Amyloid fiber formation limiter or inhibiter

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a formulation for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation with the effect of dissolving or eliminating (discharging) amyloid fibrils, comprising tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient, to an agent for use in treating cerebral amyloidosis comprising said formulation.Background Art

[0002] Amyloid fibril is a fibrous supramolecular polymer formed by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Pathologically, amyloid fibrils are stained orange-red with alkaline Congo red staining, show green birefringence in the observation using a polarizing microscope, and show an unbranched fibrous structure with a width of 7 to 15 nm in the observation using an electronic microscope.

[0003] Amyloidosis is a collective term for the diseases that cause dysfunction due to amyloid fibril deposition in organs or tissues that works continuously or in organs or tissues that are affected with a debilitating disease. In 1980, Glenner, G.C. showed that proteins (amyloid protein) constituting amyloid fibrils that are specific to each disease form amyloid fibrils abundant with a β-sheet structure and cause a deposition, and thereafter, there has been a variety of reports on the association between amyloid proteins and diseases. For example, an association between an amyloid fibril composed of amyloid β and diseases such as Alzheimer's type senility, Down syndrome; an association between an amyloid fibril composed of α-synuclein and diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Lewy body type senility, multiple system atrophy; an association between an amyloid fibril composed of prion and diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome, mad cow disease; and an association between an amyloid fibril composed of tau and diseases such as Alzheimer's type senility, FTDP-17, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease have been reported (Non-Patent Document 1).

[0004] It is believed that, besides amyloid fibril deposition itself, intermediate molecules such as oligomers or protofibrils, which are involved in amyloid fibril formation, are one of the causes of cell death or cellular disorder (Non-Patent Documents 2, 3). Therefore, it is believed that amyloidosis can be treated by suppressing amyloid fibril formation to increase the instability of the proteins constituting amyloid fibrils (Non-Patent Document 4).

[0005] Until now, clioquinol (Patent Document 1), curcumin (Non-Patent Document 5), tannic acid (Non-Patent Document 6), hemin (Non-Patent Document 7), melatonin (Non-Patent Document 8), 4,5-dianilinophthalimide (Non-Patent Document 9), L-DOPA (Non-Patent Document 10), hexadecyl-N-methylpiperidinium (Non-Patent Document 11), congo red, which is a fluorescent stain (Non-Patent Document 12), etc. have been reported as compounds for suppressing amyloid fibril formation.

[0006] On the other hand, tranilast is a compound that has already been commercially supplied form Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. as an antiallergic drug "Rizaben", and has been reported as showing good drug efficacy against keloid, hypertrophic scar (Non-Patent Documents13, 14) and as enhancer of the activity level of the beta-III-tubulin promoter in an in vitro system (Patent Document 2). However, it has not been known whether tranilast has an effect of suppressing amyloid fibril formation.Prior Art Documents Patent Documents

[0007] Patent Document 1: WO 98 / 06403 and Patent Document 2: WO 2009 / 024543 A1Non-Patent Documents

[0008] Non-Patent Document 1: Chiti, F. & Dobson, C.M. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5: 15-22 (2009) Non-Patent Document 2: Kayed, R. et al., Science 300: 486-489 (2003) Non-Patent Document 3: Tsai, J. et al., Nature Neuroscience 7: 1181-1183 (2004) Non-Patent Document 4: Hammarstrom, P., Science 293: 2459-2462 (2001) Non-Patent Document 5: Ono, K. et al., J. Neurosci. Res. 75: 742-750 (2004) Non-Patent Document 6: Ono, K. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1690: 193-202 (2004) Non-Patent Document 7: Howlett, D.R. et al., FEBS Lett. 417: 249-251 (1997) Non-Patent Document 8: Pappolla, M. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273: 7185-7188 (1998) Non-Patent Document 9: Blanchard, B. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 14326-14332 (2004) Non-Patent Document 10: Li, J. et al., FASEB J. 18: 962-964 (2004) Non-Patent Document 11: Wood, S. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4086-4092 (1996) Non-Patent Document 12: Lorenzo, A. & Yankner, B.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 12243-12247 (2004) Non-Patent Document 13: Ichikawa K. et al., Ohyoyakuri (Pharmacometrics): 43(5) 401 (1992) Non-Patent Document 14: Suzawa H., NihonYakurigakuZasshi (Folia Pharmacologica Japonica): 99(4) 231 (1992) Summary of the Invention Object to be Solved by the Invention

[0009] The object of the present invention is to provide a formulation with the effect of effectively suppressing or inhibiting amyloid fibril formation by the dissolution or elimination (discharge), etc. of an amyloid fibril in vivo.Means to Solve the Object

[0010] The present inventor has been extensively investigating to solve the above-described problems. During the process, it was investigated whether amyloid deposition in the skin could be reduced or whether cutaneous lichen amyloidosis could be treated by using tranilast (brand name: Rizaben) known as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis, and it was found that the amyloid fibril formation was suppressed and the function of skin could be improved upon the administration of tranilast. Further, based on the finding, it was investigated whether dementia arising from amyloid fibril deposition could be ameliorated and it was confirmed that clear ameliorating effect was observed upon the administration of tranilast. The present invention has been thus completed based on these findings.

[0011] Specifically, the present invention relates to tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient, for use in treating cerebral amyloidosis, which is orally administered to a patient in need of the treatment of cerebral amyloidosis in a total daily dose of 200 to 600 mg, as disclosed in the appended claims. The agent has an effect of dissolving or discharging an amyloid fibril.

[0012] The amyloidosis is cerebral amyloidosis, wherein the cerebral amyloidosis is dementia arising from the deposition of an amyloid fibril in the brain.

[0013] Further disclosed therein is Tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating diseases arising from amyloid fibril deposition (diseases arising from the deposited amyloid fibrils themselves and diseases that cause dysfunction of organs or tissues as a result of amyloid fibril deposition), by administering an agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation comprising tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient to a patient in need of suppressing or inhibiting of amyloid fibril formation.

[0014] Also disclosed is tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use as an agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation, tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use as an agent for treating an amyloid plaque, or tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use as an agent for treating cerebral amyloidosis.

[0015] Further disclosed is the use of tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of an agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation, the use of tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of an agent for treating an amyloid plaque, or the use of tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of an agent for treating cerebral amyloidosis.Effect of the Invention

[0016] According to the present invention, amyloid fibril formation can be effectively suppressed or inhibited in vivo by the effects such as amyloid fibril dissolution or elimination (discharge). Therefore, it is possible to prevent or treat amyloid plaques, and to prevent or treat diseases arising from amyloid fibril deposition (diseases arising from the deposited amyloid fibrils themselves and diseases that cause dysfunction of organs or tissues as a result of amyloid fibril deposition) .Brief Description of Drawings

[0017] [Fig. 1]Fig. 1 is a figure showing improvement in symptoms achieved by administering tranilast to a patient with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (Case 2). [Fig. 2]Fig. 2 is a figure showing improvement in symptoms achieved by administering tranilast to a patient with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (Case 3). Mode of carrying Out the Invention

[0018] The agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation of the present invention comprises tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof (hereinafter referred to collectively as "tranilasts") as an active ingredient, and, if necessary, compounding ingredients can further be added, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable common carrier, a binder, a stabilizer, an excipient, a diluent, a pH buffering agent, a disintegrator, an isotonic agent, an additive, a coating, a solubilizer, a lubricating agent, a sliding agent, a solubilizing agent, a lubricant, a seasoning, a sweetening agent, a solvent, a gelatinizer, and a nutrient. Specific examples of such compounding ingredients can include water, physiological saline, animal fat and oil, vegetable oil, lactose, starch, gelatin, crystalline cellulose, gum, talc, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and glycerin.

[0019] The agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation of the present invention has an effect of suppressing or inhibiting amyloid fibril formation in vivo. The effect of suppressing or inhibiting amyloid fibril formation in vivo can include for example, in cells or tissues in which amyloid fibrils have been deposited, an effect of suppressing the production of a protein constituting an amyloid fibril (amyloid protein), an effect of suppressing the aggregation of an amyloid protein, an effect of degradation of an amyloid protein, an effect of dissolving (degradation of) an amyloid fibril (structure), and an effect of discharging an amyloid protein or an amyloid fibril to the outside of said cells or tissues. The effect of dissolution (degradation) of an amyloid fibril (structure) and the effect of discharging an amyloid protein or an amyloid fibril to the outside of said cells or tissues are preferable.

[0020] In the present invention, "amyloid fibril" refers to a fibrous supramolecular polymer formed by the aggregation of misfolded (high-ordered-structure abnormally formed) proteins (amyloid protein) and has the structure which is abundant with a β-sheet. Examples of the above-described amyloid protein can include proteins such as amyloid β, tau, immunoglobulin light chain, amylin, amyloid A, transthyretin, lysozyme, BriL, cystatin C, scrapie, β2 microglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, gelsolin, islet amyloid, fibrinogen, prolactin, insulin, calcitonin, keratin, atrial natriuretic peptide, α-synuclein, prion, huntingtin, superoxide dismutase, neuroserpin, α1-antichymotrypsin.

[0021] Tranilast of the present invention is N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)anthranilic acid and is a compound represented by the chemical structural formula shown below.

[0022] Examples of pharmacologically acceptable salt of tranilast of the present invention include a metal salt formed from aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc, and an organic salt formed from N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, procaine, etc.

[0023] The agent for use in treating cerebral amyloidosis as disclosed in the appended claims is not particularly limited as long as it comprises an agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation of the present invention, that is, as long as it comprises tranilasts as an active ingredient for the effect of suppressing or inhibiting amyloid fibril formation, and examples include those further added with compounding ingredients such as a pharmaceutically acceptable common carrier, a binder, a stabilizer, an excipient, a diluent, a pH buffering agent, a disintegrator, an isotonic agent, an additive, a coating, a solubilizer, a lubricating agent, a sliding agent, a solubilizing agent, a lubricant, a seasoning, a sweetening agent, a solvent, a gelatinizer, and a nutrient. Specific examples of such compounding ingredients can include water, physiological saline, animal fat and oil, vegetable oil, lactose, starch, gelatin, crystalline cellulose, gum, talc, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and glycerin.

[0024] The dosage form of the agent is oral administration in drug forms such as powder, granule, tablet, capsule, syrup, or suspension, and parenteral administration including injection in a drug form such as solution, emulsion, or suspension, administration in a drug form of transdermal agent to the skin, administration to the eyes in a drug form of eye drops, or nasal administration in a drug form such as nasal drops, nasal sprays, and oral administration is preferable.

[0025] The dosage of tranilasts in the agent a dosage range of 200 to 600 mg / day, once or more than once (e.g., two to four times) in divided doses per day, however, the dosage may be adjusted depending on the state of symptom improvement. Tranilasts, that are the active ingredient of the present invention, are a drug (brand name: Rizaben [RIZABEN]) that has already been used for patients with atopic dermatitis, and the usage and the side effects thereof are well known. Therefore, the dosage and the dosage form can be selected based on experiences when using the agent for treating cerebral amyloidosis of the present invention.

[0026] Any method may be used for detecting amyloid plaques. For example, of amyloid plaques in the brain, the amyloid plaques composed of amyloid β (senile plaques) can be detected by a method using 11< C labeled PIB (Pittsburgh Compound-B) deposited in said part (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No.2004-506723) and a device (PET-CT) for investigations by Positron Emission Tomography (PET; Positron Emission Tomography) and Computerized Tomography (CT; Computerized Tomography) simultaneously. Further, amyloid plaques in the skin can be detected as punctate brown pigmented spots formed in crista cutis (a raised portion between skin grooves) except follicle. Here, said punctate brown pigmented spot is characteristic in that the punctate pigmented spots with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm are linearly arranged, and that looks ripplelike arrangement.

[0027] Examples of the above-described amyloidosis can include, specifically, systemic amyloidosis such as immune cellular amyloidosis (e.g., AL amyloidosis, AH amyloidosis), reactive AA amyloidosis (secondary amyloidosis), familial amyloidosis (e.g., Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy [FAP] I, FAPII, FAPIII, FAPIV, Familial Mediterranean fever [FMF], Muckle-Wells syndrome), dialysis amyloidosis, senile TTR amyloidosis, and localised amyloidosis such as cerebral amyloidosis, endocrine amyloidosis (medullary thyroid cancer, diabetes mellitus type 2, insulinoma, isolated atrial amyloid), cutaneous amyloidosis, nodular localised amyloidosis.

[0028] Examples of the above-described cerebral amyloidosis can include, specifically, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage (Dutch type or Icelandic type) arising from amyloid fibril deposition in the brain, and dementia arising from amyloid fibril deposition in the brain, and among these dementia arising from amyloid fibril deposition in the brain can be preferably exemplified. Said "dementia" can be exemplified by Alzheimer's type dementia (senility), dementia developed from Parkinson's disease, dementia developed from Down syndrome, dementia developed from prion diseases, Lewy bodies type dementia (senility), dementia developed from multiple system atrophy, dementia developed from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, dementia developed from Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome, dementia developed from mad cow disease, dementia developed from FTDP-17, dementia developed from progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia developed from corticobasal degeneration, and dementia developed from Pick's disease.

[0029] Further, examples of the above-described cutaneous amyloidosis can include, specifically, friction melanosis, lichen (cutaneous lichen amyloidosis), macular (cutaneous macular amyloidosis), and anosacral cutaneous (anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis) arising from amyloid fibril deposition in the skin.

[0030] The above-described tranilasts can be produced by any publicly known methods such as chemical synthesis, production by microorganisms, production by enzyme, however, commercially marketed products may also be employed. For example, commercially marketed products such as Rizaben capsule, Rizaben granules, Rizaben dry syrup (all from Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Ainteru capsule 100 mg, Ainteru dry syrup(all from Choseido Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.) are included.

[0031] The present invention is illustrated in detail with the following examples, however, the present invention is not limited to these examples.[Example 1]1. Confirmation that the agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation of the present invention has a therapeutic effect against cutaneous amyloidosis1-1 Case 1

[0032] A patient (N.Y, 60 years of age, female) observed with symptoms of cutaneous amyloidosis specific pigment-associating invasion and itch in the upper back had been treated without tranilast for an initial duration of 4 years, however, no therapeutic effect was observed. Therefore, the treatment shifted to the use of tranilast. The above-mentioned patient was administered orally with a 100 mg capsule of tranilast (brand name: Rizaben, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) three times a day. About 1 month after the start of oral administration the pigmentation started to thin, and within another 1 month it was shown that itch was reduced and rash was largely ameliorated, with the gradual reduction of the level of pigmentation. Worsening or relapse of rash was not observed at least 3 years afterwards.1-2 Case 2

[0033] A patient observed with symptoms of typical amyloid lichen in the upper back (27 years of age, female, atopic dermatitis appeared in early life) was at first under treatment with difluprednate ointment (MYSER Ointment), which is a topical steroid categorized into "Very Strong: group II", however, amelioration was not observed. Therefore, the treatment shifted to the use of tranilast. The above-mentioned patient was administered orally with a 100 mg capsule of tranilast (brand name: Rizaben, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) three times a day. From day 16 (July 16, 2014) (see Fig. 1B) after the start of oral administration on June 30, 2014 (see Fig. 1A), amyloid deposited brown papule was found to be thinned, decreased in size, and ameliorated clearly. The degree of amelioration of rash increased day by day (see Fig. 1C to E). Amyloid deposited brown papule almost disappeared on day 151 (November 28, 2014) (see Fig. 1F) after the start of oral administration, and the condition was maintained untill at least day 238 (February 23, 2015) (see Fig. 1H).1-3 Case 3

[0034] A patient (23 years of age, female) observed with chronic eczema with rash along with strong itch in the upper back for several years started the treatment with tranilast. The patient was administered orally with a 100 mg capsule of tranilast (brand name: Rizaben, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) three times a day. When the oral administration started on July 29, 2014, amyloid deposited brown papule was densely lichenified (see Fig. 2A). However, on day 15 (August 13, 2014) (see Fig. 2B) after the start of oral administration, improvement in the symptoms was observed. Further, on day 29 (August 27, 2014) (see Fig. 2C) after the start of oral administration, clear improvement in the symptoms was observed, and the improved condition was maintained afterwards untill at least day 89 (October 26, 2014) (see Fig. 2D to G).

[0035] These results show that, in skin tissues or cells in which amyloid fibrils have been deposited, tranilast suppressed or inhibited amyloid fibril formation in skin tissues or cells and improved the function of the skin by suppressing the production of amyloid proteins such as keratin, by suppressing the aggregation of amyloid protein, by promoting the dissolution (degradation) of amyloid protein, or by promoting the discharge of amyloid protein to the outside of skin tissues or cells.[Example 2]2. Confirmation that the agent for suppressing or inhibiting an amyloid fibril formation of the present invention has a therapeutic effect against cerebral amyloidosis

[0036] Because it was shown that tranilast has the effect of suppressing amyloid fibril formation in the skin, whether dementia and Alzheimer's disease arising from amyloid fibril deposition in the brain could be ameliorated was studied.2-1 Case 4

[0037] A patient with dementia (H.Y, 79 years of age, male) was administered orally with a 100 mg capsule of tranilast (brand name: Rizaben, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) three times a day. 1 year and 4 months after the start of administration of tranilast in August 2012, clear ameliorating effect was observed (see Table 1) by two types of testing methods for dementia (HDS-R [Hasegawa Dementia Scale - Revised] and MMSE [Mini-Mental State Examination]). [Table 1]Start of Tranilast AdministrationHDS-R ValueMMSE Value3 years and 10 months before (October 2008)-281 year and 5 months before (March 2011)2327start of the administration (August 2012)--5 months after (January 2013)15221 year and 4 months after (December 2013)2025 2-2 Case 5

[0038] A patient with Alzheimer's disease (88 years of age, male) was administered orally with a 100 mg capsule of tranilast (brand name: Rizaben, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) three times a day. About 5 months after the start of administration of tranilast on October 11, 2014, clear ameliorating effect on the symptoms of Alzheimer's type dementia was observed (see Table 2) by two types of testing methods for dementia (HDS-R and MMSE). [Table 2]Start of Tranilast AdministrationHDS-R ValueMMSE Valuestart of the administration (October 11, 2014)914about 5 months after (March 19, 2015)1222

[0039] These results show that, in nerve tissues or cells in which amyloid fibrils have been deposited, tranilast suppressed or inhibited amyloid fibril formation in the nerve tissues or cells and improved the nerve function, by suppressing the production of amyloid proteins such as amyloid β, by suppressing the aggregation of amyloid proteins, by promoting the dissolution (break-down) of amyloid proteins, or by promoting the discharge of amyloid proteins to the outside of the nerve tissues or cells.3. Summary

[0040] It has been known conventionally that if a certain tissue is chronically in a debilitating condition over long periods; for example, one suffers from a debilitating disease such as atopic dermatitis over long periods, amyloid fibrils deposit in the skin and refractory cutaneous lichen amyloidosis is caused. It is considered that tranilast acted such that it would effectively reduce the deposited amyloid fibrils in the skin or brain tissues in the hippocampus upon the systemic administration of tranilast to a patient with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis or a patient with dementia such as Alzheimer's type dementia with no improvement of symptoms observed with conventional treatments. That is, the treatment with tranilast is effective also in brain tissues and therefore it is considered that tranilast passed the blood-brain barrier.Industrial Applicability

[0041] The present invention can effectively suppress or inhibit amyloid fibril formation in vivo as a result of effects of tranilast, such as amyloid fibril dissolution or elimination (discharge). Therefore, the present invention is effective to treat cerebal amyloidosis arising from amyloid fibril deposition.

Claims

1. Tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating cerebral amyloidosis, which is orally administered to a patient in need of suppressing or inhibiting of amyloid fibril formation in a total daily dose of 200 to 600 mg.

2. Tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use according to claim 1, which has an effect of dissolving or discharging an amyloid fibril.

3. Tranilast or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof for use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cerebral amyloidosis is dementia arising from the deposition of an amyloid fibril in the brain.