of the front baffle 11 and the rear baffle 31 are covered with aluminum alloy plates, which are fixed to the outer surfaces of the front baffle 11 and the rear baffle (31) by adhesive.
[0047] The lumbar support upper shell 21 is located on both sides of the front shell, and its inner surface is attached with Velcro. The Velcro can be tightly attached to the Velcro inside the waist of the riot suit to achieve protection for the waist and ribs.
[0048] The lower lumbar support shell 22 is located on both sides of the front baffle. The upper end of the lower lumbar support shell 22 is provided with a connecting groove. The police high-strength connecting strap passes through the connecting groove and connects to the upper lumbar support shell 21 located above, thereby achieving protection for the waist and hip area of the human body.
[0049] The thigh protector shell 5 is located below the lower back protector shell 22. Its upper part is semi-circular to conform to the shape of the human thigh root. Its inner surface is equipped with Velcro, which can fit tightly with the Velcro inside the riot suit on the thigh area to achieve protection of the human thigh area, while also being flexible and lightweight.
[0050] The knee pad shell 23 is located below the thigh pad shell 5 at the knee area. The knee pad shell 23 has an added thickened reinforcement layer in the middle to enhance the protection of the knee area. The lower part of the knee pad shell 23 has a sliding connection groove, which connects to the calf pad shell 10 through a sliding connection component, so as to accommodate users of different heights.
[0051] The shin guard shell 10 is located on the lower leg below the knee guard shell 23. A reinforcing layer is added at the connection between the shin guard shell 10 and the knee guard shell 23 to further enhance the protective capability of the shin guard shell 10. A raised buffer layer is added to the middle of the shin guard shell 10 to further enhance the protection of the tibia. The hollow structure protrudes onto the inner surfaces of the thigh guard shell 5 and the shin guard shell 10 to form reinforcing ribs 93.
[0052] The instep protection shell 60 and the ankle protection shell 70 are respectively installed on the surface of the shoe and the sides of the shoe. The inner surface of the shell is covered with Velcro, which can be tightly attached to the Velcro inside the shoe to achieve protection for the instep and ankle.
[0053] The present invention will be further explained below in conjunction with the wearing and use of protective clothing.
[0054] When wearing this product, first connect the front shell 3 to the left and right shoulder shells using the connecting straps, and simultaneously connect the rear shell 4 to the left and right shoulder shells. Then, pass the connected parts through the neck and put it on. Next, connect the upper arm shell 14 through the connecting groove on the shoulder area to complete the wearing of the upper arm shell 14. Then, connect the elbow shell 12 through the sliding groove, and then connect the forearm shell 2 through the elbow shell 12 to complete the wearing of the arm shells. Next, use Velcro to complete the wearing of the upper waist shell 21, and then connect the lower waist shell 22 below the upper waist shell 21 using the connecting strap below the upper waist shell 21. Then, connect the front baffle 11 and the rear baffle 31 through the connecting strap below the front shell 3 and the rear shell 4 to complete the wearing of the front and rear baffles. Next, use Velcro to complete the wearing of the thigh shell 5, and then connect the knee shell 23 and the calf shell 10 through the sliding connecting slot to complete the wearing of the leg shells. Finally, use Velcro to complete the wearing of the instep shell 60 and the ankle shell 70.
[0055] The following will provide a detailed explanation of the application scenarios of riot control suits using specific implementation cases.
[0056] During high-risk missions, riot suits are quickly donned via interlocking buckles between the various protective panels, ensuring efficient response times. The concave, perforated, and ventilation-vented design allows riot police personnel to move freely and flexibly during missions. Internal reinforcing ribs provide effective protection for all parts of the body during confrontations with rioters, offering high-efficiency protection against piercing, striking, and other attacks.
[0057] In high-temperature weather, the perforated structure 92 on the surface of the riot control suit, combined with the heat dissipation holes 921, can achieve efficient heat dissipation. At the same time, the internal reinforcing ribs 93 are added, which reduce the direct contact area between the human body and the protective shell, and at the same time, create a certain gap between the human body and the protective shell, which increases the heat dissipation area to a certain extent. This is conducive to the efficient dissipation of heat generated by the human body through the internal and external heat dissipation holes, thereby improving the efficiency of mission execution.
[0058] When attacked by a blunt weapon, the outer surface buffer layer of the protective shell first acts as a buffer, reducing the impact force generated by the blunt weapon hitting the protective shell. At the same time, the perforated structure 92 on the surface of the protective shell absorbs the external impact force. The impact force is transmitted to the internal reinforcing rib 93 through the perforated structure. The reinforcing rib 93 is made of highly elastic rubber injection molding, which can alleviate and offset most of the remaining impact force, greatly enhancing the human body's resistance and protection against external forces.
[0059] When attacked by knives or daggers, the metal protective shell on the shield first serves to resist stabbing. At the same time, the concave grooves on the surface of the protective shell can restrict the movement of the knives to a certain extent, effectively preventing riot police from being stabbed or slashed by violent elements, and buying time for riot police to quickly subdue violent elements.
[0060] When riot police traverse narrow terrain areas, the design of the concave structure 90 and the hollow structure 92 on the surface of the protective shell effectively reduces the volume of the riot suit, while increasing the ease of movement for riot police when wearing the protective shell. This helps riot police reduce physical exertion and better carry out riot control operations.
[0061] like Figure 2 The outer surface of the front shell 3 shown has two concave structures 90. The concave structures 90 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the front shell 3 as the axis of symmetry. One set is located in the middle of the front shell 3, and the other set is located on both sides of the front shell 3. Both sets of concave structures 90 have several inwardly protruding hollow structures 92. The hollow structures 92 are willow leaf shaped and have heat dissipation holes 921 on their surface that communicate with the outside.
[0062] The upper part of the front shell 3, located at the chest area, has a hexagonal convex structure. The convex structure is symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the front shell 3 as the axis of symmetry. The convex part of the convex structure is made of high-strength rubber cushioning material, which has the functions of impact resistance, puncture resistance, and blunt force protection. The chest is an important part of the human body, and the convex structure design greatly increases the protection capability of the front shell 3 for the chest.
[0063] The front shell 3 shown has concave structures 90 on both sides of its lower part. The concave structures 90 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the front shell 3 as the axis of symmetry, which further reduces the weight of the front shell 3. The concave structure has several hollow structures 92 attached to its middle part. The hollow structures 92 are arranged in a vertical direction with a side-by-side structure.
[0064] The front shell 3 shown has circular holes on both sides, which are connected to the lower waist protection shell 22 by connecting straps.
[0065] The front shell 3 shown may have an indentation on its surface to further reduce the weight of the front shell 3 and increase the surface structural stability of the front shell 3.
[0066] The front shell 3 is made using injection molding; the concave structure 90 is made using a cutting process.
[0067] The outer surface of the front shell 3 is coated with a flame-retardant coating, which has a good flame-retardant effect.
[0068] The front shell 3 has a buffer layer in the middle, which is made of 3mm rigid foam sponge material, which can better absorb and disperse the impact force.
[0069] like Figure 3 The inner surface of the front shell 3 shown has two concave structures 90. The concave structures 90 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the front shell as the axis of symmetry. One set is located in the middle of the front shell 3, and the other set is located on both sides of the front shell 3. Several outwardly protruding reinforcing ribs 93 are distributed on both sets of concave structures 90. The reinforcing ribs 93 are connected to the hollow structure 92, and the surface is a heat dissipation hole 921 that comes into contact with the body.
[0070] like Figure 4 The upper part of the upper arm shell 14 shown is an arc-shaped structure that matches the shape of the shoulder. Several inwardly protruding hollow structures 92 are distributed on both sides of the surface of the upper arm shell 14. The hollow structures 92 are willow leaf-shaped and have heat dissipation holes 921 on the surface that connect to the outside. The hollow structures 92 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the upper arm shell 14 as the axis of symmetry.
[0071] The upper arm shell 14 has a recessed groove in the middle, which is distributed along the arc of the upper arm. The depth of the recessed groove is 2-3mm, and a reinforcing layer is attached to the surface of the recessed groove to further enhance the structural stability of the outer surface of the upper arm shell 14.
[0072] like Figure 5 The shoulder protector shell 15 shown has several inwardly protruding hollow structures 92 distributed on both sides of its surface. The hollow structures 92 are willow leaf shaped and have heat dissipation holes 921 on their surface that connect to the outside. The hollow structures 92 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the shoulder protector shell 15 as the axis of symmetry.
[0073] The shoulder guard shell 15 has a recessed groove in the middle, which is distributed along the arc of the shoulder. The depth of the recessed groove is 2-3mm, and a reinforcing layer is attached to the surface of the recessed groove to further enhance the structural stability of the outer surface of the shoulder guard shell 15.
[0074] The upper part of the shoulder cover 15 has several connection holes. These connection holes are mainly used to connect the inner riot control suit and the front and rear cover 3 and the rear cover 4 with the connecting components, which can enhance the stability when wearing the suit.
[0075] The shoulder cover 15 has an arc-shaped cross-section that conforms to the shape of the shoulder, which increases both wearing comfort and structural stability.
[0076] like Figure 6 The inner surface of the calf protector shell 10 shown has two concave structures 90. The concave structures 90 are symmetrically distributed with the vertical center line of the calf protector shell 10 as the axis of symmetry. Several outwardly protruding reinforcing ribs 93 are distributed on the concave structures 90. The reinforcing ribs 93 are connected to the hollow structure 92 and are distributed horizontally side by side on the surface of the concave structures 90. The surface of the reinforcing ribs has heat dissipation holes 921 that come into contact with the body.
[0077] The upper part of the calf protector shell 10 is provided with an arc-shaped spherical structure, which cooperates with the knee protector shell 23 to realize the free movement of the human knee joint.
[0078] The lower leg shell 10 has an outwardly protruding reinforced buffer layer in the middle, which is mainly used to strengthen the protection of the human shinbone area, and at the same time enhance the surface structure stability and protective ability of the lower leg shell 10.
[0079] Although the embodiments of this utility model have been disclosed above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the specification and embodiments. They can be applied to various fields suitable for this utility model. Other modifications can be easily made by those skilled in the art. Therefore, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and their equivalents, this utility model is not limited to the specific details and examples shown in the description herein.
Claims
1. A perforated riot control suit, comprising a jacket and trousers, characterized in that: It includes upper arm protectors (14) and forearm protectors (2) located on the upper arm, and thigh protectors (5) and calf protectors (10) located on the pants. It includes a front panel (3) located on the chest, a rear panel (4) located on the back, and an upper waist support panel (21) and a lower waist support panel (22) located on both sides of the front panel (3). The front shell (3) is provided with a concave structure (90), and the concave structure (90) is provided with a plurality of inwardly protruding hollow structures (92), and the surface of the hollow structure is provided with heat dissipation holes (921). The front shell (3) has a reinforcing rib (93) on its back side.
2. The perforated riot control suit according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hollow structure (92) and the heat dissipation hole (921) are in the shape of willow leaves; the hollow structure (92) protrudes from the inner surface of the front shell (3), and the protruding part forms a reinforcing rib (93).
3. The perforated riot control suit according to claim 2, characterized in that: The hollow structure (92) protrudes 2-3mm from the inner surface of the front shell (3).
4. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The hollow structure (92) is symmetrically distributed on the surface of the front shell (3) with the vertical center line of the front shell (3) as the axis.
5. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1, characterized in that: An elbow guard (12) is also provided between the upper arm guard (14) and the lower arm guard (2); the surfaces of the upper arm guard (14) and the lower arm guard (2) are also provided with a number of symmetrically distributed hollow structures (92), the surfaces of the hollow structures are provided with heat dissipation holes (921), and the hollow structures form reinforcing ribs (93) protruding from the inner surfaces of the upper arm guard (14) and the lower arm guard (2).
6. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: The upper part of the upper arm shell (14) is also provided with a shoulder shell (15); the surface of the shoulder shell (15) is also provided with a number of symmetrically distributed hollow structures (92), the surface of the hollow structure is provided with heat dissipation holes (921), and the hollow structure protrudes into the inner surface of the shoulder shell (15) to form reinforcing ribs (93).
7. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1, characterized in that: The surfaces of the thigh guard shell (5) and the calf guard shell (10) are also provided with a number of symmetrically distributed hollow structures (92), and the hollow structures are provided with heat dissipation holes (921). The hollow structures form reinforcing ribs (93) on the protruding parts of the hollow structures to the inner surfaces of the thigh guard shell (5) and the calf guard shell (10).
8. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes shoes, wherein the instep is provided with a protective shell (60); and the sides of the shoes are provided with protective shells (70).
9. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: A front baffle (11) is provided below the front shell (3), and a rear baffle (31) is provided below the rear shell (4).
10. A perforated riot control suit according to claim 9, characterized in that: The front baffle (11) and the rear baffle (31) are provided with aluminum alloy plates, which are fixed to the outer surfaces of the front baffle (11) and the rear baffle (31) by adhesive.