Non-human animals comprising a genetically modified endogenous igha locus and methods of making the same
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023928283
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-03-21
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-28
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Figure CN2023116252_26092024_PF_FP
Abstract
Description
NON-HUMAN ANIMALS COMPRISING A GENETICALLY MODIFIED ENDOGENOUS IGHA LOCUS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAMEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention generally relates to transgenic non-human animals that are useful to study diseases associated with IgA deposition. More particularly, the invention relates to transgenic non-human animals comprising a genetically modified endogenous IgA locus, as well as methods of making the same or uses of the same.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] IgA, the predominant pathologic antibody isotype in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) , has three formats, mono IgA, secretory IgA, and IgA-containing complexes. Compared with healthy volunteers, IgAN subjects had increased concentrations of IgA in their serum (Wang M, Lv J, Zhang X, et al., Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5: 165-172) . IgAN is characterized by the presence of IgA-dominant or codominant immune deposits within glomeruli, with elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 (or known as “Gd-IgA1” ) . A ‘multi-hit’ hypothesis has been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of IgAN and galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) was defined as the initial hit. The Gd-IgA1 are supposed to form nephritogenic high-molecular immune complexes to induce renal injury (Novak J, Barratt J, Julian BA, et al., Semin Nephrol 2018; 38: 461-476) . Only hominoid primates and humans have the O-glycosylated IgA1 subclass. Therefore, humanized IgA1 animals could be helpful to investigate the pathogenesis of IgAN. A fully human IgA1 knock-in (α1KI) mice model was generated and backcrossed with human CD89 Tg mice to develop an IgAN-like disease model (Duchez S, Amin R, Cogne N, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 3064-3069; Berthelot L, Papista C, Maciel TT, et al., The Journal of experimental medicine 2012; 209: 793-806) . However, due to the limitations of gene-editing technology, the human IgA1 replaced the mouse IgM heavy chain of this α1KI mice (Wehbi B, Oblet C, Boyer F, et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30: 1238-1249) . There were both human IgA1 and mouse IgA, but no IgM in α1KI mice, which could interfere with the pathogenesis study of IgAN. Some classical models of IgAN with or without genetic manipulation usually show limited renal histologic change.
[0003] Therefore, novel IgAN animal models are needed to understand the mechanism behind this disease and develop therapeutic approaches.
[0004] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of making a genetically modified non-human animal. Specially, the method comprises: (i) modifying a genome of a non-human animal to incorporate in its endogenous Igha locus a nucleotide comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof; and (ii) treating the non-human animal produced in step (i) with a formulation comprising an immunostimulant.
[0006] In some embodiments, the step (i) comprises introducing a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene into a pluripotent cell of the non-human animal, thereby obtaining a non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene, and making a non-human animal using the non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is introduced into the pluripotent cell of the non-human animal by using a CRISPR / Cas system. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas system comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA that targets a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus. In some embodiments, the pluripotent cell is an embryonic stem (ES) cell. In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region.
[0007] In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal.
[0008] In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene comprising both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence. In some embodiments, the non-human animal produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the human IgA1 heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0009] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an immunostimulant and an antigen. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of an immunostimulant. In some embodiments, the immunostimulant is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum adjuvant, an emulsion adjuvant, a biological adjuvant, and saponin.
[0010] In some embodiments, the aluminum adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) , aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate, and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) . In some embodiments, the aluminum adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide.
[0011] In some embodiments, the emulsion adjuvant is oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, or water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant. In some embodiments, the water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) , incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, MF59 and AS03.
[0012] In some embodiments, the biological adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof, a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (e.g., a TLR4 ligand, a TLR7 ligand, a TLR8 ligand, a TLR9 ligand) , an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA or dsRNA comprising CpG) , a cytokine (e.g., IL-12) , an interferon, endotoxin, and lipid (e.g., lipid A or analogs thereof) . In some embodiments, the biological adjuvant is lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof.
[0013] In some embodiments, the antigen comprises a rhamnose source. In some embodiments, the rhamnose source is a Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract (LCWE) .
[0014] In some embodiments, in step (ii) , the non-human animal produced in step (i) is treated with a formulation comprising a LCWE emulsified with CFA.
[0015] In some embodiments, in step (ii) , the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal. In some embodiments, the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal at continuous low doses. In some embodiments, the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal at a dose of less than 1 μg LCWE and / or less than 5 μL CFA per gram of the non-human animal produced in step (i) .
[0016] In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal for at least one month. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal for at least three months. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of one month at an interval of three times per week in the first two weeks, and once per week in the following two weeks. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of three months at an interval of once every two weeks.
[0017] In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse or a rat.
[0018] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a non-human animal produced by the method described herein. In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein. In some embodiments, the non-human animal displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein in serum or intestinal mucus.
[0019] In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region.
[0020] In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal. In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene comprising both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence. In some embodiments, the non-human animal produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the human IgA heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0021] In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the rodent animal is a mouse or a rat.
[0022] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides use of the non-human animal described herein as an animal model of a disease associated with IgA deposition.
[0023] In some embodiments, the disease associated with IgA deposition is selected from the group consisting of IgA nephropathy, herpetiform dermatitis, purpura (also known as IgA vasculitis) , Kawasaki disease, purpura nephritis, IgA vasculitis renal impairment, IgA rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis, IgA-mediated anti-GBM disease or IgA-mediated ANCA-related vasculitis. In some embodiments, the disease associated with IgA deposition is IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis or Kawasaki disease.
[0024] In still another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing efficacy of a candidate drug for treating or preventing a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal described herein, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug.
[0025] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying a candidate drug that treats or prevents a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal described herein, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure. The disclosure may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
[0027] Figure 1 illustrates the development of IGHA1+ / + Mice. (A) An illustration, not to scale of the human IGHA1, mouse Igha, and humanized IGHA1 genomic loci. The mouse Igha gene, including the entire coding region, is deleted and replaced by the human IGHA1 gene. (B) Mouse IgA and human IgA were examined by immunoblotting on diluted WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice, and human serum. (C-D) Immunohistochemical stain of mouse IgA and human IgA1of Peyer patches and small intestine in WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice. (E) BCR seq showed the immunoglobulin subtypes expressed in terminal ileum tissue with PPs of IGHA1+ / + and WT mice. (F) J gene usage frequency of hIgA1 in IGHA1+ / + mouse and mouse IgA in WT mice. (G) CDR3 sequence length distribution of hIgA1 or IgA were uniform in three IGHA1+ / + and WT mice respectively. mIgA, mouse IgA; hIgA1, human IgA1; Homo, human.
[0028] Figure 2 illustrates that pathogen exposure promotes hIgA1 production in multi-organs. (A) Human IgA1 was detected by western blot on 1: 1000 diluted GF, SPF, CV housed IGHA1+ / + mice serum, and 1: 5000 diluted human serum. (B) Serum hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1 levels of the three groups above at 4 months old. (C) The mRNA expressions of IGHA1 in the SP, ILNs, PPs, MLNs, from GF, SPF and CV housed IGHA1+ / + mice were determined by RT-qPCR. The relative gene expression was normalized by GAPDH. (D-E) Typical confocal image and mean fluorescence intensity (AU) of the hIgA1+ cells in the SI lamina propria. Bar=50 um.
[0029] Figure 3 illustrates that serum Gd-IgA1 and hIgA1-containing complex levels increased in the LCWE antigen-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. (A) 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice were administered intraperitoneally with LCWE plus CFA or PBS and observation was prolonged to 8 months old. (B) IGHA1+ / + mice produced LCWE-specific hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1. (C-E) Sequence serum hIgA1, Gd-IgA1, and hIgA1-containing complex levels of LCWE and PBS-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. (F) Serum hIgA was purified, stained by coomassie protein or immunoimaged by anti hIgA1 antibody. (G-H) The average GalNAc number per HR in LCWE and PBS-induced IGHA1+ / + mice were equal, while Gal / GalNAc ratio decreased with robust antigen stimulation.
[0030] Figure 4 illustrates that TD and TI pathways were responsible for the boosting mucosal origin Gd-IgA1. (A) hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1 concentrations were higher in the small intestinal mucus of the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. (B) Immunofluorescence staining of hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1 showed boosting Gd-IgA1+ plasma cells in the small intestinal lamina propria of LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. Bar=50 um. (C-F) The mRNA expressions of BAFF, APRIL, TGFβ, and iNOS were expanded with LCWE stimulation. The relative gene expression was normalized by GAPDH.
[0031] Figure 5 illustrates that Gd-IgA1 initiated severe complement activation and pathological injuries in the kidney. (A) Immunostaining of CD31, human IgA1, and C3 and Gd-IgA1 showed human IgA1 deposited in the kidney mesangial region with C3 in the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. Bar=50 um. (B-C) The semi-quantitative grade of hIgA1 and C3 depositing in glomerular mesangial areas. (D) Representative micrographs of PAS and Masson staining showed mesangial expansion, hypercellularity, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. Bar=50 um. Electron micrographs of glomerular in each group show electron-dense deposits in the mesangial area in the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice. Bar=1 um.
[0032] Figure 6 illustrates that the human IGHA1 gene was expressed completely in substitute of mouse IgA in IGHA1+ / + mice. (A) Detection of the IGHA1 gene in WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice by PCR analysis using specific primers covered 5’ arm or 3’arm of knocked in IGHA1 gene, and mouse Igha gene. (B) Expression of the mouse IgA and human IgA1 gene in WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice by RT-qPCR. (C) Serum mouse IgA and human IgA1 levels in WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice. (D-E) The mRNA expression of mouse IgA and human IgA in the spleen, small intestine of WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice were determined by RT-qPCR. The relative gene expression was normalized to that of GAPDH. (F-I) Cells of the spleen, small intestine, bone marrow, and lymph node from WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice were labeled with APC / Cy7-conjugated B220, FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgA, and AF647-conjugated anti-human IgA1 showing the enumerated frequencies of IgA+B220+ B cells.
[0033] Figure 7 illustrates that IGHA1+ / + mice could produce diverse immunoglobulins like WT mice. (A) V gene usage frequency of hIgA1 in IGHA1+ / + mouse and IgA in WT mice. (B) Venn diagram showed cluster analysis of IGH in IGHA1+ / + and WT mice. (C) Cluster distribution map of the first 100 clusters of IGH in IGHA1+ / + and WT mice. The percentage represents the proportion of the top 100 IGH clusters among the whole detected IGH.
[0034] Figure 8 illustrates serum hIgA1-containing complex (Figure 8A) , IgM, and IgG (Figure 8B) levels of GF, SPF, CV housed IGHA1+ / + mice at 4 months old.
[0035] Figure 9 illustrates the weight (Figure 9A) of IGHA1+ / + mice decreased by LCWE stimulation, and sequence serum IgM and IgG levels (Figure 9B) of LCWE and PBS-induced IGHA1+ / + mice.
[0036] Figure 10 illustrates a representative extracted ion chromatogram example of hIgA1 hinge region O-glycopeptides analysis.
[0037] Figure 11 illustrates H&E staining of heart vessels and thoracoabdominal aorta of PBS and LCWE-induced mice (Figure 11A) , and Urine albumin / creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, and serum urea nitrogen was evaluated in PBS and LCWE-induced mice (Figure 11B) .
[0038] Figure 12 illustrates the levels of immunoglobulin in the serum of 5-month-old mice intraperitoneally injected with CFA.
[0039] Figure 13 illustrates the immunofluorescence of frozen sections of kidney of 7.5-month-old mice intraperitoneally injected with CFA.
[0040] Figure 14 illustrates the results of PAS pathological staining of kidney of 4-month-old mice and 5-month-old mice intraperitoneally injected with CFA.
[0041] Figure 15 illustrates the results of PAS pathological staining of kidney of 6-month-old mice and 7.5-month-old mice intraperitoneally injected with CFA.
[0042] Figure 16 illustrates the levels comparison of SCr and ACR in 5-month-old mice and 7.5-month-old mice intraperitoneally injected with CFA.
[0043] Figure 17 illustrates the levels of immunoglobulin in the serum of 4-month-old mice and 7-month-old mice treated with different administration routes.
[0044] Figure 18 illustrates the immunofluorescence of frozen sections of kidney of 7-month-old mice treated with different administration routes.
[0045] Figure 19 illustrates the results of PAS pathological staining of kidney of 7-month-old mice treated with different administration routes.
[0046] Figure 20 illustrates immunohistochemistry staining of mouse IgA and human IgA1 of the spleen in WT, IGHA1+ / - (i.e., KIWT) , and IGHA1+ / + (i.e., KIKI) mice.
[0047] Figure 21A-D illustrate semi-quantitative score of immunofluorescence images and micrographs of PAS staining by a professional pathologist. (A) Human IgA1 intensity; (B) mouse IgA intensity; (C) C3 intensity; (D) the mesangial hypercellularity score.
[0048] Figure 22A-B illustrate the serum human IgA level of each group treated with PBS, Saponin, Al (OH) 3, LPS, IFA, CFA and LCWE-CFA, respectively.
[0049] Figure 23A-B illustrate the serum human IgA-mouse IgG complex level of each group treated with PBS, Saponin, Al (OH) 3, LPS, IFA, CFA and LCWE-CFA, respectively.
[0050] Figure 24A-B illustrate the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of each group treated with PBS, Saponin, Al (OH) 3, LPS, IFA, CFA and LCWE-CFA, respectively.
[0051] Figure 25 illustrates depositions of human IgA (hIgA) and C3, as well as PAS staining in each group treated with PBS, Saponin, Al (OH) 3, LPS, IFA, CFA and LCWE-CFA, respectively, as measured by immunofluorescence and PAS pathological staining assay of kidney.
[0052] Figure 26A-C illustrate semi-quantitative score of immunofluorescence images and micrographs of PAS staining by a professional pathologist. (A) mouse IgM intensity; (B) human IgA intensity; (C) intensity of C3 deposition.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0053] In the Brief Description of the Invention above and in the Detailed Description of the Invention, and the claims below, and in the accompanying drawings, reference is made to particular features (including method steps) of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, or particular claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and / or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.
[0054] Where reference is made herein to a method comprising two or more defined steps, the defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously (except where the context excludes that possibility) , and the method can include one or more other steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all the defined steps (except where the context excludes that possibility) .
[0055] All publications, patents and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present disclosure is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior disclosure. Further, the dates of publication provided could be different from the actual publication dates that may need to be independently confirmed.
[0056] In general, terminology used herein is in accordance with its understood meaning in the art, unless clearly indicated otherwise. Explicit definitions of certain terms are provided herein and below, meanings of these and other terms in particular instances throughout this specification will be clear to those skilled in the art from context. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification.
[0057] I. Definitions
[0058] It is understood that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to a “a pluripotent cell” is a reference to one or more pluripotent cells, and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
[0059] As used herein, the term “comprise” and grammatical equivalents thereof are used herein to mean that other components, ingredients, steps, etc. are optionally present. For example, a method “comprising” (or “which comprises” ) steps A, B, and C can consist of (i.e., contain only) steps A, B, and C, or can contain not only steps A, B, and C but also one or more other steps.
[0060] The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and / or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and / or. ” As used herein “another” may mean at least a second or more.
[0061] As used herein, the term “locus” refers to a specific location of a gene, DNA sequence, polypeptide-encoding sequence, or position on a chromosome of the genome of an organism. A known locus can contain known genetic information, such as one or more polymorphic marker sites. For example, an “Igha locus” may refer to the specific location of an Igha gene, Igha DNA sequence, immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha-encoding sequence, or Igha position on a chromosome of the genome of an organism that has been identified as to where such a sequence resides. An “Igha locus” may comprise a regulatory element of an Igha gene, including, for example, an enhancer, a promoter, 5’ and / or 3’ untranslated region (UTR) , or a combination thereof.
[0062] As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a DNA sequence in a chromosome that codes for a product (e.g., an RNA product and / or a polypeptide product) . In some embodiments, a gene includes a coding sequence (i.e., sequence that encodes a particular product) . In some embodiments, a gene may also include a non-coding sequence. In some particular embodiments, a gene may include both coding (e.g., exonic) and non-coding (e.g., intronic) sequence. In some embodiments, a gene may include one or more regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc. ) and / or intron sequences that, for example, may control or impact one or more aspects of gene expression (e.g., cell-type-specific expression, inducible expression, etc. ) . For the purpose of clarity, we note that, as used in the present application, the term “gene” generally refers to a portion of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide; the term may optionally encompass regulatory sequences, as will be clear from context to those of ordinary skill in the art. This definition is not intended to exclude application of the term “gene” to non-protein-coding expression units but rather to clarify that, in most cases, the term as used in this document refers to a polypeptide-coding nucleic acid.
[0063] As used herein, a “coding sequence” or a sequence which “encodes” a selected polypeptide, is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed (in the case of DNA) and translated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide, for example, in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences (or “control elements” ) . The boundaries of the coding sequence are typically determined by a start codon at the 5’ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3’ (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, cDNA from viral, procaryotic or eucaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from viral or procaryotic DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A transcription termination sequence may be located at 3’ terminus to the coding sequence.
[0064] The term “operably linked” refers to an arrangement of elements wherein the components so described are configured so as to perform their usual function. In the case of a promoter, a promoter that is operably linked to a coding sequence will direct the expression of the coding sequence. The promoter or other control elements need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as they function to direct the expression thereof. For example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between the promoter sequence and the coding sequence, and the promoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence.
[0065] As used herein, the term “IgA” refers to one of antibody (immunoglobulin) isotypes, which is also known as immunoglobulin alpha. As used herein, IgA is also referred to as “IgA antibody” or “IgA-type antibody” . In a serum, IgA is mainly present as a monomeric IgA (serotype IgA) , and IgA1 is the main component. When secreted into mucous membranes, IgA exists as a polymeric IgA (secretory IgA or SIgA) that is a dimer or a higher polymer.
[0066] As used herein, the term “Igha gene” (also known as Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Alpha) , encodes constant region of IgA heavy chains. In particular, the term “Igha1 gene” or “IGHA1 gene” , also known as Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Alpha 1, encodes constant region of IgA1 heavy chains.
[0067] Human IGHA1 gene is located on human chromosome 14, and an exemplary genomic sequence can be found under NCBI Gene ID number 3493 (Assembly GRCh38. p14; location NC_000014.9 (c105708664-105707168) , and its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19) . Another exemplary genomic sequence of the human IGHA1 gene is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33 (IGHA1-202 (ENST00000641837.1 from Ensembl) ) . In some embodiments, the wild-type human IgA1 heavy chain constant region encoded by human IGHA1 gene has been assigned UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P01876.2 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20) . In some embodiments, the wild-type human IgA1 heavy chain constant region encoded by human IGHA1 gene has been assigned UniProtKB: A0A286YEY1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34) . At least five isoforms of human IgA1 heavy chain constant region are known in the art, and have been assigned GenBank: AAF03879.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21) , GenBank: AAT74070.1 (its sequence is as set forth is SEQ ID NO: 22) , GenBank: AAX09631.2 (its sequence is as set forth is SEQ ID NO: 23) , GenBank: AAX09630.2 (its sequence is as set forth is SEQ ID NO: 24) and GenBank: ABI26625.1 (its sequence is as set forth is SEQ ID NO: 25) , respectively.
[0068] Mouse Igha gene is located on mouse chromosome 12, and an exemplary genomic sequence can be found under NCBI Gene ID number 238447 (NC_000078.7 Reference GRCm39 C57BL / 6J (c113223856-113219824) , and its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26) . The wild-type mouse IgA heavy chain constant region encoded by mouse Igha gene has been assigned UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P01878.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27) . At least five isoforms of mouse IgA heavy chain constant region are known in the art, and have been assigned GenBank: AAL15539.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28) , GenBank: AAL15541.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29) , GenBank: AAL15540.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30) , GenBank: AAL15543.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31) , and GenBank: AAL15542.1 (its sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32) , respectively.
[0069] As used herein, the term “endogenous locus” or “endogenous gene” refers to a genetic locus found in a parent or reference organism prior to introduction of an alteration, disruption, deletion, insertion, modification, substitution or replacement as described herein. In some embodiments, the endogenous locus comprises a sequence, in whole or in part, found in nature. In some embodiments, the endogenous locus is a wild-type locus. In some embodiments, a reference organism is a wild-type organism. In some embodiments, a reference organism is an engineered organism. In some embodiments, a reference organism is a laboratory-bred organism (whether wild-type or engineered) . For example, an “endogenous Igha locus” of a non-human animal (e.g., mouse or rat) refers to a native Igha locus that naturally exists in the non-human animal (e.g., mouse or rat) .
[0070] The term “wild-type” , “wild type” or “WT” includes entities having a structure and / or activity as found in a normal (as contrasted with mutant, diseased, altered, etc. ) state or context. Wild-type genes and polypeptides often exist in multiple different forms (e.g., alleles) .
[0071] The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) or ribonucleotides (RNA) , or analogs thereof, in either single-or double-stranded form. Polynucleotides may have any three-dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown. Non-limiting examples of polynucleotides include a gene, a gene fragment, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA) , transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribozymes, cDNA, shRNA, single-stranded short or long RNAs, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, control regions, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers. The nucleic acid molecule may be linear or circular. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular polynucleotide sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (see Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) .
[0072] The terms “protein, ” “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymer of amino acids. The protein, polypeptide or peptide described herein may contain naturally occurring amino acids, or may contain non-naturally occurring amino acids, or analogues or mimics of amino acids. The protein, polypeptide or peptide described herein may be obtained by any method known in the art, for example, but not limited to, by natural isolation, recombinant expression, chemical synthesis, and the like.
[0073] The term “amino acid” as used herein refers to an organic compound containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. The names of amino acids are also represented as standard single letter or three-letter codes in the present disclosure, which are summarized as follows.
[0074] The phrase “heavy chain, ” or “immunoglobulin heavy chain” includes an immunoglobulin heavy chain sequence, including immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequence, from any organism. Heavy chain variable regions include three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four FR regions, unless otherwise specified. Fragments of heavy chains include CDRs and FRs, and combinations thereof. A typical heavy chain has, following the variable region (from N-terminal to C-terminal) , a CH1 domain, a hinge, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, and a CH4 domain (in the context of IgM or IgE) . A functional fragment of a heavy chain includes a fragment that is capable of specifically recognizing an epitope (e.g., recognizing the epitope with a KD in the micromolar, nanomolar, or picomolar range) , that is capable of expressing and secreting from a cell, and that comprises at least one CDR.
[0075] The term “heterologous” refers to an agent or entity from a different source. For example, when used in reference to a polypeptide, gene, or gene product present in a particular cell or organism, the term clarifies that the relevant polypeptide or fragment thereof, gene or fragment thereof, or gene product or fragment thereof: 1) was engineered by the hand of man; 2) was introduced into the cell or organism (or a precursor thereof) through the hand of man (e.g., via genetic engineering) ; and / or 3) was not naturally produced by or present in the relevant cell or organism (e.g., the relevant cell type or organism type) . As used herein, the term “heterologous” also includes a polypeptide or fragment thereof, gene or fragment thereof, or gene product or fragment thereof that is normally present in a particular native cell or organism, but has been modified, for example, by mutation or replacement under the control of non-naturally associated and, in some embodiments, non-endogenous regulatory elements (e.g., a promoter) .
[0076] The term “fragment, ” when referring to a protein, means a protein that is shorter or has fewer amino acids than the full-length protein. The term “fragment, ” when referring to a nucleic acid, means a nucleic acid that is shorter or has fewer nucleotides than the full-length nucleic acid. A fragment can be, for example, when referring to a protein fragment, an N-terminal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the C-terminal end of the protein) , a C-terminal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the N-terminal end of the protein) , or an internal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of each of the N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the protein) . A fragment can be, for example, when referring to a nucleic acid fragment, a 5’ fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the 3’ end of the nucleic acid) , a 3’ fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the 5’ end of the nucleic acid) , or an internal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion each of the 5’ and 3’ ends of the nucleic acid) .
[0077] The term “introduce” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid sequence into a cell, means “transfection” , or ‘transformation” , or “transduction” and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid sequence into a cell wherein the nucleic acid sequence may be present in the cell transiently or may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid, or mitochondrial DNA) , converted into an autonomous replicon. A nucleic acid sequence may be introduced into a cell using any method known in the art. Various techniques for transforming animal cells may be employed, including, for example, microinjection, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, electroporation, transfection, or the like (see, e.g., Keown et al., Methods in Enzymology 1990, 185: 527-537) .
[0078] The term “chimeric” as used herein refers to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that has a portion of heavy and / or light chain derived from one species, and the rest of the heavy and / or light chain derived from a different species. In an illustrative example, a chimeric antibody may comprise a constant region derived from human and a variable region derived from a non-human animal, such as a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a goat, a sheep, a guinea pig, or a hamster.
[0079] The term “non-human animal” refers to any organism that is not a human. For example, a non-human animal may be a domestic animal, such as cattle, a pig, sheep, a goat, poultry or a horse; or a rodent, such as a rat or a mouse; or a primate, such as an ape, a monkey, a chimpanzee, a gorilla, an orangutan, a baboon; or a domesticated animal, such as a dog or a cat.
[0080] The terms “5’ regulatory region” and “3’ regulatory region” as used herein include regulatory elements found in the 5’ upstream region and the 3’ downstream region of a gene. The term “regulatory elements” includes transcriptional regulatory sequences, which include both 5’ transcriptional regulatory sequences such as promoter, enhancer, and suppressor elements, and 3’ transcriptional regulatory sequences such as a transcriptional termination sequence. The term “regulatory elements” also includes regulatory sequences in the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) and the 3’ UTR that may affect the efficiency of transcription and the stability of transcript, as well the initiation of translation.
[0081] As used herein, a “CRISPR-Cas guide RNA” or “guide RNA” , “gRNA” or “sgRNA” refers to an RNA that directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence. Typically, a guide RNA comprises (i) a guide sequence that has sufficient complementarity with a target polynucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and (ii) a trans-activating cr (tracr) mate sequence. A guide RNA may further comprise a tracr RNA fused at the 3’ end, resulting a single chimeric guide RNA. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a guide sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more. Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting example of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner) , ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, Calif. ) , SOAP (available at soap. genomics. org. cn) , and Maq (available at maq. sourceforge. net) . In some embodiments, a guide sequence is about or more than about 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a guide sequence is less than about 75, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, 11, 10 or fewer nucleotides in length. The ability of a guide sequence to direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay. For example, the components of a CRISPR system sufficient to form a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested, may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target sequence, such as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of the CRISPR sequence, followed by an assessment of preferential cleavage within the target sequence. Similarly, cleavage of a target polynucleotide sequence may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target sequence, components of a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested and a control guide sequence different from the test guide sequence, and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at the target sequence between the test and control guide sequence reactions. Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art.
[0082] The term “embryonic stem (ES) cell” used herein refers to pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of the developing blastocyst, or the progeny of these cells. “ES cells” can be derived from any organism. ES cells can be derived from mammals, including mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats, pigs, cows, monkeys and humans. In specific, non-limiting examples, the cells are human or non-human (e.g., murine) cells. Without being bound by theory, ES cells can generate a variety of the cells present in the body (bone, muscle, brain cells, etc. ) , provided that they are exposed to conditions conducive to developing these cell types. Methods for producing murine ES cells can be found in U.S. Patent No. 5,670,372, which is herein incorporated by reference. Methods for producing human ES cells can be found in U.S. Patent No. 6,090,622, WO 00 / 70021 and WO 00 / 27995, which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0083] II. Methods of Making Genetically Modified Non-Human Animals
[0084] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of making a non-human animal comprising in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA (e.g., IgA1) heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof. Specially, the present disclosure provides a method of making a genetically modified non-human animal, comprising: (i) modifying a genome of a non-human animal to incorporate in its endogenous Igha locus a nucleotide comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof; and (ii) treating the non-human animal produced in step (i) with a formulation comprising an immunostimulant.
[0085] Step (i)
[0086] In some embodiments, step (i) of the method provided herein comprises introducing a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof into a pluripotent cell of the non-human animal, thereby obtaining a non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene, and making a non-human animal using the non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene.
[0087] The nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof can be prepared by using well-known methods in the art. For example, the nucleotide molecule can be prepared as a part of a larger plasmid. Such preparation allows the cloning and isolation of the correct constructs in an efficient manner as is known in the art. The various methods employed in the preparation of the plasmids and transformation of host organisms are known in the art (see, e.g., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Sambrook et al. eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) . In addition, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) may be employed to isolate, clone and transfer the whole locus of the desired heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof. Alternatively, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library (see, e.g., Genomic BAC libraries from Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif. ) can provide nucleic acid sequences for the desired heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof as well as regulatory sequences.
[0088] The prepared transgene construct may be introduced into pluripotent cells (e.g., ES cells) using any method known in the art. Various techniques for transforming mammalian cells may be employed in the present invention, including, for example: microinjection, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, electroporation, transfection, or the like (see, e.g., Gordon, Intl. Rev Cytol., 1 15: 171 (1989) ; Keown et al., Methods in Enzymology, 185: 527-537 (1990) ; Mansour et al., Nature, 336: 348-352 (1988) ) .
[0089] Methods for modifying a non-human animal genome (e.g., a pig, cow, rodent, chicken, etc. ) include, e.g., employing a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) , a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) or a Cas protein (i.e., a CRISPR / Cas system) to modify a genome to include the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof as described herein. Guidance for methods for modifying the germline genome of a non-human animal can be found in, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US20150376628A1, US20160145646A1 and US20160177339A1, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0090] In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is introduced into the pluripotent cell of the non-human animal by using a CRISPR / Cas system. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas system is CRISPR / Cas9 system. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas9 system comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA that targets a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas9 system used in the present application comprises a Cas9 protein and one, two or more, three or more, or four or more guide RNAs that target a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus. For example, the CRISPR / Cas9 system used in the present application comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA comprising any one, two, three or four of the sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9~12. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas system is CRISPR / Cas13 system. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas13 system comprises a Cas13 protein and a guide RNA that targets a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas13 system used in the present application comprises a Cas13 protein and one, two or more, three or more, or four or more guide RNAs that target a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus.
[0091] The pluripotent cells as described herein may include undifferentiated cells that possess the ability to develop into more than one differentiated cell types. Such pluripotent cells can be, for example, embryonic stem (ES) cells or ES-like cells, such as an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell. In some embodiments, the pluripotent cell is an embryonic stem (ES) cell. ES cells include embryo-derived pluripotent cells that are capable of contributing to any tissue of the developing embryo upon introduction into an embryo. ES cells can be derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and are capable of differentiating into cells of any of the three vertebrate germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm) . ES cells having a desired nucleotide incorporated in the endogenous Igha locus can be selected. In some embodiments, one or more copies of the nucleotide may be incorporated at one or more specific sites; and in some embodiments, one copy of the nucleic acid may be incorporated at one specific site.
[0092] ES cells are typically obtained from pre-implantation embryos cultured in vitro (see, e.g., Evans, MJ. et al., Nature 292: 154-156 (1981) ; Bradley, M. O. et al., Nature 309: 255-258 (1984) ; Gossleer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 : 9065-9069 (1986) ; and Robertson et al., Nature 322: 445-448 (1986) ) . The ES cells are cultured and prepared for introduction of the transgene construct using methods well known in the art (see, e.g., Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem cells: a Practical Approach, Robertson eds., IRL Press (1987) ; Bradley et al., Current Topics in Devel. Biol. 20: 357-371 (1986) ; Hogan et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1986) ; Thomas et al., Cell 51 : 503 (1987) ; Koller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 10730 (1991) ; Donn et al., Transgenic Res. 1 : 101 (1992) ; and Veis et al., Cell 75: 229 (1993) ) . The ES cells that will be inserted with the desired heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof are derived from an embryo or blastocyst of the same species as the developing embryo into which they are to be introduced. ES cells are typically selected for their ability to integrate into the inner cell mass and contribute to the germ line of an individual when introduced into the host animals in an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development. Thus, any ES cell line having this capacity is suitable for use in the practice in the present invention.
[0093] Selected ES cells are then injected into an embryo (ablastocyst or other stage of development suitable for the purposes of creating a viable animal) of an animal to create chimeras (see, e.g., Bradley, A. Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, EJ. Robertson, ed., IRL, Oxford, ppl l3-152 (1987) ) . Alternatively, selected cells can aggregate with dissociated embryo cells to form the aggregate chimera. A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudo-pregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Chimeric progeny harboring the desired human gene in their germ cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the desired human gene. ES cells having a desired nucleotide incorporated in the endogenous Igha locus are then used as donor ES cells. In some embodiments, the embryo comprising the donor ES cells are implanted into pseudopregnant females to generate F0 non-human animal.
[0094] In other embodiments, a non-human animal comprising in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene can be made without using ES cells. For example, the genome of a non-ES cell (e.g., a fibroblast or an induced pluripotent cell) can be modified based on conventional transformation methods (e.g., electroporation) , and the modified genome of such non-ES cell can be transferred to a suitable recipient cell, e.g., an oocyte, by employing the nuclear transfer technique. The modified cell (e.g., the modified oocyte) is then gestated under suitable conditions to form an embryo. See, e.g., Han et al., Methods in Enzymology 476: 171-184 (2010) , and Zhou et al., Science 302: 1179 (2003) .
[0095] In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a male animal. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a female animal. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse or a rat.
[0096] In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse. In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse of a C57BL strain, for example, a C57BL strain selected from C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL / 10Cr, and C57BL / 01a. In other embodiments, the rodent is a mouse of a 129 strain, for example, a 129 strain selected from the group consisting of 129P1, 129P2, 129P3, 129X1, 129S1 (e.g., 129S1 / SV, 129Sl / SvIm) , 129S2, 129S4, 129S5, 129S9 / SvEvH, 129 / SvJae, 129S6 (129 / SvEvTac) , 129S7, 129S8, 129T1, 129T2 (see, e.g., Festing et al. (1999) , Mammalian Genome 10: 836; Auerbach et al. (2000) , Biotechniques 29 (5) : 1024-1028, 1030, 1032) . In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse that is a mix of an aforementioned 129 strain and an aforementioned C57BL / 6 strain. In certain embodiments, the mouse is a mix (i.e., hybrid) of aforementioned 129 strains, or a mix of aforementioned C57BL strains, or a mix of a C57BL strain and a 129 strain. In certain embodiments, the mouse is a mix of a C57BL / 6 strain with a 129 strain. In specific embodiments, the mouse is a VGF1 strain, also known as F1H4, which is a hybrid of C57BL / 6 and 129. In other embodiments, the mouse is a BALB strain, e.g., BALB / c strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of a BALB strain and another aforementioned strain.
[0097] In some embodiments, the rodent is a rat. In certain embodiments, the rat is selected from a Wistar rat, an LEA strain, a Sprague Dawley strain, a Fischer strain, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti. In other embodiments, the rat is a mix of two or more strains selected from the group consisting of Wistar, LEA, Sprague Dawley, Fischer, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti.
[0098] In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted. In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the non-human animal as described herein does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region.
[0099] Preferably, replacing an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene with a corresponding human IGHA1 gene can be achieved through homologous recombination (see, e.g., Allen et al., Eur J Neurosci 17, 1881 -1895 (2003) ; Makita et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294, F542-F553 (2008) ) . A replacement-type targeting construct is generally employed for homologous gene replacement. To make a replacement-type targeting construct, a nucleic acid sequence of a desired human IGHA1 gene is flanked between two homologous recombination sequences derived from the sequences of the non-human animal genome. Double crossover between the homologous recombination sequences of the targeting construct and sequences of the non-human animal genome results in targeted integration of the nucleic acid sequence of the desired human IGHA1 gene to the locus of the corresponding non-human animal Igha gene in the animal cells. Usually, the homologous recombination sequences of the targeting construct comprise sequences which flank the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene segments, so that homologous recombination results in concomitant deletion of the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene segments and homologous integration of the desired human IGHA1 gene segments (see Roebroek et al., Trangenic Mouse Methods and Protocols, Hofker and van Deursen eds., Methods in Mol Biol, 693: 257-275 (2011) ) . An entire or a segment of endogenous non-human animal Igha gene may be replaced with a desired human IGHA1 gene by a single targeting event or by multiple targeting events which sequentially replace individual exons. One or more selectable markers (e.g., positive or negative selectable marker genes) , may be employed in the targeting construct. It is usually preferred that selectable markers are located in the intron regions of the desired human IGHA1 gene.
[0100] In some embodiments, replacing endogenous non-human animal Igha gene with the corresponding human IGHA1 gene can be achieved by using site-specific recombination system (e.g., Cre / LoxP system, or Flp / FRT system; see, general, Roebroek et al., Trangenic Mouse Methods and Protocols, Hofker and van Deursen eds., Methods in Mol Biol, 693: 257-275 (2011) ) . As the starting point of this strategy, two recombinase recognition sequences (e.g., LoxP, FRT, or attB / attP sequences) is introduced in appropriate non-human animal cells (e.g., ES cells) by a first homologous recombination event, such that the two introduced recombinase recognition sequences flank the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene. A selectable marker gene (e.g., HygTK) is usually introduced in the non-human animal cell in the first homologous recombination event, allowing positive selection (e.g., by hygromycin B) and negative selection (e.g., by ganciclovir) . A transgene construct carrying the desired human IGHA1 gene corresponding to the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene is prepared, such that the desired human IGHA1 gene is flanked by two recombinase recognition sites. The transgene construct is subsequently introduced into the targeted non-human animal cells resulted from the first homologous recombination event. A source of recombinase is provided to trigger the site-specific recombination that results in the exchange of the endogenous animal Igha gene for the desired human IGHA1 gene. The recombinase recognition sequences may remain present in the locus after the exchange and preferably not be present in the protein-coding region.
[0101] In some embodiments, the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene comprises human IGHA1 coding sequence only. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene comprises both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene includes the entire human IGHA1 coding sequence from ATG to STOP, with the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions and intervening introns. In some embodiments, the human IgA1 heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region. In some embodiments, heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0102] A nucleic acid sequence is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter, or a 5’ regulatory region containing a promoter, is considered as operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter or the 5’ regulatory region effects the transcription of the coding sequence.
[0103] In some embodiments, the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof is inserted in the same loci as the corresponding endogenous non-human animal Igha gene such that the expression of the heterologous gene is controlled by the transcriptional regulatory element of the corresponding endogenous non-human animal Igha gene. The heterologous gene can be comprised in a nucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleotide is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal. Examples of such a transcriptional regulatory element include, but are not limited to, a promoter, an enhancer, a silencer, and an initiation signal. In some embodiments, a humanized transgenic non-human animal containing a human IGHA1 gene can be made so that the protein coding sequence of the human IGHA1 gene is inserted in the loci of the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene. The insertion can be made through recombination such that the introduced protein coding sequence of the human IGHA1 gene substitutes the corresponding protein coding sequence of the non-human Igha gene. This allows the expression of the introduced human IGHA1 gene to be controlled by the transcriptional regulatory element of the endogenous non-human animal Igha gene.
[0104] In some embodiments, the nucleotide can additionally include a 3’ regulatory region, operably linked to the heterologous gene encoding a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0105] In some embodiments, the 3’ regulatory region includes a 3’ UTR. In some embodiments, a 3’ regulatory region includes the 3’ UTR of the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0106] In some embodiments, the 3’ regulatory region comprises a sequence upstream of the 3’ UTR of the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the 3’ regulatory region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is immediately upstream of the 3’ UTR of the heterologous gene and is of at least 50 bp, at least 100 bp, at least 150 bp, at least 200 bp, at least 300 bp, at least 400 bp, at least 500 bp, at least 750 bp, at least 1000 bp, or longer (e.g., up to 2500 -4000 bp) , in length.
[0107] In some embodiments, the 3’ regulatory region comprises a sequence downstream of the 3’ UTR of the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the 3’ regulatory region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is immediately downstream of the 3’ UTR of the heterologous gene and is of at least 50 bp, at least 100 bp, at least 150 bp, at least 200 bp, at least 300 bp, at least 400 bp, at least 500 bp, at least 750 bp, at least 1000 bp, or longer (e.g., up to 2500 -4000 bp) , in length.
[0108] In some embodiments, the nucleotide can additionally include a 5’ regulatory region, operably linked to the heterologous gene encoding a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0109] In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region includes a 5’ UTR. In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region includes the 5’ UTR of the heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0110] In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region comprises a sequence upstream of the 5’ UTR of the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is immediately upstream of the 5’ UTR of the heterologous gene and is of at least 50 bp, at least 100 bp, at least 150 bp, at least 200 bp, at least 300 bp, at least 400 bp, at least 500 bp, at least 750 bp, at least 1000 bp, or longer (e.g., up to 2500 -4000 bp) , in length.
[0111] In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region comprises a sequence downstream of the 5’ UTR of the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the 5’ regulatory region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is immediately downstream of the 5’ UTR of the heterologous gene and is of at least 50 bp, at least 100 bp, at least 150 bp, at least 200 bp, at least 300 bp, at least 400 bp, at least 500 bp, at least 750 bp, at least 1000 bp, or longer (e.g., up to 2500 -4000 bp) , in length.
[0112] In some embodiments, the modification of a genome of a non-human animal or the incorporation of the nucleotide into the non-human animal leads to changes in the structure of endogenous Igha locus. In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus is silenced. In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene.
[0113] A gene is “silenced” when the expression of the normal protein product from the gene is inhibited. A gene is often silenced by disrupting the genomic sequence of the gene. A gene is disrupted when a fragment of DNA locates and recombines with an endogenous homologous sequence. The disruptions may include insertion, missense, frameshift, deletion, or substitutions, or replacements of DNA sequences, or any combination thereof. Insertions include the insertion of entire genes, when disruption can alter the normal gene product by inhibiting its production partially or completely. In a preferred embodiment, the disruption is a null disruption so that the gene has no significant expression.
[0114] The term “replace” or “replacement” as used herein mean that in the transgenic non-human animal wherein the desired human gene is introduced, the endogenous non-human animal gene corresponding to the introduced human gene is silenced, such that the introduced human gene functionally substitutes the corresponding animal gene. For example, in a humanized transgenic mouse whereas human Igha1 gene is introduced, the endogenous murine Igha gene are further silenced such that the introduced human IgA1 protein functionally substitute the murine IgA1 protein.
[0115] In some embodiments, the modification of a genome of a non-human animal leads to changes in the function of endogenous Igha locus. In some embodiments, the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the non-human animal produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0116] Step (ii)
[0117] In step (ii) of the method provided herein for making a genetically modified non-human animal, the non-human animal produced in step (i) described above is treated with a formulation comprising an immunostimulant.
[0118] An “immunostimulant” is any substance that stimulates the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of the immune system’s components, in particular immune effector cells. The immunostimulant may be pro-inflammatory (e.g., when treating infections or cancer) , or anti-inflammatory (e.g., when treating autoimmune diseases) .
[0119] In some embodiments, the immunostimulant includes an adjuvant-type immunostimulatory agent such as APC Toll-like Receptor agonists or costimulatory / cell adhesion membrane proteins. Examples of Toll-like Receptor agonists include costimulatory / adhesion proteins such as CD80, CD86, and ICAM-1. In some embodiments, the immunostimulant used in the present invention is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum adjuvant, an emulsion adjuvant, a biological adjuvant, and saponin.
[0120] In some embodiments, the aluminum adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) , aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate, and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) . In some embodiments, the aluminum adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide.
[0121] In some embodiments, the emulsion adjuvant is oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, or water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant. In some embodiments, the emulsion adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) , incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, MF59 and AS03. In some embodiments, the immunostimulant used in the present invention is CFA. Various commercial CFAs are available to the public, for example, the products purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, etc. In some embodiments, the CFA used in the present invention is purchased from SIGMA (Catalog # F5881) . In some embodiments, the CFA used in the present invention contains Mycobacterium tuberculosis, paraffin oil and mannide monooleate. In some embodiments, per mL of the CFA used in the present invention contains 0.5~5 mg (e.g., 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 1.1 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.3 mg, 1.4 mg, 1.5 mg, 1.6 mg, 1.7 mg, 1.8 mg, 1.9 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg, 4 mg, 4.5 mg or 5 mg) of heat-killed and dried Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 0.1~1 mL (e.g., 0.5 mL, 0.85 mL, 1 mL) of paraffin oil, and 0.05 ~ 1 mL (e.g., 0.1 mL, 0.15 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.3 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.7 mL, 0.8 mL, 0.9 mL or 1 mL) of mannide monooleate. In some embodiments, per mL of the CFA used in the present invention contains 1 mg of heat-killed dried Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra, ATCC 25177) , 0.85 mL of paraffin oil and 0.15 mL of mannide monooleate.
[0122] In some embodiments, the biological adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof, a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (e.g., a TLR4 ligand, a TLR7 ligand, a TLR8 ligand, a TLR9 ligand) , an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA or dsRNA comprising CpG) , a cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-23) or a variant thereof, an interferon (e.g., IFN-α or IFN-γ) , a colony stimulating factor (e.g., M-CSF and GM-CSF) , tumor necrosis factor, endotoxin, and lipid (e.g., lipid A or analogs thereof) . In some embodiments, the biological adjuvant is lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof.
[0123] In some embodiments, the formulation used to treat the non-human animal produced in step (i) comprises an immunostimulant and an antigen.
[0124] The term “antigen” relates to an agent comprising an epitope against which an immune response can be generated. The term “antigen” includes, in particular, proteins and peptides. In some embodiments, an antigen is a disease-associated antigen, such as a viral antigen, or a bacterial antigen and an epitope is derived from such antigen.
[0125] The term “viral antigen” refers to any viral component having antigenic properties, i.e., being able to provoke an immune response in an individual. The viral antigen may be a viral ribonucleoprotein or an envelope protein.
[0126] The term “bacterial antigen” refers to any bacterial component having antigenic properties, i.e., being able to provoke an immune response in an individual. The bacterial antigen may be derived from the cell wall or cytoplasm membrane of the bacterium. In some embodiments, the antigen used in the present invention is derived from the cell wall extract of a bacterium. In some embodiments, the antigen comprises a rhamnose source. In some embodiments, the rhamnose source is a Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract (LCWE) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the non-human animal produced in step (i) is treated with a formulation comprising a LCWE emulsified with CFA. The detailed treatment with LCWE can be performed using conventional means in the art (see Duong T T, Silverman E D, Bissessar M V, et al., International immunology, 2003 (1) : 15; Noval Rivas et al., Immunity, 2019 (3) : 51; Suganuma E, Sato S, Honda S , et al., Experimental Animals, 2020, 69 (2) ) .
[0128] In some embodiments, the formulation consists of an immunostimulant. For example, the non-human animal produced in step (i) is treated with CFA alone. The inventors of the present disclosure unexpectedly found that treating the non-human animal comprising a humanized Igha locus produced in step (i) with an immunostimulant (e.g., CFA) alone (e.g., without an antigen) is sufficient to produce a genetically modified non-human animal that displays a clinical sign of a disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgA nephropathy) , for example, displays elevated IgA1, elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) , IgA1 / C3 glomerular deposition, mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary cellularity, segmental sclerosis, and / or crescents compared with the wild-type non-human animal.
[0129] The formulation comprising an immunostimulant can be administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) by any route known in the art, for example the administration is through a parenteral route comprising subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, or intradermal injection; or a non-parenteral route comprising transdermal, oral, intranasal, intraocular, sublingual, rectal, or topical. In some embodiments, in step (ii) , the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) .
[0130] Without being bound by any theory, but it is believed that sustained delivery (e.g., sustained intraperitoneal delivery) or slow release of the formulation comprising an immunostimulant to the non-human animal produced in step (i) is advantageous for making a genetically modified non-human animal that displays a clinical sign of a disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgAN) .
[0131] As used herein, the term “sustained delivery” refers to continuous delivery of a formulation comprising an immunostimulant in vivo over a period of time following administration, preferably at least several days, a week or several weeks, a month or several months.
[0132] In some embodiments, the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) at continuous doses. In some embodiments, the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) at continuous low doses. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises LCWE and is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) at a dose of less than 1μg (e.g., less than 0.1μg, less than 0.2μg, less than 0.3μg, less than 0.4μg, less than 0.5μg, less than 0.6μg, less than 0.7μg, less than 0.8μg, less than 0.9μg) LCWE per gram of the non-human animal. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises or consists of CFA and is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) at a dose of less than 5 μL (e.g., less than 4 μL, less than 3 μL, less than 2 μL, less than 1.9 μL, less than 1.8 μL, less than 1.7 μL, less than 1.6 μL, less than 1.5 μL, less than 1.4 μL, less than 1.3 μL, less than 1.2 μL, less than 1.1 μL, less than 1 μL, less than 0.9 μL, less than 0.8 μL, less than 0.7 μL, less than 0.6 μL, less than 0.5 μL, less than 0.4 μL, less than 0.3 μL, less than 0.2 μL, less than 0.1 μL) CFA per gram of the non-human animal. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises LCWE emulsified with CFA, and is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal produced in step (i) at a dose of less than 1μg (e.g., less than 0.1μg, less than 0.2μg, less than 0.3μg, less than 0.4μg, less than 0.5μg, less than 0.6μg, less than 0.7μg, less than 0.8μg, less than 0.9μg) LCWE and less than 5 μL (e.g., less than 4 μL, less than 3 μL, less than 2 μL, less than 1.9 μL, less than 1.8 μL, less than 1.7 μL, less than 1.6 μL, less than 1.5 μL, less than 1.4 μL, less than 1.3 μL, less than 1.2 μL, less than 1.1 μL, less than 1 μL, less than 0.9 μL, less than 0.8 μL, less than 0.7 μL, less than 0.6 μL, less than 0.5 μL, less than 0.4 μL, less than 0.3 μL, less than 0.2 μL, less than 0.1 μL) CFA per gram of the non-human animal.
[0133] In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for at least one month. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for at least two months. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (ii) for at least three months. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for at least four months.
[0134] In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of one month at an interval of three times per week in the first two weeks, and once per week in the following two weeks (i.e., a total of eight times within one month) . In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of three months at an interval of once every two weeks (i.e., a total of six times within three months) . In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) starting from the age of 8-week old, and finished at the age of 5-month old, 6-month old, 6.5-month old, 7-month old, 7.5-month old, or 8-month old.
[0135] In some embodiments, the non-human animal mentioned above is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse or a rat.
[0136] III. Genetically Modified Non-human Animals
[0137] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a non-human animal produced by the method described herein. In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a non-human cell, or a non-human genome produced by the method described herein.
[0138] In some embodiments, the non-human animal, cell or genome provided herein comprises in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof, wherein the non-human animal displays a clinical sign of a disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgA nephropathy) . In some embodiments, the non-human animal, cell or genome provided herein comprises in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof, wherein the non-human animal displays a clinical sign of IgA nephropathy.
[0139] In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein displays histological lesions of IgA nephropathy. In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein displays one or more histological lesions selected from the group consisting of mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary cellularity, segmental sclerosis, interstitial inflammation / tubular atrophy, and crescents.
[0140] In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein. In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein in serum or intestinal mucus. In some embodiments, the “increased level” of galactose-deficient IgA protein refers to an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein compared to a reference level of galactose-deficient IgA protein obtained from a wild-type counterpart non-human animal. The level of galactose-deficient IgA protein can be determined by well-known methods in the art, for example, Irabu H et al., J Immunol Res. 2020 May 21; 2020: 4284379; Suzuki H., Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019 Jan; 23 (1) : 26-31; and Neufeld M et al., J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Mar 19. pii: S0190-9622 (19) 30443-8, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0141] In some embodiments, the non-human animal described herein displays at least 10 folds (e.g., at least 11 folds, at least 12 folds, at least 13 folds, at least 14 folds, at least 15 folds, at least 16 folds, at least 17 folds, at least 18 folds, at least 19 folds, at least 20 folds, at least 25 folds or at least 30 folds) increase of galactose-deficient IgA protein. In some embodiments, the non-human animal described herein displays 10 to 20 folds increase of galactose-deficient IgA protein with diverse renal pathology phenotype, which indicates that the changes in glycosylation are strongly associated with the function of the human IgA, rather than the non-human (e.g., mouse) IgA in the same stimulation.
[0142] As described above, the method of making a genetically modified non-human animal provided herein may lead to changes in the structure and / or function of the endogenous Igha locus in the non-human animal. In some embodiments, a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal. In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene comprising both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the human IgA heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal provided herein comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region. In some embodiments, the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the non-human animal provided herein produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof.
[0143] In some embodiments, the non-human animal described above is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the rodent is a mouse or a rat.
[0144] IV. Uses of the Genetically Modified Non-human Animals
[0145] The non-human animal provided herein, e.g., the non-human animal comprising in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof, wherein the non-human animal displays a clinical sign of a disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgA nephropathy) , can be used as an animal model of a disease associated with IgA deposition.
[0146] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides a method for assessing efficacy of a candidate drug for treating or preventing a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal described herein, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug. If the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug, then the candidate drug would be considered as being effective for treating or preventing a disease associated with IgA deposition.
[0147] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for identifying a candidate drug that treats or prevents a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal described herein, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug. If the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgA nephropathy) , then the candidate drug would be considered as being useful for treating or preventing the disease associated with IgA deposition.
[0148] In some embodiments, the candidate drugs that can be assessed or identified using the non-human animals provided herein include candidate inhibitors of IgA (e.g., IgA1) , for example, but not limited to, a small molecule inhibitor, a nucleic acid-based inhibitor (e.g., siRNA, ribozyme, antisense construct, etc. ) , an antigen-binding protein (e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) , a blocking peptide / peptide inhibitor, an IgA protease or a functional variant thereof, a fusion protein comprising an IgA protease or a functional variant thereof.
[0149] In some embodiments, the disease associated with IgA deposition is selected from the group consisting of IgA nephropathy, herpetiform dermatitis, Henoch– purpura (also known as IgA vasculitis) , Kawasaki disease, purpura nephritis, IgA vasculitis renal impairment, IgA rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis, IgA-mediated anti-GBM disease or IgA-mediated ANCA-related vasculitis. In some embodiments, the disease associated with IgA deposition is IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis or Kawasaki disease. In some embodiments, the disease associated with IgA deposition is IgA nephropathy.
[0150] EXAMPLES
[0151] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compositions and / or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to limit the disclosure.
[0152] Materials and Methods
[0153] Animals and housing conditions
[0154] All animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of Peking University First Hospital (No. 201994 and No. 2021114) . Mice were bred and maintained under barrier conditions for human IgA1 expression validation of IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / + mice. To assess the impact of different pathogen exposures on IGHA1+ / + mice, three maintenance groups were established. Firstly, germ-free (GF) purification of IGHA1+ / + mice was achieved through embryo transfer, and their offspring were raised under sterile isolated conditions. Fecal samples were regularly examined using microscopic examination and culture techniques to confirm their GF status. Secondly and thirdly, specific pathogen-free (SPF) IGHA1+ / + mice were either maintained in barrier conditions or transferred to non-barrier conditions at 4 weeks of age, resembling conventional (CV) farmed animals. At 16 weeks of age, the mice were euthanized, and their kidneys were collected for histological examination after embedding in Optimal Cutting Temperature compound or fixing in 10%formalin. Additionally, 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice housed under barrier conditions were intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 μg / g LCWE emulsified with 2 μg / g CFA or PBS three times per week for the first 2 weeks, followed by once per week for the subsequent 2 weeks. The observation period extended until the mice reached 8 months of age.
[0155] Urine, terminal serum, spleen (SP) , small intestine (SI) , inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) , mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) , Peyer’s patches (PPs) , femurs, and small intestine mucus diluted in 3 mL PBS were collected for further analysis.
[0156] Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real-Time Quantitative (RT-qPCR)
[0157] IGHA1 gene were identified by Mouse Direct PCR kit (B40015, Bimake) from the tail or ear clip DNA of mice. Based on TRIzol (15596026, Invitrogen) or RNAsimple Total RNA Extraction Kit (DP419, TIANGEN) , RNA from mouse tissues was extracted, and then the RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA by GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription (A2801, Promega) . The cDNA and primers were combined with PowerUpTM SYBRTM Green Master Mix (A25742, Invitrogen) for RT-qPCR analysis on the 480 Instrument (Roche) . GAPDH was used as an internal reference gene. Primers were listed in Table 1 below.
[0158] Table 1. RT-qPCR primers
[0159] Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot
[0160] Serum mouse IgA, IgG, IgM, human IgA1, human IgA1-mouse IgG complex and CD89 binding polymeric IgA (pIgA) complex levels were determined by ELISA. Plates were coated with goat F (ab’) 2 anti-mouse Ig (1012-01, SouthernBiotech) , F (ab’) 2 fragments of goat anti-human IgA (109-006-011, JacksonImmuno) or recombinant human CD89 protein (10414-H08H, SinoBiological) overnight. After being blocked with 1%bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1%Tween (PBST) for 2 h at room temperature (RT) , diluted serum and the standard was added to the plates for 1 h RT incubation. Then, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated goat anti-mouse IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies (1040-05, 1030-05, and 1020-05, SouthernBiotech) , HRP-conjugated mouse anti-human IgA1 (9130-05, SouthernBiotech) , HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgA α chain (ab98558, Abcam) or HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1030-05, SouthernBiotech) was used to detect mouse IgA IgG, IgM, and human IgA1 separately. And to detect LCWE specific hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1, plates was coated with 2.5μg / mL LCWE, and HRP-conjugated mouse anti-human IgA1 (9130-05, SouthernBiotech) , rat monoclonal anti-human Gd-IgA1 antibody (10777, Immuno-Biological Laboratories) plus HRP-conjugated polyclonal rabbit anti rat IgG (RS030226, Immunoway Biotechnology Company) were used for detection.
[0161] All ELISA tests mentioned above were detected by the tetramethylbenzidine liquid substrate system. The optical density was measured at 450 nm with wavelength correction at 570 nm. Serum galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) levels were measured using the Gd-IgA1 Assay Kit (27600, Immuno-Biological Laboratories) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
[0162] Serum (0.02 μl / sample) were loaded with non-reducing loading buffer to gradient SDS-PAGE (8012011, BioSci, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) and electrophoresed for 2h at 150V; subsequently, they were transferred to a 0.45μm PVDF membrane. For N-acetylgalactosamine residues (GalNAc) detection, 2μg FPLC purified hIgA was desialylated by neuraminidase (GK80040, Agilent) as one sample. After blocking with 5%skim milk, the membrane was incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgA (1040-05, SouthernBiotech) or HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgA α chain (ab98558, Abcam) for IgA detection for 1h at room temperature. The membranes were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence.
[0163] Urinary analyses
[0164] Urine albumin was determined by ELISA. Plates were coated with goat anti-mouse albumin (A90-134A, Bethyl Laboratories) overnight. After being blocked with 1%BSA in PBST for 2 h at RT, diluted urine and the standard was added to the plates for 1 h RT incubation. Then, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated anti mouse albumin (A90-134P, Bethyl Laboratories) was used as the detection antibody. Optical density was measured as mentioned above. Urinary creatinine levels were measured using a creatinine assay kit (DICT-500; BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA) . Urine albumin / creatinine ratio (ACR, mg / g) was used to define renal function.
[0165] Flow cytometry assays
[0166] The SP, PPs, MLNs, and ILNs were ground, and bone marrow (BM) was flushed out with 2%fetal bovine serum (FBS) in PBS to single cells. Then, the suspensions were filtered through a 100-μm cell strainer. Erythrocytes of the spleen, bone marrow, and whole blood were lysed by RBC lysis buffer (420301, Biolegend) , and then cells were washed in 2%FBS in PBS. The small intestine was opened longitudinally, cut into small pieces, and washed in RPMI for 30 min at 200 rpm. Subsequently, the washed tissue was digested for 35 min at 37℃ in 20ml RPMI containing Collagenase IV (V900893, Sigma) , Dispase II (04942078001M, Roche) , and DNase I (SLBF7798V, Sigma) . Then, the digested tissues were filtered through a 100-μm cell strainer and washed at least 2 times with 2%FBS in PBS. The lymphocytes of the digested intestine tissue were isolated by gradient centrifugation with Histopaque-1083 (10831, Sigma) .
[0167] Single-cell suspensions were blocked with TruStain FcX (101320, BioLegend) , and stained with APC / Cy7-conjugated B220 (RA3-6B2, Biolegend) , FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgA (1040-30, SouthernBiotech) , and AF647-conjugated anti-human IgA1 (9130-31, SouthernBiotech) . After being washed three times, cells were resuspended in PBS with 2%FBS for data collection through a flow cytometer (Verse, BD) . In the B220+ cell gates, percentages of mouse IgA or human IgA1 expression were analyzed.
[0168] LCWE preparation
[0169] Cell wall extract of Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11578) was obtained as described earlier (Wan F, Wang H, Wang M, et al., J Pathol 2022; 257 (3) : 262-273) . In brief, the bacteria were harvested during the exponential growth phase, which was grown in MRS broth (BD) . The bacteria were incubated with 4%sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) overnight. The cell-wall fragments were washed at least 8 times to remove residual SDS. The treated cell wall fragment was sonicated for 2 hours by cooling in a dry ice / ethanol bath. After sonication, the cell wall fragments were centrifuged for 1 hour at 38 000 rpm at 4℃, and the supernatant was harvested. The total rhamnose content of the cell wall was determined by the colorimetric phenol-sulfuric acid extraction technique as described earlier (Lehman TJ, Walker SM, Mahnovski V, et al., Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28: 652-659) . LCWE used in the IgA kidney deposition murine model was emulsified with CFA as previously published (Wan F, Wang H, Wang M, et al., J Pathol 2022; 257: 262-273) .
[0170] Tissue fixation, staining, and histopathology
[0171] Fresh kidney tissues were embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound and cryo-sectioned at 2 μm. The frozen sections were stained overnight with the following antibodies: Dylight 488-conjugated anti-human IgA (ab98553, Abcam) , AF488-conjugated anti-mouse IgA (1040-30, SouthernBiotech) , rat anti-mouse CD31 (553370, BD Pharmingen) plus Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated anti-rat IgG (ab150166, Abcam) and rabbit anti-C3 / C3b antibody (ab200999, Abcam) plus cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (A0516, Beyotime Biotechnology) . After being sealed with DAPI Fluoromount-G (0100-20, SouthernBiotech) , the sections were imaged with a confocal microscope (LSM780, Zeiss) .
[0172] Kidneys, small intestines, spleen, and were collected, fixed in 10%Formalin solution, and embedded in paraffin blocks. All sections used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry were 2.5 μm thick. Kidneys were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or periodic acid-Schiff or Masson via standard protocols. After antigen retrieval, the intestine with Peyer patches and spleen were stained with HRP-conjugated anti-human IgA or HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgA. After the standard operation for the DAB chromogen system, nuclear counterstaining with hematoxylin, the sections were sealed with neutral balsam. For the small intestines and kidney Gd-IgA1 staining, dewaxed paraffin sections were subjected to antigen retrieval using 0.05%bacterial protease subtilisin A (P5380, Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature for 30 minutes. Nonspecific binding was blocked with 3%bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline blocking solution. Sections were incubated for 1 hour at 37℃ with rat monoclonal anti-human Gd-IgA1 antibody (10777, Immuno-Biological Laboratories) , followed by Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG (ab150166, Abcam) for 30 minutes at 37℃. And they were also stained with Dylight 488-conjugated anti-human IgA (ab98553, Abcam) and DAPI Fluoromount-G (0100-20, SouthernBiotech) , then imaged with a confocal microscope (LSM780, Zeiss) .
[0173] Immunofluorescence semi-quantification of kidneys was assessed by the fluorescence intensity in the glomerular mesangial area. And the small intestines’ mean fluorescence intensity was assessed by the ratio of positive integrated density to villus areas.
[0174] Electron microscopy
[0175] Kidneys tissues from treated mice were sliced into small pieces (approximately 1 mm3) , fixed in 2.5%glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, post-fixed in 1%osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon 812 resin. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using a transmission electron microscope (JEM-1230; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) .
[0176] B cell receptor repertoire sequencing (BCR seq)
[0177] About 1 cm terminal ileum tissue with PPs was washed in PBS three times and then preserved in RNA later (AM7020, Invitrogen) . RNA extraction, library preparation and data analysis of high throughput sequencing were all conducted by Seqhealth Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China) . Total RNAs were extracted from samples using TRIzol (15596018, Invitrogen) and DNA digestion was carried out by DNaseI (EN0521, Thermo Scientific) . RNA quality was determined by examining A260 / A280 with NanodropTMOneC spectrophotometer (ND-ONEC-W, Thermo Scientific) . RNA Integrity was confirmed by 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis. Qualified RNAs were finally quantified by QubitTM 3 fluorometer (Q33216, Invitrogen) with QubitTM RNA HS Assay kit (Q32855, Invitrogen) .
[0178] About 2μg total RNA of each sample was used for BCR sequencing library preparation using KC-DigitalTM Stranded BCR-seq Library Prep Kit for 150 (DT0815-02, Seqhealth Technology) following the manufacturer’s instruction. The kit eliminates duplication bias in PCR and sequencing steps, by using unique molecular identifier (UMI) of 8 random bases to label the pre-amplified cDNA molecules. The library products corresponding to 250-500 bp were enriched, quantified and finally sequenced on NovaSeq Raw sequencing data was first filtered by SOAPnuke (version 1.6.0) , then clean reads were first clustered according to the UMI sequences, in which reads with the same UMI sequence were grouped into the same cluster. The de-duplicated consensus sequences were used for BCR-seq analysis. They were mapped to the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database using MiXCR software (version 3.0.3) to obtain V, D and J fragment rearrangement and CDR3 sequences. P≤0.05 or fold change >2 was used to screen significant differentially expressed genes. The diversity of BCR was determined by the diversity of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) . The CDR3 sequence, holding the greatest change in the functional epitope of antibody, is called a same clone when made up of identical V-D-J genes, then Shannon’s entropy and Simpson’s index were introduced to verify the BCR diversity by the number of non-duplicate clones.
[0179] Shannon’s entropy:
[0180] Simpson’s index:
[0181] Quantitative analysis of O-glycopeptides in the IgA1 hinge region (HR) using LC-MS analysis
[0182] The terminal serum was diluted to 1 ml with phosphate base saline (PBS) solution for hIgA1 purification. The IgA1 fractions were purified using HiTrap NHS-Activated HP affinity chromatography column (17-0716-01, Cytiva) coupled with F (ab’) 2 fragments of goat anti-human IgA antibody (109-006-011, JacksonImmuno) in FPLC syste. The column was washed with PBS (pH=7.3) and the fractions were eluted with glycine (pH=2.7) . The eluted liquids were immediately neutralized by tris buffer (pH=9.0) , then pooled and concentrated by ultrafiltration with 30 kDa regenerated cellulose membrane (UFC8030, Ultra-4, Miliipore) .
[0183] The purified serum hIgA1 was loaded with non-reducing loading buffer to gradient SDS-PAGE (8012011, BioSci, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) and electrophoresed for 1.5-2 h at 150V. Then the gel was stained by Coomassie Protein Stain (ab119211, Abcam) , and the gel containing monomer and dimer hIgA1 was cut for O-glycosylation analysis.
[0184] Bands were cut into smaller pieces (1 mm x 1 mm) and washed in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate at 37℃. The gel pieces were shrunk in 100%acetonitrile (ACN) three times, and rehydrated respectively in 10 mM DTT of 50 mM AmBic, in 55 mM iodoacetamide of 50 mM AmBic, or in a small volume (10 μL) of 50 mM AmBic. Then the small volume solvent was digested with trypsin at 37 ℃ for 18 hours followed by PNGase F treatment at 37 ℃ for 4 hours. The glycosylated Peptides were further enriched by a commercial HILIC column, dried and reconstituted in 10 μL of 0.1 %formic acid prior to analysis.
[0185] The peptides were first separated with a Thermo Scientific EASY-nLCTM 1200 nano LC system (Thermo Fisher, San Jose) using trap-elute mode and then emitted into a Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Eclipse mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, San Jose) supplied with FAIMS Pro (Thermo Fisher, San Jose) . Solvent A was 0.1%formic acid in water, while solvent B was 0.1%formic acid in 80%ACN. After loading for 3 min with a flow rate of 10 μL / min in the trap column (Thermo Scientific Acclaim PepMap 100 C18, 75μm*2cm, 3μm, ) , all of the peptides were further eluted in the analytical column (Thermo Scientific Acclaim PepMap RSLC, 75μm*25cm, 1.9μm, ) with a flow rate of 250 nL / min using a gradient of 8%to 30%solvent B for 127 min and 30%to 90%solvent B for 16 min. This was followed by a 14 min washing.
[0186] The full scan mass spectra were recorded in positive ion mode over a scan range from 350 to 2000 m / z with a 60000 resolution (at 200 m / z) . The AGC target and maximum injection time was set to 4e5 and 50 ms. A top 1 s setting was used for the dd-MS2 scan with a 30s dynamic exclusion. Data was collected with FAMIS Pro at -45V and -65V. Calibrated charge-dependent ETD parameters and 27%NCE HCD supplemental activation was used to obtain the EThcD spectra with resolution set to 30000 (at 200 m / z) , AGC target set to 4e5, and maximum injection time set to 400 ms.
[0187] The glycopeptide fragmentation data were extracted from the raw file using ByonicTM (Version 3.8.13) and ByologicR software (Version 3.8-11-x64; Protein Metrics Inc. ) with the mass tolerance for the precursors and fragment ions set at ±10 and ±20 ppm, respectively. The Protein Metrics 78 O-linked glycan library was specified as O-glycan modifications to analyze the intact O-glycopeptides, which contain the HR peptide HYTNPSQDVTVPCPVPSTPPTPSPSTPPTPSPSCCHPR and O-glycans. A 1%false discovery rate (FDR) was applied. The summed area under curve (AUC) in extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of interested O-glycopeptide was recorded. Each glycopeptide content was described by AUC ratio to total glycopeptide content. Then the average HR O-glycan composition of each sample was calculated.
[0188] Statistical Analyses
[0189] Continuous normal distribution variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) . Non-normally distributed variables are represented by median and interquartile spacing (IQR) . T-tests or Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Least Significance Difference (LSD) post hoc multiple comparisons were used to compare differences between two or more groups of normally distributed data, supplemented by linear trend tests.
[0190] IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software (SPSS Company, Chicago, Illinois, USA) and GraphPad Prism 9 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California) were used for all statistical methods and charts. In the two-sided test, statistical significance was considered of P<0.05.
[0191] EXAMPLE 1. Generation of IGHA1+ / + Mice
[0192] In this study, the inventors constructed human immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 knock-in (IGHA1+ / +) mice and investigated the effects of different levels of pathogen exposure on hIgA1 expression and glycosylation. The IGHA1+ / + mice were generated by GemPharmatech Co. Ltd Company (Nanjing, China) , and the targeting strategy is shown in FIG. 1A. Briefly, the IGHA1+ / + mice were generated utilizing the CRISPR / Cas9 system (Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, et al., Science (New York, NY) 2013; 339 (6121) : 819-823) using Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA (the sequences of sgRNAs are shown in Table 2 below) , and a donor, which were co-injected into C57BL / 6J zygotes using microinjection methods. In other words, the human IGHA1 genomic fragment (its nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33) replaced the murine Igha gene locus. The amino acid sequence of the human IgA1 heavy chain constant region expressed by the humanized mice is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. Subsequently, the embryos were implanted into pseudopregnant females to generate C57BL / 6J F0 mice. The mice were screened through PCR analysis using specific primers (the sequences of primers are shown in Table 3 below) . This assay also determined the IGHA1 genotypes and confirmed the transmission of the humanized IGHA1 allele through the germ line. The F0 mice were then backcrossed onto C57BL / 6J mice for two generations to obtain homozygosity for the replacement of the endogenous mouse Igha gene with the human IGHA1 gene.
[0193] Table 2. gRNA sequence
[0194] Table 3. Genotype primers
[0195] PCR analysis of tail DNA from representative WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice confirmed the successful replacement of the murine Igha gene with the human IGHA1 gene (Figure 6A) . Expression of hIgA1 and mouse IgA mRNA in the white blood cells of each group demonstrated that human IgA1 could be properly translated in IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / +mice (Figure 6B) . The circulating levels of human IgA1 protein in IGHA1+ / + mice were comparable to the levels of mouse IgA protein in WT controls (Figure 6C) . As anticipated, mouse IgA was not detected in IGHA1+ / + mice. Western blot analysis of serum samples from each group confirmed the expression of chimeric IgA1 as a complete immunoglobulin (Figure 1B) .
[0196] The majority of IgA is secreted by IgA plasma cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. To assess the normal expression of the human IGHA1 gene in immune and mucosal organs, mRNA expression of mouse IgA and human IgA1 in the spleen (Figure 6D) and the small intestine (Figure 6E) was examined in WT, IGHA1+ / -, and IGHA1+ / + mice. Consistent with the absence of mouse IgA in the blood cells of IGHA1+ / + mice, normal production of chimeric human IgA1 was observed in IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / + mice. Flow cytometry analysis of multiple organs (represented as B220+ cells) demonstrated the expression of the human IGHA1 gene in the spleen, small intestine, bone marrow, and lymph node of IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / + mice, but not in WT mice (Figure 6F-I) . These results indicated that the IgA expression system in IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / + mice matched that of WT mice.
[0197] Immunohistochemistry analysis of tissues for the presence of mouse IgA and human IgA revealed a similar pattern of antibody-secreting cell localization in lymphoid and mucosal tissues of IGHA1+ / -and IGHA1+ / + mice compared to WT mice. Plasma cells were located around rare Peyer’s patches (Figure 1C) and in the enteric lamina propria along with the intestinal crypts (Figure 1D) . Overall, the human IGHA1 gene was fully expressed, replacing mouse IgA in IGHA1+ / + mice.
[0198] To confirm the ability of IGHA1+ / + mice to generate a diverse range of immunoglobulins through variable, diversity, and joining gene (V-D-J) rearrangement, somatic hypermutation (SHM) , and class switch recombination (CSR) , the inventors conducted B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing of terminal ileum tissue with Peyer’s patches. Using specific primers for amplification of immunoglobulin subtypes (hIgA1, IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE) , the inventors found that IGHA1+ / + mice exhibited a similar composition of immunoglobulin subtypes as WT mice (Figure 1E) . The main subtypes in the terminal ileum tissue of IGHA1+ / + mice and WT mice were hIgA1 (>90%) and IgA, respectively. The inventors defined identical V-D-J genes as a clone and assessed BCR diversity using Shannon’s entropy and Simpson’s index, which measure the number of non-duplicate clones. Higher values of Shannon’s entropy and Simpson’s index indicate greater BCR diversity in the sample (Feutrill, A. and M. Roughan, Entropy (Basel) , 2021.23 (8) ) . The diversity distribution of hIgA1 in IGHA1+ / + mice and mouse IgA in WT mice were similar, although the absolute number of hIgA1 clones was slightly increased. The frequency of V and J gene usage in hIgA1 was also similar to that in mouse IgA (Figure 1F, Figure 7A) . Moreover, the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences, which exhibit the greatest diversity of functional epitopes and typically range from 8 to 20 amino acids, displayed a uniform normal distribution in hIgA1 and IgA (Figure 1G) . While there was an increase in BCR clusters in IGHA1+ / + mice compared to WT mice, there were no significant deviations in the cluster analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chains (IGH) as shown in the Venn diagram, which revealed 3055 common IGH sequences (Figure 7B) . The distribution of the first 100 clusters of IGH was uniformly distributed, and there was no significant difference between the two strains (Figure 7C) . Overall, IGHA1+ / + mice successfully underwent class switching and affinity maturation to synthesize various immunoglobulin types, similar to WT mice, to cope with the complexities of mucosal immunity.
[0199] EXAMPLE 2. Generation and Characterization of LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + Mice
[0200] Pathogen Exposure Promotes hIgA1 Production in Multi-organs
[0201] IgA is the most abundant antibody isotype produced in humans, predominantly present in the mucosal areas but is also present in the blood ( M. and The Role of IgA in the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci, 2019.20 (24) ) . In the human body, IgA can be found in three main forms: monomeric (mIgA) , polymeric (mostly dimeric; pIgA, dIgA) , and IgA-containing complexes. All GF, SPF and CV housed IGHA1+ / + mice synthesized the three forms of hIgA1 (Figure 2A-B, Figure 8A) . And with elevated levels of pathogen exposure, both mIgA (approximately 160 kD) and pIgA especially dIgA (approximately 340 kD) of IGHA1+ / + mice serum have increased. Housing condition also changed the serum Gd-IgA1 levels (Figure 2B) . IGHA1+ / + mice housed in CV condition held an elevated Gd-IgA1 production indicating the influence of infection to Gd-IgA1 output.
[0202] To determine the origin of elevated serum hIgA1, the inventors measured the mRNA expression level of IGHA1 in lymphocyte cells from the SP, PP, MLN, and ILN (Figure 2C) . RT-qPCR results showed that in both hIgA1-producing systemic and mucosal sites, IGHA1 mRNA expression of GF, SPF, and CV-farmed mice increased in exposure turn. Interestingly the inventors found in systemic sites like SP and ILN, SPF-housed mice had a comparable IGHA1 expression with GF while the expression levels were equivalent to CV in mucosal sites like PP and MLN. Perhaps because in the SPF condition, IGHA1+ / + mice have established commensal bacteria among mucosal sites but there weren’t enough pathogens to stimulate abundant systemic hIgA1 production.
[0203] In humans and mice, nearly 80%of the total plasma cells in the body are located in the intestinal mucosa, where they secrete dimeric IgA (Tezuka, H. and T. Ohteki, Regulation of IgA Production by Intestinal Dendritic Cells and Related Cells. Front Immunol, 2019.10: p. 1891) . Few hIgA1+ cells were detected in the SI lamina propria of GF mice. The inventors recognized a remarkable increase in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of SI hIgA+plasma cells while IGHA1+ / + mice were colonized with commensal bacteria (Figure 2D-E) . These results indicated that elevated serum hIgA1 originated from multiple immune tissues, both systemic and mucosal sites are involved in this process.
[0204] Serum Gd-IgA1 and hIgA1-containing complex levels increased in the LCWE antigen-induced IGHA1+ / + mice
[0205] LCWE used in the IgA kidney deposition murine model was emulsified with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) as previously published (Wan F, Wang H, Wang M, et al., J Pathol 2022; 257: 262-273) . 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice housing in barrier conditions were injected i.p. with LCWE (emulsified with CFA) or PBS for 8 times and observed until they reached 8 months of age (Figure 3A, Figure 9A) . Gd-IgA1 has been identified as the initial trigger in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (Wyatt, R.J. and B.A. Julian, IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med, 2013. 368 (25) : p. 2402-14; Lai, K.N., et al., IgA nephropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016. 2: p. 16001; Novak, J., et al., Aberrant Glycosylation of the IgA1 Molecule in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018. 38 (5) : p. 461-476) and it’s well known that circulatory IgA-containing immune complexes are pathogenic, which is the most frequent form of kidney deposition (Zhang, X., et al., Poly-IgA Complexes and Disease Severity in IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2021. 16 (11) : p. 1652-1664; He, J.W., et al., Perspectives on how mucosal immune responses, infections and gut microbiome shape IgA nephropathy and future therapies. Theranostics, 2020. 10 (25) : p. 11462-11478) . After LCWE antigen stimulation, IGHA1+ / + mice output LCWE specific hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1 (Figure 3B) . The serum Gd-IgA1 absolute value and relative proportion to hIgA1 were significantly increased in the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + (also named as “IGHA+ / + -LCWE” in the present application) mice (Figure 3C-D) . And both hIgA1-mouse IgG complex and CD89 binding pIgA complex developed to a higher level after stimulation even at 8 months old (Figure 3E) . Serum IgM increased with age and IgG reached the peak immediately after stimulation (Figure 9B) .
[0206] Serum hIgA1 from PBS and LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice were purified, and the hIgA1 protein in the gel was stained and verified by anti-hIgA1 antibody (Figure 3F) . Then the hIgA1 gel band was cut down and sent to LC-MS analysis of the hIgA1 HR O-glycopeptides (Figure 10) . Compared with PBS group, the Gal / GalNAc ratio in IgA1 HR of LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice was dropped, while the number of GalNAc residues remained unchanged (Figure 3G-H) .
[0207] Overall, with strong mucosal stimulation, Gd-IgA1 and hIgA1 immune complex all elevated consecutively which simulated the first to third hit of ‘multi-hit’ hypothesis.
[0208] TD and TI pathways were responsible for the boosting mucosal origin Gd-IgA1
[0209] The terminal ileum, which is a place concentrated with PPs, serves as a major site for antigen sampling and immune induction in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) 50. hIgA1 and Gd-IgA1 concentrations were higher in the small intestinal mucus of the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice (Figure 4A) . To figure out the process of boosting Gd-IgA1+ plasma cells in the SI lamina propria (Figure 4B) , the mRNA levels of the terminal ileum were analyzed. B cell undergoing class switch recombination to IgA1 production in the intestine was regulated by both T-cell-dependent (TD) and -independent (TI) immune responses (Tezuka, H. and T. Ohteki, Regulation of IgA Production by Intestinal Dendritic Cells and Related Cells. Front Immunol, 2019. 10: p. 1891) . TGFβ was compromised with both TD and TI pathways, and the inventors observed a thousand-fold transcriptional increase in the LCWE-induced group compared with the other three groups (Figure 4E) . And through the TI pathway, IgA1 class switching directly occurred in response to BAFF and APRIL secreted by Toll-like receptor ligand-activated DCs in the PPs and lamina propria (Barratt, J., et al., Why Target the Gut to Treat IgA Nephropathy? Kidney Int Rep, 2020. 5 (10) : p. 1620-1624; Coppo, R., The Gut-Renal Connection in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018. 38 (5) : p. 504-512) . With LCWE stimulation, BAFF and APRIL mRNA levels grew among terminal ileum tissues (Figure 4C-D) . The transcription of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) was also elevated (Figure 4F) which is expressed in DCs and macrophages and mediates large amounts of NO production, inducing TGFβ receptor on B cells in the TD pathway and BAFF and APRIL expressions on DCs in the TI pathway (Tezuka, H. and T. Ohteki, Regulation of IgA Production by Intestinal Dendritic Cells and Related Cells. Front Immunol, 2019. 10: p. 1891) . That is to say, the inflammatory cytokines transcriptional levels in both TD and TI pathways were elevated, allowing pathogen-stimulated IGHA1+ / + mice to produce more Gd-IgA1-secreting plasma cells in the intestine.
[0210] Gd-IgA1 initiated severe complement activation and pathological injuries in the kidney
[0211] Consistent with the gradient elevated serum hIgA1 and hIgA1-containing complexes levels, the inventors observed deposition of hIgA1 especially Gd-IgA1 in the glomerular mesangial areas of the LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice which showed a continuous and stable human IgA1 (positive rate: 100%) kidney mesangial deposition with C3 co-deposits (positive rate: 80%) until 8 months old (Figure 5A) . LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice compromised an increased semi-quantitative score of C3 and hIgA1 than the PBS group (Figure 5B-C) . Histology demonstrated a significant rise in mesangial expansion, hypercellularity and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Electron microscopy showed typical mesangial electron-dense deposits in LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice (Figure 5D) . Unlike the Kawasaki disease mouse model (Noval Rivas, M., et al., Intestinal Permeability and IgA Provoke Immune Vasculitis Linked to Cardiovascular Inflammation. Immunity, 2019. 51 (3) : p. 508-521. e6) , LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice shared no heart vessels or aorta inflammation (Figure 11A) . Compared with LCWE induced wild type mice reported earlier (C3 positive rate: 30%) (Wan, F., et al., Sustained release of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract can induce a continuous and stable IgA deposition model. J Pathol, 2022. 257 (3) : p. 262-273) , because of the pathological Gd-IgA1, LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice had severer complement C3 activation, mesangial expansion and endocapillary hypercellularity (see Table 4 below) . But there were no significant differences in clinical indicators such as serum creatinine, urea nitrogen or urine albumin creatinine ratio through stimulation (Figure 11B) .
[0212] Table 4. Pathologic features of PBS-induced IGHA1+ / + mice, LCWE-induced WT (C57BL / 6) and IGHA1+ / + mice according to Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy.
[0213] Discussion
[0214] Insights from IgAN model can provide valuable information on various aspects of IgAN pathogenesis and aid in the development of IgAN-specific drugs (Suzuki, H. and Y. Suzuki, Murine Models of Human IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018. 38 (5) : p. 513-520) . Mucosal polymeric IgA and Gd-IgA1 are important in pathogenesis of IgAN (Schena, F.P. and S.N. Cox, Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018. 38 (5) : p. 521-530) . The novel IgAN mouse model described here can further advance our understanding of the disease. The inventors successfully constructed an IGHA1+ / + mouse model that expresses chimeric hIgA1 with an intact O-glycosylated hinge region. Upon pathogen exposure and robust antigen stimulation, the mucosal highly-secreting and HR hypogalactosylation hIgA1 showed remarkably kidney deposition, stronger effect in activating complement and initiate inflammation injuries.
[0215] The IGHA1+ / + mouse model prepared in this application successfully expressed chimeric hIgA1 with human IgA1 heavy chain constant region and mouse variable region, but no mouse IgA. During immune response, B lymphocyte progenitors rearrange V (D) J gene segments to generate the antigen binding regions of BCR (Cooper, M.D. and M.N. Alder, The evolution of adaptive immune systems. Cell, 2006. 124 (4) : p. 815-22) , undergo SHM and CSR to produce high-affinity antibody with biological effector functions (Tezuka, H. and T. Ohteki, Regulation of IgA Production by Intestinal Dendritic Cells and Related Cells. Front Immunol, 2019. 10: p. 1891) . The BCR seq result in identical immunoglobulin gene structure of IGHA1+ / + mice and WT mice. Compared with α1KI mice lacking mouse IgM and present mouse IgA (Duchez, S., et al., Premature replacement of mu with alpha immunoglobulin chains impairs lymphopoiesis and mucosal homing but promotes plasma cell maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010. 107 (7) : p. 3064-9) , IGHA1+ / + mouse could better to defend against pathogens and mimic human mucosal immunity. In the human body, 75–90%serum IgA is monomeric, 10–15%in polymeric form, and 1%bound in circulating immune complexes ( M. and The Role of IgA in the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci, 2019. 20 (24) ) . The third hit of IgAN ‘multi-hit’ hypothesis is the formation of Gd-IgA1-containing immune complexes, which may form as self-aggregates, in complex with anti-Gd-IgA1 antibodies (IgG or IgA) or with soluble CD89 (Selvaskandan, H., J. Barratt, and C.K. Cheung, Immunological drivers of IgA nephropathy: Exploring the mucosa-kidney link. Int J Immunogenet, 2022. 49 (1) : p. 8-21) . The levels of poly-IgA immune complex were significantly higher in IgAN patients compared to healthy controls (Zhang, X., et al., Poly-IgA Complexes and Disease Severity in IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2021. 16 (11) : p. 1652-1664) . Mouse didn’t express CD89, but the inventors could use recombinant CD89 affinity probe as an ex vivo tool to measure poly-hIgA1 levels in IGHA1+ / + mouse serum. With stronger pathogen exposure, not only hIgA1-IgG complex, but also CD89 binding poly-hIgA1 complex levels were significantly increased. Furthermore, increased serum levels of Gd-IgA1 have been reported in up to 90%of patients with IgAN from different cohorts across the globe (Zhang, H. and J. Barratt, Is IgA nephropathy the same disease in different parts of the world? Semin Immunopathol, 2021. 43 (5) : p. 707-715) . The inventors verified the hIgA1 hinge region of IGHA1+ / + mice was O-glycosylated. And with LCWE stimulation, qualitatively the HR showed a decreased Gal modification. Moreover, serum Gd-IgA1 level elevated five-fold changes than control quantitatively. The inventors firstly reported an elevated Gd-IgA1 mouse model in the world.
[0216] The functions and effects of chimeric IgA1 in IGHA1+ / + mice are associated with symbiotic flora and inflammatory responses (Monteiro, R.C., Role of IgA and IgA fc receptors in inflammation. J Clin Immunol, 2010. 30 (1) : p. 1-9; Wilmore, J.R., et al., Commensal Microbes Induce Serum IgA Responses that Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe, 2018. 23 (3) : p. 302-311. e3) . Emerging evidence confirms a pivotal role for mucosal immunity connected with the pathogenesis of IgAN (Gesualdo, L., V. Di Leo, and R. Coppo, The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy. Semin Immunopathol, 2021. 43 (5) : p. 657-668) . Experimental findings in the current IgAN-like mice model support the idea that mucosal polymeric IgA by mucosal exposure to food and microbial antigens can induce IgAN-like injury in the glomerulus (McCarthy, D.D., et al., Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest, 2011. 121 (10) : p. 3991-4002; Kano, T., et al., Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is the major induction site for nephritogenic IgA in murine IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int, 2021. 100 (2) : p. 364-376; Monteiro, R.C. and Y. Suzuki, Are there animal models of IgA nephropathy? Semin Immunopathol, 2021. 43 (5) : p. 639-648) . In the secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes, SP, PP, and other MALT such as GALT, T and B cell reside there and interact with entrapped antigen (Megha, K.B. and P.V. Mohanan, Role of immunoglobulin and antibodies in disease management. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021. 169: p. 28-38) . Human IgA1 expression of IGHA1+ / + mouse housed in CV condition boosted in these immuno-inducible sites compared to SPF condition. However, hIgA+ and Gd-IgA1+ plasma cells appeared in large numbers in SI lamina propria of LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice, which may reflected a germinal center (GC) -independent or a shorter GC participation in generation of IgA+ B cells induced by LCWE (Seifert, M. and R. Küppers, Human memory B cells. Leukemia, 2016. 30 (12) : p. 2283-2292) . mRNA levels of terminal ileum interpreted that not only TD but also TI pathway influence mucosal hIgA1 synthesis. Therefore, LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice are very suitable for studying the mucosa-kidney axis in IgA nephropathy.
[0217] LCWE-induced mice exhibited pathological features with IgA1 and C3 deposits. With observation to 8-month age, our model presented the histological lesions of IgAN like mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary cellularity, segmental sclerosis, interstitial inflammation, tubular atrophy, and a few mice showed crescents formation. In comparison with LCWE induced wild type mice reported earlier (Wan, F., et al., Sustained release of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract can induce a continuous and stable IgA deposition model. J Pathol, 2022. 257 (3) : p. 262-273) , because of stronger ability in activating complement of pathological Gd-IgA1, LCWE-induced IGHA1+ / + mice had severer complement C3 activation, mesangial expansion and endocapillary hypercellularity than WT-LCWE mice or PBS-LCWE mice.
[0218] In summary, the inventors established the first elevated serum Gd-IgA1 mouse model in the world. In the future, the animal model will not only be used to explore the mechanism of IgA nephropathy affecting genetic and environmental factors but also help to explore new therapeutic strategies or promote the development of new drugs. Our group has explored the in vivo effect of the chimeric fusion of IgA protease with Fc using IGHA1+ / + mice (Xie, X., et al., Chimeric Fusion between Clostridium Ramosum IgA Protease and IgG Fc Provides Long-Lasting Clearance of IgA Deposits in Mouse Models of IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2022. 33 (5) : p. 918-935) . Thus, this model holds great promise in advancing drug development for IgAN and facilitating clinical translation.
[0219] EXAMPLE 3. Immune stimulation with different immunostimulants
[0220] At the baseline, 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice were intraperitoneally injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, Catalog # F5881) alone, once per two weeks for a total of 6 injections, at a dose of 2μg / g mouse weight per injection. Samples were taken from the 5-month-old to 7.5-month-old mice for several times.
[0221] The results indicated that the levels of human IgA1, mouse IgG, mouse IgM, human IgA1-mouse IgG complex in the serum of 5-month-old mice were all significantly increased (Figure 12) .
[0222] Positive rates of human IgA, C3, IgM and IgG, as measured by immunofluorescence in frozen section of kidney of 7.5-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice (No. 6~14 mice, 9 mice in total) , were 100%, 88.9%, 100%and 33.3%, respectively (Figure 13) .
[0223] In the PAS pathological staining assay of kidney, increased matrix was found in the glomerular mesangial area of one 4-month-old mouse (No. 1 mouse) ; increased matrix and cells, significantly increased endothelial cells, and segmental glomerular sclerosis were found in the glomerular mesangial area of the 5-month-old mice (No. 2~3 mice) (Figure 14) . In addition, slight hyperplasia was found in the glomerular mesangial area of the 6-month-old mice (No. 4~5 mice) , and the lesions subsided compared to that of 5-month-old mice. For 7.5-month-old mice (No. 6~14 mice) , the lesions entered chronic stage, and proliferative lesions were found in the glomerular mesangial area of all 9 mice. For example, increased matrix and cells of glomerular mesangial area and segmental glomerular sclerosis were found in No. 6 mouse (Figure 15) .
[0224] The levels of serum creatinine (SCR) and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) were determined, and no statistically significant difference were identified between 5-month-old (6 needles) and 7.5-month-old mice. However, the ACR values of the mice with relatively severe renal pathological phenotype (such as No. 6 mouse) were significantly higher than those of other test mice and control mice (Figure 16) .
[0225] In summary, stimulation with CFA alone also caused the increase of serum IgA and complex levels in IGHA1 humanized mice, and the deposition rate of IgA in the glomerular mesangial area of 7.5-month-old mice reached 100%. Pathological changes of kidney can be divided into acute and chronic stages. During the administration period (5 months old) , there was an increase of matrix and cells in glomerular mesangial area, and an obvious increase in endothelial cells; after the administration was discontinued (6 months old) , the lesion subsided. Then the pathological changes of kidney entered the chronic phase, and the matrix and cells in the glomerulus mesangial area of the 7.5-month-old mice increased, and the glomerular segment sclerosis was found. Urinary albumin / creatinine ratio (ACR) of mice with relatively severe disease was significantly increased.
[0226] Other types of immunostimulants were also tested in the example, such as, saponin, aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) , lipopolysaccharide (LPS) , Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) , CFA, and LCWE emulsified with CFA (LCWE-CFA) . All of these immunostimulants are commercially available, for example, saponin (Sigma, Catalog # SAE0073) , aluminium hydroxide (Thermo, Catalog #77161) , lipopolysaccharide (Sigma, Catalog # L2630) , Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (Sigma, Catalog # F5506) , and CFA (Sigma Catalog# F5881) . The protocol for administration is described in Table 5 below. For each group, at the baseline, 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice were intraperitoneally injected with the respective test sample, 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice housed under barrier conditions were intraperitoneally injected three times per week for the first 2 weeks, followed by once per week for the subsequent 2 weeks. The observation period extended until the mice reached 8 months of age.
[0227] Table 5. Protocol for Administration
[0228] The serum human IgA level of each group, before and after stimulation, is shown in Figure 22A and Figure 22B. As shown in Figure 22A and Figure 22B, serum human IgA level was significantly and constantly increased in the LCWE-CFA group, and was also maintained at a relatively high level. In the Al (OH) 3, CFA and IFA groups, the serum human IgA levels were also significantly increased, but were decreased at a later stage.
[0229] The serum human IgA-mouse IgG complex level of each group, before and after stimulation, is shown in Figure 23A and Figure 23B. As shown in Figure 23A and Figure 23B, the serum human IgA-mouse IgG complex level in each of the Al (OH) 3, IFA, CFA, LCWE-CFA groups was significantly increased, and the serum human IgA-mouse IgG complex in the LCWE-CFA group achieved the highest level.
[0230] The urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of each group, before and after stimulation, is shown in Figure 24A and Figure 24B. As shown in Figure 24A and Figure 24B, the urinary ACR of each group was not significantly different.
[0231] Depositions of human IgA (hIgA) and C3, as well as PAS staining in each group, as measured by immunofluorescence and PAS pathological staining assay of kidney, were shown in Figure 25. As shown in Figure 25, both the positive rate and intensity of hIgA in LCWE-CFA group were higher than all the other groups, and the CFA group came second; both the positive rate and intensity of C3 deposition in Al (OH) 3 group were higher than all the other groups, and the LCWE-CFA group came second. In addition, increased matrix, broaden glomerular mesangial area, and significantly increased endothelial cells were observed in the groups of Al (OH) 3, CFA, and LCWE-CFA, and crescent was formed in some mice.
[0232] The semi-quantitative score of immunofluorescence images and micrographs of the mice in each group was also shown in Table 6 below and Figure 26. As shown in Figure 26, the intensity of mouse IgM in each group was not significantly different (Figure 26A) ; the intensity of human IgA (hIgA) in LCWE-CFA group were higher than all the other groups, and the CFA group came second (Figure 26B) ; the intensity of C3 deposition in Al (OH) 3 group were higher than all the other groups, and the LCWE-CFA group came second (Figure 26C) .
[0233] Table 6. Pathological staining score of 8-month-old mice’s kidneys (according to IgAN MEST-C Score)
[0234] EXAMPLE 4. Immune stimulation with different administration routes (i.p. vs. i.n. )
[0235] At the baseline, 2-month-old IGHA1+ / + mice were injected intranasally (i.n. ) or intraperitoneally (i.p. ) with PBS or LCWE emulsified with CFA (i.n. LCWE or i.p. LCWE group) , three times per week in the first two weeks and once per week in the following two weeks within an administration period of one month. Samples were taken from the 7-month-old mice.
[0236] As shown in Figure 17, the results indicated that the levels of human IgA1 and mouse IgG in the serum of 4-month-old mice of the i.p. LCWE group were both significantly increased compared to the PBS group; for the i.n. LCWE group, the level of human IgA1 had a trend of increase, but no significant difference compared to the PBS group. The levels of human IgA1, mouse IgG, mouse IgM, human IgA1-mouse IgG complex in the serum of 7-month-old mice of the i.p. LCWE group were all significantly increased. For example, the level of human IgA1 of the i.p. LCWE group was twofold the level of human IgA1 of the PBS group. However, these biomarkers were not significantly different between the i.n. LCWE group and the PBS group (Figure 17) .
[0237] As tested by immunofluorescence in frozen section of kidney of 7-month-old mice, the positive rate of human IgA1 in the i.n. LCWE group was 75%, which was lower than the rate of 100%in the i.p. LCWE group. The positive rates of C3 in the i.n. LCWE group and i.p. LCWE group were 12.5%and 40%, respectively (Figure 18) .
[0238] In the PAS pathological staining assay of kidney of the 7-month-old mice, no obvious pathological change was found in the i.n. LCWE group, while increased matrix and cells in the glomerular mesangial area were found in the i.p. LCWE group (Figure 19) .
[0239] In summary, by comparing the i.n. LCWE group and the i.p. LCWE group, the results showed that at the end of intranasal administration period (4 months old) in the i.n. LCWE group, the serum IgA of the mice was increased, and the deposition rate of IgA in the glomerular mesangial area of 7-month-old mice was 75%, which was lower than the rate of 100%in the i.p. LCWE group. The positive rate and intensity of IgA and C3 of the i.n. LCWE group were also lower than those of i.p. LCWE group. In addition, no pathological changes of kidney were found in i.n. LCWE group.
[0240] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principle and spirit of the invention and modifications, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A method of making a genetically modified non-human animal, comprising:(i) modifying a genome of a non-human animal to incorporate in its endogenous Igha locus a nucleotide comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof; and(ii) treating the non-human animal produced in step (i) with a formulation comprising an immunostimulant.2.The method of claim 1, wherein step (i) comprises introducing a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene into a pluripotent cell of the non-human animal, thereby obtaining a non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene, and making a non-human animal using the non-human animal pluripotent cell comprising the heterologous gene.3.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is introduced into the pluripotent cell of the non-human animal by using a CRISPR / Cas system.4.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the CRISPR / Cas system comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA that targets a guide RNA target sequence within the endogenous Igha locus.5.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pluripotent cell is an embryonic stem (ES) cell.6.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene.7.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region.8.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal.9.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene.10.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous gene comprising both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence.11.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof.12.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the human IgA1 heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region.13.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.14.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation comprises an immunostimulant and an antigen.15.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation consists of an immunostimulant.16.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the immunostimulant is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum adjuvant, an emulsion adjuvant, a biological adjuvant, and saponin.17.The method of any one of the preceding claims, whereinthe aluminum adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) , aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate, and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) ; optionally,the emulsion adjuvant is oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, or water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant; optionallythe biological adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof, a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (e.g., a TLR4 ligand, a TLR7 ligand, a TLR8 ligand, a TLR9 ligand) , an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA or dsRNA comprising CpG) , a cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-23) or a variant thereof, an interferon (e.g., IFN-α or IFN-γ) , a colony stimulating factor (e.g., M-CSF and GM-CSF) , tumor necrosis factor, endotoxin, and lipid (e.g., lipid A or analogs thereof) .18.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aluminum adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide; optionally the emulsion adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) , incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, MF59 and AS03; optionally the biological adjuvant is lipopolysaccharide or derivatives thereof.19.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antigen comprises a rhamnose source.20.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rhamnose source is a Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract (LCWE) .21.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein in step (ii) , the non-human animal produced in step (i) is treated with a formulation comprising a LCWE emulsified with CFA.22.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein in step (ii) , the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal.23.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal at continuous low doses.24.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation is intraperitoneally injected to the non-human animal at a dose of less than 1 μg LCWE and / or less than 5 μL CFA per gram of the non-human animal.25.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation is administered to the non-human animal for at least three months.26.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of one month at an interval of three times per week in the first two weeks, and once per week in the following two weeks; or the formulation is administered to the non-human animal produced in step (i) for a period of three months at an interval of once every two weeks.27.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate.28.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rodent is a mouse or a rat.29.A non-human animal produced by the method of any one of the preceding claims.30.A non-human animal comprising in its genome a genetically modified endogenous Igha locus comprising a heterologous gene that encodes a human IgA heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof, wherein the non-human animal displays a clinical sign of a disease associated with IgA deposition (e.g., IgA nephropathy) .31.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein.32.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal displays an increased level of galactose-deficient IgA protein in serum or intestinal mucus.33.The non-human animal of claim 1, wherein a segment or all of an endogenous non-human animal Igha gene at the endogenous non-human animal Igha locus has been deleted and replaced with a nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene.34.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal does not express endogenous non-human IgA heavy chain constant region.35.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, etc. ) of the non-human animal.36.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide comprising the heterologous gene is a genomic fragment of the human IGHA1 gene.37.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous gene comprising both human IGHA1 coding sequence and non-coding sequence.38.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal produces chimeric IgA1 whose heavy chains comprise a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region or a fragment thereof.39.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the human IgA heavy chain constant region of the non-human animal comprises an O-glycosylated hinge region.40.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous gene is human IGHA1 gene that encodes a human IgA1 heavy chain constant region or a fragment thereof.41.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-human animal is a rodent, a mammal or a non-human primate.42.The non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rodent animal is a mouse or a rat.43.Use of the non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims as an animal model of a disease associated with IgA deposition.44.The use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the disease associated with IgA deposition is selected from the group consisting of IgA nephropathy, herpetiform dermatitis, Henoch– purpura (also known as IgA vasculitis) , Kawasaki disease, purpura nephritis, IgA vasculitis renal impairment, IgA rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis, IgA-mediated anti-GBM disease or IgA-mediated ANCA-related vasculitis.45.The use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the disease associated with IgA deposition is IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis or Kawasaki disease.46.A method of assessing efficacy of a candidate drug for treating or preventing a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug.47.A method of identifying a candidate drug that treats or prevents a disease associated with IgA deposition, comprising providing a non-human animal of any one of the preceding claims, administering a candidate drug to the non-human animal, and assessing if the candidate drug inhibits one or more symptoms of the disease compared to a control non-human animal who has not been administered the candidate drug.