Watch crown with conductive surface

Abstract

Electronic clock, comprising: a housing (116, 216) defining an opening (123); a crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) extending through the opening (123) and configured to receive a rotational input and a translational input, the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) comprising: an inner crown body (125, 232, 332) defining a conductive surface; an outer crown body (124, 224, 324) at least partially surrounding the inner crown body (125, 232, 332); an insulator (128, 228, 328) positioned between the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and electrically insulating the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) from the outer crown body (124, 224, 324); and a holder (126, 226, 326) coupling the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) to the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and securing the insulator (128, 228, 328) between the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324); and a display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) positioned at least partially within the housing (116, 216) and configured to provide a graphical output responsive to each of the rotation input and the translation input.

Description

REGIONThe described embodiments generally relate to an electronic timepiece or other electronic device (e.g., another type of wearable electronic device). In particular, the described embodiments relate to techniques for assembling a crown for an electronic timepiece.PRIOR ARTA crown for a watch may be rotated, slid, and / or touched to provide input to the electronic device. The crown may include an electrically conductive portion to receive touch inputs and / or determine a set of biological parameters of a user wearing the watch or other electronic device on the body. Conventional methods and components for assembling an input device result in challenges in part alignment, electrical isolation, and crown performance.The post-published prior art document WO 2019 / 050 778 A1 discloses techniques for attaching electrodes for measuring biological parameters to a clock or other portable electronic device.Prior art document US 2016 / 0 259 301 A1 discloses a compressible seal for a rotatable and displaceable input mechanism that forms a barrier against contaminants such as dust and a cover surface that covers the inner components.Prior art document US 2018 / 0 0180 26 A1 discloses an input mechanism for a portable electronic device comprising a manipulation mechanism such as a cap or a shaft movable in multiple directions. The input mechanism also includes capacitive sensors disposed in multiple planes with respect to the manipulation mechanism that are connected to the multiple directions of movement.SUMMARYThe present invention is defined in the independent claims. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims.Embodiments of the systems, devices, methods, and apparatuses described in the present disclosure are directed to a crown, an electronic timepiece, or other electronic device (e.g., another type of wearable electronic device) having a crown and methods of assembling a crown.In a first aspect, the present disclosure describes an electronic timepiece. The electronic timepiece includes a housing defining an opening and a crown extending through the opening and configured to receive a rotational input and a displacement input. The crown includes an inner crown body defining a conductive surface and an outer crown body at least partially surrounding the inner crown body. The crown further includes an insulator positioned between the inner crown body and the outer crown body and electrically insulating the inner crown body from the outer crown body. The crown further includes a retainer coupling the inner crown body to the outer crown body and securing the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. The electronic timepiece further includes a display positioned at least partially within the housing and configured to provide a graphical output responsive to each of the rotational input and the displacement input.In another aspect, the present disclosure describes an electronic timepiece. The electronic timepiece includes a housing defining an opening and a processing unit positioned within the housing.The electronic timepiece further includes a crown operatively coupled to the processing unit and positioned along a side of the housing. The crown is configured to receive a rotational input and a displacement input. The crown includes a shaft extending through the opening, an inner crown body fixed to the shaft, an outer crown body surrounding the inner crown body, and a retainer coupling the inner crown body to the outer crown body. The crown further includes an insulator secured between the inner crown body and the outer crown body and electrically insulating the inner crown body from the outer crown body.In yet another aspect of the disclosure, a crown for an electronic timepiece is described. The crown includes a conductive shaft configured to extend through an opening in a housing of the electronic timepiece. The crown further includes an inner crown body structurally coupled to the shaft and comprising a conductive surface operably coupled to the conductive shaft. The crown further includes an outer crown body positioned around the inner crown body and coupled to the inner crown body. The crown further includes an insulator secured between the outer crown body and the inner crown body, and a retainer configured to pull the outer crown body and the inner crown body against the insulator. The crown is configured to receive a rotational input and a displacement input, and a graphical output of a display of the electronic timepiece is responsive to each of the rotational input and the displacement input.In addition to the example aspects and embodiments described above, other aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by studying the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe disclosure will be readily understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: FIG. 1A shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device; FIG. 1B shows an example of a watch with an electronic crown; FIG. 2A shows an exploded view of an example crown; FIG. 2B shows a cross-section of a crown in an assembled configuration; FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of an example of a crown installed in an electronic device, taken through section line A-A of FIG. 1B ; FIGS. 3A to 3E show an example embodiment of a crown; FIGS. 4A to 4E show another example embodiment of a crown; FIG. 5 shows an example method for assembling a crown; FIG. 6 shows an example method for assembling a crown; FIGS. 7A-9B generally illustrate examples of manipulation graphics displayed on an electronic device by inputs provided by force and / or rotational inputs to a crown of the device; and FIG. 10 shows an example electrical block diagram of an electronic device, such as a watch or other wearable electronic device.The use of shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to improve the readability of the figures. Therefore, neither the presence nor absence of hatchings or shadings convey or indicate a preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristics, attributes, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. In addition, it should be understood that the (either relative or absolute) proportions and dimensions of the various features and elements (and their clusters and groupings) as well as the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships depicted therebetween are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate understanding of the various embodiments described herein, and accordingly may not necessarily be depicted or illustrated to scale, and do not present a preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment with the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONReference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following description is not intended to limit the embodiments to a preferred embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims.The following disclosure relates to an input mechanism, such as a crown for an electronic timepiece, that can receive displacement inputs, rotational inputs, and / or touch inputs. Inputs received at the crown may result in changes in the operation of the electronic device and / or outputs, such as graphical outputs, provided by the electronic device. In various embodiments, the crown includes a rotatable and slidable crown body and is at least partially positioned outside the device housing, and a shaft extending from the crown body and extending through an opening in a device housing of an electronic device.In some cases, the crown body includes an inner crown body, an outer crown body at least partially surrounding the inner crown body, and an insulator positioned between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. The insulator may electrically isolate the outer crown body from the inner crown body. In some cases, the crown includes a retainer that couples the inner crown body to the outer crown body and / or secures the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body.The term "attached" as used herein may be used to refer to two or more devices, elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like that are structurally fixed, attached, and / or held together. The term "coupled," as used herein, may be used to refer to two or more devices, elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like that are structurally attached to each other, operate with each other, communicate with each other, are in electrical communication with each other, and / or otherwise interact with each other. Accordingly, while elements attached to each other are coupled together, this is not required, conversely. The term "secured," as used herein, may be used to refer to two or more devices, elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like that are attached or structurally coupled together.As used herein, "operably coupled" or "electrically coupled" may be used to refer to two or more devices, elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like, coupled in any suitable manner for operation and / or communication, including wired, wireless, or a combination thereof. The term "electrically isolated" as used herein may be used to refer to devices, elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like that do not exchange electrical signals or exchange very few electrical signals because they are physically separated by an insulator or are otherwise separated or isolated from one another.In some cases, rotational and / or displacement inputs provided to the rotatable crown body cause the shaft to displace and / or rotate. Generally, the term "rotational input" may be used to refer to an input that causes rotation of the crown, and the term "displacement input" may be used to refer to an input that causes linear displacement or displacement of the crown. One or more sensors may sense the rotation and / or displacement and provide one or more signals to one or more circuits of the electronic device, such as a processing unit for processing the received input(s).The crown body may include a conductive portion (e.g., the inner crown body) defining a conductive surface, such as a touch-sensitive surface, for receiving touch inputs. Generally, the term "touch input" may be used to refer to a touch or gesture applied to the crown by a user's finger, thumb, or other body part. The touch input may be momentary or persistent depending on the user's interaction with the device. The conductive portion having a conductive surface may be configured to measure an electrical characteristic associated with the touch. For example, the conductive surface may function as an electrode to sense voltages or signals indicative of one or more touch inputs and / or biological parameters such as an electrocardiogram of a user in contact with the conductive surface.The conductive portion or surface may be electrically coupled to one or more circuits of the electronic device to transmit signals from the conductive surface for sensing and processing as touch inputs and / or biological parameters. For example, the conductive surface may be electrically coupled to the shaft, and an end of the shaft inside the housing or a conductive shaft holder inside the housing may be in mechanical and electrical contact with a connector (e.g., a spring-biased conductor) that carries electrical signals between the shaft or the shaft holder and a circuit (e.g., a processing unit), thereby providing electrical communication between the crown and the circuit.In some embodiments, the outer crown body is electrically isolated from the shaft and / or the inner crown body to prevent electrical grounding of the inner crown body to other components of the electronic device, such as the device housing, and / or to allow users to provide rotational and / or displacement inputs to the crown without inadvertently providing touch inputs by contacting the conductive surface of the inner crown body. Similarly, the crown may be electrically insulated from the housing.In some cases, the retainer engages the shaft and / or crown body to secure the parts of the crown together. As used herein, the term "engaging" may be used to refer to creating a mechanical interlock between components, assembling components, and / or otherwise attaching or coupling components to each other. The components may engage without direct contact, such as via an intermediate component positioned between the components.In some embodiments, the holder includes one or more retention features that create a mechanical lock with one or more engagement features of the shaft to retain and position the shaft. The retaining features and the engaging features may be beveled features that engage one another when the holder and the shaft are rotated relative to one another. Rotating the retainer and the shaft relative to each other may cause the retainer to engage the outer crown body. In some cases, the crown includes a support plate disposed between the retainer and the outer crown body such that the retainer is in contact with the support plate that is in contact with the outer crown body. In various embodiments, the retainer that engages the shaft secures and / or couples one or more additional components of the crown, such as the bushing, the insulator, one or more spacers, and / or the like.In various embodiments, the crown includes multiple components that are assembled during an assembly process. In various cases, one or more components of the crown may be secured, coupled, secured, and / or integrally formed with one another. As used herein, the term "integrally formed with" may refer to defining or forming a unitary structure. In some cases, the inner crown body may be integrally formed with the shaft (e.g., the shaft and the inner crown body are a single part). The embodiments of the crown described herein provide a simple and robust input mechanism for receiving rotational, translation, and touch inputs as described above while facilitating part alignment, ensuring consistent rotation, and enabling efficient manufacturing.As discussed above, a shaft of the crown may extend through an opening in a device housing of the electronic device. In some cases, the crown may be in contact with one or more components of the electronic device, such as a collar, that define the opening and / or extend from the opening through which the shaft of the crown extends. The crown may rotate and / or translate relative to the collar during operation. The crown may include a bushing disposed around the shaft. The bushing may define a rotational and / or sliding bearing surface between the crown and a surface within the opening in the device housing, such as a surface of the collar. The bushing may allow consistent rotation of the crown throughout all angular positions of the crown relative to the electronic device, for example, by defining a surface concentric with a surface of the collar. The bushing may further allow consistent rotation of the crown over time by reducing wear on the shaft and / or the collar.These and other embodiments will be explained with reference to Figs. 1 to 10. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and is not to be construed as limiting.FIG. 1A shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 100. In some examples, the device 100 may be an electronic watch or an electronic health monitoring device. The electronic device 100 may include a device housing 116 and a crown 121, one or more input devices 130, one or more output devices 132, a display 134, and a processing unit 111 disposed at least partially within the housing 116.In some cases, the electronic device 100 includes a crown 121 having a conductive portion that can be used to perform an ECG measurement. The crown 121 is configured to receive displacement inputs, rotational inputs, and / or touch inputs. Inputs received at the crown 121 may result in changes in outputs provided by the electronic device, such as a graphical output of the display, and / or otherwise modify operations of the electronic device. In some cases, the crown 121 may be positioned along a side of the housing 116 and may extend through an opening 123 defined in the housing. The crown 121 may include a user-rotatable crown body 120 coupled to the shaft and positioned at least partially outside the device housing and a shaft 122 extending from the crown body and extending through the opening 123. In some cases, the crown body 120 includes an inner crown body 125, an outer crown body 124 positioned around and / or at least partially surrounding the inner crown body, and an insulator 128 positioned between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. The insulator 128 may electrically isolate the outer crown body 124 from the inner crown body 124.In various embodiments, the inner crown body 125 is coupled to the outer crown body 124, and the insulator 128 is secured between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. In some cases, the crown 121 includes a retainer 126 that couples the inner crown body 125 to the outer crown body 124 and / or secures the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. As shown in FIG. 1A, in some cases, the retainer 126 compresses the insulator between the outer crown body 124 and the inner crown body 125. In other words, the retainer may engage the inner crown body 125 to apply a compressive force to the insulator 128 and / or the outer crown body 124 to secure the components together.As discussed above, in some cases, at least a portion of the inner crown body 125 is conductive, and the inner crown body 125 defines a conductive surface for receiving touch inputs. In some cases, the conductive surface functions as an electrode to sense voltages or signals indicative of one or more touch inputs and / or biological parameters, such as an electrocardiogram, of a user in contact with the conductive surface. The housing 116 may define another touch-sensitive or conductive surface that is electrically coupled to the processing unit 111 and also functions as an electrode. The processing unit 111 may determine an electrocardiogram using outputs of the electrodes of the inner crown body 125 and the housing 116. In various embodiments, the crown 121 is electrically insulated from the housing, for example to enable separate measurements at the electrodes. In various embodiments, the inner crown body 125 may be electrically coupled to the processing unit or other circuitry of the electronic device 100, for example, via a connector 158 aand / or the shaft 122.As discussed above, the display 134 may be at least partially disposed within the housing 116. The display 134 provides graphical output associated with, for example, an operating system, a user interface, and / or applications of the electronic device 100. In one embodiment, the display 134 includes one or more sensors and is configured as a touch-sensitive (e.g., single-touch, multi-touch) and / or force-sensitive display to receive input from a user. The display 134 is operatively coupled to the processing unit 111 of the electronic device 100, for example, by a connector 158 d. In various embodiments, a graphical output of the display 134 responds to inputs provided on the crown 121, the display, or another input device 130. For example, the processing unit 111 may be configured to modify the graphical output of the display 134 in response to determining an electrocardiogram, receiving rotational inputs, receiving displacement inputs, or receiving touch inputs. The display 134 may be implemented using any suitable technology including, but not limited to, liquid crystal display (LCD) technology, light emitting diode (LED) technology, organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology, organic electroluminescence (OEL) technology, or other type of display technology. In some cases, the display 134 is positioned under and visible through a cover layer that forms at least a portion of the housing 116.Roughly, the input devices 130 may acquire different types of inputs, and the output devices 132 may provide different types of outputs. The processing unit 111 may receive input signals from the input devices 130 in response to inputs detected by the input devices. The processing unit 111 may interpret input signals received from one or more of the input devices 130 and transmit output signals to one or more of the output devices 132. The output signals may cause the output devices 132 to provide one or more outputs. Sensed inputs at one or more of the input devices 130 may be used to control one or more functions of the device 100. In some cases, one or more of the output devices 132 may be configured to provide outputs that depend on or are manipulated in response to the input detected by one or more of the input devices 130. The outputs provided by one or more of the output devices 132 may also be responsive to or initiated by a program or application executed / executed by the processing unit 111 and / or an associated companion device.In various embodiments, the input devices 130 may include any suitable components for detecting input. Examples of input devices 130 include audio sensors (e.g., microphones), optical or visual sensors (e.g., cameras, visible light sensors, or invisible light sensors), proximity sensors, touch sensors, force sensors, mechanical devices (e.g., crowns, switches, buttons, or buttons), vibration sensors, orientation sensors, motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers or speed sensors), position sensors (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) devices), thermal sensors, communication devices (e.g., wired or wireless communication devices), resistance sensors, magnetic sensors, electroactive polymers (EAPs), strain gauges, electrodes, and so forth, or a combination thereof. Each input device 130 may be configured to sense one or more particular types of inputs and provide a signal (e.g., an input signal) corresponding to the sensed input. The signal may be provided to the processing unit 111, for example.In some cases, the input devices 130 include a set of one or more electrodes. An electrode may be a conductive portion of the device 100 that is in contact with a user or configured to be in contact with a user. The electrodes may be disposed on one or more exterior surfaces of the device 100, including a surface of the crown 121, the housing 116, and the like. The processing unit 111 may monitor voltages or signals received at at least one of the electrodes. In some embodiments, one of the electrodes may be permanently or switchably coupled to a device ground. The electrodes may be used to provide electrocardiogram (ECG) function to device 100. For example, a 2-lead ECG function may be provided when a user of device 100 is in contact with first and second electrodes receiving signals from the user. As another example, a 3-lead ECG function may be provided when a user of device 100 is in contact with first and second electrodes receiving signals from the user and a third electrode grounding the user to device 100. In both the 2 and 3 wire ECG embodiments, the user may press the first electrode against a first portion of his body and press the second electrode against a second portion of his body. The third electrode may be pressed against the first or second body part depending on where it is located on the device 100. In some cases, the housing 116 of the device 100 may function as an electrode. In some cases, input devices such as buttons, crowns, and the like may function as an electrode.The output devices 132 may include any suitable components for providing output. Examples of output devices 132 include audio output devices (e.g., speakers), visual output devices (e.g., lights or displays), tactile output devices (e.g., haptic output devices), communication devices (e.g., wired or wireless communication devices), and so forth, or a combination thereof. Each output device 132 may be configured to receive one or more signals (e.g., an output signal provided by the processing unit 111) and provide an output corresponding to the signal.The processing unit 111 may be operably coupled to the input devices 130 and the output devices 132, for example, by connectors 158 band 158 c. The processing unit 111 may be configured to exchange signals with the input devices 130 and the output devices 132. For example, the processing unit 111 may receive an input signal from an input device 130 corresponding to an input detected by the input device 130. The processing unit 111 may interpret the received input signal to determine whether to provide and / or modify one or more outputs in response to the input signal. The processing unit 111 may then send an output signal to one or more of the output devices 132 to provide and / or modify outputs as appropriate. The processing unit 111 may be implemented like any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or commands. For example, the processing unit 111 may be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term "processing unit" is intended to include a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements.FIG. 1B shows an example of a watch 110 (e.g., an electronic watch or smart watch) incorporating a crown as described herein. The watch may include a watch body 112 and a watch band 114. Other devices that may include a crown include other wearable electronic devices, other time measurement devices, other health monitoring or fitness devices, other wearable computing devices, mobile phones (including smart phones), tablet computing devices, digital media playback devices, or the like.The watch body 112 may include a housing 116. The housing 116 may include a front housing member facing away from a user's skin when the watch 110 is worn by a user on the body and a rear housing member facing toward the user's skin. Alternatively, the housing 116 may include a single housing member or more than two housing members. The one or more housing elements may be metal, plastic, ceramic, crystal, or other types of housing elements (or combinations of such materials).A cover layer 118 may be mounted on a front side of the watch body 112 (i.e., facing away from a user's skin) and may protect a display mounted within the housing 116. The display may generate a graphical output that may be visible to a user through the cover layer 118. In some cases, the cover layer 118 may be part of a display stack, where the display stack may include touch sensing or force sensing capability. The display may be configured to present a graphical output of the clock 110, and a user may interact with the graphical output (e.g., using a finger, stylus, or other hand). As an example, the user may select (or otherwise interact with) a graphic, icon, or the like displayed on the display by touching or pressing (e.g., providing a touch input) on the display at the location of the graphic. As used herein, the term "cap layer" may be used to refer to any transparent, semi-transparent, or translucent surface made of glass, a crystalline material (such as sapphire or zirconia), plastic, or the like. It should be understood, therefore, that the term "top layer" as used herein includes amorphous solids as well as crystalline solids. The cover layer 118 may form a portion of the housing 116. In some examples, the capping layer 118 may be a sapphire capping layer. The cover layer 118 may also be formed of glass, plastic, or other materials.In some embodiments, watch body 112 may include an additional cover layer (not shown) forming part of housing 116. The additional cover layer may have one or more electrodes thereon. For example, the watch body 112 may include an additional cover layer mounted to a back side of the watch body 112 (i.e., facing a user's skin). The one or more electrodes on the additional cover layer may be used to determine a biological parameter such as a heart rate, electrocardiogram, or the like. In some cases, the electrodes are used in combination with one or more additional electrodes, such as a surface of a crown or other input device.The watch body 112 may include at least one input device or selection device such as a crown, a scroll wheel, a button, a dial, a button, or the like, the input device being operable by a user of the watch 110. In some embodiments, the watch 110 includes a crown 121 including a crown body 120 and a shaft (not shown in FIG. 1B ). The housing 116 may define an opening through which the shaft 122 extends. In some cases, the shaft 122 extends from the crown body 120. The crown body 120 may be fixed and / or coupled to the shaft and may be accessible to a user outside the housing 116. The crown body 120 may be user-rotatable and may be manipulated (e.g., rotated, pushed) by a user to rotate or translate the shaft. The shaft may be mechanically, electrically, magnetically, and / or optically coupled to components within the housing 116, as an example. User manipulation of the crown body 120 and the shaft may in turn be used to manipulate or select various elements displayed on the display, to adjust a volume of a speaker, to turn the clock 110 on or off, and so on. The housing 116 may also include an opening through which a button 130 protrudes. In some embodiments, the crown body 120, the scroll wheel, the button, the dial, the button 130, or the like may be touch sensitive, conductive, and / or have a conductive surface, and a signal path may be provided between the conductive portion of the crown body 120, the scroll wheel, the button, the dial, the button 130, or the like and a circuit within the watch body 112.The housing 116 may include structures for securing the watch strap 114 to the watch body 112. In some cases, the structures may include elongated depressions or openings through which ends of the watch strap 114 may be inserted and affixed to the watch body 112. In other cases (not shown), the structures may include notches (e.g., dimples or depressions) in the housing 116, where the notches may receive ends of spring pins attached to or threaded through ends of a watch strap to attach the watch strap to the watch body. The watch strap 114 may be used to secure the watch 110 to a user, other device, holding mechanism, and so forth.In some examples, the watch 110 may lack one or all of the cover 118, the display, the crown 121, or the key 130. For example, the watch 110 may include an audio input or output interface, a touch input interface, a force input or haptic output interface, or another input or output interface that does not require the display, crown 121, or button 130. The watch 110 may also include the aforementioned input or output interfaces in addition to the display, the crown 121, or the key 130. If the watch 110 lacks the display, the front of the watch 110 may be covered by the cover layer 118 or by a metallic or other type of housing member.Turning now to FIG. 2A, an exploded view of an example crown 200 with a conductive inner crown body 232 that may be used to perform electrocardiogram measurement or receive other touch inputs is shown. Similar to the other embodiments described herein, the inner crown body 232 is electrically isolated from the outer crown body 224 by an insulator 228 positioned between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. As shown in FIG. 2A, a retainer 226 is used to couple the inner crown body 232 to the outer crown body 224 and secure the insulator 228 between the outer crown body and the inner crown body.The crown 200 includes an inner crown body 232, a shaft 222, spacers 223 and 227, an insulator 228, an outer crown body 224, a bush 229, a support plate 225, and a holder 226. The components shown in FIG. 2A may be assembled in an assembly process to form the crown 200. As shown in FIG. 2A, the spacers 223 and 227, the insulator 228, the outer crown body 224, the bushing 229, the support plate 225, and the retainer 226 engage and cooperate to define an opening through which the shaft 222 extends in the assembled configuration. The shaft 222 and the inner crown body 232 may be a single component or formed from multiple components that are attached, coupled, or integrally formed with one another. The retainer 226 engages the inner crown body 232 to retain the components of the crown 200 together.In some cases, the inner crown body 232 defines a portion 282 of the outer surface of the crown 200. For example, the inner crown body 232 may define a conductive surface for receiving touch inputs, as discussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2C. In some cases, the shaft 222 may extend into an interior of the housing of an electronic device. The shaft 222 may electrically couple the inner crown body 232 to one or more components in the electronic device housing. For example, the shaft 222 may electrically couple the conductive surface to a processing unit and / or one or more other circuits of the electronic device such that inputs provided to the conductive surface may be transmitted to the processing unit or other circuits via the shaft. In various embodiments, the shaft 222 and the inner crown body 232 may be formed from any suitable conductive material or combination of materials, including aluminum, titanium, steel, brass, ceramic, doped materials (e.g., plastics), or the like. One or more surfaces of the inner crown body 232 and / or the shaft 222 may be coated or otherwise treated to prevent or mitigate corrosion, wear, grounding effects, and the like. Coating processes may include electrophoretic deposition, physical vapor deposition, and the like. The shaft 222 and / or the inner crown body 232 may include various features for coupling the shaft to the housing, a collar, and / or one or more other components of the electronic device. In some cases, the shaft 222 and / or the inner crown body 232 include one or more engagement features (e.g., engagement features 272) for engaging other components of the crown 200 and / or other components of the electronic device, as discussed in more detail below.The outer crown body 224, the insulator 228, and the inner crown body 232 may cooperate to define an outer surface of the crown in the assembled configuration. The outer crown body 224 may define a portion 283 of the outer surface of the crown 200, and the insulator 228 may comprise a cosmetic ring defining a portion 285 of the outer surface of the crown 200. As discussed above, the outer crown body 224 defines an opening through which the shaft 222 may extend. In the assembled configuration, the shaft 222 extends through the opening of the outer crown body 224, the inner crown body 232 is at least partially positioned in the opening of the outer crown body, and the outer crown body may at least partially surround the shaft and the inner crown body. In some cases, the outer crown body 224 defines a recess 231 and / or a ledge 284 that extends / extend from an inner sidewall that defines / defines the opening, and the inner crown body 232 may be positioned in the recess 231 and / or supported by the ledge 284. In some cases, the step 284 forms a surface of the recess 231. In various embodiments, the insulator 228 is positioned between the outer crown body 224 and the inner crown body 232 such that the outer crown body at least partially surrounds the insulator and the inner crown body and the insulator at least partially surrounds the inner crown body. The insulator 228 may be positioned within the recess 213 and / or supported by the ledge 284. The insulator 228 defines an opening that can at least partially align with the opening of the outer crown body 224 to create a combined opening through which the shaft 222 and / or the inner crown body 232 can extend. The insulator 228 may be placed on or otherwise supported by the shoulder 284 of the outer crown body 224. In some cases, the insulator 228 defines a ledge 288. In some cases, the shoulder 288 supports and / or retains the inner crown body 232. The insulator 228 may define a sidewall 289 that extends over the ledge positioned between the inner crown body 232 and the outer crown body 224.The outer crown body 224 defines the outer perimeter of the crown 200 and is configured to be contacted by the user when the user provides rotational input. The outer crown body may include tactile features or textures and may be made from materials including conductive and non-conductive materials (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel, ceramic, or the like). The insulator 228 may be formed of any suitable electrically insulating or other non-conductive material, such as plastic, ceramic, or the like. In some cases, the insulator 228 is formed prior to assembly. In some embodiments, the insulator 228 may be insert molded between the shaft 222 and the outer crown body 224 and / or integrally formed with the outer crown body 224, for example, as discussed below with respect to FIGS. 4A-4E. In some cases, the outer crown body 224 is formed of a conductive material and the insulator 228 is formed of a non-conductive material to electrically isolate the outer crown body 224 from the inner crown body 232, for example, to perform an ECG measurement using the inner crown body 232 and the electronic timepiece case. In some cases, the outer crown body 224 may be formed of a non-conductive material, such as ceramic. In some cases, when the outer crown body 224 is non-conductive, the insulator 228 may be formed of a conductive material such as metal or ceramic.In some cases, one or more spacers 223 may be placed between the inner crown body 232 and the insulator 228. Similarly, one or more spacers 227 may be placed between the insulator 228 and the outer crown body 224. In some cases, the spacers 223 and 227 are formed of a heat activated foil that allows gaps to be made between the inner crown body 232 and the insulator 228 and between the insulator 228 and the outer crown body 224 during assembly and then subsequently maintained to maintain part alignment. In some embodiments, the spacers 223 and 227 may be insert molded into the crown 200 and / or integrally formed with the outer crown body 224, the shaft 222, and / or the outer crown body 224.In some cases, the inner crown body 232, the insulator 228, and / or the outer crown body 224 include features for creating one or more mechanical locks to one another. For example, the outer crown body 224 may include indentations 273 that engage protrusions 277 on the insulator 228. Similarly, insulator 228 may include indentations 278 that engage protrusions 279 on inner crown body 232. The protrusions and indentations may engage to create a mechanical lock that prevents the insulator 228, the outer crown body 224, and the inner crown body 232 (and thus the shaft 222) from rotating relative to each other when a torque is applied to the crown. As such, torque applied to the outer crown body 224 may be transmitted to the shaft 222, for example, to provide rotational inputs.The inner crown body 232 may define a wall 299 that extends around a portion of the shaft 222. In some cases, the engagement features 272 may be positioned along an outer surface 241 of the wall 299. In the assembled configuration, the bushing 229 may be positioned along an inner surface of the wall 299 and at least partially about the shaft 222. The bushing 229 may define a rotatable and / or slidable bearing surface between the inner crown body 232 and one or more surfaces of the electronic device. The bushing 229 may be formed from any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic. In some embodiments, the bushing 229 may be integrally formed with and / or integrally formed with one or more additional components of the crown 200 or electronic device, such as the inner crown body 232. The bushing 229 will be explained in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 2B and 2C.The retainer 226 couples the inner crown body 232 to the outer crown body 224 and secures the insulator 228 between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. The retainer 226 may be positioned at least partially about the shaft 222 and / or the inner crown body 232 in the assembled configuration and may engage the inner crown body and / or one or more additional components of the crown 200 to secure the components of the crown together. In various embodiments, the inner crown body 232 and the retainer 226 apply compressive forces to the other components of the crown 200 to secure the components together. In some cases, the retainer 226 compresses the insulator 228 between the inner crown body 232 and the outer crown body 224. For example, the retainer 226 may engage the inner crown body 232 to cooperate with the inner crown body to apply a compressive force to couple the inner crown body 232 to the outer crown body 224 and secures the insulator 228 between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. At least a portion of the insulator 228, the spacers 223 and 227, the outer crown body 224, the bushing, and / or the support plate 225 may be positioned between at least a portion of the inner crown body 232 and the retainer 226, and the inner crown body 232 and the retainer 226 exert compressive forces on the components positioned between them to secure the components together.In some cases, the retainer 226 may contract components of the crown 200, for example during a manufacturing process, to secure the components together. In some cases, the retainer 226 pulls the outer crown body 224 and the inner crown body 232 against the insulator 228. In some cases, the retainer 226 includes one or more retaining features 276 that engage other components of the crown 200 to couple the components of the crown 200 together. For example, the retention features 276 may engage the engagement features 272 of the inner crown body 232. In some cases, the retention features 276 and / or the engagement features 272 are shaped such that rotating the retainer 226 relative to the inner crown body 232 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) engages and / or tightens engagement between the retainer and the inner crown body. In some cases, rotating the retainer 226 relative to the inner crown body 232 pulls the outer crown body 224 and the inner crown body against the insulator 228 to compress the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, the retention features 276 may be chamfered such that a first end of each retention feature has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of a second end. Similarly, the engagement features 272 may be chamfered such that a first end of each engagement feature has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of a second end. The engagement features 272 and the retention features 276 behave similarly to threads to convert rotational motion or force into linear motion or force. For example, rotating the retainer 226 relative to the inner crown body 232 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) in a first direction may decrease a distance between the retainer and the inner crown body and / or increase a compressive force applied by the retainer and / or the inner crown body to other components of the crown 200. Similarly, rotating the retainer 226 relative to the inner crown body 232 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) in a second direction opposite the first direction may increase a distance between the retainer and the inner crown body and / or reduce a compressive force applied by the retainer and / or the inner crown body to other components of the crown 200. The retainer 226 may be formed from any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some embodiments, the retainer 226 may be molded to and / or integrally formed with one or more additional components of the crown 200 or the electronic device.The bushing 229 may include one or more features for coupling the bushing to the other components of the crown 200. For example, the bushing 229 may include features 290 that engage the retaining features 276 of the retainer 226 to couple the bushing 229 to other components of the crown 200.The support plate 225 may be positioned between the retainer 226 and the outer crown body 224. The support plate 225 may engage the outer crown body 224 and may define an engagement surface with which the retainer 226 may be in contact to form an engagement between the retainer and the outer crown body. The support plate 225 may be formed of any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some embodiments, the support plate 225 may be integrally formed with and / or integrally formed with one or more additional components of the crown 200 or electronic device, such as the retainer 226. In some cases, the holder 226 is formed of a different material than the holder 226. The retainer 226 may be formed from a material that does not damage other components of the crown upon engagement, such as damaging a coating of the inner crown body 232. The support plate 225 may be made of a hard and / or rigid material, such as metal, to provide a robust engagement surface for the retainer 226.FIG. 2B shows a cross-section of a crown 200 in an assembled configuration. As shown in FIG. 2B, the crown 200 includes a crown body 220 and a shaft 222 extending from the crown body. As discussed above, the shaft 222 may extend from the inner crown body 232. In various embodiments, the shaft 222 is electrically coupled to the inner crown body 232. As discussed above, the shaft 222 may be fixed to and / or integrally formed with one or more components of the crown body 220. For example, the inner crown body 232 and the shaft 222 may be fixed or integrally formed (e.g., a single piece). Generally, the shaft 222 is rotatable and configured to extend through an opening in a housing, such as the housing described with reference to FIG. 1B.In some cases, the inner crown body 232, the insulator 228, and the outer crown body 224 cooperate to form an outer surface of the crown body 220. As described above with respect to FIG. 2A, the insulator 228 may at least partially surround the inner crown body 232, and the outer crown body 224 may at least partially surround the insulator 228 and / or the inner crown body 232. The inner crown body 232 may define a conductive surface of the crown 200 to receive signals for measuring an electrocardiogram or other touch input, for example. The insulator 228 and / or the spacers 223 and 227 may electrically isolate the inner crown body 232 and the shaft 222 from the outer crown body 224, as will be explained in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2C. In some cases, the inner crown body 232, the insulator 228, and the outer crown body 224 cooperate to form a smooth and continuous outer surface of the crown body 220. For example, as shown in FIG. 2B, the portions of the outer surface defined by the inner crown body 232, the insulator 228, and the outer crown body 224 are aligned with one another to form a continuous outer surface.As shown in FIG. 2B, the outer crown body 224 may define an opening and one or more insulator engagement surfaces 294, for example, along steps extending into the opening. The insulator 228 may engage the outer crown body 224 along the insulator engagement surface(s) 294 defined on the ledge / s. In some cases, the insulator 228 indirectly engages the outer crown body 224 as by the spacer 227. The insulator 228 may define one or more inner crown body engagement surfaces 295, for example, along one or more shoulders configured to support the inner crown body 232. The inner crown body 232 may engage the insulator 228 along the inner crown body engagement surface 295. In some cases, the inner crown body 232 indirectly engages the insulator 228 as by the spacer 223. As discussed above, the spacers 223 and 227 may define gaps between the outer crown body 224, the insulator 228, and the inner crown body 232. The dimensions of the gaps may be adjusted, for example, during assembly to ensure alignment of the inner crown body 232, insulator 228, and outer crown body 224 along the outer surface.The retainer 226 may engage the inner crown body 232 and the outer crown body 224 to secure the components of the crown 200 together. For example, a retaining feature 276 of the retainer 226 may engage an engagement feature 272 of the inner crown body 232 as discussed above. The outer crown body 224 may define a retainer engagement surface 297 on a side of a ledge opposite an insulator engagement surface 294. The retainer 226 may engage the outer crown body 224 along the retainer engagement surface 297. The retainer 226 may indirectly engage the outer crown body 224 as through the support plate 225. As shown in FIG. 2B, the engagement of the inner crown body 232 with the retainer 226 and the insulator 228 generates a compressive force that secures the components of the crown 200 together.Turning now to FIG. 2C, there is shown an example of a crown 200 installed in an electronic timepiece, through the line of intersection A-A of FIG. 1B, when viewed from the front or rear surface of a timepiece body. As shown in FIG. 2C, a collar 242 extends from an opening in the housing 216 and defines an opening through which the shaft 222 extends. The crown 200 may rotate and / or translate relative to the collar 242 during operation. As described above, the bushing 229 may define a rotational and / or sliding bearing surface between the inner crown body 232 and the collar 242. In some cases, an outer surface 235 of the bushing 229 may be positioned at least partially along an inner surface 234 of the wall 299, and an inner surface 298 of the bushing may form a bearing surface configured to contact the collar 242. The bearing surface 298 and the surface 269 may define a sliding or pivot bearing interface between the crown 200 and the collar 242. In some cases, the bearing surface 298 of the bushing 229 contacts a surface 269 of the collar 242 to stabilize the crown 200 and / or facilitate consistent rotation of the crown 200. The bearing surface 298 may be concentric with the surface 269 of the collar 242 to allow consistent rotation of the crown 200 across all angular positions of the crown relative to the electronic device. Bushing 229 may further enable consistent rotation of crown 200 over time by reducing wear on crown 200 and / or collar 242.The crown body 220 may be rotated by a user of an electronic timepiece to in turn rotate the shaft 222. In some cases, the outer crown body 224 is configured to receive rotational inputs. In some cases, the crown body 220 may also be pulled or pushed by the user to displace the shaft 222 along its axis (e.g., to the left and right with respect to FIG. 2C ). The crown body 220 may be electrically coupled to a circuit within the housing 216 (e.g., a processing unit 296), but electrically isolated from the housing 216.A shaft holder 236 may be structurally coupled to the shaft 222, within the housing 216 (e.g., within a watch body housing) after the shaft is inserted through the opening into the housing 216, with the crown body 220 positioned outside the housing 216. In some cases, the shaft holder 236 may include a nut, and the shaft 222 may have an externally threaded portion that engages an internally threaded portion of the nut. In some cases, the shaft holder 236 may be conductive or have a conductive coating thereon, and a mechanical connection of the shaft holder 236 to the shaft 222 may form an electrical connection between the shaft holder 236 and the shaft 222. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the shaft holder 236 may be integrally formed with the shaft 222, and the shaft 222 may be inserted through the opening in the housing 216 from within the housing and then secured to the crown body 220 (e.g., the crown body 220 may be threaded onto the shaft 222).A washer or C-clip 260 may be positioned between the shaft holder 236 and the housing 216, or another component of the electronic device. For example, a non-conductive (e.g., plastic) washer, plate, or shim may be structurally coupled to the interior of the housing 216 between the shaft holder 236 and the housing 216. The C-clip 260 may provide a bearing surface for the shaft holder 236.In some embodiments, a collar 242 may be aligned with the opening in the housing 216. In some embodiments, collar 242 is to be threadably coupled to an external threaded portion of collar 242 and corresponding threads on an internal threaded portion of housing 216 to housing 216 or another component within the housing (not shown). Optionally, a seal of synthetic rubber and fluoropolymer elastomer (e.g., Viton), silicone, or other compressible material may be disposed between the collar 242 and the housing 216 to provide stability to the collar 242 and / or provide a moisture barrier between the collar 242 and the housing 216. Another seal 264 (e.g., a Y-ring) of Viton, silicone, or other compressible material may be placed over the collar 242 before or after insertion of the collar 242 through the opening, but before the shaft 222 is inserted through the collar 242. The second seal 264 may provide a moisture barrier between the crown body 220 and the housing 216 and / or the crown body 220 and the collar 242.As shown in FIG. 2C, one or more O-rings 252, 254 or other seals may be positioned in grooves of the shaft 222 before the shaft 222 is inserted into the collar 242. The O-rings 252, 254 may be formed from a synthetic rubber and fluoropolymer elastomer, silicone, or other compressible material. In some cases, the O-rings 252, 254 may provide a seal between the shaft 222 and the collar 242. The O-rings 252, 254 may also function as an insulator between the shaft 222 and the collar 242. In some embodiments, the O-rings 252, 254 may be fitted into recesses in the shaft 222.In some embodiments, a rotation sensor 262 for sensing rotation of the crown 200 is disposed within the housing 216. The rotation sensor 262 may include one or more light emitters and / or light detectors. The light emitter or emitters may illuminate an encoder pattern or other rotating portion of the shaft 222 or shaft holder 236. The encoder pattern may be supported (e.g., formed, printed, etc.) on the shaft 222 or the shaft holder 236. The light detector(s) may / may receive light emitted by the light emitter(s) and reflected by the wave. The light detector(s) may / may be operatively coupled to the processing unit 296, which may determine a rotational direction, rotational speed, angular position, displacement, or other state / states of the crown 200. In some embodiments, the rotation sensor 262 may detect rotation of the crown 200 by detecting rotation of the shaft 222. The rotation sensor 262 may be electrically coupled to the electronic device processing unit 296 through a connector 258a.In some embodiments, a displacement sensor 240 for detecting displacement of the crown 200 is disposed within the housing 216. In some embodiments, the displacement sensor 240 includes an electrical switch, such as a snap-on tactile disc switch, that can be actuated or change state in response to displacement of the crown 200. Thus, when a user presses on the crown body 220, the shaft 222 may translate or translate into the housing 216 (e.g., into the housing of a watch body) and actuate the switch, thereby placing the switch in one of a number of states. When the user releases the pressure on the crown body 220 or pulls the crown body 220 outward from the housing 216, the switch may maintain the state in which it was placed upon pressing, or transition to another state, or switch between two states depending on the type or configuration of the switch.In some embodiments, displacement sensor 240 includes one or more light emitters and / or light detectors. The light emitter or emitters may illuminate an encoder pattern or other portion of the shaft 222 or the shaft holder 236. The light detector(s) may / may receive reflections of the light emitted from the light emitter(s), and a processing unit 296 may determine a rotational direction, rotational speed, angular position, displacement, or other state / states of the crown 200. In some embodiments, the displacement sensor 240 may detect the displacement of the crown 200 by detecting the displacement of the shaft 222. The displacement sensor 240 may be electrically coupled to a processing unit 296 of the electronic device through a connector 258c.In various embodiments, the shaft 222 and the crown body 220 electrically communicate with a processing unit 296 and / or one or more other circuits of an electronic device. One or more connectors may electrically couple the shaft 222 to the processing unit 296 and / or one or more other circuits. In some cases, the shaft holder 236 is conductive and cooperates with one or more connectors to couple the shaft 222 to the processing unit 296 and / or one or more other circuits. In various cases, a connector 258d is in mechanical and electrical contact with the shaft holder 236 (or, in some cases, with the shaft 222, such as when the shaft extends through the shaft holder (not shown)). In some cases, the connector 258 dmay be formed (e.g., stamped or bent) from a piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel). In other cases, the connector 258 dmay take any of several forms and materials. When the shaft 222 is slidable, translation of the shaft 222 into the housing (e.g., into the housing of a watch body) may cause the connector 258 dto deform or move. However, the connector 258d may include a spring bias or other mechanism that causes the connector 258d to maintain electrical contact with the shaft holder or shaft end regardless of whether the shaft 222 is in a first position or a second position with respect to the displacement of the shaft.In some embodiments of crown assembly 200, connector 258 dmay include a conductive brush biased to contact a side of shaft 222 or a side of shaft holder 236. The conductive brush may maintain electrical contact with the shaft 222 or the shaft holder 236 by rotation or translation of the shaft 222, and may be electrically connected to the processing unit 296 and / or other circuitry such that the shaft remains electrically coupled to the processing unit as the shaft rotates. This allows the crown 200, and particularly the crown body 220, to remain electrically coupled to the processing unit 296 when the crown 200 is manipulated (e.g., rotated and / or slid) by a user, which allows the electrode(s) on the crown to retain their functionality when the crown is manipulated.The processing unit 296 or other circuitry of the electronic device may be in electrical communication with the crown 200 via the connector 258 d, the shaft holder 236, and the shaft 222 (or when an end of the shaft 222 protrudes through the shaft holder 236, the processing unit 296 or other circuitry may electrically communicate with the crown 200 via the connector 258 dand the shaft 222). In some cases, the connector 258 dis coupled to the processing unit 296 via an additional connector 258 b(e.g., a cable, lead, or other conductive element). In some cases, as shown in FIG. 2, the connector 258 dmay be positioned between the shaft holder 236 and the displacement sensor 240. The connector 258 dmay be attached to the shaft holder 236 and / or the displacement sensor 240. In some cases, the connector 258 dmay be connected to the processing unit 296 via the displacement sensor 240 and / or the connector 258 c. In some cases, the connector 258d is integrated with the displacement sensor 240. For example, the shaft holder 236 may be electrically coupled to the displacement sensor 240 to couple the crown 200 to the processing unit 296.In some embodiments, a bracket 256 may be attached (e.g., laser welded) to the housing 216 or another element within the housing. The rotation sensor 262 and / or the displacement sensor 240 may be structurally coupled to the bracket 256, and the bracket may support the rotation sensor 262 and / or the displacement sensor 240 within the housing 216. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2C, the rotation sensor 262 and the displacement sensor 240 are shown as separate components, however, in various embodiments, the rotation sensor 262 and the displacement sensor 240 may be combined and / or disposed in positions other than those shown.In some embodiments of the crown 200 shown in FIG. 2C, the connector 258 bmay include a conductive brush biased to contact a side of the shaft 222 or a side of the shaft holder 236. The conductive brush may maintain electrical contact with the shaft 222 or the shaft holder 236 by rotation or translation of the shaft 222, and may be electrically connected to the processing unit 296 and / or other circuitry such that the shaft remains electrically coupled to the processing unit as the shaft rotates. This allows the crown body 220 to remain electrically coupled to the processing unit 296 when the crown body 220 is manipulated (e.g., rotated and / or slid) by a user, which allows the conductive surface and / or electrodes on the crown body 220 to maintain their functionality when the crown body 220 is manipulated.The connectors 258a-c may be electrically coupled to the processing unit 296, for example, as discussed with respect to FIG. 10 below. The processing unit 296 may determine whether a user touches the conductive surface of the crown body 220, and / or determine a biological parameter of the user based on a signal received from or provided to the user via the conductive surface of the crown body 220. In some cases, the processing unit 296 may determine other parameters based on signals received from or provided to the conductive surface of the crown body 220. In some cases, the processing unit 296 may operate the crown 200 and / or one or more additional electrodes as an electrocardiogram measurement device and provide an electrocardiogram to a user of a watch including the crown 200.As discussed above, in some cases, the inner crown body 232 includes a conductive portion that defines a portion of the outer surface of the crown body 220. In some cases, the inner crown body 232 defines the conductive surface and is electrically coupled to the shaft 222. The inner crown body 232 may be a separate part structurally coupled to the shaft 222 or the inner crown body 232, and the shaft 222 may be a single part. The inner crown body 232 may function as an electrode as explained above. The inner crown body 232 may be formed from any suitable conductive material or combination of materials, including titanium, steel, brass, ceramic, doped materials (e.g., plastics). In various embodiments, it is advantageous if the inner crown body 232 is corrosion resistant, such that one or more materials that are corrosion resistant, such as titanium, may be selected. In some embodiments, one or more attachment mechanisms may structurally couple the inner crown body 232 to other components of the crown 200. In some cases, a fastening mechanism that structurally and / or electrically couples the inner crown body 232 to the shaft 222 also structurally couples the inner crown body 232 to other components of the crown 200.In some embodiments, one or more components of crown 200 may have a conductive surface covered by a thin non-conductive coating. The non-conductive coating may provide a dielectric for capacitive coupling between a conductive surface and a finger of a user of the crown 200 (or an electronic watch or other device including the crown 200). In the same or different embodiments, the crown 200 may have a non-conductive coating on a surface of the crown body 220 facing the housing 216. In some examples, the conductive material(s) may / may include a PVD4 layer of aluminum titanium nitride (AlTiN) or chromium silicon carbonitride (CrSiCN).In various embodiments, the crown 200 may include adhesive and / or other fasteners for coupling the components and / or for coupling the crown 200 to an electronic device. All voids or voids shown in FIG. 2B may be filled with adhesive or other substances to couple the components of the crown, electrically isolate the shaft from other components of the crown 200, and / or protect components of the crown (e.g., provide lubrication, mitigate corrosion, and the like). The example arrangements of components discussed with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting or exhaustive. In some cases, the crown 200 may include more or fewer components, and the illustrated components may be combined with one another and / or with additional components. Similarly, the illustrated components may be divided into multiple separate components. For example, FIGS. 3A through 4E illustrate an example embodiment of crowns 300 and 400 with different and / or additional components.FIGS. 3A through 3E show an example crown 300 with a conductive inner crown body 332 that can be used to perform electrocardiogram measurement or receive other touch inputs. Similar to the other embodiments described herein, the inner crown body 332 is electrically isolated from the outer crown body 324 by an insulator 328 positioned between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. As shown in FIG. 3D, a retainer 326 is used to couple the inner crown body 332 to the outer crown body 324 and secure the insulator 328 between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. FIGS. 3A through 3C illustrate a shaft 322 and an inner crown 332. In some embodiments, the inner crown 332 includes a head portion 332 a(FIG. 3A ) that is a portion of a single component that includes the shaft 322 and a mounting portion 332 c(FIG. 3B ) that is attached to and / or extends from the head portion 332 aand / or the shaft 322. For example, the attachment portion 332 cmay be formed around or otherwise disposed on a wall 332 bof the head portion 332 a. In various embodiments, the attachment portion 332 cmay be attached to the head portion 332 ain any suitable manner, including injection molding (e.g., overmolding, insert molding), adhesives, fasteners, and the like. In some cases, the head portion 332 aincludes one or more features to facilitate attachment between the head portion 332 aand the attachment portion 332 c. For example, as shown in FIG. 3A, holes 333 on the wall 332 bmay be filled or otherwise engaged by the attachment portion 332 cto more securely attach the attachment portion to the head portion 332 a.As shown in FIG. 3C, the head portion 332 amay define a portion 382 of the outer surface of the crown 300. For example, the head portion 332 amay define a conductive surface for measuring an electrocardiogram and / or receiving other touch inputs, similar to the conductive surface discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C. In various embodiments, the head portion 332 aand / or the shaft 322 may be formed of similar material or materials and have similar features (e.g., coatings) as discussed with respect to the inner crown body 232 and the shaft 222 with respect to FIGS. 2A to 2C. In some cases, the head portion 332 amay be a separate part from the shaft 322. For example, the head portion 332 amay be fixed to and / or integrally formed with the shaft 322. Similarly, the wall 332 band the head portion 332 amay be portions of a single component or may be attached to each other and / or integrally formed with each other.Turning again to FIG. 3B, in some cases, the attachment portion 332 cmay include one or more engagement features 372 for engaging other components of the crown 300 and / or other components of the electronic device, similar to the engagement features 272 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C. In some cases, the attachment portion 332 cmay include one or more protrusions 379 for creating a mechanical lock with one or more additional components of the crown 300, similar to the protrusions 279 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C. The attachment portion 332 cmay be formed of any suitable material or any suitable combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some cases, the attachment portion 332 cis formed of an electrically insulating or other non-conductive material, such as plastic. The attachment portion 332 cmay cooperate with other components of the crown to electrically isolate the head portion 332 aand / or the shaft from other components of the crown, such as the outer crown 324.Turning to FIG. 3C, the crown 300 includes the inner crown body 332, the shaft 322, an insulator 328, an outer crown body 324, a retainer 326, and a locking plate 392. Similar to the crown 200 discussed above, the retainer 326 may engage the inner crown body 332 and the outer crown body 324 to couple and retain the components of the crown 300 together. In some cases, the retainer 326 includes retention features 376 that engage the engagement features 372 of the inner crown body 332. As described above with respect to FIGS. 2A through 2C, the engagement features 372 and the retention features 376 behave similar to a threaded connector to convert a rotational motion or force into a linear motion or force. For example, the engagement features 372 may be similar to threads, and the retention features 376 may engage the engagement features 372 and secure the retainer 326 to the inner crown body 332 when the components are rotated relative to each other.The insulator 328 and the outer crown body 324 may be similar to the insulator 228 and the outer crown body 224 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A through 2C. The outer crown body may include features 373 along an inner surface that engage with indentations 378 of the insulator 328 and / or protrusions 379 of the inner crown body 232. The protrusions and indentations may engage to create a mechanical lock that prevents the insulator 328, the outer crown body 324, and the inner crown body 332 (and thus the shaft 322) from rotating relative to each other when a torque is applied to the crown. As such, torque applied to the outer crown body 324 may be transmitted to the shaft 322 to provide rotational inputs, for example.The retainer 326 may be similar to the retainer 226 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C. The retainer 326, in the assembled configuration, may be at least partially positioned around the inner crown body 332 and may engage the inner crown body and / or one or more additional components of the crown 300 to secure the components of the crown together. In various embodiments, the inner crown body 332 and the retainer 326 apply compressive forces to the other components of the crown 300 to secure the components together. For example, at least a portion of the insulator 328 and / or the outer crown body 324 may be positioned between at least a portion of the inner crown body 332 and the retainer 326, and the inner crown body 332 and the retainer 326 exert compressive forces on the components positioned therebetween to couple the inner crown body to the outer crown body and secure the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body.In some cases, the retainer 326 includes one or more retention features 376 that engage other components of the crown 300 to couple the components of the crown 300 together. For example, the retention features 376 may engage the engagement features 372 of the inner crown body 332. In some cases, the retention features 376 and / or the engagement features 372 are shaped such that rotating the retainer 326 relative to the inner crown body 332 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) engages and / or tightens engagement between the retainer and the inner crown body. For example, as shown in FIG. 3C, the retention features 376 may protrude from an inner surface of the retainer 326, thereby being engageable with the engagement features 372. The engagement features 372 and the retention features 276 behave similarly to threads to convert rotational motion or force into linear motion or force. For example, rotating the retainer 326 relative to the inner crown body 332 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) in a first direction may decrease a distance between the retainer and the inner crown body and / or increase a compressive force applied by the retainer and / or the inner crown body to other components of the crown 300. Similarly, rotating the retainer 326 relative to the inner crown body 332 (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) in a second direction opposite the first direction may increase a distance between the retainer and the inner crown body and / or reduce a compressive force applied by the retainer and / or the inner crown body to other components of the crown 300. The retainer 326 may be formed from any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some embodiments, the retainer 326 may be molded to and / or integrally formed with one or more additional components of the crown 300 or electronic device.The locking plate 392 may include one or more features to prevent disengagement from the other components of the crown 300. For example, the locking plate 392 may include features 393 that engage retaining features 395 of the retainer 326 and / or protrusions 379 of the inner crown body 332. In some cases, the locking plate 392 may be attached to the retainer 326 and / or the inner crown body 332, such that the features 393 prevent the retainer from rotating and disengaging from the inner crown body. The locking plate 392 may be secured to one or more components of the crown 300 by any suitable means including welding, adhesives, mechanical locks, and the like. The latch plate 392 may be formed from any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some embodiments, the locking plate 392 may be molded to and / or integrally formed with one or more additional components of the crown 300 or electronic device.FIG. 3D shows a cross-section of a crown 300 in an assembled configuration. As shown in FIG. 3D, the crown 300 includes a crown body 320 and a shaft 322 extending from the crown body. In various embodiments, the shaft 322 is electrically coupled to the inner crown body 332. As discussed above, the shaft 322 may be fixed to and / or integrally formed with one or more components of the crown body 320. For example, the inner crown body 332 and the shaft 322 may be fixed, integrally formed, and / or a single piece. Generally, the shaft 322 is rotatable and configured to extend through an opening in a housing, such as the housing described with reference to FIG. 1B.In some cases, the inner crown body 332, the insulator 328, and the outer crown body 324 cooperate to form an outer surface of the crown body 320. As described above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 3C, the insulator 328 may at least partially surround the inner crown body 332, and the outer crown body 324 may at least partially surround the insulator 328 and / or the inner crown body 332. The inner crown body 332 may define a conductive surface of the crown 300. The insulator 328 may electrically isolate the inner crown body 332 and the shaft 322 from the outer crown body 324. In some cases, the inner crown body 332, the insulator 328, and the outer crown body 324 cooperate to form a smooth and continuous outer surface of the crown body 320. For example, as shown in FIG. 3D, the portions of the outer surface defined by the inner crown body 332, the insulator 328, and the outer crown body 324 are aligned with one another to form a continuous outer surface.Turning now to FIG. 3E, there is shown an example of a crown 300 installed in an electronic timepiece, through section line A-A of FIG. 1B, when viewed from the front or rear surface of a timepiece body. As shown in FIG. 3E, a collar 342 is disposed in an opening in the housing 216, as discussed with respect to FIG. 2C, and defines an opening through which the shaft 322 extends. The crown 300 may rotate or translate relative to the collar 342 during operation. In some cases, the inner crown body 332, and more particularly the attachment portion 332 cmay define a rotational and / or displacement bearing surface between the inner crown body 332 and the collar 342. In some cases, the attachment portion 332 cmay define a bearing surface 398 configured to contact the collar 342. In some cases, the bearing surface 398 contacts a surface 369 of the collar 342 to stabilize the crown 300 and / or facilitate consistent rotation of the crown 300. The bearing surface 398 may be concentric with the surface 369 of the collar 342 to allow consistent rotation of the crown 300 across all angular positions of the crown relative to the electronic device. In some cases, the bearing surface 398 extends across multiple surfaces of the attachment portion 332 c, as shown in FIG. 3C. In some cases, the bearing surface 398 may be in contact with the collar 342 along one or more surfaces of the collar 342. For example, as shown in FIG. 3C, a surface 398 aof the bearing surface 398 may be in contact with the collar 342 along a surface 369 aof the surface 369, and a surface 398 bof the bearing surface 398 that is opposite the surface 398 amay be in contact with the collar 342 along a surface 369 bof the collar that is opposite the surface 369 a. The attachment portion 332 cmay further enable consistent rotation of the crown 300 over time by reducing wear of the crown 300 and / or the collar 342. In some cases, forming the attachment portion 332 cusing injection molding allows the surfaces of the surface 398 to be properly spaced apart to form a precise fit between the crown 300 and the collar 342.The crown 300 may be similar to the crown 200, may include similar structural components, features, and functionality, and may interact with similar components of an electronic device. Similar to the crown 200, the crown body 320 may be rotated by a user of an electronic timepiece to in turn rotate the shaft 322. In some cases, the outer crown body 324 is configured to receive rotational inputs. In some cases, the crown body 320 may also be pulled or pushed by the user to displace the shaft 322 along its axis (e.g., to the left and right with respect to FIG. 3E ). The crown body 320 may be electrically coupled to a circuit within the housing 216 (e.g., a processing unit 296), but electrically isolated from the housing 216.As mentioned above, in some cases one or more components in the crowns described herein may be omitted. FIGS. 4A through 4E show an example crown 300 having a conductive inner crown body 432 that can be used to perform electrocardiogram measurement or receive other touch inputs. Similar to the other embodiments described herein, the inner crown body 432 is electrically isolated from the outer crown body 424 by an insulator 428 positioned between the outer crown body and the inner crown body. FIGS. 4A to 4B illustrate a shaft 422, an inner crown body 432, and an insulator 428. In some embodiments, the inner crown body 432 includes a head portion 432 a(FIG. 4A ) that is a portion of a single component that includes the shaft 422 and a mounting portion 432 c, an insulator 428, and features 484 aand 484 b(FIG. 4B ) that are mounted to the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft 422. For example, the attachment portion 432 c, the insulator 428, and / or the features 484 aand 484 bmay be formed around or otherwise disposed on a wall 432 bof the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft 422. In various embodiments, the attachment portion 432 c, the insulator 428, and the features 484 aand 484 bmay be attached to the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft 422 in any suitable manner, including injection molding (e.g., overmolding, insert molding), adhesives, fasteners, and the like. In some cases, the attachment portion 432 c, the insulator 428, and the features 484 aand 484 bmay be portions of a single component (e.g., a molded component) or may be attached to and / or integrally formed with each other. For example, the attachment portion 432 c, the insulator 428, and the features 484 aand 484 bmay be a single component injection molded to the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft 422. Similar to the head portion 332 a, the head portion 432 amay include one or more features to facilitate attachment between the head portion 432 a, the attachment portion 432 c, the insulator 428, and / or the features 484 aand 484 b. Features 484 aand 484 bmay define grooves around shaft 422 to receive an O-ring as shown below in FIG. 4E.As shown in FIG. 4C, the head portion 432 amay define a portion 482 of the outer surface of the crown 400. For example, the head portion 432 amay define a conductive surface for receiving touch inputs, similar to the conductive surface discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2C. In various embodiments, the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft 422 may be formed of similar material or materials and have similar features (e.g., coatings) as discussed with respect to the inner crown bodies 232 and 332 and the shafts 222 and 322 with respect to FIGS. 2A-3E. In some cases, the head portion 432 amay be a separate part from the shaft 422. For example, the head portion 432 amay be fixed to and / or integrally formed with the shaft 422. Similarly, the wall 432 band the head portion 432 amay be portions of a single component or may be attached to each other and / or integrally formed with each other.Turning again to FIG. 4B, in some cases, the attachment portion 432 cmay include one or more engagement features 472 for engaging other components of the crown 400 and / or other components of the electronic device, similar to the engagement features 272 and 372 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-3E. The attachment portion 432 cmay be formed of any suitable material or any suitable combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some cases, the attachment portion 432 cis formed of an electrically insulating or other non-conductive material, such as plastic. The attachment portion 432 cmay cooperate with other components of the crown to electrically isolate the head portion 432 aand / or the shaft from other components of the crown, such as the outer crown body 424 shown in FIG. 4C.Turning to FIG. 4C, the crown 400 includes the inner crown body 432, the shaft 422 and an outer crown body 424. The outer crown body 424 may engage the inner crown body 432 to couple and hold together the components of the crown 400. In some cases, the outer crown body 424 includes retention features 476 that engage the engagement features 472 of the inner crown body 432. In some cases, the engagement features structurally couple the inner crown body 432 to the outer crown body 424. The engagement features 472 may form a mechanical interlock with the retention features 476. In various embodiments, similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 2A-3E, the engagement features 472 and the retention features 476 may behave similar to a threaded connector to convert a rotational motion or force into a linear motion or force.FIG. 4D shows a cross-section of a crown 400 in an assembled configuration. In some cases, as shown in FIG. 4D, the outer crown body 424 and the inner crown body 432 may be secured using a fastener component 425, such as an adhesive, a molded component, or another fastener. In some cases, the outer crown body 424 and the inner crown body 432 may be positioned relative to each other and the attachment component 425 may be injection molded into a gap between the outer crown body and the inner crown body to couple the components. The attachment component 425 may be formed from any suitable material or combination of materials, such as plastic, metal, or the like. In some cases, one or more engagement features 472 and / or retention features 476 may engage the fastening component 425 to create a mechanical interlock between the components.Turning now to FIG. 4E, an example of the crown 400 installed in an electronic timepiece is shown, through the section line A-A of FIG. 1B, when viewed from the front or rear surface of a timepiece body. As shown in FIG. 4E, a collar 442 is disposed in an opening in the housing 216, as explained with respect to FIG. 2C, and defines an opening through which the shaft 422 extends. The crown 400 may rotate or translate relative to the collar 442 during operation. In some cases, the inner crown body 432 and / or the outer crown body 424 may define a rotational and / or displacement bearing surface between the crown 400 and the collar 442. In some cases, the attachment portion 432 cmay define a bearing surface 498 configured to contact the collar 442. In some cases, the bearing surface 498 contacts a surface 469 of the collar 442 to stabilize the crown 400 and / or facilitate consistent rotation of the crown 400. The bearing surface 498 may be concentric with the surface 469 of the collar 442 to enable consistent rotation of the crown 400 across all angular positions of the crown relative to the electronic device. The attachment portion 432 cmay further allow consistent rotation of the crown 400 over time by reducing wear on the crown 400 and / or the collar 442. In some cases, forming the attachment portion 432 cusing injection molding allows the surfaces of the surface 498 to be properly spaced apart to form a precise fit between the crown 400 and the collar 442.The crown 400 may be similar to crowns 200 and 300, may include similar structural components, features, and functionality, and may interact with similar components of an electronic device. Similar to crowns 200 and 300, crown body 420 may be rotated by a user of an electronic timepiece to in turn rotate shaft 422. In some cases, the outer crown body 424 is configured to receive rotational inputs. In some cases, the crown body 420 may also be pulled or pushed by the user to displace the shaft 422 along its axis (e.g., to the left and right with respect to FIG. 4E ). Crown body 420 may be electrically coupled to circuitry within housing 216 (e.g., processing unit 296), but electrically isolated from housing 216.FIG. 5 shows an example method 500 for assembling a crown. At block 502, an insulator (e.g., insulator 228) and one or more spacers (e.g., spacers 223, 227) are placed in a recess in an outer crown body (e.g., outer crown body 224). As discussed above, in some embodiments, the outer crown body defines an opening and a recess (e.g., recess 231) and / or a ledge extending from an inner sidewall defining the opening (e.g., ledge 284). The insulator may be positioned in the recess and / or supported by the ledge. In some cases, a spacer (e.g., spacer 223) is placed in the recess and / or on the ledge, and the insulator is placed on the spacer. A second spacer (e.g., spacer 227) may be placed on the insulator. The insulator and / or the second spacer may define a shoulder and / or a recess configured to receive and / or engage a mounting portion of a shaft (e.g., the inner crown body 232 of the shaft 222). Generally, the insulator, the spacers and the outer crown body cooperate to form a shaft aperture through which the shaft may extend. In some cases, the insulator and / or the spacers may be omitted.At block 504, an inner crown body (e.g., inner crown body 232) and a shaft (e.g., shaft 222) are installed in the shaft opening. As discussed above, in some embodiments, the shaft and the inner crown body are formed as a single component. The shaft may extend through the shaft opening and the inner crown body may engage the insulator, the outer crown body, and / or the spacers. Generally, the inner crown body is installed such that the insulator and / or the spacers are positioned between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. The insulator and / or the spacers may cooperate to electrically isolate the inner crown body and the outer crown body. In some cases, the shaft and / or inner crown body may be machined (e.g., machined, coated, or the like) prior to installation.At block 506, the insulator, the inner crown body, and the outer crown body are aligned along an outer surface of the crown. In some cases, the insulator, the inner crown body, and the outer crown body are pressed against a shape, such as a spline matching fixture, to properly align the components relative to each other. As discussed herein, the insulator, the inner crown body, and / or the outer crown body may define an outer surface of the crown 200. The insulator, the inner crown body and / or the outer crown body may cooperate to form a smooth, continuous surface. In some cases, the spacers include a curable substance such as a heat-activated film. The spacers may be cured, for example, by heating the components to cure a heat activated film to allow alignment of the components, for example, by keeping the components in alignment once the mold is removed.At block 508, a bushing (e.g., bushing 229) is installed around the shaft. As discussed above, the bushing may be positioned at least partially around the shaft. In some embodiments, the bushing is positioned along an inner surface of a wall of the inner crown body. The bushing may form a bearing surface configured to contact a component of the electronic device, such as a collar. In some cases, the bushing is fixed with respect to the shaft and / or the crown body so as not to shift or rotate relative to the shaft. In some cases, the bushing may rotate and / or translate relative to the shaft and / or the crown body. In some cases, adhesive may be applied to one or more components prior to block 508.At block 510, a retainer (e.g., retainer 226) is installed and engaged with the crown body. As discussed above, the retainer may contract the components of the crown to secure them together. For example, the retainer may pull the inner crown body and the outer crown body against the insulator to compress the insulator between the inner crown body and the outer crown body. The holder may define an opening through which the shaft may extend. As discussed above, the retainer may include one or more retention features (e.g., retention features 276) configured to engage one or more engagement features of the inner crown body (e.g., engagement features 272) to couple the crown together. In some cases, the retaining features and / or the engagement features are shaped such that rotating the retainer relative to the inner crown body (and / or rotating the inner crown body relative to the retainer) engages and / or tightens engagement between the retainer and the shaft. The retainer may engage the outer crown body, either directly or via a support plate (e.g., support plate 225) positioned between the retainer and the outer crown body. In some cases, adhesive may be applied to one or more components after block 510.FIG. 6 shows an example method 600 for assembling a crown. At block 602, components for the crown (e.g., components discussed with respect to crowns 200, 300 or 400) are obtained. The components may include an outer crown body (e.g., outer crown body 424), an inner crown body (e.g., inner crown body 432), a shaft (e.g., shaft 422), as well as additional or alternative components as discussed herein.At block 604, the components may be placed in a mold. For example, the outer crown body, the inner crown body, the shaft, and / or additional or alternative components may be placed in a mold such that the components are positioned relative to each other as they are in the assembled crown. In various embodiments, positioning the components relative to each other may leave gaps between components.At block 606, plastic (or similar material) may be injected into the mold to form one or more molded components (e.g., the fastening component 425, the fastening portion 432 c, the features 484 aand 484 b, the insulator 428, and the like). In some cases, the blocks 604 and / or 606 may be repeated multiple times during assembly of a crown. For example, the steps of blocks 604 and 606 may be used to form a first component (e.g., a mounting portion), and subsequent steps of blocks 604 and 606 may be used to form one or more subsequent components (e.g., a mounting component).In some cases, some or all of the components of the crown may be insert molded. For example, the insulator and / or spacers may be insert molded between the shaft and the outer crown body, the bushing may be molded to the shaft, and so on. Similarly, the crown may include different and / or additional components. For example, the crown may include one or more adhesives or other fasteners to assist in coupling the components together. Methods 500 and 600 are example methods for assembling a crown and are not intended to be limiting. Methods for assembling the crown may omit and / or add steps to methods 500 or 600. Similarly, steps of methods 500 or 600 may be performed in orders other than the example order discussed above.The embodiments of the crown described herein provide a simple and robust input mechanism for receiving rotational, translation, and touch inputs as described above while facilitating part alignment, ensuring consistent rotation, and enabling efficient manufacturing. In various embodiments, the crown may be installed in an electronic device, such as an electronic timepiece. The components of the crown may be assembled before, simultaneously with, and / or after installation of one or more components of the crown into the electronic device.FIG. 7A illustrates an example electronic device 700 (shown here as an electronic timepiece) having a crown 702. The crown 702 may be similar to the examples described above and may receive force inputs along a first lateral direction, a second lateral direction, or an axial direction of the crown. The crown 702 may also receive rotational inputs, for example, on an outer crown body. A display 706 provides graphical output (e.g., displays information and / or other graphics). In some embodiments, the display 706 may be configured as a touch-sensitive display capable of receiving touch and / or force input. In the current example, the display 706 presents a list of different items 761, 762, 763 that are all example characters.FIG. 7B illustrates how the graphical output shown on the display 706 changes as the crown 702 partially or fully rotates (as indicated by arrow 760). Rotating the crown 702 causes the list to scroll or otherwise move on the screen such that the first element 761 is no longer displayed, the second and third elements 762, 763 each move up the display, and a fourth element 764 is now shown at the bottom of the display. This is an example of a scroll operation that can be performed by rotating the crown 702. Such scrolling operations may provide a simple and efficient way to display multiple items relatively quickly and in sequential order. A speed of the scrolling operation may be controlled by the amount of rotational force applied to the crown 702 and / or the speed at which the crown 702 is rotated. A faster or more powerful rotation may result in a faster scrolling, while a slower or less powerful rotation results in a slower scrolling. The crown 702, in certain embodiments, may receive an axial force (e.g., a force directed inward toward the display 706 or watch body) for selecting an element from the list.FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate an example zoom operation. The display 806 displays an image 866 at a first magnification shown in FIG. 8A; the image 866 is still another example of a character. A user may apply a lateral force (e.g., a force along the x-axis) to the crown 802 of the electronic device 800 (illustrated by arrow 865), and in response, the display may zoom into the image 866 such that a portion 867 of the image is shown at an enlarged magnification. This is shown in FIG. 8B. The zoom direction (increase and decrease) and zoom speed or zoom position may be controlled by a force applied to the crown 802, and more specifically, by the direction of an applied force and / or magnitude of an applied force. Applying force to the crown 802 in a first direction may magnify the image, while applying force to the crown 802 in an opposite direction may reduce the image. Alternatively, rotating or applying a force to crown 802 in a first direction may alter the portion of the image that is subject to the zoom effect. In some embodiments, applying an axial force (e.g., a force along the z-axis) to the crown 802 may switch between different zoom modes or inputs (e.g., direction of zoom versus the portion of the image that is subject to zoom). In still other embodiments, applying force to crown 802 along another direction, such as along the y-axis, may reset image 866 to the default magnification shown in FIG. 8A.FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate one possible use of the crown 902 to change an operating state of the electronic device 900 or otherwise switch between inputs. Turning first to FIG. 9A, the display 906 presents a question 968, namely "Want to Instruct?"As shown in FIG. 9B, a lateral force may be applied to the crown 902 (illustrated by arrow 970) to answer the question. Applying force to the crown 902 provides an input that is interpreted by the electronic device 900 as "Yes", and therefore "Yes" is displayed as a graphic 969 on the display 906. Applying force to the crown 902 in an opposite direction may provide a "no" input. Both question 968 and graph 969 are examples of characters.In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the force applied to the crown 902 is used to provide the input directly, rather than selecting from options in a list (as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A and 7B ).As mentioned previously, a force or rotational input to a crown of an electronic device may control many functions beyond those listed herein. The crown may receive various force or rotational inputs to adjust a volume of an electronic device, a brightness of a display, or other operating parameters of the device. A force or rotational input applied to the crown may rotate to turn a display on or off or turn the device on or off. A force or rotational input to the crown may start or end an application on the electronic device. Further, combinations of inputs to the crown may likewise initiate or control each of the foregoing functions.In some cases, in addition to inputs applied to a crown, the graphical output of a display may also be responsive to inputs applied to a touch-sensitive display (e.g., displays 706, 806, 906, and the like). The touch-sensitive display may include or be connected to one or more touch and / or force sensors that extend along an output region of a display and that may use suitable sensing elements and / or sensing techniques to sense touch and / or force inputs applied to the touch-sensitive display. The same or similar graphical output actuations generated in response to inputs applied to the crown may also be generated in response to inputs applied to the touch-sensitive display. For example, a swiping gesture applied to the touch-sensitive display may cause the graphical output to move in a direction corresponding to the swiping gesture. As another example, a tap gesture applied to the touch-sensitive display may cause an element to be selected or activated. In this way, a user may have several different ways to interact with and control an electronic watch, and in particular the graphical output of an electronic watch. Further, while the crown may provide functionality overlapping the touch-sensitive display, using the crown allows the graphical output of the display to be visible (without being blocked by the finger providing the touch input).FIG. 10 shows an example electrical block diagram of an electronic device 1000, where the electronic device may take the form of electronic watches or other wearable electronic devices described with reference to FIGS. 1-9, or other wearable electronic devices in some cases. The electronic device 1000 may include a display 1005 (e.g., a light emitting display), a processing unit 1010, a power source 1015, a memory 1020 or storage device, a sensor 1025, and an input / output (I / O) mechanism 1030 (e.g., an input / output device, an input / output port, or a haptic input / output interface). The processing unit 1010 may control some or all of the operations of the electronic device 1000. The processing unit 1010 may communicate either directly or indirectly with some or all of the components of the electronic device 1000. For example, a system bus or other communication mechanism 1035 may provide communication between the processing unit 1010, the power source 1015, the memory 1020, the sensor 1025, and the input / output mechanism 1030.The processing unit 1010 may be implemented like any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or commands. For example, the processing unit 1010 may be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term "processing unit" is intended to include a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements.It should be noted that the components of the electronic device 1000 may be controlled by a plurality of processing units. For example, selected components of the electronic device 1000 (e.g., a sensor 1025) may be controlled by a first processing unit, and other components of the electronic device 1000 (e.g., the display 1005) may be controlled by a second processing unit, wherein the first and second processing units may or may not be in communication with each other. In some cases, the processing unit 1010 may determine a biological parameter of a user of the electronic device, such as an ECG for the user.The power source 1015 may be implemented with any device capable of providing power to the electronic device 1000. For example, the power source 1015 may be one or more batteries or rechargeable batteries. Additionally or alternatively, the power source 1015 may be a power outlet or power cord that connects the electronic device 1000 to another power source, such as a power outlet.The memory 1020 may store electronic data that may be used by the electronic device 1000. For example, storage 1020 may store electrical data or content such as audio and video files, documents and applications, device settings and user preferences, timing signals, control signals, and data structures or databases. The memory 1020 may be configured as any type of memory. For example only, the memory 1020 may be implemented as random access memory, read only memory, flash memory, removable memory, other types of storage elements, or combinations of such devices.The electronic device 1000 may also include one or more sensors 1025 positioned almost anywhere on the electronic device 1000. The sensor or sensors 1025 may be configured to sense one or more types of parameters, such as, but not limited to, pressure, light, touch, heat, motion, relative motion, biometric data (e.g., biological parameters), and so forth. For example, the sensor or sensors 1025 may include a thermal sensor, a position sensor, a light or optical sensor, an accelerometer, a pressure transducer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a health monitoring sensor, and so forth. Additionally, the one or more sensors 1025 may utilize any suitable sensing technology, including, but not limited to, capacitive, ultrasonic, resistive, optical, ultrasonic, piezoelectric, and thermal sensing technology. In some examples, the sensors 1025 may include one or more of the electrodes described herein (e.g., one or more electrodes on an outer surface of a cover layer forming part of a housing for the electronic device 1000 and / or an electrode on a crown body, button, or other housing member of the electronic device).The I / O mechanism 1030 may transmit data to or receive data from a user or other electronic device. An I / O device may include a display, a touch sensing input interface, one or more buttons or keys (e.g., a graphical user interface "home" button), one or more cameras, one or more microphones or speakers, one or more ports such as a microphone port, and / or a keyboard. Additionally or alternatively, an I / O device or I / O port may transmit electronic signals over a communication network, such as a wireless and / or wired network connection. Examples of wireless and wired network connections include, but are not limited to, cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IR, and Ethernet connections.The foregoing description uses specific nomenclature for purposes of explanation to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the specific details are not needed to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are provided for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings.

Claims

An electronic timepiece comprising: a housing (116, 216) defining an opening (123); a crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) extending through the opening (123) and configured to receive a rotational input and a displacement input, the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) comprising: an inner crown body (125, 232, 332) defining a conductive surface; an outer crown body (124, 224, 324) at least partially surrounding the inner crown body (125, 232, 332); an insulator (128, 228, 328) positioned between the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and electrically insulating the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) from the outer crown body (124, 224, 324); and a retainer (126, 226, 326) coupling the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) to the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and securing the insulator (128, 228, 328) between the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324); and a display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) positioned at least partially within the housing (116, 216) and configured to provide a graphical output responsive to each of the rotational input and the displacement input.The electronic timepiece of claim 1, wherein: the conductive surface is a first conductive surface; the housing (116, 216) defines a second conductive surface; the first and second conductive surfaces are used to sense at least one voltage; the electronic timepiece further comprises a processing unit (111, 296, 1010) operatively coupled to the first and second conductive surfaces; and the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) is configured to: determine an electrocardiogram based at least in part on the at least one voltage measured at either the first or second conductive surfaces; and in response to determining the electrocardiogram, modify the graphical output of the display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005).The electronic timepiece of claim 1, wherein: the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) further comprises a shaft (122, 222, 322) extending from the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and extending through the opening (123); the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) defines a wall (299, 332b) having an engagement feature (272, 372); the retainer (126, 226, 326) extends about the shaft (122, 222, 322) and defines a retention feature (276, 376); and the retaining feature (276, 376) of the retainer (126, 226, 326) engages the engaging feature (272, 372) of the inner crown body (125, 232, 332), thereby coupling the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) to the outer crown body (124, 224, 324).The electronic timepiece of claim 3, wherein the retaining feature (276, 376) is configured to engage the engagement feature (272, 372) when the holder (126, 226, 326) is rotated relative to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).The electronic timepiece of claim 1, wherein: the electronic timepiece further comprises a processing unit (111, 296, 1010) operatively coupled to the display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) and the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902); the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) further comprises a shaft (122, 222, 322) extending from the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and extending through the opening (123); the shaft (122, 222, 322) is electrically and structurally coupled to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332); and the shaft (122, 222, 322) electrically couples the conductive surface to the processing unit (111, 296, 1010).The electronic timepiece according to claim 5, wherein the shaft (122, 222, 322) is integrally formed with the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).The electronic timepiece of claim 1, wherein the inner crown body (125, 232, 332), the outer crown body (124, 224, 324), and the insulator (128, 228, 328) cooperate to define an outer surface of the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902).The electronic timepiece of claim 1, wherein: the electronic timepiece further comprises a collar (242, 342) extending from the opening (123); and the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) further comprises a bushing (229) coupled to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and defining a bearing surface (298, 398) in contact with an outer surface of the collar (242, 342).A crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) for an electronic timepiece, the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) comprising: a conductive shaft (122, 222, 322) configured to extend through an opening (123) in a housing (116, 216) of the electronic timepiece; an inner crown body (125, 232, 332) structurally coupled to the conductive shaft (122, 222, 322) and comprising a conductive surface electrically coupled to the conductive shaft (122, 222, 322); an outer crown body (124, 224, 324) positioned around the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and defining an outer surface of the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902); an insulator (128, 228, 328) positioned between the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and the inner crown body (125, 232, 332); and a retainer (126, 226, 326) configured to compress the insulator (128, 228, 328) between the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).The crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) of claim 9, wherein the retainer (126, 226, 326) is configured to compress the insulator (128, 228, 328) between the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and the inner crown body (125, 232, 332) when the retainer (126, 226, 326) is rotated relative to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).The crown (121, 200, 300, 400, 702, 802, 902) of claim 10, wherein the retainer (126, 226, 326) is further configured to: couple the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332); and secure the insulator (128, 228, 328) between the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).The crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) of claim 9, wherein the insulator (128, 228, 328) comprises a cosmetic ring defining a portion of an outer surface of the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902).The crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) of claim 9, wherein the conductive shaft (122, 222, 322) is a separate component attached to the inner crown body (125, 232, 332).An electronic timepiece comprising: a housing (116, 216) defining an opening (123); a processing unit (111, 296, 1010) positioned within the housing (116, 216); and a crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) positioned along a side of the housing (116, 216), the crown (121, 200, 300, 702, 802, 902) configured to receive a rotational input and a displacement input, and comprising: a conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) electrically coupled to the processing unit (111, 296, 1010); a shaft (122, 222, 322) extending from the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and through the opening (123); an outer crown body (124, 224, 324) surrounding the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332); an insulator (128, 228, 328) positioned between the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324) and electrically insulating the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) from the outer crown body (124, 224, 324); and a holder (126, 226, 326) coupling the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) to the outer crown body (124, 224, 324).The electronic timepiece according to claim 14, wherein: the electronic timepiece further comprises: a display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) configured to provide a graphical output and receive a touch input; and a sensor (1025) configured to detect at least one of the rotational input or the displacement input; and the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) is configured to modify the graphical output provided by the display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) in response to each of the rotational input, the displacement input, and the touch input.The electronic timepiece of claim 14, wherein: the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) defines a first conductive surface that functions as a first electrode; the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) is electrically coupled to the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) through the shaft (122, 222, 322); the housing (116, 216) defines a second conductive surface that functions as a second electrode that is electrically coupled to the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) and electrically isolated from the first electrode; and the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) is configured to determine an electrocardiogram using the first and second electrodes.The electronic timepiece of claim 16, wherein: the electronic timepiece further comprises a display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) configured to provide a graphical output; and the processing unit (111, 296, 1010) is configured to modify the graphical output of the display (134, 706, 806, 906, 1005) in response to determining the electrocardiogram.The electronic timepiece of claim 14, wherein the insulator (128, 228, 328) is further insert molded between the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) and the outer crown body (124, 224, 324).The electronic timepiece according to claim 14, wherein the insulator (128, 228, 328) is overmolded over at least one of the conductive inner crown body (125, 232, 332) or the outer crown body (124, 224, 324).

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