Solid product based on transformed urine, preparation process, and uses

Abstract

The present invention relates to the treatment and upgrading of human or animal urine. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for preparing a urine-based solid product. The invention also relates to a solid product based on transformed urine and to the uses thereof, in particular as a biostimulant or biocontrol product.

Description

[0001] SOLID PRODUCT BASED ON TRANSFORMED URINE, PREPARATION METHOD AND USES

[0002] Technical field

[0003] The invention relates to the treatment and recovery of human or animal urine. In particular, the invention relates to a process for preparing a solid urine-based product, a solid product based on transformed urine and its uses.

[0004] State of the art

[0005] Urine is considered a waste product that must be eliminated. Its current method of disposal, mostly via the sewer system, is problematic for wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the context of sustainable water resource management. In particular, the nitrogen and micropollutant content of urine causes the growth of algae and the feminization of fish.

[0006] Human urine is also known to have proven fertilization potential in agriculture, just like animal urine, which is already used by farmers. Indeed, urine is rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are essential elements, particularly for soil and crop fertilization.

[0007] Also, these essential elements, problematic for treatment plants, are particularly sought after in many areas, notably in agriculture.

[0008] Manufacturers are always looking for sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, particularly to develop new products for agriculture, such as fertilizers, biostimulants, etc. To obtain large quantities of nitrogen, manufacturers currently use energy-intensive chemical reactions. Phosphorus and potassium are mainly obtained from mining.

[0009] Some prior art documents disclose methods for treating animal excrement, in particular for the purpose of recycling into fertilizer (CN101125767) or for the production of animal feed (FR2371399). However, these documents exclusively disclose methods for recycling, recovery of the excrement and urine mixture and do not focus on urine alone. However, urine, having been in contact with excrement, no longer meets the safety criteria of the regulations in force, in particular regarding the content of metallic elements / traces and pathogenic organisms. Therefore, these products cannot be used as a biocontrol product, biostimulant or even as a food product.

[0010] On the other hand, urine extracted at source is not stable when collected. It quickly loses its characteristics and NPK content, particularly through the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia, which makes its industrial use unsuitable and currently impossible. Also, document FR2102613 describes a biological urine treatment process that stabilizes, depollutes and enriches urine with microorganisms. However, the use of urine transformed into its liquid form makes its transport difficult, may require complex control of the oxygenation of the environment and a significant quantity of urine to obtain a yield suitable for industrial scale, particularly for use as a fertilizer.

[0011] There is therefore a need to develop an alternative process for recovering the nutrients contained in urine, limiting the input of natural resources, particularly water. The invention thus aims to obtain a solid product based on transformed urine with a high yield and meeting the safety criteria of the regulations in force, in particular regarding the content of trace metal elements, pathogenic organisms and with improved productivity.

[0012] Summary of the invention

[0013] Continuing their work on urine treatment, the inventors developed a biological process requiring a low water input and making it possible to obtain a stable solid product based on human or animal urine by fermentation suitable for numerous uses.

[0014] Thus, the inventors propose a process for preparing a solid urine-based product comprising: a) a step of basifying or acidifying the urine; b) a step of filtering the urine transformed in step a); c) a step of mixing the filtered urine obtained in step b) and a solid biomass, and d) a step of fermenting the mixture obtained in step c).

[0015] According to a particularly suitable embodiment, the solid biomass or the solid medium of step c) comprises a total protein content of between 1 and 65%.

[0016] Preferably, the solid biomass of step c) also comprises at least one characteristic chosen from:

[0017] - a humidity level between 5 and 200%;

[0018] - a mineral content of between 0.5 and 15%;

[0019] - a lignocellulose content of between 1 and 65%;

[0020] - a starch content of between 1 and 50%;

[0021] - a fat content of between 0.5 and 5%; and

[0022] - their combinations. Fermentation step d) may include the addition, to the mixture obtained in step c), of an inoculum of microorganisms.

[0023] The implementation of step d) of fermentation of a mixture obtained in step c) makes it possible in particular to enrich the solid biomass with nutrients, water, growth factors and microorganisms of interest.

[0024] The process may comprise other steps and in particular an optional step b'), before step c), of conditioning the solid biomass comprising an extraction of microorganisms or secondary metabolites.

[0025] Advantageously, when the method according to the invention comprises a step of extracting microorganisms from the solid biomass, this makes it possible to select the microorganisms to be enriched, by excluding any endogenous microorganisms from the solid biomass before mixing with the transformed urine.

[0026] The invention also relates to a solid product based on transformed urine, capable of being obtained by implementing the method according to the invention, comprising:

[0027] - at least one urine biomarker chosen from uric acid, hippuric acid and their combination;

[0028] - a concentration of microorganisms of at least 106 CFU or spores / g of solid product; and

[0029] - at least one characteristic chosen from:

[0030] *a total protein level between 1 and 65%

[0031] *a concentration of digestible proteins between 50 and 400g / kg of dry matter of solid product;

[0032] *a dry matter content of between 5 and 50%;

[0033] *an NH4 / N-total ratio less than or equal to 30%;

[0034] *a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 10;

[0035] *their combinations.

[0036] The invention also relates to the use of such a solid product based on transformed urine, in particular as a food product for animals, as a culture medium, as a biostimulant product or biocontrol product for agricultural use.

[0037] Other characteristics and advantages will emerge from the detailed description of the invention and the examples which follow.

[0038] Brief description of the Figures Figure 1 represents a histogram showing the evolution of the S. cerevisiae population (CFU / g of wheat bran) counted in a solid product based on processed urine. The black lines represent the S. cerevisiae population level present at the time of inoculation.

[0039] Figure 2 represents a histogram showing the evolution of the S. cerevisiae population (CFU / mL) counted after 96 and 168 fermentations of a semi-solid mixture.

[0040] Figure 3 is a graphical representation showing the total protein content (%) obtained before and after fermentation of a semi-solid mixture for the 3 modalities tested. The * represent the significant differences before and after fermentation of a semi-solid mixture for each modality.

[0041] Figure 4 is a graphical representation showing the digestible protein levels PDIE and PDIN obtained before and after fermentation of a semi-solid mixture for the 3 modalities tested. The * represent the significant differences before and after FMS for each modality.

[0042] Figure 5 is a schematic of an antifungal efficacy test in the presence of a phytopathogen.

[0043] Figure 6 is a graphical representation of the growth monitoring of P. chloro raphis (CFU / g) using wheat bran supplemented with urine or water as substrate.

[0044] Detailed description of the invention

[0045] Definitions

[0046] For the purposes of the invention, "urine" means urine that has never been in contact with feces. In the context of the invention, urine is directly separated from feces at the source.

[0047] For the purposes of the invention, the term "acidified urine" means urine whose pH value has been reduced compared to the pH value of the initial urine. The pH of acidified urine is an acidic pH.

[0048] For the purposes of the invention, the term "basified urine" means urine whose pH value has been increased compared to the pH value of the initial urine. The pH of basified urine is a basic pH.

[0049] For the purposes of the invention, "diluted urine" means fresh or stored urine, acidified or not, basified or not, which has been diluted in a solution, preferably in water or in a nutrient solution.

[0050] For the purposes of the invention, "fresh urine" means urine that has been collected less than 10 hours ago, preferably less than 5 hours ago, even more preferably less than 2 hours ago, and in particular less than 1 hour ago.

[0051] For the purposes of the invention, the term "transformed urine" means urine that has undergone a process that has transformed at least one characteristic of natural urine, so that it is no longer a natural product but a transformed product obtained from a natural product. This may, for example, be a step of acidification or alkalinization of the urine. Preferably, the transformed urine is urine that has undergone a treatment modifying its pH.

[0052] For the purposes of the invention, “dry matter” means the matter obtained after removing water from the solid biomass or solid product.

[0053] For the purposes of the invention, “digestible protein” means the digestible fraction (amino acids actually absorbed by the intestine) of the total proteins found in the solid biomass or solid product.

[0054] For the purposes of the invention, the term “total proteins” means all the proteins present in the solid biomass. The determination of total proteins can be carried out using the Kjeldhal method.

[0055] For the purposes of the invention, the term “nutrients” means all substances that can be directly assimilated in urine, such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

[0056] For the purposes of the invention, "water retention capacity (WRC)" means the quantity of water that a sample can absorb per unit of weight.

[0057] For the purposes of the invention, the term “metabolite of non-pharmaceutical interest” means any organic substance produced by a microorganism in solid biomass, the use of which is restricted to non-pharmaceutical industries.

[0058] For the purposes of the invention, the term “metabolite of pharmaceutical interest” means any organic substance produced by a microorganism in solid biomass, the use of which is possible within the pharmaceutical industries.

[0059] For the purposes of the invention, the term “spores” means any type of spore produced by fungi, in particular conidiospores and blastopores.

[0060] For the purposes of the invention, the term “urine biomarker” means all molecules characteristic of human or animal urine.

[0061] For the purposes of the invention, “solid biomass” means a set of organic matter in solid form.

[0062] Process for the production of a solid product based on urine

[0063] The subject of the invention is therefore a process for preparing a solid product based on urine, preferably fresh urine, comprising at least the implementation of the following steps: a) a step of basifying or acidifying the urine, allowing storage for up to 6 months; b) a step of filtering the transformed urine from step a), c) a step of mixing the filtered urine obtained in step b) and a solid biomass, and d) a step of fermenting the mixture obtained in step c).

[0064] Such a method is particularly useful in the context of the invention, thus making it possible to provide an alternative with a dual environmental benefit, namely:

[0065] - reduction of water consumption; and

[0066] - the use of solid biomass which is generally lignocellulosic waste, particularly from the agri-food industries.

[0067] Advantageously, the water consumption of the process according to the invention is less than 0.05 liters per kg of solid product based on transformed urine obtained.

[0068] Human or animal urine is collected by any method suitable for implementing the method according to the invention.

[0069] Advantageously, the urine has never been in contact with feces, thus allowing its intrinsic properties to be preserved.

[0070] For human urine, it can in particular be collected from different sources such as toilet rental companies, festivals, medical analysis laboratories, establishments open to the public.

[0071] For animal urine, it can in particular be collected from different sources such as breeders and veterinary analysis laboratories.

[0072] Human or animal urine is collected in containers such as cans, drums or tanks for example. According to one embodiment, the containers may contain one or more bases for carrying out the basification step or one or more acids for carrying out the acidification step.

[0073] Optionally, the method according to the invention may possibly comprise an additional step, which consists of precipitating co-products generated during the storage step before basification and / or acidification. These co-products are preferably minerals, in particular minerals chosen from nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (struvite). In the particular case of the recovery of struvite present in urine, the method consists of adding magnesium salts in solution in order to precipitate the phosphorus present in urine stored without stabilizer, preferably at a volumetric ratio of 1:1 (Mg:P). This precipitate can be recovered by filtration on a filter with a mesh size between 10 and 30 μm. The precipitate can subsequently undergo various treatments, such as enema, dissolution, pressing and / or air drying in order to obtain a material in liquid or solid form.Step a) of the method according to the invention is preferably carried out on fresh urine which has been collected less than 10 hours before the implementation of the first step of the method according to the invention, preferably less than 5 hours, even more preferably less than two hours and ideally less than one hour.

[0074] According to an object of the invention, step a) consists of basifying the urine, preferably the basified urine has a pH greater than or equal to 9, preferably between 9 and 12, preferably greater than or equal to 10 and according to one embodiment between 10 and 12. Basifying the urine to a pH greater than 9 makes it possible to inhibit the growth of pathogens and limits the spontaneous reaction of hydrolysis of urea into ammonia. In other words, the urine retains its nitrogen concentration.

[0075] Particularly preferably, the basified urine resulting from step a) comprises a maximum ammonia concentration of less than 0.6 g / L, more preferably less than 0.2 g / L.

[0076] Basification can also allow urine to have the pH necessary for urine fermentation by certain microorganisms.

[0077] The basification of urine can be carried out by any means making it possible to obtain urine with the desired basic pH. In particular, the basification step can be carried out by adding to the urine at least one basic pH adjuster, preferably at least one base, and even more preferably at least one base chosen from calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and their mixtures, as well as the associated oxides and their mixtures.

[0078] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the base (or bases) used to alkaline the urine is added to the urine at a concentration of between 0.1 and 10% by weight of the total weight of the mixture consisting of the urine and the base, preferably between 0.5 and 2.5%.

[0079] When step a) comprises the addition of calcium hydroxide to the urine, preferably the basification step is carried out by adding to the urine between 1 and 5% of calcium hydroxide by weight of the total weight of the urine and calcium hydroxide mixture, even more preferably between 2 and 3%.

[0080] When step a) comprises the addition of at least potassium hydroxide to the urine, preferably the basification step is carried out by adding to the urine between 1 and 5% of potassium hydroxide by weight of the total weight of the urine and potassium hydroxide mixture, even more preferably between 1.5 and 2%.

[0081] When step a) comprises the addition of at least sodium hydroxide to the urine, preferably the basification step is carried out by adding to the urine between 0.5 and 5% of sodium hydroxide by weight of the total weight of the urine and sodium hydroxide mixture, even more preferably between 0.5 and 1%.

[0082] Step a) of basifying the urine is preferably carried out at the time of urine collection to avoid the hydrolysis reaction of urea into ammonia. In order to limit nitrogen loss as much as possible, step a) of basifying the urine according to the invention is carried out by adding at least one base to the container in which the urine is received or poured, upstream of the reception of the urine, preferably at the bottom of the container before the urine is poured into it. The container, once filled, is preferably hermetically sealed for transport in order to limit gas exchanges in the open air, and the container is preferably made of plastic or metal resistant to corrosion by the base.

[0083] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the base(s) may be replaced by an inoculum in a basic medium, such that the basification is associated with an inoculation of microorganisms. Thus, in this embodiment, step a) comprising a basification of the urine is carried out by adding to the urine at least one mixture of microorganisms in a basic medium, such that the basification is associated with an inoculation of microorganisms.

[0084] When step a) of basifying the urine is carried out by adding at least microorganisms in a basic medium, preferably the basifying step is carried out by adding to the urine between 1 and 10% of a mixture of microorganisms in a basic medium by weight of the total weight of the urine and mixture, even more preferably between 2.5 and 5%.

[0085] Preferably, the basified urine obtained at the end of step a) presents:

[0086] - a urine NH4 / N-total ratio less than or equal to 30%, and / or

[0087] - a urine N-urea / total N ratio greater than or equal to 50%, and / or

[0088] - a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 1;

[0089] According to a particular embodiment, the basified urine obtained at the end of step a) has a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 10.

[0090] In one embodiment of the invention, the duration of step a) of basifying the urine is less than 12 days, even more preferably less than 7 days, and in particular between 12 hours and 7 days.

[0091] According to one embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises, after step a) comprising a basification of the urine and before step d) of fermentation, a step of adding at least one acid to the basified urine.

[0092] According to another object of the invention, step a) consists of acidifying the urine, preferably the acidified urine has a pH of less than 6, preferably less than or equal to 5.5 and according to one embodiment less than or equal to 4. Acidifying the urine to a pH of less than 6 makes it possible to inhibit the growth of pathogens and limits the spontaneous reaction of hydrolysis of urea into ammonia. In other words, the urine retains its nitrogen concentration.

[0093] Particularly preferably, the acidified urine from step a) comprises a maximum ammonia concentration of less than 0.6 g / L, more preferably less than 0.2 g / L.

[0094] Furthermore, acidification allows the urine to have the pH necessary for fermentation, particularly lactic fermentation.

[0095] The acidification of the urine can be carried out by any means making it possible to obtain urine with the desired acidic pH. In particular, step a) comprising an acidification of the urine can be carried out by adding to the urine at least one acid pH adjuster, preferably at least one acid, and even more preferably at least one acid chosen from sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, citric acid and lactic acid.

[0096] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the acid used to acidify the urine is added to the urine at a concentration of between 0.1 and 10% by weight of the total weight of the mixture consisting of the urine and the acid, preferably between 0.5 and 2.5%.

[0097] When step a) comprises the addition of lactic acid to the urine, preferably the acidification step is carried out by adding to the urine between 0.5 and 5% of lactic acid by weight of the total weight of the urine and acid mixture, even more preferably between 1 and 2%.

[0098] Step a) of acidification of the urine is preferably carried out at the time of urine collection to avoid the hydrolysis reaction of urea into ammonia. In order to limit nitrogen loss as much as possible, step a) of acidification of the urine is carried out by adding at least one acid to the container in which the urine is received or poured, upstream of the reception of the urine, preferably at the bottom of the container before the urine is poured into it. The container, once filled, is preferably hermetically sealed for transport in order to limit gas exchange in the open air, and the container is preferably made of plastic or metal resistant to corrosion by acid.

[0099] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the acid(s) may be replaced by an inoculum in an acidic medium, such that the acidification is associated with an inoculation of microorganisms. Thus, in this embodiment, step a) comprising an acidification of the urine is carried out by adding to the urine at least one mixture of microorganisms in an acidic medium, such that the acidification is associated with an inoculation of microorganisms. When step a) of acidification of the urine is carried out by adding at least one inoculum in a basic medium, preferably the acidification step is carried out by adding to the urine between 1 and 10% of a mixture of an inoculum in a basic medium by weight of the total weight of the mixture, even more preferably between 3 and 5%.

[0100] Preferably, the acidified urine from step a) presents:

[0101] - a urine NH4 / N-total ratio less than or equal to 30%, and / or

[0102] - a urine N-urea / total N ratio greater than or equal to 50%, and / or

[0103] - a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 2.

[0104] According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the acidified urine resulting from step a) has a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 10.

[0105] In another embodiment of the invention, the duration of step a) of acidification of the urine is less than 12 days, even more preferably less than 7 days, and in particular between 12 hours and 7 days.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises, after step a) comprising an acidification of the urine and before step d) of fermentation, a step of adding at least one base to the acidified urine.

[0107] According to one embodiment, at least one acid or at least one base from step a) is chosen from an inoculum in an acidic or basic medium.

[0108] According to a variant, step b) of filtration is carried out before step a) of basification or acidification of the urine. Preferably, step a) of basification or acidification of the urine and step b) of filtration of the urine are carried out before step d) of fermentation of the mixture obtained in step c).

[0109] Advantageously, step a) makes it possible to stabilize the urea present in the urine, while avoiding the formation of ammonia.

[0110] The method according to the invention may comprise an additional step of storing the urine. The urine may be stored at any time during the process, preferably at any time after step a) of basification or acidification and before step d) of fermentation, and according to a suitable embodiment, just after step a) of basification or acidification of the urine. According to a variant, the method may comprise several storage steps at different times during the process.

[0111] Urine can be stored for an indefinite period, preferably for a period of less than or equal to 6 months.

[0112] Storage can be carried out in any suitable container. This can be the container in which the urine was collected or any other plastic or metal container resistant to corrosion by a base. Preferably, storage is carried out away from light to avoid the effect of UV on the composition of the urine and at room temperature (around 20°C). Extreme temperatures, either below 0°C or above 40°C, are unfavorable for storage because they can modify the composition of the urine.

[0113] Stage b) of filtration removes unwanted particles contained in the urine, such as hair, pollutants in chelated form, residual salts and any other particles that may be present (dead leaves, gravel, etc.).

[0114] Filtration step b) is preferably carried out at least by filtration on a filter with a mesh size between 0.1 and 80 pm. In particular, filtration is carried out at 25 pm. This makes it possible to eliminate unwanted particles, depending on the quality of the stored urine.

[0115] Filtration can be carried out on a filter absorbing organic compounds, such as a plant or mineral-based activated carbon filter, chabazite, zeolite, or any other filtration system.

[0116] Advantageously, the filtered urine from step b) has a high nitrogen content and a microorganism concentration of less than 102 CFU / mL.

[0117] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the filtered urine from step b) before mixing step c) with the solid biomass comprises:

[0118] - a urine N-urea / total N ratio greater than or equal to 50%; and

[0119] - a concentration of microorganisms lower than 102 CFU / mL.

[0120] According to one variant, the filtered urine from step b) comprises:

[0121] - a urine N-urea / total N ratio greater than or equal to 50%;

[0122] - a concentration of microorganisms less than 102 CFU / mL; and

[0123] - a maximum ammonia content of less than 0.6 g / L; and / or

[0124] - an N-ammoniacal / total N ratio in urine less than or equal to 30%.

[0125] Thus, the method according to the invention makes it possible to stabilize the urine while preserving its nutrient concentration before fermentation, particularly nitrogen.

[0126] More particularly, the method according to the invention stabilizes the components of urine and in particular the organic nitrogen molecules naturally present in urine, such as uric nitrogen or non-uric nitrogen forms. The organic nitrogen molecules originating from non-uric nitrogen forms can be defined into 3 main families, namely:

[0127] - organic acids such as hippuric acid;

[0128] - amino acids; and - ammonium salts.

[0129] According to another embodiment, the filtered urine from step b) comprises:

[0130] - a urine N-urea / total N ratio greater than or equal to 70%.

[0131] Preferably, the solid biomass from step c) comprises a total protein content of between 1 and 65%.

[0132] According to a preferred embodiment, the solid biomass of step c) also has at least one characteristic chosen from:

[0133] - a humidity level between 5 and 200% of the dry matter;

[0134] - a mineral content of between 0.5 and 15%;

[0135] - a lignocellulose content of between 1 and 65%;

[0136] - a starch content of between 1 and 50%;

[0137] - a fat content of between 0.5 and 5%; and

[0138] - their combinations.

[0139] According to a variant of the invention, the solid biomass of step c) is a biochar having:

[0140] - an ash content of between 1 and 50% of the dry matter;

[0141] - a total carbon content of between 30 and 95% of the dry matter; and

[0142] - a hydrogen content of between 0.1 and 5% of the dry matter.

[0143] Advantageously, the solid biomass according to the invention makes it possible to assimilate urine and its nutrients, thus providing an environment conducive to the development of microorganisms of interest.

[0144] The method according to the invention may comprise a step of pre-treatment of the solid biomass before step c). More particularly, the pre-treatment of the solid biomass may comprise the implementation of at least one step chosen from drying, grinding, extraction of microorganisms, extrusion, pyrolysis, microwave treatment, auto-hydrolysis, thermo-hydrolysis, acidification, basification, treatment using a solvent, the addition of at least one enzyme, chemical oxidation, biological oxidation and combinations thereof.

[0145] Preferably, the method according to the invention comprises a step of pre-treatment of the solid biomass with the mixture of step c), comprising the addition to the solid biomass of at least one enzyme. Advantageously, the optional step of pre-treatment of the solid biomass is carried out at a temperature which does not alter the nutrients of the solid biomass, in particular the content of lignocellulose, proteins and fatty acids.

[0146] According to a particular embodiment, the optional step of pre-treatment of the solid biomass comprises:

[0147] - a desiccation

[0148] - grinding; and

[0149] - the addition of at least one enzyme.

[0150] When the pre-treatment includes a grinding step, the grinding may be dry grinding, preferably carried out using an expensive mill, or wet grinding, preferably carried out using a ball mill.

[0151] When the pre-treatment includes a step of extracting the microorganisms, the extraction of the microorganisms in the solid biomass can be carried out by any suitable means known to those skilled in the art.

[0152] When the pre-treatment step includes an addition of an enzyme, at least one enzyme is an amylolytic enzyme.

[0153] Advantageously, the amylolytic enzyme allows the degradation of starch and glycogen in solid biomass, making the sugars accessible to microorganisms.

[0154] The amylolytic enzyme may be selected from alpha amylase, beta amylase and glucoamylase. Preferably, the enzyme is added at a rate of 1% to 5% relative to the volume of basified and filtered or acidified and filtered urine and solid biomass.

[0155] Solid biomass can be selected from: cereal straw, sawdust, beet pulp, olive pomace, coffee pulp, sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, hemp, rice, rice bran, sorghum, corn cobs, barley, beet pulp, coconut husks, fruit peels such as banana, orange and potato, tea leaves, walnut husks, almonds, frass, insect frass compost, feces, solid digestates, biochar, compost and their mixtures.

[0156] According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the solid biomass is a mixture of at least two types of solid biomass, preferably at least three.

[0157] Preferably, the mixture of step c) comprising the filtered urine of step b) and the solid biomass comprises:

[0158] - between 1 and 30% of urine; and

[0159] - between 70 and 99% solid biomass. Step c) of mixing can be carried out by any means, said mixture being able to be solid or semi-solid.

[0160] The method according to the invention also comprises a step d) of fermentation of said mixture, i.e. transformation of the mixture of urine and solid biomass under the influence of microorganisms.

[0161] Depending on the water retention capacity (WRC) of the mixture of urine and solid biomass, the fermentation of step d) according to the invention can be:

[0162] - fermentation in a solid mixture, particularly when the volume of urine added corresponds to between 12 and 50% of the water retention capacity (WRC) of the solid biomass;

[0163] - fermentation in a semi-solid mixture, in particular when the volume of urine added corresponds to between 51 and 90% of the water retention capacity (WRC) of the solid biomass;

[0164] - fermentation in a submerged mixture, especially when the volume of urine added corresponds to more than 91% of the water retention capacity (WRC) of the solid biomass.

[0165] Step d) of fermentation involves adding an inoculum of microorganisms to the mixture of urine and solid biomass.

[0166] Thus, step d) of fermentation of the mixture obtained in step c) includes: between 1% and 30% urine

[0167] - between 70% and 95% solid biomass; and

[0168] - between 1% and 5% of microorganism inoculum.

[0169] The inoculum of microorganisms is preferably added at a rate of 1 to 10% by volume relative to the volume of basified and filtered or acidified and filtered urine.

[0170] The microorganism inoculum is preferably obtained from a mother solution comprising at least one microorganism or a mixture of at least two distinct microorganisms, and a basified or acidified urine has a pH suitable for the fermentation of said microorganism or said mixture of microorganisms.

[0171] The microorganism inoculum preferably comprises at least one bacterium and / or at least one fungus. According to one embodiment, the microorganism inoculum may comprise one or more fungi. The fermentation may therefore be carried out with at least two different fungi. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the microorganism inoculum may comprise at least one bacterium and at least one fungus.

[0172] When fermentation is carried out with an inoculum of microorganisms comprising at least one bacterium, at least one bacterium is preferably chosen from a cyanobacteria, a lactic acid bacterium, a non-lactic acid bacterium or mixtures thereof. One or more bacteria may be used for fermentation. Fermentation may therefore be carried out with at least two different bacteria. It may be at least two different lactic acid bacteria in the case where the fermentation is a lactic acid fermentation.

[0173] If the fermentation is carried out with one or more non-lactic acid bacteria, these are preferably chosen from bacteria belonging to at least one of the following orders: Rhizobiales (in particular the families Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, and Phyllobacteriaceae), Bacillales (in particular the families Bacillaceae and Paenibacillaceae), Rhodospirillales (in particular the family Rhodospirillaceae), Actinomycetales (in particular the family Corynebacteriaceae), Frankiales (in particular the family Frankiaceae), Burkholderiales (in particular the family Burkholderiaceae), Flavobacteriales (in particular the family Flavobactericeae), Pseudomonadales (in particular the family Pseudomonadaceae), Eubacteriales (in particular the family Micrococcaceae), Xanthomonadales (in particular the family Xanthomonadaceae).

[0174] If the fermentation is carried out with one or more lactic acid bacteria, the fermentation is carried out with at least one bacterium chosen from bacteria of the order Lactobacillales, in particular at least one bacterium whose family is chosen from Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Leuconostocaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae.

[0175] When bacteria are used for fermentation, they are preferably chosen from bacteria of the families Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Paenibacillaceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Frankiaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Flavobactericeae, Pseudomonaceae, Micrococcaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Leuconostocaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and mixtures thereof.

[0176] Thus the bacteria used for fermentation are preferentially chosen from bacteria of the family Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Paenibacillaceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Frankiaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Flavobactericeae, Pseudomonaceae, Micrococcaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Leuconostocaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and their mixtures.

[0177] When the fermentation of step d) is carried out with an inoculum of microorganisms comprising at least one fungus, at least one fungus is preferably a mold, a filamentous fungus or a yeast.

[0178] Preferably at least one fungus is chosen from the order Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Glomerales, Sordiales, Mucorales, Pleosporales (in particular the family Leptosphaeriaceae), Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Cystofilobasidiales, Sporidiobolales Agaricales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Russulales, Pezizales and mixtures thereof.

[0179] For example, the inoculum can be obtained in particular from a mother solution consisting of at least: - basified urine having a pH greater than or equal to 9, preferably greater than or equal to 10, and in particular preferably a pH identical or close to that of the urine which it is desired to transform by fermentation,

[0180] - and at least one bacterium or at least one fungus.

[0181] According to another example, the inoculum can be obtained in particular from a mother solution consisting of at least:

[0182] - acidified urine with a pH less than or equal to 6, preferably a pH identical or close to that of the urine to be transformed by fermentation,

[0183] - and at least one bacterium or at least one fungus.

[0184] Step d) of fermentation may be carried out in particular at a temperature between 20 and 40°C, in particular between 25 and 35°C. It is preferably carried out at a temperature corresponding to the optimum growth temperature of the microorganism(s) used for fermentation.

[0185] In one embodiment of the invention, fermentation step d) is carried out for a period of at least 12 hours, preferably for a period of between 3 and 25 days. This period varies depending on the microorganisms and the conditions used for the fermentation.

[0186] Different variants of implementation of step d) of fermentation of the process according to the invention can be for example:

[0187] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Bacillaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 40°C, preferably 35°C, for 1 to 4 days, preferably 2 days, on urine at a pH between 9 and 11, preferably 9.5, with the addition of sugar, preferably sucrose, between 5 and 20 gL-1, preferably 10 gL-1,

[0188] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Paenibacillaceae family, at a temperature between 25 and 40°C, preferably 30°C, for 1 to 4 days, preferably 2 days, on urine at a pH between 9 and 12, preferably 10, with the addition of sugar, preferably glucose, between 10 and 50 gL-1, preferably 40 gL-1,

[0189] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Pseudomonadaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 40°C, preferably 35°C, for 1 to 7 days, preferably 3 days, on urine at a pH between 9 and 10, preferably 9.5, with the addition of sugar, preferably glucose, between 5 and 30 gL-1, preferably 15 gL-1, - the use of one or more bacteria of the Burkholderiaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 40°C, preferably 30°C, for 1 to 5 days, preferably 4 days, on urine at a pH between 9 and 10, preferably 9, with the addition of sugar, preferably fructose, between 5 and 20 gL-1, preferably 10 gL-1,

[0190] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Micrococcacea family, at a temperature between 25 and 40°C, preferably 30°C, for 1 to 7 days, preferably 4 days, on urine at a pH between 20 and 40°C, preferably 25°C, with the addition of sugar, preferably maltose, between 5 and 40 gL-1, preferably 15 gL-1

[0191] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 35°C, preferably 30°C, for 2 to 10 days, preferably 7 days, on urine at a pH between 6 and 8, preferably 7, with the addition of sugar, preferably mannitol, between 10 and 30g. Ll, preferably 20g. Ll,

[0192] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Lactobacillaceae family, at a temperature between 30 and 35°C, preferably 35°C, for 2 to 5 days, preferably 3 days, on urine at a pH between 4.5 and 6.5, preferably 5.0, with the addition of sugar, preferably lactose, between 10 and 50g. Ll, preferably 20g. Ll,

[0193] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Streptococcaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 30°C, preferably 25°C, for between 5 and 10 days, preferably 8 days, on urine at a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, preferably 5.5 with the addition of sugar, preferably glucose, between 15 and 30 gL-1, preferably 20 g. L- 1,

[0194] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Enterococcaceae family, at a temperature between 25 and 35°C, preferably at 30°C, for 3 to 8 days, preferably 5 days, on urine at a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, preferably 6.0, with the addition of sugar, preferably fructose, between 25 and 35 gL-1, preferably 30 g. Ll.

[0195] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Leuconostocaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 30°C, preferably at 25°C, for 8 to 12 days, preferably 10 days, on urine at a pH between 3.5 and 5.0, preferably 4.5, with the addition of sugar, preferably maltose, between 3 and 10g. Ll, preferably 5g. Ll,

[0196] - the use of one or more bacteria of the Bifidobacteriaceae family, at a temperature between 30 and 40°C, preferably at 35°C, for between 2 and 6 days, preferably 4 days, on urine with a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, preferably 6.0, with the addition of sugar, preferably sucrose, between 5 and 15g. Ll, preferably 10g. Ll - the use of one or more fungi of the Clavicipitaceae family, at a temperature between 25 and 40°C, preferably 28°C, for between 5 and 25 days, preferably 21 days, on urine with a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, preferably 5.5, with the addition of sugar, preferably glucose, between 10 and 30g. Ll, preferably 20g. Ll

[0197] - the use of one or more yeasts of the Saccharomycetaceae family, at a temperature between 20 and 35°C, preferably at 28°C, for between 1 and 4 days, preferably 2 days, on urine at a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, preferably 5.5, with the addition of sugar, preferably glucose, between 10 and 30g. Ll, preferably 20g. L- 1.

[0198] The method according to the invention may also comprise one or more additional steps. In particular, the method according to the invention may comprise one or more additional step(s) consisting of adding additional constituents to the urine, such as in particular sources of nitrogen (in urea, nitrate / nitrite or ammonium form), phosphorus and / or potassium, secondary elements (calcium and / or magnesium) or trace elements (cobalt, copper, iron, manganese and / or zinc). The addition of additional constituents may be carried out at any time during the implementation of the method. Preferably, the addition of additional constituents may be carried out before the fermentation step d).

[0199] According to a variant of the process, it may include an additional step of adjusting the pH, with the aim of obtaining an optimal pH for the growth of the microorganisms used during fermentation step d).

[0200] The method according to the invention may therefore comprise a step of adding at least one acid or base to the urine, preferably previously basified or acidified. The addition of the acid is carried out so that the urine has a lower pH than that obtained after the basification or acidification step. The addition of the base is carried out so that the urine has a higher pH than that obtained after the basification or acidification step. The pH is adjusted so that the urine has a pH suitable for the growth of the microorganisms used for urine fermentation. The pH adjustment may also be carried out when the acidified or basified urine is diluted. The pH adjustment to the desired value is carried out by modifying the concentration of the acid or base in the urine depending on the pH of the urine before this addition, the desired pH, and the acid or base used.

[0201] Preferably, the acid used for the step of adding an acid to the urine to adjust the pH may be chosen in particular from sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, lactic acid and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the base used for the step of adding a base to the urine to adjust the pH may be chosen in particular from calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and mixtures thereof, as well as their respective oxides.

[0202] This variant of the method comprising at least one step of adjusting or stabilizing the pH, instead of reaching the desired pH solely by basifying or acidifying the urine after collection, makes it possible to reach the desired pH in several stages (at least two stages): basifying the urine according to the invention then adding at least one acid or base, or acidifying the urine according to the invention then adding at least one base or acid. Thus, whatever the variant, with or without adding acid or base, the method according to the invention allows the pH of the mixture of urine and solid biomass before transformation by fermentation to have a pH adapted to the growth of the bacteria used for fermentation. Thus, a variant of the method according to the invention is characterized in that the pH of the mixture of urine and solid biomass before and / or during transformation by fermentation is adapted to the growth of the bacteria used for fermentation.The pH of the urine and biomass mixture must also be adapted to the fermentation conditions of the microorganisms used for fermentation. It can be basic (greater than 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13), or acidic (less than 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2) or it can be neutral (pH = 7).

[0203] During fermentation step d), it may also be necessary to stabilize or adjust the pH of the mixture of urine and solid biomass, either by adding a base to increase the pH, preferably chosen from calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and mixtures thereof; or by adding an acid to decrease the pH, preferably chosen from sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, lactic acid and mixtures thereof. Thus, the method according to the invention may comprise a pH stabilization step, by adding at least one base or at least one acid during the fermentation step.

[0204] According to another variant of the process, it may include an additional step of stabilizing the temperature during fermentation. Indeed, fermentation in a solid biomass mixture has the effect of significantly increasing the fermentation temperature, which can have negative effects on microbial growth.

[0205] Thus, during fermentation, it may be necessary to stabilize or adjust the temperature of the mixture of urine and solid biomass to a temperature favorable to the growth of the microorganism(s) present in said mixture. The adjustment or stabilization of the temperature of said mixture can be carried out by any suitable means, more particularly by forced aeration, in particular by air propulsion.

[0206] Preferably, the method according to the invention comprises before or during step d) of fermentation: - a step of stabilization and / or adjustment of the pH of the urine / solid biomass mixture by adding at least one base and / or at least one acid to said mixture; and / or

[0207] - a step of stabilization and / or adjustment of the temperature of the urine / solid biomass mixture.

[0208] Finally, according to another variant of the process, step d) may comprise an intermediate step d') of inoculation of at least one other inoculum of microorganisms, distinct from that initially used to carry out the fermentation, preferably during the fermentation of step d).

[0209] According to another embodiment, the method according to the invention may comprise a step x) of diluting the urine in a solution, preferably in water or in a nutrient solution.

[0210] Preferably, step x) of urine dilution is carried out with a factor between % and 1 / 100.

[0211] According to a variant, the dilution step x) can be carried out in several stages, and the method according to the invention can comprise several successive dilution steps or steps interspersed with other steps.

[0212] The water used for dilution is preferably demineralized water.

[0213] The nutrient solution is preferably water, preferably demineralized water, to which a carbon source (sugar) and / or any other bacterial growth factor (such as yeast extracts and / or dried blood and / or mineral elements, etc.) has been added, in particular bacterial growth factors absent from urine, so that the dilution solution can provide nutrients complementary to those of urine.

[0214] Preferably, step x) of dilution is carried out before step c) of mixing with a solid biomass so that the urine has a composition of nutrients, in particular salt and nitrogen, suitable for any microorganism, preferably a salt concentration (NaCl) of less than 0.15% by weight and a nitrogen concentration of less than 0.5% by weight. According to a particularly suitable embodiment, the dilution is carried out in water or the nutrient solution by a factor of less than 1 / 5.

[0215] According to another embodiment, the method according to the invention may comprise the succession of at least the following steps: a) basification of the urine (preferably fresh urine), preferably so that the urine has a pH greater than 9, preferably greater than 10, or acidification of the urine, preferably so that the urine has a pH less than or equal to 6, - optionally storage of the basified or acidified urine,

[0216] - possibly adjusting the pH of the urine to the desired pH by adding a base or an acid, b) filtration of the urine,

[0217] - optionally storage, preferably at a temperature below 10°C, in particular between 0 and 5°C, and preferably for less than 7 days, x) dilution of the urine in water, c) mixing the diluted urine obtained in step x) and a solid biomass, and d) fermentation of the mixture obtained in step c), optionally comprising:

[0218] *a pH stabilization step, by adding at least one base or one acid; and / or

[0219] *a temperature stabilization step.

[0220] The order of the dilution, pH adjustment, and filtration steps can be reversed (pH adjustment, dilution, filtration; pH adjustment, filtration, dilution; filtration, dilution, pH adjustment; filtration, pH adjustment, dilution; dilution, filtration, pH adjustment; dilution, pH adjustment, filtration).

[0221] Finally, the method according to the invention, whatever the embodiment, may optionally comprise one or more additional steps before the basification or acidification step, between the basification or acidification and the fermentation or after fermentation, in particular the recovery of co-products such as struvite and bacterial biofilms.

[0222] The processed urine product obtained at the end of the fermentation stage is in solid form.

[0223] The method according to the invention may also comprise an additional step of conditioning the solid product after step d) of fermentation.

[0224] According to a preferred embodiment, the step of conditioning the solid urine-based product resulting from fermentation step d) comprises at least one step chosen from:

[0225] - a grinding

[0226] - a desiccation

[0227] - extraction of microorganisms, in particular by oil extraction

[0228] - extraction of molecules of interest, in particular by chemical extraction using solvents such as ethanol, acetone and ether.

[0229] Preferably, the process according to the invention comprises, after fermentation step d), a step of extracting the microorganisms. Advantageously, the process according to the invention can be implemented on an industrial scale, and makes it possible to obtain a solid urine-based product in a few days. The process according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to recover:

[0230] - urine, which is a natural raw material currently considered waste, which today requires significant, costly and unsatisfactory treatment; and

[0231] - a solid biomass which is considered as lignocellulosic waste from many industries, notably the agri-food industry.

[0232] The method according to the invention is particularly useful in the context of the invention because it makes it possible to produce a solid product based on transformed urine which is versatile and usable in numerous uses at low cost.

[0233] In addition to being a low-energy process using bio-sourced materials, the process according to the invention can produce a quantity of finished product up to approximately 3 times the quantity of urine used initially. In other words, with 30g of urine, it is possible to produce 100g of solid product based on transformed urine.

[0234] Advantageously, the method according to the invention also makes it possible to enrich the solid biomass with total and digestible proteins and / or produce metabolites of interest, in particular of pharmaceutical interest.

[0235] Thus, the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a solid product that is easy to transport with few constraints (mechanical, weight) and a high yield.

[0236] Solid product based on urine transformed according to the invention

[0237] The invention also relates to a solid product based on transformed urine comprising:

[0238] - at least one urine biomarker selected from uric acid, hippuric acid and their combination;

[0239] - a concentration of microorganisms of at least 106 CFU or spores / g of solid product; and

[0240] - at least one characteristic chosen from:

[0241] *a total protein level between 1 and 65%

[0242] *a concentration of digestible proteins between 50 and 400g / kg of dry matter of solid product;

[0243] *a dry matter content of between 5 and 50%;

[0244] *an NH4 / N-total ratio less than or equal to 30%;

[0245] *a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 10; *their combinations.

[0246] Advantageously, the solid product based on transformed urine allows for different sources of mineral and organic nitrogen that can be used by different microorganisms as well as by plants when used on plants.

[0247] Preferably, the solid urine-based product transformed according to the invention comprises between 0.01% and 0.05% uric acid and / or between 0.05 and 0.08% hippuric acid.

[0248] Advantageously, the presence of at least one urine biomarker such as uric acid and hippuric acid is an indicator that the solid product originates from human or animal urine.

[0249] According to a preferred embodiment, the solid product according to the invention comprises a bacteria concentration of at least 107 CFU / g of solid product.

[0250] According to another embodiment, the solid product according to the invention comprises a fungal concentration of at least 108 spores / g of solid product.

[0251] Preferably, the solid product according to the invention comprises a bacteria concentration of at least 107 CFU / g of solid biomass or a spore concentration of at least 108 spores / g of solid medium.

[0252] The pH of the processed urine solid product can be basic (above 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13), or acidic (below 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2) or it can be neutral (pH = 7).

[0253] According to one variant, the solid product based on transformed urine comprises:

[0254] - a total N content of between 0.1 and 6%

[0255] - a total P content of between 0.001 and 4%

[0256] - a total S content of between 0.1 and 6%

[0257] Preferably, the solid product comprises a concentration of digestible proteins of between 100 and 200g / kg of solid product. The digestible protein content can be measured by measuring the proteins digestible by the small intestine permitted by nitrogen (PDIN), by energy (PDIE) or by dietary proteins (PDIA).

[0258] According to one embodiment, the solid product according to the invention comprises a total protein level of between 20 and 65%, preferably between 30 and 65%, in particular between 40 and 65%.

[0259] Advantageously, the characteristics of the solid product according to the invention, in particular its protein content and its concentration of microorganisms, allow it to be a versatile product that can be used in many fields. The solid product based on transformed urine according to the invention is a complex, versatile matrix, including in particular nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It also contains secondary elements, such as calcium and magnesium, as well as trace elements, such as cobalt, copper, manganese, and zinc.

[0260] The solid product according to the invention can be in the form of granules, pellets or powder.

[0261] Furthermore, the solid urine-based product transformed according to the invention is preferably in compliance with the regulations in force concerning safety, in particular regarding the content of trace metal elements and pathogenic organisms.

[0262] According to a preferred embodiment, the solid product based on transformed urine can be obtained by implementing any of the previously described embodiments of the method according to the invention.

[0263] Thus, the solid urine-based product is likely to be obtained by a process comprising at least one step of transforming a mixture of urine and solid biomass by fermentation.

[0264] According to a particular embodiment, the solid product based on transformed urine is capable of being obtained by implementing the following steps: a) a step of basification or acidification of the urine, allowing storage for up to 6 months; b) a step of filtration of the urine, c) a step of mixing the filtered urine obtained in step b) and a solid biomass; and d) a step of fermentation of the mixture obtained in step c).

[0265] According to one embodiment, the solid product capable of being obtained by implementing the method according to the invention comprises:

[0266] - a total protein level of between 101 and 200% compared to the protein level of the solid biomass before fermentation, preferably between 120 and 200%.

[0267] Advantageously, the solid product based on transformed urine is enriched with proteins, nutrients and / or organic acids compared to the solid biomass before fermentation.

[0268] Thus, the solid product based on transformed urine comprises proteins and organic acids produced by microorganisms. Preferably, the solid product based on urine comprises:

[0269] - at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, in particular at least 50% of proteins produced by microorganisms, preferably by yeasts, relative to the total protein levels of the solid product and / or - at least 40%, preferably at least 60%, in particular at least 80% of organic acids produced by microorganisms relative to the organic acids of the solid product.

[0270] According to one embodiment, the solid product was obtained from a mixture comprising at least

[0271] - transformed urine;

[0272] - a solid biomass; and

[0273] - an inoculum of microorganisms.

[0274] The invention also relates to a composition comprising at least 5% of solid product according to the invention.

[0275] Use of solid product based on transformed urine according to the invention

[0276] The invention also relates to the use of solid product according to the invention, in particular solid product obtained by implementing the method according to the invention, as a fertilizing material.

[0277] Thus, an object of the invention is a fertilizer comprising at least the solid urine-based product according to the invention, preferably the solid urine-based product obtained by implementing the method according to the invention.

[0278] Indeed, due to its advantageous characteristics, the solid urine-based product according to the invention can be used as a fertilizing material for all types of plants, including in fields, and whatever the growing medium (compost, potting soil, coconut fiber, etc.) in particular:

[0279] - for open field crops, particularly cereals or vines,

[0280] - in market gardening, whether for fruits or vegetables,

[0281] - in horticulture, for all types of plants, particularly during the sowing period.

[0282] The use of the solid product according to the invention as a fertilizing material is preferably carried out before sowing or in the first weeks of plant growth.

[0283] Thus, the solid urine-based product according to the invention can also be used in combination with other fertilizing materials, such as mineral and / or organic fertilizers as well as amendments such as compost, in order to improve the absorption of minerals and / or to improve the final quality of the fertilizing material.

[0284] In one embodiment of the invention, the solid urine-based product is used to stimulate plant growth, in particular by stimulating growth in the vegetative phase via growth factors ("Plant Growth Promoting Factors") produced by microorganisms present in the solid urine-based product, in particular by bacteria.

[0285] In another embodiment, the solid urine-based product is used as a biostimulant, i.e. to stimulate the nutrition process of plants.

[0286] In another embodiment, the urine-based solid product is used as a biocontrol product, in particular as a fungicide, an insecticide, a herbicide or a biocide, i.e., a product for controlling pests such as fungi, phytopathogens, insect pests and harmful weeds.

[0287] According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the solid urine-based product is used as a culture medium, more particularly as a culture medium for plants or microorganisms such as higher fungi.

[0288] Advantageously, the nutrients from urine, solid biomass and microorganisms make the solid urine-based product according to the invention a complete and ideal medium, particularly for the cultivation of higher plants and fungi.

[0289] According to another particular embodiment of the invention, the solid urine-based product is used as a food product for humans or animals.

[0290] Advantageously, the diversity of nutrients in the solid urine-based product, particularly its richness in proteins and its digestibility, makes it an inexpensive food suitable for animal and human consumption.

[0291] The urine-based solid product according to the invention can also be used for the production of metabolites, particularly of pharmaceutical interest. Indeed, the urine-based solid product is particularly suitable for the culture of microorganisms capable of producing a wide variety of molecules of interest.

[0292] Preferably, the solid urine-based product is particularly suitable for the production of metabolites of pharmaceutical interest, in particular antibiotics and / or immunosuppressants.

[0293] Preferably, the metabolites of pharmaceutical interest are chosen from the following families: beta-lactams, aminosides, macrolides and related compounds, phenicoles, cyclines, fusidic acids, oxazolidinones, quinolones, quinolines, mupirocins, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles.

[0294] Preferably, the metabolites of pharmaceutical interest are chosen from cephamycin, pyytetracycline, surfactin, rifamycin B and cyclosporine A. According to another embodiment, the metabolites of non-pharmaceutical interest are preferably proteins, pigments, flavorings, enzymatic biocatalysts, food ingredients and acids.

[0295] Preferably, when the metabolites of non-pharmaceutical interest are proteins, they may be enzymes chosen from pectinases, lipases, proteases, amylases, glucoamylases, cellulases and xylanases.

[0296] When the metabolites of non-pharmaceutical interest are pigments, they are preferentially chosen from astaxanthin, phylocyanin, phthalocyanin, pyocyanin, pyoverdine, carotenoids, flavones and quinine.

[0297] When the metabolites of non-pharmaceutical interest are acids, they are preferentially chosen from citric acid and lactic acid.

[0298] Finally, according to a last embodiment, the solid urine-based product can be used for the production of food ingredients, in particular xanthan.

[0299] Example 1: Urine-based solid product comprising Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[0300] The objective of this example is to demonstrate the growth of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a mixture of urine and solid biomass. S. cerevisiae is the model species chosen to carry out protein enrichment of solid biomass. Indeed, S. cerevisiae is a species frequently used for protein enrichment of various substrates intended for livestock.

[0301] Principle of the test

[0302] The principle of the test is to monitor the concentration (CFU / mL and CFU / g of wheat bran) of the species S. cerevisiae cultivated on a solid nutrient medium (wheat bran) mixed with urine.

[0303] Materials and methods

[0304] Determination of the water retention capacity (WRC) of wheat bran

[0305] In a 50 mL tube (with holes on both sides) fitted with an absorbent cloth, 10 g of wheat bran was inserted into the tube. Then, the tube containing the wheat bran was immersed in a beaker containing water in order to hydrate the wheat bran.

[0306] Once hydrated, the device was dried to remove excess water. Finally, the tube containing the wheat bran was weighed and the CRE of the wheat bran was calculated using the following formula:

[0307] CRE (%) = ((Mass of water retained) / 10) xlOO With: Mass of water retained = Weight of hydrated wheat bran - Weight of dehydrated wheat bran.

[0308] Solid biomass used

[0309] The solid biomass used for carrying out the fermentation is wheat bran, the composition of which is indicated in Table 1 below.

[0310] [Table 1]

[0311] Urine used:

[0312] The urine used in this example is obtained by implementing the following steps:

[0313] - Acidification of fresh urine;

[0314] - Adjustment of pH to 5.4 by adding NaOH;

[0315] - Urine filtration using a 0.2pm membrane filter;

[0316] Note that no sugar was added to the urine.

[0317] Preparation of the inoculum

[0318] Before inoculation of S. cerevisiae cultures, a preculture was carried out on liquid medium. This preculture was carried out on liquid YEPD (Yeast Extract, Peptones, Dextrose) medium (20g / L glucose, 5g / L yeast extract and 10g / L peptones). After 3 days of culture, the cells were washed with physiological saline (NaCl 9g / L) and taken up in the urine medium described in the "urine used" section above. The inoculation rate was calculated by measuring the absorbance and adjusted to DOi = 0.1 (=105 CFU / mL).

[0319] Growth monitoring of S. cerevisiae in fermentation in a semi-solid mixture

[0320] Semi-solid fermentation was carried out by inoculating a series of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 g of wheat bran each. After sterilization at 121°C for 35 minutes, the wheat bran was supplemented with 33.2 mL of processed urine as described in the “Used Urine” section.

[0321] The added urine volume corresponds to 80% of the CRE of wheat bran, so it is a fermentation of a semi-solid mixture. The cultures were carried out in triplicate and incubated for 7 days at 28°C.

[0322] Yeast counting

[0323] The growth of S. cerevisiae was monitored by colony counting on Petri dishes. The methodology was as follows: cultures were stopped after 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 days to which 33.2 mL of sterile physiological saline (NaCl 9g / L) was introduced. The mixture was shaken for 5 minutes to suspend all yeast cells. Decimal dilutions were made from the mixture and then deposited (100 μL) on Petri dishes of YPD medium. The dishes were incubated aerobically at 28°C for 2-3 days until colonies were obtained.

[0324] Results obtained

[0325] CRE wheat bran:

[0326] After hydration of the 10g of wheat bran, the weight of the wheat bran was 51.62g.

[0327] The mass of the water retained = 51.62 - 10 = 41.62g.

[0328] CRE (%)=41.62 / 10x100=416% (=400%)

[0329] Thus, the CRE calculation allows us to state that the wheat bran used in this example is capable of retaining approximately 4 times its weight in water.

[0330] Growth of S. cerevisiae in semi-solid fermentation:

[0331] The growth monitoring of S. cerevisiae in semi-solid fermentation is presented in Figure 1 below. The results are expressed in CFU / g of wheat bran (Figure 1).

[0332] The results of the counts show a progressive growth of S. cerevisiae between 24h and 168h of growth. The highest population reached in this experiment is observed after 168h of growth of the order of 1.27 x 109 CFU / mL (=1.27 x 108 CFU / g).

[0333] Since the inoculation rate was adjusted to an initial concentration of 2 x 105 CFU / mL, these results indicate for the first time that the species S. cerevisiae is capable of growing in fermentation in semi-solid medium using urine and wheat bran as culture medium.

[0334] Conclusions

[0335] In conclusion, this test demonstrated the ability of the species S. cerevisiae to grow in fermentation in a semi-solid medium using a mixture of urine and a solid biomass, wheat bran.

[0336] Example 2: Protein enrichment of a solid medium by the method according to the invention The objective of this example is to demonstrate that the method according to the invention can be used to enrich solid biomass with protein for animal feed.

[0337] To do this, the inventors measured the growth of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a mixture of urine and solid biomass (wheat bran) with a view to protein enrichment.

[0338] Principle of the test:

[0339] The principle of the test is:

[0340] (i) to monitor the growth (CFU / g of wheat bran) of the species S. cerevisiae cultivated on a solid nutrient medium (wheat bran); and

[0341] (ii) to carry out total and digestible protein assays in solid biomass before and after fermentation.

[0342] Materials and methods

[0343] Solid biomass used

[0344] The solid biomass used for carrying out the fermentation is wheat bran, the composition of which is indicated in Table 1 previously described.

[0345] Urine used:

[0346] The urine used in this example is obtained by implementing the following steps:

[0347] - Acidification of fresh urine;

[0348] - Adjustment of pH to 5.4 by adding NaOH;

[0349] - Urine filtration using a 0.2pm membrane filter;

[0350] Note that no sugar was added to the urine.

[0351] Semi-solid fermentation culture methods

[0352] Wheat bran protein enrichment trials were carried out using three different methods:

[0353] - Wheat bran supplemented with physiological water at pH = 5.4 (Control)

[0354] - Wheat bran supplemented with a mixture of physiological water + Urea (10g / L) at pH = 5.4 (Control +N)

[0355] - Wheat bran supplemented with processed urine (sugar-free) at pH = 5.4 a-amylase

[0356] Due to the absence of β-amylase activity in S. cerevisiae yeast, an exogenous alpha-amylase (origin: Bacillus subtilis) was used to degrade the starch available in the solid biomass and make it consumable by S. cerevisiae. In order to have a degradation activity close to 100%, the concentration of the enzyme was adjusted to 10% of the dry matter (starch) of the substrate.

[0357] Before inoculation, the S. cerevisiae inoculum was cultured on liquid medium. This preculture was carried out on liquid YEPD medium (20g / L glucose, 5g / L yeast extract and 10g / L peptones). After 3 days of culture, the cells were washed with physiological saline (NaCl 9g / L) and the inoculation rate was calculated by absorbance measurement and adjusted to DOi = 0.1 (=105 CFU / mL).

[0358] Growth monitoring of S. cerevisiae in fermentation in a semi-solid mixture

[0359] Semi-solid medium cultures were carried out by inoculating a series of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 g of wheat bran each. After sterilization at 121°C for 35 minutes, the wheat bran was supplemented either with processed urine described in the “urine used” section, or with a physiological water solution (NaCI 9 g / L), or with a physiological water solution (NaCI 9 g / L) + Urea (10 g / L). The volume of the liquid solutions was set at 33.2 mL, which corresponds to 80% of the CRE of wheat bran. Fermentation is carried out in semi-solid medium. All cultures were carried out in triplicate and incubated for 10 days at 28°C. yeast

[0360] The growth of S. cerevisiae was monitored by colony counting on Petri dishes. The methodology was as follows: cultures were stopped after 4, 7 and 10 days to which 33.2 mL of sterile physiological saline (NaCl 9g / L) was introduced. The mixture was shaken for 5 minutes to suspend all yeast cells. Decimal dilutions were made from the mixture and then deposited (100 μL) on Petri dishes of YEPD medium. The dishes were incubated aerobically at 28°C for 2-3 days until colonies were obtained.

[0361] Total protein and digestible protein dosage

[0362] For each of the 3 modalities, protein dosage was carried out before and after fermentation.

[0363] The Kjeldhal method was used to measure total protein. For digestible protein, the PDI system was chosen because it determines the nitrogen value of each feed in terms of the amount of amino acids actually absorbed by the intestine. For this purpose, two associated values, PDIE and PDI N, were calculated following the determination of crude protein and cellulose levels. These values ​​take into account the protein intake to cover the ruminant's needs (PDIE) and the degradable nitrogen intake to cover the needs of microbials in the rumen (PDIN).

[0364] Statistical tests

[0365] Depending on the number of modalities to be compared, different statistical tests were applied. Either a Student test (p-value < 0.05) if the data follow the normal distribution and the number of modalities is =2, or a Tukey HSD test (p-value < 0.05) if the data follow the normal distribution and the number of samples and variables is >2. All statistical tests were performed using XLSTAT software.

[0366] Results obtained

[0367] Growth of S. cerevisiae in fermentation in semi-solid medium:

[0368] The growth monitoring of S. cerevisiae in semi-solid fermentation is presented in the figure

[0369] 2 by comparing the control with the sample “wheat bran supplemented with transformed urine (without sugar). The results are expressed in CFU / g.

[0370] The results presented in Figure 2 show that the solid medium supplemented with urine exhibits better growth of S. cerevisiae compared to the control. Although the solid medium + urine condition still exhibits a higher concentration of S. cerevisiae than the control, the difference tends to increase over time.

[0371] Therefore, the mixture of solid biomass and urine appears to be a particularly suitable medium for the growth of S. cerevisiae.

[0372] Total protein:

[0373] Total protein measurements before and after fermentation are shown in Figure 3. Results are expressed in %.

[0374] Before fermentation:

[0375] Comparing the total protein levels in wheat bran before FMS, the results show slight differences between the 3 modalities. Indeed, the total protein level in wheat bran was around 15.5% for the “Control” modality, which corresponds to the percentage of protein in wheat bran; however, this percentage remains slightly lower than the level declared on the label of the wheat bran (17.1%) used for these tests (see Table 1). Furthermore, for the “Control + N” and “Urine” modalities, the total protein level was around 19.0% and 17.1% respectively. Knowing that the same batch of wheat bran was used for the

[0376] 3 modalities, this slight increase in the protein level before fermentation is undoubtedly due to (i) the addition of urea (10 g / L) for the “Control +N” modality and (ii) the different forms of nitrogen that can be found in the urine for the “Urine” modality.

[0377] After fermentation: Regarding the protein levels after fermentation, the results show a significant increase in the protein level for all 3 modalities. This result therefore indicates that the fermentation of wheat bran took place and confirms that S. cerevisiae is a yeast species that can enrich wheat bran with proteins. In addition, the results show a greater enrichment of wheat bran for the “Control +N” modality (3.11%) compared to the “Control” modality (1.98%).

[0378] Comparing the enrichment percentages between the “Control + N” and “Urine” modalities, the results show a gain of 0.6% of proteins for the “Urine” modality (3.71%) compared to the “Control + N” modality (3.11%). This result indicates:

[0379] (i) that urine compounds do not appear to be a limiting factor for protein enrichment of a solid substrate

[0380] (ii) that the use of urine is of real biotechnological interest for enriching wheat bran with proteins.

[0381] Digestible proteins:

[0382] The dosages of digestible proteins before and after fermentation are presented in Figure 4. The results are expressed in g / Kg DM of PDIE (content as a function of fermentable energy) and PDIN (content as a function of degradable nitrogen).

[0383] At the level of digestible protein PDIE (content as a function of fermentable energy), the results do not show significant changes for the "Control" and "Control + N" modalities while a significant increase in PDIE is observed for the "Urine" modality after fermentation. Thus, these results indicate that the use of urine to enrich wheat bran improves digestibility by increasing PDIE to cover the needs of the ruminant.

[0384] Concerning the digestible proteins PDIN (content as a function of degradable nitrogen), the results show significant increases after fermentation for the 3 modalities. This increase is the most important for the “Urine” modality (26.6 g / Kg DM) in comparison with the “Control” (14 g / Kg DM) and “Control + N” (23 g / Kg DM). Knowing that PDIN presents the protein content as a function of degradable nitrogen, the increases observed for the “Control + N” and “Urine” are really due to fermentation and not to the nitrogen provided by the addition of urea or urine because the dosages before fermentation include these fractions.

[0385] The increases in DINP levels indicate that fermented wheat bran is more digestible by animals. This digestibility translates into a higher intake of degradable nitrogen to meet the needs of rumen microbes. Furthermore, given the differences, it appears that the use of urine increases this digestibility.

[0386] Regarding the balance between PDIE and PDIN, a feed is considered balanced if PDIE = PDIN. However, before and after fermentation, our results show much higher levels of PDIN regardless of the modality. This is probably due to wheat bran, which is an unbalanced substrate and therefore little used in animal feed. Despite this, the increase in digestible protein levels (particularly PDIN), shows that fermentation, particularly in semi-solid medium by S. cerevisiae, has generally improved the digestibility of wheat bran.

[0387] Conclusions

[0388] To conclude, this example allows us to:

[0389] - Highlight the ability of S. cerevisiae to enrich wheat bran with proteins.

[0390] - To demonstrate that the use of urine as a source of nitrogen (urea) stimulates the growth of S. cerevisiae and therefore increases its capacity to enrich wheat bran in total protein.

[0391] - To highlight, (beyond nitrogen), that the use of urine further increases the total protein level in wheat bran and this thanks to compounds present in urine.

[0392] - To highlight that the use of urine improves the overall digestibility of wheat bran proteins

[0393] - Demonstrate that the use of urine presents a real interest (biotechnological and economic) through the gain in % of proteins of a wheat bran by using urine as a medium.

[0394] Example 3: Growth of the species Pseudomonas chlororaphis in fermentation of a semi-solid mixture

[0395] The objective of this example is to show the growth of the species Pseudomonas chlororaphis on a mixture of urine and solid biomass (wheat bran).

[0396] Solid biomass used:

[0397] The solid biomass used to carry out the process according to the invention is a wheat bran whose composition is indicated in Table 1 previously described.

[0398] Urine used:

[0399] The urine used in this example is obtained by implementing the following steps:

[0400] - Acidification of fresh urine;

[0401] - Adjustment of pH to 7 by adding NaOH;

[0402] - Urine filtration using a 0.2pm membrane filter;

[0403] Note that no sugar was added to the urine. A commercially available alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis was used to degrade the starch available in wheat bran and make it consumable by P. chlororaphis. The enzyme was initially concentrated at 380U / mg of protein. 1 g of this enzyme was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water, then filtered to prepare an enzyme solution of 300U / mL. Knowing that the enzyme concentration is responsible for the amount of substrate degraded, 10% of the substrate dry matter is required in enzyme quantity to have a degradation activity of 100%.

[0404] Preparation of the inoculum:

[0405] For P. chlororaphis, preculture was carried out on liquid medium. This preculture was carried out on the so-called liquid “NA” medium (bacterial peptone 10g / L, yeast extracts 5g / L and NaCL 5g / L). 3 days later, the cells were washed and recovered using physiological saline (NaCI 9g / L). The cell concentration is adjusted to an initial absorbance of DOi = 0.1 (=107 CFU / mL).

[0406] Crop settings:

[0407] Solid-state cultures were performed by inoculating a series of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 g of wheat bran each. After sterilization at 121°C for 35 minutes, these Erlenmeyer flasks were divided into two conditions:

[0408] - wheat bran + 30mL of urine transformed to pH 7 described in the “urine used” section;

[0409] - wheat bran + 30 mL of physiological water (NaCI 9g / L) at the same pH as urine.

[0410] The volume of urine or water added corresponds to 80% of the CRE of wheat bran. Cultures were carried out in triplicate and incubated for 6 days at 37°C for the bacteria (optimal temperature for growth of P. chlororaphis and alpha amylase activity).

[0411] Growth tracking:

[0412] The growth of P. chlororaphis was monitored by colony counting on Petri dishes. The methodology was as follows: 3 Erlenmeyer flasks from each condition were randomly selected and sacrificed after 2, 3, and 6 days by introducing 30 mL of sterile physiological saline (NaCl 9g / L). The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes to suspend all cells. Dilutions were made and then deposited (100 μL) on NA medium. The dishes were incubated aerobically at 37°C overnight until colonies were obtained.

[0413] Anti-fungal efficacy:

[0414] The study of the antifungal activity of P. chlororaphis was carried out on 3 different strains of pathogenic fungi:

[0415] - Microdochium nivale

[0416] -Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - Fusarium graminearum.

[0417] For each fungal species, a series of petri dishes was prepared on PDA medium (potato infusion 200 g / L and glucose 20 g / L). The methodology was as follows: 4 discs of 5 / 5 mm were cut from an initial culture of the fungus and placed at the different sides of the petri dishes while keeping the same distance. The bacterial solutions recovered from the last growth monitoring point (T = 6 days) were used by placing a 20 pL sample in the center of the dish as shown in Figure 5

[0418] The bacterial concentration in these solutions is 109 CFU / mL. For each, a triplicate of the dish was carried out. Two positive controls and two negative controls were studied. The positive controls are two cultures of P. chlororaphis in liquid medium; the first on a medium (NA), the second on urine filtered at (0.2 pm) at pH = 7 and at a concentration of 30 g / L of sucrose. Physiological water (NaCI 9 g / L) and urine (same composition as the urine culture medium) served as negative controls.

[0419] All dishes were kept at room temperature. The time required to invade the negative control dishes was chosen to measure the average radii of the inhibition zones on the rest of the dishes; this time was 72 to 96 hours depending on the growth rate of each fungus.

[0420] Results :

[0421] Growth tracking:

[0422] Growth monitoring of P. chlororaphis is shown in Figure 6.

[0423] The count shows growth of P. chlororaphis under both conditions. After 144h of incubation at 37°C, the population reached a concentration equal to 2.15x1011 CFU / mL on wheat bran medium with urine and 3.96x1010 CFU / mL for wheat bran medium with water. The difference in growth between the two media ~ 1 log, with a significant difference between the two concentrations from 48h of culture. Given that the inoculation rate was adjusted to an initial concentration of 107 CFU / mL, these results indicate for the first time that the species P. chlororaphis is able to grow in the presence of transformed urine.

[0424] Antifungal efficacy

[0425] After 96 hours, the different phytopathogenic fungi tested resulted in development on all the plates, in the presence or absence of a central zone surrounding the bacterial colonies not invaded by these fungi. This zone represents a zone of inhibition or slowing of growth, which was highlighted for the species Michrodochium nivale, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum as shown in table 2 below.

[0426] [Table 2]

[0427] These results highlight an antagonistic activity of P. chlororaphis developed in solid biomass + urine against 3 pathogenic fungi. For S. sclerotiorum an inhibition zone with a radius of 7.27±4.2 mm is attributed to P. chlororaphis. This zone is absent in the case of development of said bacterium in liquid medium. The bacterium presented the same behavior with F. germinearum. For M. nivale the fungal inhibition zone is present for P. chlororaphis having grown in liquid urine or in a mixture of urine and solid biomass.

[0428] These results highlight a change in the behavior of P. chlororaphis when growing in solid biomass + urine. These differences in the phenotypic behavior (pathogenic power) of P. chlororaphis can be explained by a variation in secondary metabolites, which in turn are dependent on the nutritional composition of the culture medium.

[0429] This example confirms the interest of the solid urine-based product according to the invention, in particular for its use as a biocontrol product.

Claims

CLAIMS

1. A process for preparing a solid urine-based product comprising the implementation of the following steps: a) a step of basifying or acidifying the urine, b) a step of filtering the transformed urine obtained in step a), c) a step of mixing the filtered urine obtained in step b) and a solid biomass, and d) a step of fermenting the mixture obtained in step c).

2. Process according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the solid biomass of step c) comprises a total protein content of between 1 and 65%.

3. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the solid biomass of step c) also comprises at least one characteristic chosen from: - a humidity level between 5 and 200%; - a mineral content of between 0.5 and 15%; - a cellulose content of between 1 and 65%; - a starch content of between 1 and 50%; - a fat content of between 0.5 and 5%; and - their combinations.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a step of pre-treatment of the solid biomass before the mixing of step c), comprising the addition to the solid biomass of at least one enzyme.

5. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that at least one enzyme is an amyolytic enzyme chosen from alpha amylase, beta amylase and glucoamylase.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a step x) of diluting the urine before step c).

7. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the dilution step x) is carried out with a factor of between % and 1 / 100.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solid biomass is chosen from: cereal straw, sawdust, beet pulp, olive pomace, coffee pulp, sugar cane bagasse, wheat bran, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, hemp, rice, rice bran, sorghum, corn cobs, barley, fruit skins, tea leaves, nut peels, frass, insect frass compost, feces, solid digestates, biochar, compost and mixtures thereof.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that step d) of fermentation of the mixture comprises the addition to the urine / solid biomass mixture of an inoculum of microorganisms.

10. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the mixture of fermentation step d) comprises: - between 1% and 30% of urine - between 70% and 95% solid biomass; and - between 1% and 5% of microorganism inoculum.

11. Method according to one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the inoculum of microorganisms is obtained from a mother solution comprising at least one microorganism or a mixture of at least two distinct microorganisms, and basified or acidified urine having a pH suitable for the fermentation of said microorganism or said mixture of microorganisms.

12. Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that at least one microorganism is a bacterium or a fungus.

13. Method according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the inoculum comprises at least one bacterium chosen from a cyanobacterium, a lactic acid bacterium, a non-lactic acid bacterium, and mixtures thereof.

14. Method according to one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the inoculum comprises at least one bacterium chosen from the order Rhizobilaes, Bacillales, Rhodospirillales, Actinomycetales, Frankiales, Burkholderiales, Flavobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Eubacteriales, Xanthomonadales, Lactobacillales, Bifidobacteriales.

15. Method according to one of claims 9 to 14, characterized in that the inoculum comprises at least one fungus chosen from the order Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Glomerales, Sordiales, Mucorales, Pleosporales, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Cystofilobasidiales, Sporidiobolales Agaricales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Russulales, Pezizales and their mixtures.

16. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises before or during fermentation step d): - a step of stabilizing and / or adjusting the pH of the urine / solid biomass mixture by adding at least one base and / or at least one acid to said mixture; and / or - a step of stabilization and / or adjustment of the temperature of the urine / solid biomass mixture.

17. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises, after step d) of fermentation, a step of extraction of the microorganisms.

18. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is carried out on urine collected less than 10 hours ago, preferably less than 2 hours ago.

19. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the basified urine obtained at the end of step a) has a pH greater than or equal to 9.

20. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that step a) of basifying the urine is carried out by adding to the urine at least one base chosen from calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and their mixtures.

21. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the base is added at a concentration of between 0.1 and 10% by weight of the total weight of the urine and base mixture.

22. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, after step a) comprising a basification of the urine and before step d) of fermentation, it comprises a step of adding at least one acid to the basified urine.

23. Method according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the urine acidified in step a) has a pH less than or equal to 6.

24. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that step a) of acidification of the urine is carried out by adding to the urine at least one acid chosen from sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, lactic acid and mixtures thereof.

25. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the acid is added at a concentration of between 0.1 and 10% by weight of the total weight of the urine and acid mixture.

26. Method according to one of claims 1 to 19 and 24 to 26, characterized in that, after step a) comprising acidification and before step d) of fermentation, it comprises a step of adding at least one base to the acidified urine.

27. ​​Method according to one of claims 22 or 26, characterized in that at least one acid or at least one base of step a) is chosen from an inoculum in an acidic or basic medium.

28. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filtration step b) is carried out on a filter with mesh sizes between 0.1 and 80 pm.

29. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filtration step b) is carried out on a filter absorbing organic compounds.

30. Solid product based on transformed urine capable of being obtained by implementing the method according to one of claims 1 to 29 comprising: - at least one urine biomarker chosen from uric acid, hippuric acid and their combination; - a concentration of microorganisms of at least 10 6 CFU or spores / g of solid product; and - at least one characteristic chosen from: *a total protein level between 1 and 65%; *a concentration of digestible proteins between 50 and 400g / kg of dry matter of solid product; *a dry matter content of between 5 and 50%; *an NH4 / N-total ratio less than or equal to 30%; *a C / N ratio greater than or equal to 10; and *their combinations.

31. Solid product according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the product was obtained from a mixture comprising at least: - transformed urine; - a solid biomass; and - an inoculum of microorganisms.

32. Solid product according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the product has a bacteria concentration of at least 10 7 CFU / g of solid biomass or a fungal concentration of at least 10 8 spores / g of solid medium.

33. Use of a solid product according to one of claims 30 to 32, as a food product for humans or animals.

34. Use of a solid product according to one of claims 30 to 32, for producing metabolites, preferably proteins.

35. Use of a solid product according to one of claims 30 to 32 as a culture medium.

36. Use of a solid product according to one of claims 30 to 32, as a biostimulant.

37. Use of a solid product according to one of claims 30 to 32, as a biocontrol product.

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