Low-temperature steam piston engine, designed as a cylinder engine or as a rotary piston engine, versatile in use.

Abstract

1 Designation: Low-temperature steam piston engine, designed as a cylinder engine or a rotary piston engine, versatile in its application. 2 Summary: 2.1. Technical problem: Wherever propulsion engines are used, whether powered by gas, gasoline, diesel, or heavy fuel oil, these fuels are burned. Their efficiency is generally below 40%, while gas and steam turbines are between 20% and 25%, and they usually operate with only one of these fuels, resulting in corresponding environmental impact and costs. 2.2. Solution: When using low-temperature steam engines, the efficiency is at least 75%, depending on the location and steam medium (e.g., CO2, NH3, etc.), and usually 80% to over 90%. They are not yet suitable for use in road transport.However, the most important areas of application for the time being are:• in power plants, as a drive for generators of all sizes, even when 100% solar heat is used to generate steam;• in CHP plants, as a motor for external steam generation or as an additional motor when using exhaust gas and / or cooling heat;• can be used as an additional drive on ships, to utilize exhaust gas heat and sometimes also the heat from the cooling circuit;• can be used as a drive in pumping stations and also in smaller pumping stations or in mobile applications;• can be used as a drive for non-electric locomotives or as an additional drive.• These engines can certainly play an important role in the Earth's sunbelt for the production of hydrogen to meet the needs of smaller solar systems, because the power required for this is ENORMOUS.

Description

1. This is a low-temperature steam piston engine, a conventional diesel engine, or is adapted to or converted into the steam engine, as a cost-effective variant of the combined heat and power and cold coupling on the basis of the ORC cycle (Clausius-Rankine cycle) with the possible use of NH 3, CO 2, R134, R600 or other refrigerants as steam medium in order to achieve very high efficiencies (from about 78% to over 90% mech.) by steam pressures of about 70 to 90 bar (FIG. 1). The increase in efficiency is thus very significant, even in the rotary piston variant.1.1. Use: as a drive motor, also for power generators1.1.1. In the field of electric energy generation, as a drive motor in the power plant, the plants are usually matched to a single energy carrier such as coal, oil, gas, etc.This new concept, however, allows the possibility of using different energy carriers independently of one another; important in this case is predominantly the correct selection of heat exchangers, since most energy sources, such as, for example, sun, geothermal heat, heat recovery, which can, of course, not only make a large amount of heat usable in metal casting, can be combined, depending on the usability and location and also on the sufficient temperature. (Combustion only occurs if it is inevitable).Naturally, this invention is also independent of any district heating networks present. Essentially, the improvement of the link in the energy conversion chain is concerned, which converts heat into power. For this purpose, turbines are usually used which, however, often destroy useless more than 70%, some even more than 75% of the energy supplied (Z. 4).1.1.2. In the case of CHRP (combined heat and power plant), development has been the reverse for more than 10 years. The rather high demands on the biogas (which often fail the expensive nitrogen separation, the high initial costs and the not really high efficiency of 30 to 40% mech.) make this technique increasingly less attractive, also compared to the fuel cell.1.1.3. There are further possible uses, such as in shipbuilding. Here, a diesel engine is mostly used (also in the case of heavy oil). Many turbines are likewise used. In any case, one can use the exhaust gas and cooling circuit heat (Z 5), which usually half the fuel consumption (often even reduce it by more than 50%). Even in the case of hydrogen operation, very high savings are possible in the future.1.1.4. In the rail area, there will always be tracks without power line and in many places in the jumpering operation, dieslelks are preferred. Unfortunately, in the future it would also be more practical to carry traffic more freely, for example, in hydrogen operation without highway power lines, which are often obstructive (Z6). Hydrogen will become the better aid in the future combined with exhaust heat utilization.1.1.5. As a drive for pumps of all sizes, solar thermal operations are often used.1.2. Description:There are various methods of generating electric current. The new methods, e.g. the fuel cell, do not need to convert heat to pressure for driving turbines, because the process is chemical and does not need vapor pressure, but fuel and unfortunately only the specific one.The idea is to use the advantages of CHV or CHV and to improve the chain link of the conversion of heat into force to a considerable extent for this purpose. This force is then mostly rotational force which can be used for driving generators, but also machines and vehicles, ultimately also as a ship drive.The simplest and most efficient way is the ORC cycle, but only by using low temperature steam quite high pressures are achieved without requiring high temperatures or even large amounts of heat as with water vapor, because the entropy is thereby also much higher.The most efficient form of converting pressure to rotational force is the expander machine, ideally the piston machine, which does so with very little loss and not very high cost. This is a piston engine which deviates only slightly from the conventional internal combustion engine (FIG. 1).1.2.1. The features that distinguish this engine from the combustion variant:The cylinder wall must be quite smooth, because the piston rings are rubber sealing rings to avoid contact between lubricating oil and steam agent or steam. The pistons no longer require the autothermal function because the injection temperature in the cylinder rarely exceeds (and only in the case of isolated steam agents) the 100° C. and in no case the 140° C. limit (at 90 bar) and in the process also only the injected steam which cools down rapidly on expansion. Therefore, the average temperature in the cylinder space always remains below 70° C.However, the pistons should be coated with PTFE (teflon) in order to reduce friction. Due to the lower temperature expansion, the clearance of fit is smaller and the motor is longer-lived. In order to make it possible to install or replace the sealing rings, the piston bottoms must be screwed together. This also allows the ratio of shaft length and diameter to be improved in order to minimize the tilting tendency during the change of running direction. This reduces wear and extends the service life and service life, including that of the sealing rings.The camshaft needs only one or two cams per cylinder, but they have the same position for each cylinder, because there are only exhaust valves. By means of bridges, a cam can operate two valves, this being important when using four-valve engines (seen in Drawing Z 1) The inlet is controlled by the injection nozzle, represented in the drawings by conventional injection nozzles. The crankshaft and camshaft have the same speed, the engine becomes a two stroke engine, each downward movement is an injection and expansion stroke (power stroke), each upward movement is an exhaust stroke (the piston exhausts the expanded steam for recirculation). In this way, the conventional motor output is doubled with one shock.The motor does not require cooling, but the oil in most cases requires heating, because the working temperature is often lower than that of the environment. If the engine is of a series production type, the inlet and outlet conduits are connected together, because there is only valved outlet. The inlet (injection) is controlled by the nozzles (Figure 1).If the engine is properly manufactured, there is only a single giant valve per cylinder for the discharge of the almost fully expanded steam.The larger the cross section, the lower the counterpressure against the piston, because there is no longer any compression counterpressure-this also improves the efficiency.This piston engine may be very cost-effective, long-lived and easily usable, but more in the stationary area. For vehicles and machines, a smaller and lighter solution is required, because an increase in mass and weight is cumbersome and partly counterproductive.1.2. 2. The solution is the rotary steam engine.This too can be changed as the cylinder motor. This type of engine does not require valves and the piston rings are sealing ledges. As with the cylinder engine, there is no combustion, compression, intake, injection, expansion and exhaust only. As in the case of the cylinder engine, the power is also easy to double here, as shown in the drawing. FIG. 2 is compared to the internal combustion engine depicted here.A rotary piston engine (image from technical customer KFZ of Europe Teachers 1976, page 282) is shown in FIG. 7.The injection nozzle is mounted on the original inlet opening (FIG. 2, bottom left). In contrast (in the direction of rotation), a new opening must be provided for pushing out the steam (top left). On the other side of the trochoid, a new opening is also provided (upper right) opposite the original outlet opening (lower right) for the second injection nozzle. Opposite it is now the original outlet opening also for pushing it out. Thus, the left chamber which has been for suction and compression, as well as the right one which has been for work and ejection, are both reconfigured for injection, work (expansion), and ejection.1.2.3. Description of the R engine function: The steam is blown into the engine / s through the shortest possible lines. Since the rotor (triangular piston) is movable, it can be rotated by the vapor pressure.The shape of the engine room is a trochoid (similarity to 8). Where the steam is injected (nozzle on the left), the space is very small Z3 (Figure 1). The pressure rotates the rotor, the steam can expand, the space increases and the pressure decreases.The rotational force is output to the eccentric shaft through the slide bearing. On the left-hand side at the bottom (chamber 3), the injection process is complete; at the top (chamber 1), exhaust steam is discharged, on the right (chamber 2) is fully expanded and discharge begins. The rotor (rotor) and the eccentric shaft are in the starting position. The rotor is rotated through 90° (Figure 2), the nozzle at the bottom left begins to blow into chamber 2 at the left, the ejection to the right ends, chamber 3 at the left has already begun to eject. Chamber 1 is soon fully expanded.The rotor has rotated through 90° and the eccentric shaft through 270°. In the following step (FIG. 3), the runner is rotated by 180°, chamber 2 on the left is fully expanded, ejection begins. Chamber 3 at the top right has finished the injection longitudinally and is expanding. Chamber 1 will soon stop ejection and the nozzle at the bottom left will blow in.The rotor (rotor) has rotated by 180°, the shaft by 180°+360 ° (one and a half rotations). One step further (Figure 4) see the cursor one quarter turn further, at position 270°. Chamber 1 is soon fully expanded; in chamber 2 to the left, ejection is almost complete, to the right it starts to be injected. In chamber 3 it is fully expanded and already at discharge. The rotor has made a three-quarter rotation, and the shaft has two-quarter rotations.In the next quarter turn, the rotor is again in the initial position, i.e. has completed a full turn and the shaft has completed a whole three turns. It should be mentioned at this point that injection nozzles and steam outlet are present on both sides because, unlike in the case of the internal combustion engine, compression of the gas must take place, the steam pressure is generated externally. The expanded steam is pushed out of the rotor through the outlet present on both sides. There is no ignition, combustion, compression or intake. Instead of fuel injection, it is just vapor that enters through the nozzle, exhaust occurs as in the internal combustion engine, and the vapor is then condensed (liquefied) in the condenser (condenser) and recirculated for permanent reuse.This variant of the rotary piston motor allows 6 working cycles to be generated at 3 revolutions of the eccentric shaft, which corresponds only to a single one of the rotors. This corresponds to doubling the output of an R piston engine and tripling the output of a cylinder internal combustion engine.High efficiencies, low power weight, very low consumption of non-renewable energy carriers (and the last only when indispensable) are important. The most important are the free energy carriers, but other important costs are paymentable so that even less frequently countries can generate favorable and environmentally neutral energy. It is also advantageous to be able to use around the globe. This plant should be capable of being repaired as everywhere as possible and it can also be operated in a sustained and environmentally neutral manner.2. Advantages over previous installations:The economic efficiency (efficiency) is also uncompareably high as in wind energy, but here in the steam plant, a wind effect, whether shorter or longer, simply does not matter. _ In most cases, CO 2 is usable as steam medium and thus causes an increase in demand, which makes the avoidance of emissions into the environment even more attractive-this also has a very high growth potential.2.1. In turbine-driven power plants, the performance of piston engines to replace the turbines is an improvement in the performance by min. 60%, with the same amount of primary energy, independently of new construction or conversion. It allows the transfer to other energy carriers which have been too costly up to now. The higher the power per unit, e.g. at 200 MW, the more attractive the conversion, whether 30 MW or 2500 MW, regardless in which country or climate region.2.2. CHPs become more attractive in all sizes, of course also independent of the use of exhaust heat and whether summer or winter is. It is certain that when the heat is not used in summer, it is much more interesting with the invention, because this heat does not have to be wasted by cooling systems. We must not overlook that there are two possibilities both in new installations and in changeover.On the one hand, the BHKW engine can still operate as a combustion engine, and on the other hand, as already mentioned, external steam pressure generation is possible, combined with very efficient low-temperature steam.2.3. In shipbuilding, it is certainly a very favorable solution with this additional system to at least half the fuel costs in any case, also in order to reduce the environmental impact or to change to more durable fuels. It is also interesting that this possibility can be retrofitted for thousands of ships of different sizes worldwide and also in the future for hydrogen propulsion.2.4. In the rail area, it is simply a question of redenking. When only steam liquors were allowed to be found, the liquors were usually provided with a tandem for coal and water.However, a solution of fuel and condenser (from the vapor) would have to be placed in much smaller tandems (the locomotive usually has too little space) to bisect the energy requirement (in some cases it also takes place without tandem, depending on the locomotive model). This would be a persistent solution, even without power lines, even in the future in hydrogen operation.2.5. Not only two different types of engines, but also two variants of use are possible when an internal combustion engine is used as a drive. Regardless of whether CHRP, locomotive or ship propulsion, the use of a planetary gear set makes it possible to use the exhaust gas and cooling circuit heat for the propulsion of a steam engine, the power of which is additionally supplied via the planetary gear set.In the stationary area, there is the further possibility of including other (external) sources such as solar heat, geothermal heat, recovery, etc.The alternative variant is also possible in the area of moving machines, by using the steam R piston engine when there is sufficient space for a very high efficiency boiler to produce the steam pressure externally.2.6. As a drive for pumps, pump stations and water treatment.In our neighborhood, rebuilding work has taken place which we left from the line for one week without continuous water supply, but only on an hourly basis.Only now do I grasp how important can be easy access to drinking water for society development. This is indeed also a reason for the slower development of the less mature countries not only in the third world.Water supply, treatment, etc., with the free possibility of solar use (of course, in some cases, other free energy sources available) as a drive for the water supply can be a very important aid in the development of parts of the society that must live with lower BSP.2.7. Combined with thermal oil and storage tanks as intermediate heat carriers, this variant of the installation, as shown in FIG. 4, also allows the already heated amount of thermal oil stored in large tanks to be used as energy storage for shorter periods of time (up to about 120 hours); for longer periods of time, the insulation of the tanks becomes costly and costly. This is a practical bypass for maintenance work or for solar heat, but also for shorter extreme non-weather times. It is also not to be overseeed that on the solar installation itself, the mirror surface can be designed smaller due to this more efficient conversion into force. This reduces the space requirement and the costs of the solar plant and, even in the case of geothermal heat or heat recovery, it is possible to design the plants to be smaller.Some specific details of these motorsThe engine speed, expressed in speed (m / s), should not exceed 10 m / s to not unduly load the crank drive. In the case of the 415 l engine, the speed of 500 / min is already very high, since the pistons have a mass of just 70 kg.As a four-stroke engine, this would be too high a load, and as a two-stroke engine, the piston is always pressed down and never pulled down by the connecting rod. The reformed piston can better cope with this; the weight is reduced extra by about 16 to 18 kg to about 50 kg.The selection of conventional engines (mostly diesel engines) to make these conversion calculations is rather random.Using Example 22.9 I for NH 3 the efficiency is somewhat better than for CO 2. However, it is believed that in most cases users will prefer CO 2 because of the environment and possible constraints, because NH 3 is somewhat more toxic.The piston is divided into two, and in some cases divided into three, the screwed-on piston crown serves as a support for the sealing rings (which are usually made of polyurethane). There is enough potential to achieve the necessary weight reduction. The corresponding counter weights of the crankshaft are also reduced.The screwed-on piston skirt extension (almost only in large engines) also serves to better guide and reduce the tendency to skew during the change of running direction. The autothermics (rings or strips) are also dispensed with with with their weight, because the motor hardly becomes warm and the piston does not need any controlled thermal expansion.The piston wall (especially on the shaft) must be coated with PTFE in order to reduce friction to a minimum. The cylinder wall should preferably be coated with ceramic, but not smooth as glass, but rather have a very fine roughness of a few μm in order to form only a very thin oil film, so that it does not press on the sealing rings and can mix massively with the vapor during penetration.This motor is a two-stroker. As the piston moves downward, the injected steam is expanded (working cycle), and as the piston moves upward, the piston pushes the expanded steam out through the open valve or valves.To improve the ejection, the valves are larger, because there are no inlet valves. There is now ample space for this, so that the injection is controlled by the injection nozzle.The external steam pressure formation allows the versatile use of this motor variant also in the area of moving machines, wherein here the rotary piston variant is more likely to be considered. At least as important or even more, is the fact that different heat sources can be used, even can be combined with one another, primarily in the stationary area, where solar, earth or ambient heat, etc., can also be used. These are also environmentally neutral and free from costs.When used as a generator drive for BHKWs, it is important, as in all cases of using a combustion boiler, that it likewise achieves a very high efficiency so that the entire plant operates very efficiently.It is also possible to use the BHKW as before and if the exhaust heat is not used (predominantly in summer or in the tropes), then a smaller steam engine can be connected in order to utilize this approximately 30 to 35% of the energy supplied. The coolant heat (25 to 30%) can likewise be used.In normal power plant operation, the cooling circuit heat can likewise be used, even if a heat grid is operated. In summer or warmer countries where the heat demand is lower, this energy would be dissipated by the chiller rather than being converted to electricity with low temperature steam.

Claims

Low-temperature steam piston engine, constructed as a cylinder engine or re-assembled from an internal combustion engine variant.Low-temperature steam piston engine, designed as a rotary piston engine.Combined use of internal combustion engine as primary drive and steam engine as secondary drive by using waste heat. This variant is important when used in ship, locomotive or BHKW.The use of thermal oil and storage in storage tanks is a good bridging aid predominantly in the stationary region in order to facilitate or even make possible continuous use.The piston can be dismantled in order to replace sealing rings.

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