An electrode structure and photovoltaic cell
By setting multiple contact structures and conductive layers on the electrode structure of photovoltaic cells and using low-temperature slurry to cover and connect them, the problem of high manufacturing cost of traditional photovoltaic cell grid lines is solved, achieving cost reduction and improved reliability.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- CHINT NEW ENERGY TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-03
AI Technical Summary
The high cost of manufacturing grid lines for traditional photovoltaic cells is mainly due to the need to use expensive high-temperature silver paste to penetrate the silicon nitride layer and the poly layer.
An electrode structure is adopted, which sets multiple contact structures and conductive layers on the cell body. Each contact structure includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the cell surface. The height and density gradually decrease from the center to the edge, and multiple point contact structures are formed only on the cell body. The conductive layer is covered and connected with low temperature paste.
This reduces the cost of gate wire fabrication while ensuring the reliability and current extraction performance of the gate wire, and avoids the use of high-temperature paste.
Smart Images
Figure CN224460448U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of photovoltaic cell technology, and in particular to an electrode structure and a photovoltaic cell. Background Technology
[0002] In photovoltaic (PV) cells, to facilitate current collection and conduction, a large number of main grid lines and fine grid lines need to be formed on both the front and back sides. Traditionally, PV grid lines are formed by printing paste in parallel lines onto the cell and then sintering at high temperatures to create grid lines that penetrate the silicon nitride and poly layers and connect to the tunneling oxide layer. Because the grid lines need to be sintered through the silicon nitride and poly layers, expensive high-temperature pastes like silver paste are required, directly increasing the manufacturing cost of PV modules. Utility Model Content
[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide an electrode structure and a photovoltaic cell, wherein the grid lines formed by the electrode structure have lower manufacturing costs, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost of the photovoltaic cell.
[0004] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this utility model provides a photovoltaic cell, including grid lines disposed on the cell body, each of the grid lines including a contact structure and a conductive layer;
[0005] Multiple contact structures are arranged sequentially along the length of the grid line within each grid line target area on the battery cell body, and the contact structures are electrically connected to the emitter layer of the battery cell body; the conductive layer sequentially covers and connects each of the contact structures within the same grid line target area;
[0006] Each of the contact structures includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the surface of the battery cell body; within the same contact structure area, the height and distribution density of each metal contact gradually decrease from the center to the edge.
[0007] In one alternative embodiment of this application, the contact structure penetrates the silicon nitride layer and the poly layer in the cell body, but does not penetrate the tunneling oxide layer.
[0008] In an optional embodiment of this application, the slope angle of each contact structure is no greater than 50°; wherein, the slope angle is the angle between the line connecting the vertex of the highest metal contact and the vertex of the lowest metal contact in the same contact structure and the surface of the battery cell body.
[0009] In one alternative embodiment of this application, the height h of the highest metal contact in each of the contact structures is 0.2µm to 3µm.
[0010] In one optional embodiment of this application, the length a of the contact structure is 10um~100um and the width b is 10um~50um; wherein, the length direction of the contact structure is perpendicular to the length direction of the gate line; and the width direction of the contact structure is parallel to the length direction of the gate line.
[0011] The center-to-center distance D between two adjacent contact structures within the same grid line target area is 50µm to 400µm.
[0012] In an optional embodiment of this application, the area occupied by all the metal contacts in the contact structure on the surface of the battery cell body is not less than 40% of the area occupied by the region where the contact structure is located on the surface of the battery cell body.
[0013] In one optional embodiment of this application, the area covered by each contact structure on the surface of the battery cell body is any one of a rectangular area, a circular area, an elliptical area, or a hexagonal area.
[0014] In an optional embodiment of this application, the width of the conductive layer satisfy: ;in, The resistivity of the contact structure is given. The resistivity of the conductive layer. The coefficients are constants, and .
[0015] In one optional embodiment of this application, the conductive layer is any one of the following metal conductive layers: conductive nickel layer, conductive aluminum layer, conductive palladium layer, conductive cobalt layer, conductive platinum layer, conductive titanium layer, conductive tantalum layer, conductive hafnium layer, conductive tungsten layer, conductive vanadium layer, conductive iridium layer, conductive rubidium layer, silver-clad copper layer, and nickel-clad copper layer.
[0016] A photovoltaic cell includes a cell body and an electrode structure as described in any of the preceding claims disposed on the cell body.
[0017] The electrode structure and photovoltaic cell provided by this utility model include a grid line disposed on the cell body, each grid line including a contact structure and a conductive layer; multiple contact structures are arranged sequentially along the length of the grid line within the target area of each grid line on the cell body, and the contact structures are electrically connected to the emitter layer of the cell body; the conductive layer sequentially covers and connects each contact structure within the same grid line target area; each contact structure includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the surface of the cell body; within the area where the same contact structure is located, the height and distribution density of each metal contact gradually decrease from the center to the edge.
[0018] The electrode structure in this application forms contact structures at multiple locations within each target grid line region on the cell body. A conductive layer then electrically connects these contact structures within the same target grid line region. In other words, only a few contact points on each grid line need to be electrically connected to the emitter layer of the cell body to guide current out of the cell. The conductive layer then collects and outputs the currents from each contact structure. Because this application requires less paste to form contact structures at only a few locations, and the conductive layer only covers the surface of the cell body, a lower-cost, low-temperature paste can be used for this conductive layer. This invention reduces the fabrication cost of the grid lines in one step. Furthermore, each contact structure in this application includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the surface of the solar cell body. From the center to the edge of the contact structure, the average height and average distribution density of each metal contact gradually decrease. This ensures that the central region of each contact structure can make full contact with the conductive layer, while the overall height of each contact structure from the center to the edge does not have a large abrupt change. Moreover, the height difference between the edge region of each contact structure and the surface of the solar cell body is even smaller, thus ensuring that the connection between the conductive layer and the contact structure is less prone to voids or disconnections. Therefore, the photovoltaic cell in this application can ensure the reliability of the grid lines while reducing their fabrication cost. Attached Figure Description
[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic cell provided in an embodiment of this application;
[0021] Figure 2 for Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic cell along the AA direction;
[0022] Figure 3 for Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic cell along the BB direction;
[0023] Figure 4 A top view of a single contact structure provided in an embodiment of this application;
[0024] Figure 5 A cross-sectional schematic diagram of a single contact structure protruding from the surface of the battery cell body, provided in an embodiment of this application;
[0025] Figure 6This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of multiple contact structures on a photovoltaic cell according to an embodiment of this application;
[0026] Figure 7 for Figure 6 A schematic diagram showing the conductive layer covering each contact structure in the diagram.
[0027] In the attached diagram: 1 is the battery cell body, 2 is the grid line, 21 is the contact structure, 211 is the metal contact, and 22 is the conductive layer. Detailed Implementation
[0028] The core of this invention is to provide an electrode structure and a photovoltaic cell that can reduce the fabrication cost of grid lines to a certain extent, thereby reducing the fabrication cost of photovoltaic cells.
[0029] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0030] like Figures 1 to 7 As shown, Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic cell provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 for Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic cell along the AA direction; Figure 3 for Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic cell along the BB direction; Figure 4 A top view of a single contact structure provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 A cross-sectional schematic diagram of a single contact structure protruding from the surface of the battery cell body, provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of multiple contact structures on a photovoltaic cell according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 7 for Figure 6 A schematic diagram showing the conductive layer covering each contact structure.
[0031] In one specific embodiment of this application, the electrode structure may include:
[0032] The grid lines disposed on the cell body 1, each grid line including a contact structure and a conductive layer;
[0033] Multiple contact structures 21 are arranged sequentially along the length of the grid line 2 in each grid line target area on the cell body 1, and the contact structures 21 are electrically connected to the emitter layer of the cell body 1; the conductive layer 22 sequentially covers and connects each contact structure 21 in the same grid line target area.
[0034] Each contact structure 21 includes multiple metal contacts 211 protruding from the surface of the battery cell body 1. Within the same contact structure 21 area, the average height and average distribution density of each metal contact 211 decrease gradually from the center to the edge. Specifically, the height of each metal contact 211 within the same contact structure 21 area generally decreases gradually from the center to the edge, although there may be some metal contacts 211 whose height is not within the gradually decreasing arrangement and has a more prominent height. The average height of each metal contact 211 shows a gradually decreasing distribution. The distribution density of each metal contact 211 within the same contact structure 21 area generally decreases gradually from the center to the edge, meaning that the distribution of each metal contact 211 is denser near the center and sparser near the edge. There may be cases where the distribution is sparse near the center and dense near the edge, but the overall average distribution density of each metal contact 211 gradually decreases.
[0035] It is understandable that after forming a tunneling oxide layer, a poly layer (i.e., a polycrystalline silicon layer), and a silicon nitride layer on a silicon substrate, the cell body 1 can further form multiple parallel and straight grid lines 2 on the front and back sides of the cell body 1, including main grid lines and fine grid lines. Figure 1 The fine grid lines shown are distributed on the surface of the battery cell body 1.
[0036] like Figures 1 to 3 As shown, Figure 1 The partial schematic diagram roughly shows the distribution of two adjacent grid lines 2 on the cell body 1; while Figure 2 and Figure 3These are schematic cross-sectional views of the photovoltaic cell along the length of the grid line 2 and perpendicular to the grid line 2. The grid line 2 in this application can include two parts: a contact structure 21 and a conductive layer 22. The contact structure 21 is electrically connected to the emitter layer on the cell body 1, which is also the structural layer formed by the tunneling oxide layer and the poly layer. Therefore, under normal circumstances, the contact structure 21 should penetrate the silicon nitride layer and the poly layer on the cell body 1 to contact the tunneling oxide layer, but it does not penetrate the tunneling oxide layer, thus enabling the current to be discharged from the cell body 1. The conductive layer 22 does not need to penetrate the surface of the cell body 1; it only covers the surface of the cell body 1 and sequentially connects multiple contact structures 21, thus converging and outputting the current discharged from multiple contact structures 21. Because only the contact structure 21 needs to be electrically connected to the emitter layer, that is, only the contact structure needs to be formed by high-temperature sintering, the conductive layer 22 can be formed by low-temperature sintering.
[0037] On the cell body 1, the contact structures 21 of the same grid line 2 are distributed sequentially at multiple points on the straight line where the grid line 2 is located. That is to say, in this application, the same grid line 2 and the emitter layer in the cell body 1 are in point contact rather than line contact, thereby reducing the amount of slurry used to form the contact structure 21 to a certain extent.
[0038] For ease of understanding, in this embodiment, the strip-shaped area on the cell body 1 where the grid lines 2 need to be formed is designated as the grid line target area. Thus, each grid line 2 corresponds to a grid line target area, which is the area covered by each grid line 2 on the cell body 1. Therefore, the length direction of this grid line target area is also the length direction of the grid line 2. Within each grid line target area, multiple contact structures 21 are sequentially arranged along the length direction of the grid line target area, effectively forming multiple contact structures 21 at multiple discrete points within the grid line target area, thereby achieving discrete contact with the tunneling oxide layer. Furthermore, the upper surface of each contact structure 21 located within the same grid line target area is further covered and connected with the same strip-shaped conductive layer 22, achieving electrical connection between the contact structures 21 within the same grid line target area. This allows each contact structure 21 within the same grid line target area and its connected conductive layer 22 to collectively form a grid line 2 that is connected to the emitter layer at multiple points.
[0039] In the actual formation of the contact structure 21, silver paste can be printed at multiple locations within the target area of each grid line on the cell body 1. Specifically, it can be the same high-temperature paste used to form the conventional grid line 2. The cell body 1 with the paste printed on it is then sintered at high temperature, and each location with the paste printed on it forms a contact structure 21. Figure 6As shown. After forming each contact structure 21, the paste for printing the conductive layer 22 in a linear pattern within each grid target area can be further processed. Similarly, the cell body 1 with the paste corresponding to the conductive layer 22 printed on it is sintered to form the conductive layer 22 covering and connecting each contact structure 21, as shown. Figure 7 As shown.
[0040] Unlike the slurry that forms the contact structure 21, the conductive layer 22 in this embodiment does not need to burn through the structural layer on the surface of the battery cell body 1. It only needs to be in full contact with the contact structure 21. Therefore, the slurry for sintering the conductive layer 22 in this embodiment only uses base metal slurries with low silver content or no silver, such as silver-coated copper, nickel-coated copper, nickel paste, and copper paste. It is also called low-temperature slurry. The final conductive layer 22 can be any one of the following metal conductive layers: conductive nickel layer, conductive aluminum layer, conductive palladium layer, conductive cobalt layer, conductive platinum layer, conductive titanium layer, conductive tantalum layer, conductive hafnium layer, conductive tungsten layer, conductive vanadium layer, conductive iridium layer, conductive rubidium layer, silver-coated copper layer, and nickel-coated copper layer.
[0041] Based on the above discussion, the grid line 2 of this application only requires the contact structure 21 at multiple locations to burn through the structural layer on the cell body, which consumes less high-temperature paste. At the same time, the conductive layer 22 in the grid line 2 only needs to cover the surface of the cell body 1, and the low-temperature paste used is also cheaper, thereby greatly reducing the overall manufacturing cost of the grid line 2.
[0042] Based on this, in order to ensure that the contact structure 21 can fully contact and connect with the conductive layer 22, the upper surface of each contact structure 21 in this embodiment should protrude from the surface of the battery cell body 1. Furthermore, as... Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, after each contact structure 21 is sintered, its surface consists of several uneven metal blocks, each of which is also a metal contact 211. In the actual printing process of the contact structure 21, the printing process of the printing paste can be reasonably adjusted so that each contact structure 21 formed by sintering satisfies the following condition: within the same contact structure 21, from the center to the edge, the average height and average distribution density of the metal contacts 211 gradually decrease.
[0043] It should be noted that in this embodiment, the average height and average distribution density of the metal contacts 211 gradually decrease from the center to the edge of the contact structure 21. This means that the area occupied by the contact structure 21 on the battery cell body 1 is first divided into a central region and multiple annular regions distributed from the center to the edge of the contact structure. The radial dimension of each annular region is approximately the same as the diameter of the central region. The average height of the metal contacts 211 in each region is the average height of the metal contacts 211 in that region. The average number of metal contacts 211 in each region and the average area of that region is the average distribution density of the metal contacts 211 in that region.
[0044] Specifically, a 3D microscope can be used to perform a top-down scan of the contact structure 21. The top-down view is used to divide the contact structure 21 into a central region and various annular regions. The number of metal contacts 211 in each annular region and the central region is recorded, and the height of each metal contact 211 is measured. Based on the number and height of the metal contacts 211 in each region of each contact structure 21, the average distribution density of metal contacts 211 per unit area and the average height of metal contacts 211 in each region are determined.
[0045] In the actual process of forming the contact structure, the proportion of metal powder and thickener in the printing paste forming the contact structure 21 can be appropriately reduced, so that the paste printed on the surface of the battery cell body 1 has a certain wettability and flows outward appropriately, thereby forming a paste layer that is thick in the middle and thin at the edges. In the contact structure 21 formed after sintering, the metal contacts 211 can exhibit a distribution that is high and dense in the middle and low and sparse at the edges. Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, in this embodiment, each contact structure 21 is generally thick in the middle and thin at the edges, but in reality, the surface of the contact structure 21 is not a smooth surface. Figure 2 and Figure 3 The image only roughly shows the cross-sectional shape of the contact structure 21, and does not actually show the actual outline of the contact structure 21. For example... Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the actual contact structure 21 is not smooth, whether on the upper surface or the edge contour.
[0046] Based on the above discussion, in this embodiment, the metal contacts 211 located at the center of each contact structure 21 are taller and more densely packed. Therefore, when the conductive layer 22 covers the upper surface of the contact structure 21, it can make sufficient contact with the contact structure 21, ensuring a secure and reliable connection. Simultaneously, the height of each metal contact 211 in the contact structure 21 gradually decreases from the center to the edge, resulting in a gradual decrease in the overall thickness of the contact structure 21 from the center to the edge, thus making the height difference between the edge of the contact structure 21 and the surface of the battery cell relatively small. Therefore, in... When the paste for forming the conductive layer 22 is actually printed, the problem of discontinuous paste printing caused by a large height difference at the edge of the contact structure 21, which in turn leads to the appearance of voids at the edge of the contact structure 21 in the final sintered conductive layer 22, can be largely avoided. Thus, in this embodiment, by reasonably adjusting the distribution of each metal contact 211 in the contact structure 21, the continuity of the conductive layer 22 structure in the same gate line target area can be effectively guaranteed, and voids at the edge of the contact structure 21 can be avoided, which is conducive to ensuring the good conductivity and current gathering performance of the gate line 2.
[0047] In practical applications, such as Figure 5 As shown, the slope angle α of each contact structure 21 is no greater than 50°; where the slope angle α is the angle between the line connecting the apex of the highest metal contact 211 and the apex of the lowest metal contact 211 in the same contact structure 21, and the surface of the battery cell body 1. In this embodiment, the slope angle of the contact structure 21 is relatively small, ensuring that the height difference of each metal contact 211 gradually decreasing from the center region to the edge region of the contact structure 21 is not too large, further ensuring sufficient contact connection between the conductive layer 22 and each metal contact 211. Furthermore, the height h of the highest metal contact 211 located in the center region of each contact structure 21 can be 0.2µm to 3µm.
[0048] In addition, the ratio of the area occupied by all metal contacts 211 on the surface of the battery cell body 1 to the area of the contact structure 21 is not less than 40%.
[0049] In addition, such as Figure 4 and Figure 6 As shown, in this embodiment, the surface shape of each contact structure 21 covering the battery cell body 1 can be any shape of a quadrilateral region, a circular region, an elliptical region, or a polygonal region. When the surface shape of the contact structure 21 on the battery cell body 1 is a quadrilateral region, the quadrilateral region can be a rectangular region; when the surface shape of the contact structure 21 on the battery cell body 1 is a polygonal region, the polygonal region can be a pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, etc.
[0050] The direction perpendicular to the length of the grid line 2 is taken as the length direction of the contact structure 21, and the direction parallel to the length of the grid line 2 is taken as the width direction of the contact structure 21. Regardless of the specific surface shape of the contact structure 21 on the battery cell body 1, the length of the contact structure 21 refers to the maximum dimension of the contact structure 21 in its length direction; the width of the contact structure 21 refers to the maximum dimension of the contact structure 21 in its width direction.
[0051] Based on this, such as Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the length a of each contact structure 21 is 10µm to 100µm, and the width b is 10µm to 50µm; wherein, the length direction of the contact structure 21 is perpendicular to the length direction of the grid line 2, and the width direction of the contact structure 21 is parallel to the length direction of the grid line 2. In addition, within the same grid line target area, the center-to-center distance D between two adjacent contact structures 21 can be 50µm to 400µm.
[0052] The contact structure 21 described above covers the surface shape of the battery cell body 1.
[0053] Further, optionally, regarding the width of the conductive layer 22 in this application It can satisfy: ;in, The resistivity of contact structure 21, The resistivity of conductive layer 22, The coefficients are constants, and This maximizes the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell's current collection and extraction through the grid lines 2 formed by the conductive layer 22 and the contact structure 21.
[0054] It should be noted that the resistivity of the contact structure 21 and the conductive layer 22 in this embodiment are respectively... and Alternatively, a segment of the line structure can be printed using the same paste used to form the contact structure 21 and the conductive layer 22. After drying and sintering, the resistance between the two ends of the line segment structure can be tested. Based on the distance between the two ends and the cross-sectional area of the line segment structure, the resistivity can be calculated and determined. and .
[0055] In summary, the electrode structure in this application forms contact structures at multiple locations within each target grid line region on the cell body. A conductive layer then electrically connects these contact structures within the same target grid line region. This means that only a few contact points on each grid line need to be electrically connected to the emitter layer of the cell body to guide current out of the cell. The conductive layer then collects and outputs the currents from each contact structure. Because this application requires less paste to form contact structures at only a few locations, and the conductive layer only covers the surface of the cell body, a lower-cost low-temperature paste can be used, further reducing the cost of grid line fabrication. Furthermore, each contact structure in this application includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the surface of the cell body. The height and density of these metal contacts gradually decrease from the center to the edge of the contact structure. This ensures that the middle region of each contact structure can fully contact the conductive layer, while the height difference between the edge region and the surface of the cell body is smaller, thus preventing voids and disconnections in the conductive layer at the edge of the contact structure. Therefore, the photovoltaic cell in this application can ensure the reliability of the grid lines while reducing the manufacturing cost of the grid lines.
[0056] This application also discloses an embodiment of a photovoltaic cell, which includes a cell body and any of the electrode structures described above.
[0057] It is understood that the photovoltaic cells in this application can be any of the following: TOPCon cells, XBC cells, HJT cells, and PERC cells.
[0058] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that the elements inherent in a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements are included. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element. Additionally, portions of the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this application that are consistent with the implementation principles of corresponding technical solutions in the prior art have not been described in detail to avoid excessive elaboration.
[0059] This article uses specific examples to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this utility model. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of this utility model. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made to this utility model without departing from the principles of this utility model, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of this utility model.
Claims
1. An electrode structure, characterized by, It includes grid lines disposed on the battery cell body, each of the grid lines including a contact structure and a conductive layer; Multiple contact structures are arranged sequentially along the length of the grid line within each grid line target area on the battery cell body, and the contact structures are connected to the emitter layer of the battery cell body; the conductive layer sequentially covers and connects each of the contact structures within the same grid line target area; Each of the contact structures includes multiple metal contacts protruding from the surface of the battery cell body; within the same contact structure area, the average height and average distribution density of each metal contact gradually decrease from the center to the edge.
2. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The contact structure penetrates the silicon nitride layer and poly layer in the cell body, but does not penetrate the tunneling oxide layer.
3. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The slope angle of each of the contact structures is no greater than 50°; wherein the slope angle is the angle between the line connecting the vertex of the highest metal contact and the vertex of the lowest metal contact in the same contact structure and the surface of the battery cell body.
4. The electrode structure of claim 3, wherein, The height h of the highest metal contact in each of the aforementioned contact structures is 0.2µm to 3µm.
5. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The length a of the contact structure is 10um to 100um, and the width b is 10um to 50um; wherein, the length direction of the contact structure is perpendicular to the length direction of the gate line; and the width direction of the contact structure is parallel to the length direction of the gate line. The center-to-center distance D between two adjacent contact structures within the same grid line target area is 50µm to 400µm.
6. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The ratio of the area occupied by all the metal contacts in the contact structure on the surface of the battery cell body to the area of the contact structure is not less than 40%.
7. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein Each of the contact structures covers an area on the surface of the battery cell body that is any shape of quadrilateral, circular, elliptical, or polygonal region.
8. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The width of the conductive layer satisfy: ;in, The resistivity of the contact structure is given. The resistivity of the conductive layer. The coefficients are constants, and .
9. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein, The conductive layer is any one of the following metal conductive layers: conductive nickel layer, conductive aluminum layer, conductive palladium layer, conductive cobalt layer, conductive platinum layer, conductive titanium layer, conductive tantalum layer, conductive hafnium layer, conductive tungsten layer, conductive vanadium layer, conductive iridium layer, conductive rubidium layer, silver-clad copper layer, and nickel-clad copper layer.
10. A photovoltaic cell, characterized by Includes a battery cell body and an electrode structure as described in any one of claims 1 to 9 disposed on the battery cell body.