System for the production of ethanolic extracts from the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs

Abstract

A system for the production of ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs, comprising: a plant collection unit configured to collect the stem bark of Anogeissus Leiokarpus; a processing unit configured so that the collected trunk bark is air-dried in the shade at room temperature for about two weeks; a pulverizing unit configured to pulverize the dried stem bark into powder; an extraction unit configured to perform a cold maceration of the powdered stem bark with 95% v / v ethanol to obtain a crude ethanol extract; a phytochemical screening unit configured to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude ethanol extract to detect and measure the presence of various phytochemical constituents; a dosing preparation unit configured to formulate the ethanolic extract into suitable doses for administration to dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus; and a storage unit configured to store the produced ethanolic extract under controlled conditions to maintain its effectiveness.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to an invention for investigating the effect of the ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus on dyslipidemia caused by diabetes mellitus (DM). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread metabolic disease affecting over 425 million people worldwide. It is projected to become the seventh leading cause of death. The disease, characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, poses significant challenges to global health systems and economies. Furthermore, DM has been identified as a risk factor for the course, prognosis, and mortality of COVID-19, exacerbating its public health impact.

[0003] Conventional treatments for DM, including insulin and enhanced prosynthetic antidiabetics such as sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, and thiazolidinediones, have proven limited in effectively controlling both hyperglycemia and associated dyslipidemia. These treatments frequently result in toxicity, development of resistance, and, in some cases, only slightly lower triglyceride levels with minimal effects on HDL levels. Furthermore, these allopathic therapies are prohibitively expensive for many patients in developing countries, leading to treatment discontinuation.

[0004] The limitations of conventional treatments have sparked interest in medicinal plants as alternative therapies for DM. Medicinal plants offer advantages such as affordability, fewer side effects, and potential efficacy in treating both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated with DM. Among these, Anogeissus Leiocarpus, a medicinal tree widely cultivated in Africa, has shown promise in the treatment of DM, exhibiting hypoglycemic effects and red blood cell protective properties in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in dogs.

[0005] Given the potential of Anogeissus leiocarpus in treating the glycemic and lipid abnormalities associated with DM, there is a critical need for a standardized system for the production of ethanolic extracts from the stem bark. Such a system would enable consistent production of high-quality extracts for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in dogs and potentially offer a more effective and accessible alternative to conventional therapies. This invention aims to meet this need by providing a comprehensive system for the production, analysis, and standardization of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark extracts, contributing to the development of novel herbal treatments for diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present disclosure relates to a system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs. The present invention provides a comprehensive system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs. This system comprises various units for plant collection, preparation, extraction, phytochemical testing, and quality control. The stem bark is collected, air-dried, powdered, and subjected to cold maceration with 95% v / v ethanol. The resulting crude extract is subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis to ensure a consistent composition of the bioactive compounds.The system also includes units for dosage preparation, storage and documentation to ensure the production of standardized, high-quality extracts for potential use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs.

[0007] The present disclosure aims to provide a system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs. The system comprises: a plant collection unit configured to collect stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus; a preparation unit configured to air-dry the collected stem bark in the shade at room temperature for approximately two weeks; a pulverization unit configured to pulverize the dried stem bark into powder; an extraction unit configured to cold-macerate the pulverized stem bark with 95% v / v ethanol to obtain a crude ethanol extract;a phytochemical screening unit configured to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude ethanol extract to detect and measure the presence of various phytochemical constituents; a dosage preparation unit configured to prepare the ethanol extract into appropriate dosages for administration to dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus; and a storage unit configured to store the prepared ethanol extract under controlled conditions to maintain its potency.

[0008] In one embodiment, the plant collection unit is further configured to collect leaves and roots of Anogeissus leiocarpus for possible future use or comparative studies.

[0009] In one embodiment, the pulverizing unit comprises a mortar and pestle for grinding the dried stem bark.

[0010] In one embodiment, the phytochemical screening unit is configured to detect and measure the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols in the crude ethanol extract.

[0011] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a quality control unit configured to ensure the consistency and purity of the produced ethanolic extract.

[0012] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an authentication unit configured to verify the botanical identity of the collected Anogeissus and Leiocarpus plant material.

[0013] In one embodiment, the extraction unit is configured to adjust the duration and temperature of the cold maceration process to optimize the yield of bioactive compounds.

[0014] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a filter unit configured to separate the liquid extract from the solid plant material after the maceration process.

[0015] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a documentation unit configured to record and manage detailed information about the collection, preparation, extraction, and analysis processes for each produced batch of ethanolic extract.

[0016] An object of the present disclosure is to provide a system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in dogs

[0017] Another objective of the present disclosure is to optimize the extraction process of bioactive compounds from Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark using a cold maceration technique with 95% v / v ethanol.

[0018] A further objective of the present disclosure is to formulate appropriate dosages of the ethanolic extract for administration to dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus, taking into account factors such as body weight and severity of the disease.

[0019] Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a cost-effective and accessible alternative to conventional diabetes treatments for the treatment of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

[0020] To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more detailed description of the invention will be given with reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that these drawings represent only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting its scope. The invention will be described and explained in additional detail and in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

[0021] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like characters represent like parts throughout. Where: Fig.1 shows a block diagram of a system for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in dogs according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements in the drawings are shown for convenience and may not necessarily be drawn to scale. For example, the flowcharts illustrate the method by key steps to enhance understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, with respect to device construction, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawing may show only the specific details relevant to understanding embodiments of the present disclosure in order not to clutter the drawings with details that would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art who would benefit from the description herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0023] To facilitate an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and described in specific language. It is to be understood, however, that no limitation on the scope of the invention is intended thereby, since such changes and further modifications of the illustrated system and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

[0024] It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

[0025] References in this specification to "one aspect," "another aspect," or similar expressions mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Therefore, occurrences of the terms "in one embodiment," "in another embodiment," and similar expressions throughout this specification may or may not all refer to the same embodiment.

[0026] The terms "comprises," "comprising," or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method comprising a list of steps not only includes those steps, but may also include other steps not expressly listed or inherent in such process or method. Likewise, one or more devices or subsystems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises...a" does not preclude, without further limitation, the existence of other devices or other subsystems or other elements or other structures or other components or additional devices or additional subsystems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.

[0027] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting.

[0028] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0029] Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a system (100) for producing ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for treating type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] In relation to Fig.1, the system (100) comprises a plant collection unit (102) configured to collect stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus .

[0031] In one embodiment, a preparation unit (104) is configured to air-dry the collected stem bark in the shade at room temperature for about two weeks.

[0032] In one embodiment, a pulverizing unit (106) is configured to pulverize the dried stem bark into powder.

[0033] In one embodiment, an extraction unit (108) is configured to perform a cold maceration of the powdered stem bark using 95% v / v ethanol to obtain a crude ethanol extract.

[0034] In one embodiment, a phytochemical screening unit (110) is configured to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude ethanol extract to detect and measure the presence of various phytochemical components.

[0035] In one embodiment, a dosage preparation unit (112) is configured to formulate the ethanolic extract into suitable dosages for administration to dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus; and

[0036] In one embodiment, a storage unit (114) is configured to store the produced ethanolic extract under controlled conditions to maintain its potency.

[0037] In one embodiment, the plant collection unit (102) is further configured to collect leaves and roots of Anogeissus leiocarpus for possible future use or comparative studies.

[0038] In one embodiment, the pulverizing unit (106) comprises a mortar and pestle (106a) for grinding the dried stem bark.

[0039] In one embodiment, the phytochemical screening unit (110) is configured to detect and measure the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols in the crude ethanol extract.

[0040] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises a quality control unit (116) configured to ensure the consistency and purity of the produced ethanolic extract.

[0041] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises an authentication unit (118) configured to verify the botanical identity of the collected Anogeissus and Leiocarpus plant material.

[0042] In one embodiment, the extraction unit (108) is configured to adjust the duration and temperature of the cold maceration process to optimize the yield of bioactive compounds.

[0043] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises a filter unit (120) configured to separate the liquid extract from the solid plant material after the maceration process.

[0044] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises a documentation unit (122) configured to record and store detailed information about the collection, preparation, extraction and analysis processes for each produced batch of the ethanolic extract.

[0045] The present invention relates to a system for producing an ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus plant using the leaves, roots or stem of said plant collected in December from the Staff Quarters “Area G”, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Samaru Zaria and authenticated in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, where a voucher specimen (number 167) was deposited.

[0046] The present invention covers the collection of leaves, stem bark, and roots of *Anogeissus leiocarpus* from the staff quarters “Area G,” Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Samaru, Zaria, in December. These plant materials were authenticated at the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, where a voucher specimen (No. 167) was deposited. The stem bark, which was the focus of the study, was air-dried in the shade at room temperature for about two weeks and then pulverized using a mortar and pestle. The crude ethanol extract of the stem bark was obtained by cold maceration with 95% v / v ethanol followed by a specialized method. A qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted using standard protocols to determine the presence of various phytochemicals in the crude ethanol extract.In addition, a quantitative phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the percentage of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols in the extract using established methods.

[0047] In one embodiment, appropriate doses of the ethanolic extract are administered to experimental dogs diagnosed with diabetes. The experimental phase of the invention involved twelve healthy, adult indigenous Nigerian dogs from Zaria and its environs. These dogs were housed in an arthropod enclosure in the Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria. They were fed a diet consisting of 60% carbohydrates, 25% protein, and 15% fat, and fresh water ad libitum. The dogs were weighed, color-coded for identification, and treated with Prazisam plus and Ivermectin for endo- and ectoparasites. They were also vaccinated against rabies and tested for disease release before being allowed to acclimatize for one month prior to the experiment.

[0048] The dogs were randomly divided into four groups of three dogs each. The description of each group is as follows: Group 1 (ND): Without diabetes, received daily oral saline at a dose of 2 ml / kg / body weight and served as a normal control group. Group 2 (DU): Diabetes was induced, left untreated, and served as a negative control. Group 3 (DI): Diabetes induced and treated with a dose of 0.5 IU / kg body weight insulin administered subcutaneously daily and serving as a positive control. Group 4 (DE): Diabetic patients were given a crude ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus daily at a dose of 1000 mg / kg body weight. The extract dose was selected based on previous studies.

[0049] The crude ethanol extract was reconstituted by dissolving 1 g of extract in 2.5 ml of distilled water to obtain a concentration of 400 mg / ml. All administrations were performed daily at 9:00 a.m. for three weeks.

[0050] In one embodiment, dogs were fed daily according to group-specific feeding schedules, and their weight was measured weekly to calculate percentage weight changes. Blood samples were collected prior to the induction of diabetes to ensure that the dogs were disease-free and to obtain baseline hematological and biochemical data. Diabetes was induced in the respective groups using alloxan monohydrate, and blood glucose levels were monitored to confirm induction. Serum samples were collected weekly for further analysis of hematological and biochemical profiles. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride, and LDL levels were determined using colorimetric methods and enzymatic diagnostic kits, with all analyses following international standards.

[0051] The dogs received a standardized diet consisting of 60% carbohydrates, 25% protein, and 15% fat and had ad libitum access to fresh, clean water. They were fed once daily, with each group receiving different amounts: 300 grams per dog in the ND group, 350 grams in the DU group, 300 grams in the DI group, and 250 grams in the DE group. Their weight was recorded weekly, and percentage weight changes were calculated using the following formula: %Weight loss=grams lost / starting weight×100 in %=grams gained / initial weight×100

[0052] One day before the experiment, blood samples (5 ml) were taken from the dogs to screen for other diseases and to determine hematological, serum biochemical, and lipid profiles. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to ensure the absence of diabetes. Additionally, each dog's weight and vital signs—including heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—were recorded to confirm their general health before the experiment began.

[0053] Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus to create a model for type 1 diabetes. Dogs in groups 2, 3, and 4 were fasted overnight prior to the procedure. Initial blood glucose levels were measured using an Accu-Chek® Active portable glucose meter. Alloxan monohydrate was dissolved in cold saline to achieve a concentration of 200 mg / ml and rapidly administered at a dosage of 100 mg / kg body weight via the saphenous vein. To prevent severe hypoglycemia, the dogs were given a 10% dextrose solution and continuously monitored for critical symptoms. The dogs had access to food and water throughout the study period. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured 72 hours and again 7 and 14 days after alloxan administration. Dogs with elevated glucose levels (6.3 - 8.3 mmol I1) were classified as diabetic.

[0054] Blood samples (5 ml each) were collected weekly at 9:00 a.m. for hematological and serum biochemical analyses. Prior to collection, the saphenous vein area was sterilized with 10% chlorhexidine. A total of 3 ml of blood was collected and placed in anticoagulant-free vacutainers. The samples were then allowed to clot, rimmed, and centrifuged at 1000 x g for 3 minutes to separate the serum. The extracted serum was transferred to serum tubes and immediately transported to the Chemical Pathology Laboratory of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Teaching Hospital, for biochemical analysis.

[0055] Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) were measured using a colorimetric method. Enzymatic diagnostic kits from AGAPPE Diagnostic Switzerland GmbH were used for these tests. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated using the formula: LDL = total cholesterol - HDL - triglyceride(s). All procedures were in accordance with the guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and used Bayer diagnostic reagents.

[0056] The data from this study were analyzed using a Student's t-test and presented in figures, tables, and as mean ± SEM. Additionally, an ANOVA was performed using the software, followed by Tukey's post-hoc tests. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05.

[0057] The results of the experiment showed the following results: The composition of the ethanolic extract of A. leiocarpus was reproducible and has been adequately described previously. The animals showed no adverse effects upon administration of the plant's ethanolic extract. The blood glucose levels and other clinical-biochemical parameters of the treatment group have been adequately described in previous publications.

[0058] The effects of insulin and crude ethanol extract of A. leiocarpus on the body weight of dogs with alloxan diabetes over four weeks are summarized in Table 1. The normal control group (ND) showed a steady weight gain, with an increase of 21.64% in the first week and an increase of 46.96% in the fourth week. In contrast, the diabetic group (DU) experienced a continuous weight loss, starting with a decrease of 16.93% in the first week and increasing to 50.21% by the fourth week. In the insulin-treated group (DI) and the extract-treated group (DE), there was an initial weight loss of 11.08% and 14.54%, respectively, in the first week. However, by the fourth week, these groups showed weight gains of 23.53% (DI) and 32.30% (DE). Table 1: Percent weight change in dogs ND (kg) DU (kg) D.I. (kg) DE (kg) Week 0 10.03 12.05 10.2 9.01 Week 1 12.20 (21.64 %) 10.01 (16.93 %) 9.07 (11.08 %) 7.7 (14.54 %) Week 2 14.25 (42.07 %) 7.03 (41.66 %) 8.90 (12.75 %) 6.86 (23.86 %) Week 3 14.50 (44.57 %) 7.01 (41.81 %) 9.30 (8.2 %) 8.75 (2.89 %) Week 4 14.74 (46.96 %) 6.0 (50.21 %) 12.60 (23.53 %) 11.92 (32.30 %)

[0059] The focus of this aspect of obesity is on the "percent weight change" over the course of the study, in relation to and in connection with the main topic, lipid profiles. Table 2 below shows the lipid profiles in dogs. Table 2: Lipid profile of dogs Parameters ND YOU This EN TC (mmol / l) 3.1 ± 0.08 6.6 ± 0.12 3.4 ± 0.53 3.02 ± 0.45 HDL (mmol / L) 1.2 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.17 1 ± 0.15 1.28 ± 0.31 LDL (mmol / L) 2.7 ± 0.14 5.8 ± 0.23 2.9 ± 0.57 1.4 ± 0.50 TG (mmol / l) 1.5 ± 0.01 3 ± 0.29 1.8 ± 0.40 1.54 ± 0.38

[0060] The invention investigated how insulin and crude ethanol extract of A. leiocarpus affect lipid metabolism in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. The results showed that in diabetic dogs that received no treatment, levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly higher (P < 0.002) compared to dogs in the extract-treated group. Furthermore, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower (P < 0.002) in untreated diabetic dogs compared to control dogs, as well as dogs treated with insulin or the extract.

[0061] The fluctuations in body weight observed at the beginning and end of the experiment suggested that diabetes mellitus caused weight loss. However, the initial weight loss in the DI and DE groups reversed and increased significantly by the fourth week, with the DE group experiencing greater weight gain compared to the DI group.

[0062] In this experiment, the untreated diabetic group (DU) had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) compared to the extract-treated diabetic group (DE). Furthermore, the DU group had significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the control group, the insulin-treated diabetic group, and the extract-treated groups.

[0063] Diabetes mellitus is closely associated with impaired lipid metabolism, leading to elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum lipoprotein abnormalities. There continues to be debate about whether high cholesterol levels are the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as individuals with low cholesterol may have a similar or even higher risk of atherosclerosis. Hypertriglyceridemia and reduced HDL are common in type 1 diabetes or ketoacidosis. Factors contributing to dyslipidemia in diabetes include the influence of insulin on hepatic apoprotein B (ApoB) production, the regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LpL), the action of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), and the effects of insulin on adipose and muscle tissue.Increased fatty acid transport to the liver in insulin-resistant diabetes leads to higher LDL secretion, suggesting that fatty acids influence apoB secretion in the liver. Insulin directly promotes the degradation of newly synthesized apoB, implying that insulin deficiency or hepatic insulin resistance leads to increased apoB secretion.

[0064] Insulin also influences various proteins that regulate circulating lipoprotein levels. The release of stored fatty acids from adipocytes involves the conversion of stored triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which is facilitated by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSSL). Insulin inhibits HSSL, thereby reducing its phosphorylation and binding to lipid droplets. Dyslipidemia in diabetes is crucial in explaining accelerated atherosclerosis and progression to cardiovascular disease. A progressive increase in lipid fractions has been observed with poor glycemic control in diabetic patients, highlighting the importance of good glycemic control to maintain near-normal lipid levels.It has been reported that insulin replacement in insulin-dependent diabetics may correct these abnormalities, with well-controlled diabetics potentially showing elevated HDL and lower triglyceride levels.

[0065] In the present invention, both the insulin-treated diabetic groups and the extract-treated groups showed reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL levels, and increased HDL levels, compared to the untreated diabetic group. This suggests that both insulin and A. leiocarpus extract were effective in alleviating dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetes in dogs and rats. This may be attributed to the antihyperglycemic effect of the plant. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that A. leiocarpus extract could serve as a promising alternative treatment to insulin, helping to correct dyslipidemia and prevent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, discontinuation of the ethanolic extract of A.leiocarpus as a treatment for alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes, reversing or preventing the recurrence of hyperglycemia.

[0066] From the results obtained after conducting the experiment, it can be concluded that alloxan monohydrate led to changes in lipid profiles, resulting in elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as abnormalities in LDL and HDL. Anogeissus leiocarpus was effective in improving dyslipidemia, suggesting that it may be helpful in preventing the progression of macrovascular diseases associated with diabetes mellitus, such as cardiovascular disease.

[0067] The drawings and the foregoing description provide examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be separated into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of the processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Furthermore, the actions of any flowchart need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all actions necessarily need to be performed. Also, those actions that are not dependent on other actions may be performed in parallel with the other actions. The scope of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples.Numerous variations, whether explicitly stated in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimensions, and material use, are possible. The scope of the embodiments is at least as broad as indicated in the following claims.

[0068] Advantages, other benefits, and solutions to problems have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, the advantages, benefits, solutions to problems, and any components that may cause an advantage or solution to occur or become more apparent are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all of the claims. REFERENCES 100 A system for the production of ethanolic extracts from the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs. 102 Plant collection point 104 processing unit 106 Shredding unit 106a Mortar and pestle 108 Extraction system 110 Phytochemical Screening Unit 112 Dosing preparation unit 114 storage unit 116 Quality Control Unit 118 Authentication Unit 120 filter system 122 Documentation Unit

Claims

[1] A system for the production of ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus stem bark for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia in dogs, the system comprising: a plant collection unit configured to collect the stem bark of Anogeissus Leiokarpus; a processing unit configured to air-dry the collected stem bark in the shade at room temperature for approximately two weeks; a pulverizing unit configured to pulverize the dried stem bark into powder; an extraction unit configured to perform cold maceration of the powdered stem bark with 95% v / v ethanol to obtain a crude ethanol extract; a phytochemical screening unit configured to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude ethanol extract to detect and measure the presence of various phytochemical constituents; a dosage preparation unit configured to formulate the ethanolic extract into suitable dosages for administration to dogs with type 1 diabetes mellitus; and a storage unit configured to store the produced ethanolic extract under controlled conditions to maintain its potency. [2] The system of claim 1, wherein the plant collection unit is further configured to collect leaves and roots of Anogeissus leiocarpus for possible future use or comparative studies. [3] The system according to claim 1, wherein the pulverizing unit comprises a mortar and pestle for grinding the dried stem bark. [4] The system according to claim 1, wherein the phytochemical screening unit is configured to detect and measure the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols in the crude ethanol extract. [5] The system of claim 1, further comprising a quality control unit configured to ensure the consistency and purity of the ethanolic extract produced. [6] The system of claim 1, further comprising an authentication unit configured to verify the botanical identity of the collected Anogeissus plants. Leiocarpus plant material. [7] The system of claim 1, wherein the extraction unit is configured to adjust the duration and temperature of the cold maceration process to optimize the yield of bioactive compounds. [8] The system according to claim 1, further comprising a filter unit adapted to separate the liquid extract from the solid plant material after the maceration process. [9] The system according to claim 1, further comprising a documentation unit configured to record and manage, for each batch of ethanolic extract produced, detailed information on the collection, preparation, extraction and analysis processes.

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