Molded parts and insulating materials based on fungal mycelium that adsorb carbon dioxide and / or pollutants

Abstract

Heavy metal-free, recyclable, environmentally friendly molded parts and insulating materials (1), containing carbon dioxide and / or pollutant-adsorbing materials (1), excluding silver and iron (2) at least one denatured fungal mycelium as the first component, (3) at least one particulate second component selected from the group consisting of (3.1) Alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides, (3.2) Mixtures of at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide (3.1) and at least one component (3.2.1) which forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or which adsorbs carbon dioxide, (3.3) pyrogenic biochars and (3.3) Anion exchangers in the OH form, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and porous electron-rich covalent organonitride frameworks (PECNOFs), wherein the filaments (2.2) of the denatured fungal mycelium (2) form a network (2.1) that completely or partially encloses the particles of the at least one particulate second component (3).

Description

Field of invention

[0001] The present invention relates to molded parts and insulating materials based on fungal mycelium that adsorb carbon dioxide and / or pollutants. State of the art

[0002] International patent application WO 2008 / 073489 A2 discloses a composite material consisting of a substrate of discrete particles and a network of interconnected mycelial cells that link the discrete particles together. The composite material is produced by inoculating a substrate of discrete particles and a nutrient material with a pre-selected fungus. The fungus digests the nutrient material over a period sufficient to form hyphae and enable these hyphae to form a network of interconnected mycelial cells through and around the discrete particles, thereby linking the discrete particles together to form a self-supporting composite material. The particles are specified as being made of perlite, diatomite, and ground plastics.However, the composite material is not able to irreversibly bind carbon dioxide in larger quantities through mineralization and / or to adsorb pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide – especially in larger quantities.

[0003] International patent application WO 2014 / 195641 A1 also discloses a composite material consisting of a substrate of discrete particles and a network of interconnected mycelial cells that link the discrete particles together. Minerals, PTFE, and silicone paper fragments are listed as particles. The composite material may also contain lime. Furthermore, the composite material is not capable of irreversibly binding carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization and / or adsorbing pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide—especially in larger quantities.

[0004] International patent application WO 2022 / 135757 discloses a biologically produced insulating and construction material, which is also a composite material consisting of a substrate of discrete particles and a network of interconnected mycelial cells that link the discrete particles together. The substrate may contain a filler from the group consisting of mineral rocks, in particular volcanic rocks, or keratin-containing materials. Suitable materials include perlite, vermiculite, expanded glass, expanded graphite, expanded shale, quartz, sand, xerogels, and aerogels. The composite material is also incapable of irreversibly binding carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization and / or adsorbing pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide, especially in large quantities.

[0005] German patent application DE 10 2023 212 732 A2 discloses the use of an amino group-containing mycelium for the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in the direct air capture (DAC) process. The mycelium can be impregnated with a carbon dioxide sorbent such as AEATPMS, [N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane, or polyethyleneimine. The purpose of DAC is to desorb the adsorbed carbon dioxide and utilize it elsewhere. The composite material is therefore not capable of irreversibly binding carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization.

[0006] The patent application points out that the claimed process differs from the conversion of carbon dioxide into calcite or aragonite by mycelia. However, this process requires a living mycelium. The living mycelium would likely be killed by pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide – especially in larger quantities – thereby halting carbonate formation.

[0007] International patent application WO 2025 / 0831176 A1 discloses a molded body comprising fungal mycelium and foliage. This molded body may contain additives such as essential oils, flame retardants like ammonium phosphates or borates, resins, polymers, biopolymers like keratin, fungicides, and ceramics. This composite material is not capable of irreversibly binding carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization and / or adsorbing pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide, particularly in large quantities.

[0008] The unpublished earlier German patent application DE 10 2025 102 086.8, filed on January 21, 2025, describes heavy metal-free, recyclable, and environmentally compatible materials (excluding silver and iron) for carbon dioxide sequestration by mineralization. These materials contain at least one solid, inorganic material that contains or consists of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides. Alternatively, they contain or consist of at least one solid inorganic mixture containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides and at least one further solid inorganic component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or adsorbs carbon dioxide.The solid inorganic materials are fixed on and / or in at least one carrier material, selected from the group consisting of gas-permeable plant charcoals, gas-permeable synthetic biodegradable solids, and gas-permeable bio-based biodegradable solids, using at least one liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive, selected from the group consisting of cements, inorganic synthetic biodegradable and bio-based biodegradable adhesives, or using at least one double-sided adhesive tape based on at least one synthetic biodegradable or bio-based biodegradable solid, and / or encased by the at least one carrier material, or alternatively, the inorganic materials are in bulk and fixed or encased by a container made of solids that is gas-permeable on at least two opposite sides. Object of the present invention

[0009] The present invention is based on the objective of providing new molded parts and insulating materials that no longer exhibit the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art, but are capable of irreversibly binding carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization and / or adsorbing pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide in large quantities. The invention aims to fully utilize the advantages of fungi, which are among the fastest-growing organisms, exhibiting excellent bioefficiency of up to 80% and being very adept at converting a range of inexpensive raw materials into technically usable structures such as lightweight denatured hyphal networks. Inventive solution

[0010] The object of the present invention is achieved by molded parts and insulating materials free of heavy metals (except silver and iron), recyclable, environmentally friendly, and capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide and / or pollutants, according to claim 1. For the sake of brevity, the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention, which are free of heavy metals (except silver and iron), recyclable, environmentally friendly, and capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide and / or pollutants, are hereinafter referred to as "molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention".

[0011] Advantageous embodiments of the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 2 to 23. Advantages of the invention

[0012] In view of the prior art, it was surprising and unforeseeable for the person skilled in the art that the problem underlying the invention could be solved using the molded parts according to the invention.

[0013] In particular, it is surprising that the molded parts according to the invention no longer exhibit the disadvantages of molded parts known from the prior art, but rather that their material composition and shape can be varied to an exceptionally wide extent and can therefore meet a wide variety of technical requirements. They can thus be easily manufactured from inexpensive, readily available, renewable raw materials and residues. They are lightweight and can irreversibly bind carbon dioxide in large quantities through mineralization and / or adsorb pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hydrogen sulfide – especially in larger quantities.They can be used to great effect as self-supporting or supporting building elements in the form of solid panels, perforated panels, studded panels and mats, recessed panels and mats, pipes, building blocks, hollow blocks, bricks, hollow bodies, spheres, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids, columns and column truncated sections with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections, window frames, door frames, facades, curtain walls, sound, impact sound and thermal insulation materials and panels, plaster baseboards, decorations, walls, ceilings and suspended ceilings.

[0014] In particular, the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention can be disposed of and reused in an environmentally friendly manner in the form of granules or powder after their intended use. The granules and powder can be used as an ecologically safe geological and structural filler material or as fertilizer and soil conditioner.

[0015] The molded parts according to the invention differ advantageously from drywall panels based on gypsum, which have to be disposed of as hazardous waste. Detailed description of the invention

[0016] Within the scope of the present invention, carbonates are considered to be sparingly soluble in pure water if their solubility product K L <10 -8 mol 2 / L 2 is.

[0017] Within the scope of the present invention, the property “free from heavy metals” means that the relevant content of the substance according to the invention is below the limits set out in food law and preferably below the usual and known detection methods for heavy metals.

[0018] Within the scope of the present invention, the property “recyclable” means that the molded parts according to the invention can be used in any way after their intended use, for example as filler material, soil conditioner or fertilizer.

[0019] Within the scope of the present invention, the property “environmentally friendly” means that the molded parts according to the invention have – if any – only a very small carbon footprint, can be at least partially degraded into further environmentally friendly substances after their comminution by microorganisms or by composting and fermentation as well as in the soil by microorganisms and soil chemicals, and that they have been manufactured using renewable raw materials.

[0020] The materials according to the invention can contain silver and iron. In one advantageous embodiment, silver can be present as a biocide. In yet another advantageous embodiment, iron and iron compounds can be present as iron carbonate formers.

[0021] Within the scope of the present invention, the term "adsorb" includes adsorption, absorption and chemisorption.

[0022] Within the scope of the present invention, the term "pollutants" includes, in particular, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, and aerosols containing them. This list is not exhaustive.

[0023] The molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention contain as a first component essential to the invention at least one denatured or killed fungal mycelium, the threads of which form a network that completely or partially encloses the particles of the at least one particle-shaped second component described below, to be used according to the invention.

[0024] The at least one denatured fungal mycelium is produced from at least one mycelium of at least one fungus by denaturation or by killing the hyphae and the fungus. The denatured hyphae consist essentially of chitins, chitosans, and glucans as major components, and amino acids, proteins, glyco- and mannoproteins, tannins, cutin, lignin, cellulose, and hydrophobins as minor components. The chitosans may be cross-linked by a cross-linking agent such as genipin.

[0025] At least one mushroom is selected from the group consisting of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrino-pileatus, Pleurotus astreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus columbinus, Agrocybe brasiliensis, Flammulina velutipes, Hypholoma capnoides, Morel, Parasol mushroom, Coprimus comazus, Agaricus arvensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma steyaertanum, Ganoderma orogonense, Ganoderma tsugae, Trametes vesicolor, Trametes pubescens, Schyzophyllum commune, Polyporous ostreatus, Polyporous squamosus, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinus edodes and Fomes fometarius.

[0026] The weight fraction of the network in the molded part according to the invention can vary considerably and depends primarily on the density of the network and the weight of the other components described below. It can be assumed that the weight fraction of the network is comparatively low, whereas its volume fraction is high.

[0027] The at least one second particulate component essential to the invention is at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. Preferably, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide, and in particular calcium hydroxide, are used.

[0028] If calcium hydroxide produced from burnt lime is used in the molded part according to the invention, where carbon dioxide is captured during production (CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage) or used directly as in sugar factories, the climate-protecting effect of the molded part according to the invention is further increased [see also: - Greco-Coppi, M., Hofmann, C., Walter, D. et al., Negative CO emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process. Mitig. Adapt. Strategist. GlobChange 28, 30 (2023). https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s11027-023-10064-7; - Agustin Laveglia et al., From quarry to carbon sink: process-based LCA modeling of lime-based construction materials for net-zero and carbon-negative transformation, Green Chemistry 11, 2024; - Lhoist, Press release, Wülfrath, July 28, 2023, “CalCC” for CO capture, Europe promote innovative technologies; - CemNet.com » Cement News » VTT electric kiln targets carbon neutral cement production, 09 December 2022, Published under Cement News Tagged Under: VTT Finland Western Europe Finnsementti Nordkalk].

[0029] As an alternative to alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides, at least a mixture of at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide and at least one component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or that adsorbs carbon dioxide is used.

[0030] Preferably, the at least one component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or adsorbs carbon dioxide is selected from the group consisting of natural, modified natural, and synthetic minerals, as well as basic and / or nanoporous, microporous, mesoporous, and / or macroporous adsorbent materials such as those used for the direct air capture (DAC) process, in particular compounds containing amino groups, excluding anion exchangers in the OH form acting as particulate second components, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous, electron-rich, covalent organonitride frameworks (PECNOFs). Geopolymers, aluminates, silicates, and zeolites, in particular calcium- and magnesium-containing geopolymers, aluminates, silicates, and zeolites, and / or iron-containing minerals are preferably used.

[0031] The preferred mineral is at least one natural, modified natural and synthetic mineral from the group consisting of - Pozzolans, - Geopolymers (Polysialates (Si-O-Al), networks of tetrahedral [SiO4] 4- - and [AlO4] 5- -units), - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Amesit Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 - Anorthite (Ca(Al2Si2O8) (90-100% anorthite)), - Bytownite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (70-90% anorthite)), - Labradorite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (50-70% anorthite)), - Andesine ((Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)4O8] (30-50% anorthite)), - Oligoclase ((Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (10-30% anorthite)), - Gehlenite (Ca2,Al2SiO7), - Hydrotalkite (Mg6Al2[(OH) 16 |CO3]·4H2O), - Mordenite (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si 40 )O 96 ·28H2O, - Palygorskite (attapulgite, (Mg,Al)4[OH|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]2·(4+4) H2O), - Vermiculit ((Mg 0,5 ,Ca 0,5 ,Na,K) 0,7 (Mg,Fe,Al)3[(OH)2|(Al,Si)2Si2O 10 ]·4H2O), - Chabasit-Ca (Ca2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·13H2O), - Chabasit-Mg ((Mg 0.7 K 0.5 Ca 0.5 Na 0.1 )[Al3Si9O 24 ]·10H2O) - Chabasit-Sr ((Sr,Ca)2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·11H2O), - Akermanit (Ca2MgSi2O7), - Antigorit (Blätterserpentin; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Brucit (Mg(OH)2), - Bredigit (Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, - Calciumbentonit (Agrarbentonit), - Calciumpyroxenen, - Chrysotil (Faserserpentin; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Cuspidin (Ca4Si2O7F2), - beta-Dicalciumsilikat (CaSiO4), - gamma-Dicalciumsilikat (CaSiO4), - Enstatit (Mg2Si2O6), - Fosterit (Mg2[SiO4]), - Klinochrysotil - Lizardit (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Merwinit (Ca3Mg(SiO4)2), - Olivine (Mg2SiO4), (Ca2SiO4), - Orthochrysotile, - Parachrysotile, - Periclase (MgO), - Plagioclase, - Sepiolite (Meerschaum, Mg8[(OH)2|Si6O 15 ]2·(4+8)H2O), - Smectites, calcium and magnesium smectites, - Steel slag - Talk (Mg3[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ]), - Toberomite (Ca4Si6O 17 (H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)), - alumina cement, - Wollastonite (Ca3[Si3O9]), - Cronstedtite (Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ )3(Si,Fe 3+ )2O5(OH)4, - Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) - Greenalith (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ) 2-3 Si2O5(OH)4, - Siderite (FeCO3) forming hematite-iron-carbon mixtures and - Selected from siderite-forming ferrite-iron-carbon mixtures.

[0032] The weight ratio of the at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide to the at least one natural, modified natural and / or synthetic mineral can vary widely in the mixture and thus be ideally adapted to the respective requirements. Preferably, this weight ratio of alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide to mineral is 1:100 to 100:1, more preferably 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:8 to 8:1, more preferably 1:6 to 6:1, most preferably 1:4 to 4:1, and particularly preferably 1:2 to 2:1.

[0033] Instead of the particulate second components described above, or in addition to them, the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention contain at least one pyrogenic vegetable charcoal.

[0034] Preferably, the at least one pyrogenic biochar still allows the plant structure of the starting materials to be recognized and has a high capillary density, an internal surface area according to BET of at least 100 m². 2 / g, a pH value of 7 to 9 and a C / H ratio according to the guideline of the European Biochar Certificate <0.7.

[0035] Preferably, the at least one type of biochar is produced by torrefaction or pyrolysis. In particular, the at least one pyrogenic biochar is produced by pyrolysis above 300°C of plants selected from the group consisting of kiri trees, bamboo, shrubs, beeches, oaks, and ash trees, as well as C4 plants exhibiting a crown-like structure. Preferably, the C4 plants are selected from the group consisting of grasses, maize, sugar cane, millet, giant miscanthus, and amaranth.

[0036] Instead of or in addition to the particulate second components described above, the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention contain anion exchangers in the OH form such as Amberlyst A-26(OH), metal-organic framework compounds (MOFs) such as those of BASF SE, covalent organic framework compounds (COFs) and / or porous electron-rich covalent organonitride framework compounds (PECNOFs) according to international patent application WO 2011 / 127468 A2, paragraphs

[0025] to

[0045] .

[0037] The molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention can contain at least one organic, inorganic, and / or inorganic-organic material that is difficult or impossible for the growing fungal mycelium to degrade. Preferably, these materials are particulate solids that are wholly or partially enclosed and / or connected to the network of filaments. However, they can also be liquid or gaseous substances that are adsorbed by the network.

[0038] Preferred is at least one poorly or non-degradable organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material from the group consisting of alkali carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, silicon dioxide, silica gel, silicates, zeolites, aluminum oxide, aerogels, expanded glass, expanded graphite, expanded shale, quartz, sand, xerogels, vermiculite, perlite, pumice, clays, synthetic polymers, keratin-containing materials, flame retardants, hydrophilizing agents, water-repellent agents, stabilizers, preservatives, superabsorbents, basic and / or nanoporous, microporous, mesoporous and / or macroporous, carbon dioxide adsorbing adsorbent materials, excluding the particulate second components MOFs, COFs and PECNOFs, ceramics, agaroses, agar, crosslinking agents for chitin and chitosan, odor neutralizing agents, biocides, selected from the group consisting of from germicidal agents, antibiotics, bactericides, virucides, antifungals and antiprotozoal agents,Selected acaricides, antiparasitics, dyes, essential oils, fragrances, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide.

[0039] Particularly preferred are the biocides microsilver preparations, especially those described in German patent application DE 10 2023 106 549 A1, paragraphs

[0062] to

[0096] .

[0040] The particulate components described above can be in various forms. Preferably, they are fine-grained bulk materials with a preferred particle size of 100 nm to 1 mm. Particularly preferred are the particles spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, fibers, ground lumps, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedra, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, or star-shaped cross-sections, as well as shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles, and plates bent in at least one direction in space. Spheres are preferred.

[0041] The molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention can be self-supporting or connected to support elements.

[0042] The molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention are particularly preferably in the form of building components.

[0043] Examples of building components and insulating materials according to the invention include solid panels, perforated panels, studded panels and mats, recessed panels and mats, pipes, building blocks, hollow blocks, bricks, hollow bodies, spheres, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids, columns and column truncated sections with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections, window frames, door frames, facades, curtain walls, sound, impact sound and thermal insulation materials and panels, plasterboard, drywall panels, decorative elements, walls, ceilings and suspended ceilings. This list is not exhaustive.

[0044] Preferably, the molded parts and insulating materials according to the invention are produced by (i) provides at least one replication-capable inoculum of at least one mycelium-forming fungus, for example wheat (wheat spawn) or millet (millet spawn) colonized with at least one fungus, (ii) provides at least one sterile mixture, for example by heating the mixture, which provides at least one particulate second component and at least one growth substrate or at least one particulate second component, at least one organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material that is difficult or impossible for the growing fungal mycelium to degrade and at least one growth substrate in at least one negative mold of at least one molded part, (iii) that applies at least one replicable inoculum to at least one sterile mixture, (iv) cultivating the at least one mycelium-forming fungus on the at least one growth substrate, forming at least one mycelium extending through the at least one mixture, decomposing and digesting the at least one growth substrate, preferably for one day to two months at a temperature of 10°C to 50°C and a relative humidity of 60% to 80%, (v) after cessation of growth, kills the hyphae of the at least one mycelium to form the at least one denatured fungal mycelium, preferably by heating, placing in a low-humidity environment, irradiation, freezing and / or treatment with bleaching solutions, acids, bases, in particular alkaline earth hydroxides, and petrochemicals, so that the at least one network of filaments which - the particles of at least one particulate second component or - the particles of at least one particulate second component and of at least one particulate material that is difficult or impossible to degrade or - the particles of at least one particulate second component and the remains of the growth substrate or - the particles of at least one particulate second component, of at least one particulate material that is difficult or impossible to degrade, and the remains of the growth substrate to enclose completely or partially results in, and (vi) removes or leaves in the at least one resulting molded part or the at least one resulting insulating material according to the invention from the at least one negative mold.

[0045] In order for the at least one molded part or insulating material according to the invention to be removed from the at least one negative mold, the negative mold consists of a material that is not attacked by the growing fungal mycelium. Examples of suitable materials are glass, ceramics, metals, and plastics.

[0046] If the at least one molded part or insulating material is left in the at least one negative mold so that it acts as a support element, a material such as wood is preferably used with which the growing fungal mycelium connects.

[0047] Preferably, the growth substrate contains or consists of lignocellulose.

[0048] Examples of suitable growing substrates include straw, hay, leaves, pomace, wood, cereal hulls, cereal chaff, rice hulls, rice husks, kapok (KP), poplar down, maize, millet, akon, bamboo, nettles, hemp (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), perforated boards, biogas plant waste, dried sludge from the textile or paper industry, digestate, dried manure, silage and / or compostable household waste.

[0049] Preferably, the at least one growth substrate is in a form selected from the group consisting of powders, granules, fibers, shives, chips, sawdust, wood chips, foams, networks, grids, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, crocheted fabrics, nonwovens, textiles, papers, cardboards, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens, melt-blown materials, films, sheets, perforated sheets, .

[0050] The present invention is described by reference to the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 explained in more detail. Fig. 1 and Fig. Figure 2 serves to illustrate the invention by means of a schematic representation of an advantageous embodiment. They are therefore not to scale and do not limit the invention. A person skilled in the art can readily consider further embodiments within the scope of the invention based on the given teaching, without having to make an inventive step themselves.

[0051] It shows Fig. 1 the preliminary stage V of a molded part 1 according to the invention with the growing hyphae 6.1.1 of the fungal mycelium 6.1 of a fungus 6, the particulate components 3 and 4 and the growth substrate 8 in a negative mold 9 and Fig. 2 a molded part 1 according to the invention with the threads 2.2 of a denatured fungal mycelium 2, which form a network 2.1 that completely or partially encloses the particles of the particulate components 3 and 4, in a negative mold 9.

[0052] In the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The reference symbols have the following meaning. 1 Molded part according to the invention 2 Denatured fungal mycelium 2.1 Network 2.2 Threads of denatured hyphae 3 Particle-shaped component 3.1 Alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide or 3.2 Mixture of 3.1 and 3.2.1 3.2.1 Component (3.2.1) that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or that adsorbs carbon dioxide 3.3 Pyrogenic activated carbon 3.4 Anion exchangers in the OH form, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and porous electron-rich covalent organonitride frameworks (PECNOFs) (not shown) 4. For the growing fungal mycelium, organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material that is difficult or impossible to degrade; odor neutralizing agent: zeolite 5 inoculum 6 Mushroom 6.1 Fungal mycelium 6.1.1 Hyphen 7 Sterile mixture 8 Growth substrate 9 negative form 9.1 Air-permeable cover V Prestage Detailed description of Figures 1 and 2 Example 1 The production of a molded part according to the invention 1

[0053] To produce the molded part 1 according to the invention, a replicable inoculum 5 is produced by colonizing wheat with Pleurotus columbinus 6.

[0054] Furthermore, a sterile mixture 7 is produced by mixing finely divided beechwood shavings 8, calcium hydroxide particles 3.1 impregnated with cellulose 8 of a medium particle size d 50 of 1 µm and pyrogenic biochar 3.3 of a mean particle size d 50 The mixture was prepared by removing 2 µm particles and heating it to 120°C for 30 minutes in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. Mixture 7 also contained a small amount of zeolite as an odor neutralizing agent 4.

[0055] A square negative mold 9 made of polypropylene with a wall thickness of 3 mm, an inner edge length of 50 cm, and a side wall height of 10 cm is completely filled with the sterile mixture 7 while being gently compressed with a plunger, after which the inoculum 5 is added. The negative mold 9 is covered with an air-permeable perforated plate 9 made of polyethylene. The fungus 6 can now form a fungal mycelium 6.1 with hyphae 6.1.1.

[0056] The mixture 7 is then cultivated for 2 weeks at a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 70%. After this time, the beechwood chips 8 and the cellulose 8 are consumed, and the fungal mycelium 6 fills the cavities between the particulate components 3 with its network 6.1 of hyphae 6.1.1.

[0057] The fungal mycelium 6 is killed or denatured by heating to 90°C in a drying oven, resulting in the molded part 1 according to the invention, measuring 50 cm x 50 cm x 10 cm, consisting of the network 2.1 of filaments 2.2 and the particulate components 3. Those hyphae 6.1.1 that came into direct contact with the surface of the calcium hydroxide particles 3 during growth were already denatured before heating.

[0058] The molded part according to the invention is lightweight, dimensionally stable and self-supporting, has excellent sound and heat insulation properties, absorbs larger quantities of carbon dioxide over time and hardens by forming calcium carbonate and adsorbs pollutants. Example 2: The production of a molded part according to the invention 1

[0059] Example 1 is repeated except that instead of the calcium hydroxide particles 3.1 and the pyrogenic activated carbon 3.3, the commercially available anion exchanger in the OH form 3.4 Amberlyst A-26(OH) is used.

[0060] The resulting molded part according to the invention is lightweight, dimensionally stable and self-supporting, has excellent sound and heat insulation properties and reversibly absorbs increasing amounts of carbon dioxide over time. It is therefore also ideally suited for the direct air capture process. Example 3: The production of a molded part according to the invention 1

[0061] Example 2 is repeated, except that instead of the commercially available anion exchanger in the OH form 3.4 Amberlyst A-26(OH) a metal-organic framework compound (MOF) from BASF SE is used.

[0062] The resulting molded part according to the invention is lightweight, dimensionally stable and self-supporting, has excellent sound and heat insulation properties and reversibly absorbs increasing amounts of carbon dioxide over time. It is therefore also ideally suited for the direct air capture process. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] WO 2008 / 073489 A2

[0002] WO 2014 / 195641 A1

[0003] WO 2022 / 135757

[0004] DE 10 2023 212 732 A2

[0005] WO 2025 / 0831176 A1

[0007] DE 10 2025 102 086.8

[0008] WO 2011 / 127468 A2

[0036] DE 10 2023 106 549 A1

[0039] Zitierte Nicht-Patentliteratur

[0000] Greco-Coppi, M., Hofmann, C., Walter, D. et al., Negative CO emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. GlobChange 28, 30 (2023). https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s11027-023-10064-7

[0028] Agustin Laveglia et al., From quarry to carbon sink: process-based LCA modelling of lime-based construction materials for net-zero and carbon-negative transformation, Green Chemistry 11, 2024

[0028] Lhoist, Press release, Wülfrath, 28 July 2023, „CalCC“ for CO capture, Europe promote innovative technologies

[0028] CemNet.com » Cement News » VTT electric kiln targets carbon neutral cement production, 09 December 2022, Published under Cement News Tagged Under: VTT Finland Western Europe Finnsementti Nordkalk

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Claims

[1] Heavy metal-free, recyclable, environmentally friendly molded parts and insulating materials (1) containing, excluding silver and iron, carbon dioxide and / or pollutant adsorbing components and insulating materials (2) at least one denatured fungal mycelium as the first component, (3) at least one particulate second component selected from the group consisting of (3.1) Alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides, (3.2) Mixtures of at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide (3.1) and at least one component (3.2.1) which forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or which adsorbs carbon dioxide, (3.3) pyrogenic biochars and (3.3) Anion exchangers in the OH form, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and porous electron-rich covalent organonitride frameworks (PECNOFs), wherein the filaments (2.2) of the denatured fungal mycelium (2) form a network (2.1) that completely or partially encloses the particles of the at least one particulate second component (3). [2] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 1, characterized by, that at least one denatured fungal mycelium (2) from the mycelium (6.1) of at least one fungus (6), selected from the group consisting of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrino-pileatus, Pleurotus astreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus columbinus, Agrocybe brasiliensis, Flammulina velutipes, Hypholoma capnoides, Common Morel, Parasol Mushroom, Coprimus comazus, Agaricus arvensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma steyaertanum, Ganoderma orogonense, Ganoderma tsugae, Trametes vesicolor, Trametes pubescens, Schyzophyllum commune, Polyporous ostreatus, Polyporous squamosus, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinus edodes and Fomes fometarius, produced by denaturation. [3] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by , that the threads (2.2) of the at least one denatured fungal mycelium (2) are produced by killing the hyphae (6.1.1) of at least one mycelium (6.1). [4] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by , that the threads (2.2) contain chitin, chitosan and glucan. [5] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by , that the alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides (3; 3.1) are selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide. [6] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by , that at least one component (3.2.1) is from the group consisting of - Pozzolans, - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Geopolymers (Polysialates (Si-O-Al), networks of tetrahedral [SiO4] 4- - and [AlO4] 5- -units), - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Amesit Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 - Anorthite (Ca(Al2Si2O8) (90-100 % Anorthite)), - Bytownite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (70-90 % Anorthite)), - Labradorite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (50-70 % Anorthite)), - Andesine ((Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)4O8] (30-50 % Anorthite)), - Oligoclase ((Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (10-30 % Anorthite)), - Gehlenite (Ca2,Al2SiO7), - Hydrotalkite (Mg6Al2[(OH) 16 |CO3]·4H2O), - Mordenite (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si 40 )OR 96 ·28H2O, - Palygorskite (Attapulgite, (Mg,Al)4[OH|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]2·(4+4) H2O), - Vermiculite ((Mg 0,5 ,Ca 0,5 ,Na,K) 0,7 (Mg,Fe,Al)3[(OH)2|(Al,Si)2Si2O 10 ]·4H2O), - Chabasite-Ca (Ca2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·13H2O), - Chabasite-Mg ((Mg 0.7 K 0.5 Ca 0.5 The 0.1 )[Al3Si9O 24 ]·10H2O) - Chabasite-Sr ((Sr,Ca)2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·11H2O), - Ackermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), - Antigorite (Foliated serpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Brucite (Mg(OH)2), - Bredigit (Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, - calcium bentonite (agricultural bentonite), - Calcium pyroxenes, - Chrysotile (fiber serpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Cuspidin (Ca4Si2O7F2), - beta-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - gamma-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - Enstatite (Mg2Si2O6), - Fosterite (Mg2[SiO4]), - Clinochrysotile - Lizardite (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Merwinite (Ca3Mg(SiO4)2), - Olivine (Mg2SiO4), (Ca2SiO4), - Orthochrysotile, - Parachrysotile, - Periclase (MgO), - Plagioclase, - Sepiolite (Meerschaum, Mg8[(OH)2|Si6O 15 ]2·(4+8)H2O), - Smectites, calcium and magnesium smectites, - Steel slag - Talk (Mg3[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ]), - Tobermorite (Ca4Si6O 17 (H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)), - alumina cement, - Wollastonite (Ca3[Si3O9]), - Cronstedtite (Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ )3(Si,Fe 3+ )2O5(OH)4, - Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) - Greenalith (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ) 2-3 Si2O5(OH)4, - Siderite (FeCO3) forming hematite-iron-carbon mixtures and - Siderite-forming ferrite-iron-carbon mixtures, , [7] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by , that the pyrogenic biochars (3.3) still show the plant structure of the starting materials and have a high capillary density, an internal surface area according to BET of at least 100 m² 2 / g, have a pH value of 7 to 9 and a C / H ratio according to the guideline of the European Biochar Certificate <0.

7. [8] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 7, characterized by, that the pyrogenic biochars (3.3) are produced by pyrolysis above 300°C of plants selected from the group consisting of kiri trees, bamboo, shrubs, beeches, oaks and ash trees, as well as C4 plants exhibiting a wreath anatomy. [9] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 6, characterized by that the C4 plants are selected from the group consisting of grasses, maize, sugar cane, millet, giant miscanthus and amaranth. [10] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by , that the molded parts (1) contain at least one organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material (4) that is difficult or impossible for the growing fungal mycelium to degrade, [11] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by, that at least one difficult or non-degradable organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material (4) is selected from the group consisting of particulate solids that are wholly or partially enclosed and / or connected to the network (2.2) of threads (2.1) and liquid and gaseous substances that are adsorbed by the network (2.2). [12] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 11, characterized by, that the at least one poorly or non-degradable organic, inorganic and / or inorganic-organic material (4) from the group consisting of alkaline earth carbonates, silicon dioxide, silica gel, silicates, zeolites, aluminium oxide, aerogels, expanded glass, expanded graphite, expanded shale, quartz, sand, xerogels, vermiculite, perlite, pumice, clays, synthetic polymers, keratin-containing materials, flame retardants, hydrophilizing agents, hydrophobizing agents, stabilizers, preservatives, superabsorbents - basic and / or nanoporous, microporous, mesoporous and / or macroporous, carbon dioxide adsorbing adsorbent materials, excluding the particulate second components (3.4) Ceramics, agaroses, agar, crosslinking agents for chitin and chitosan, odor neutralizing agents, biocides selected from the group consisting of germicidal agents, antibiotics, bactericides, virucidal agents, antifungal agents and antiprotozoal agents, acaricides, antiparasitic agents, dyes, essential oils, perfumes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide. [13] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 11, characterized by that these are biocidal microsilver preparations. [14] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized by, that the at least one particulate component (3) and the at least one particulate material (4) have a shape selected from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, rods, threads, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedra, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, as well as shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates bent in at least one direction of space. [15] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by , that the molded parts (1) have the shape of building elements. [16] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 15, characterized by, that the building elements are (1) solid slabs, perforated slabs, studded slabs and mats, recessed slabs and mats, pipes, building blocks, hollow blocks, bricks, hollow bodies, spheres, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids, columns and truncated columns with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections, window frames, door frames, facades, curtain walls, sound, impact sound and thermal insulation materials and panels, plaster baseboards, drywall panels, decorations, walls, ceilings and suspended ceilings. [17] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized by that the molded parts (1) are self-supporting or connected to support elements. [18] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 17, producible by (i) provides at least one replication-capable inoculum (5) of at least one mycelium-forming fungus (6), (ii) provides at least one sterile mixture (7) of at least one particulate component (3) and at least one growth substrate (8) or of at least one particulate solid (4), at least one particulate component (3) and at least one growth substrate (8) in at least one negative mold (9) of at least one molded part (1), (iii) applying at least one replicable inoculum (5) to at least one sterile mixture (7), (iv) cultivates the at least one mycelium-forming fungus (6) on the at least one growth substrate (8) forming at least one mycelium (6.1) extending through the at least one mixture (7) by partial or complete decomposition and digestion of the at least one growth substrate (8), (v) after cessation of growth, kills the hyphae (6.1.1) of the at least one mycelium (6.1) to form the at least one denatured fungal mycelium (2), so that at least one of the networks (2.1) of filaments (2.1) which - the particles of at least one particulate second component (3) or - the particles of at least one particulate second component (3) and of at least one particulate material that is difficult or impossible to degrade (4) or - the particles of the at least one particulate second component (3) and the remains of the growth substrate (8) or - completely or partially enclose the particles of the at least one particulate second component (3), the at least one particulate material that is difficult or impossible to degrade (4) and the remains of the growth substrate (8), resulting in, and (vi) which removes or leaves in at least one resulting mold part (1) the at least one negative mold (9). [19] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 18, characterized by , that the growth substrate (8) contains or consists of lignocellulose. [20] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 19, characterized by , that the growth substrate (8) is selected from the group consisting of straw, hay, leaves, pomace, wood, cereal hulls, cereal chaff, rice hulls, rice husks, kapok (KP), poplar down, maize, millet, akon, bamboo, nettles, hemp (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), biogas plant waste, dried sludge from the textile or paper industry, digestate, dried manure, silage and / or compostable municipal waste. [21] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 19 or 20, characterized by, that the at least one growth substrate (8) is in a form selected from the group consisting of powders, granules, fibers, shives, chips, sawdust, wood chips, foams, networks, grids, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, crocheted fabrics, nonwovens, textiles, papers, cardboards, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens, melt-blown materials, films, sheets, perforated sheets. [22] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to any one of claims 18 to 21, characterized by , that the killing of the mycelium (6.1) was achieved by heating, placing in a low humidity environment, irradiation, freezing and / or treatment with bleach solutions, acids, bases and petrochemicals. [23] Molded parts and insulating materials (1) according to claim 22, characterized by , that the bases are selected from the group consisting of aqueous solutions or suspensions of at least one alkaline earth hydroxide (3.1).

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