Unsaturated polymer electrolytes, and methods for producing and using same in electrochemical applications

Abstract

The present invention relates to the production of a polymer comprising repeating units of formula 1, where X1, X2, X3, X4 are independently, and in every instance, chosen from among O, S, NH, and NR. This polymer comprises both unsaturated units and saturated units, the latter coming from a comonomer that provides the unit X1-L1-X2 in formula 1. The polymers are suitable for use in electrolytes or in electrode materials. The present invention also relates to electrochemical cells and batteries comprising these electrolytes and to electrode materials.

Description

[0001]UNSATURATED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES, METHODS OF MAKING THEM AND THEIR USE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS RELATED APPLICATION The present application claims priority, under applicable law, from Canadian Provisional Patent Application No. 3,199,962 filed on May 19, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to the field of polymers and their use in electrochemical applications. More particularly, the present application relates to the field of solid polymers, electrolytes and electrode materials comprising them, their methods of manufacturing and their uses in electrochemical cells, in particular in so-called all-solid-state batteries.STATE OF THE ART Solid polymer electrolytes are promising materials for many technological applications since they enable the development of all-solid-state electrochemical systems that are substantially safer, lighter, more flexible, and more efficient than their counterparts based on the use of liquid electrolytes. Despite their significant advantages, these still face problems of ionic conductivity at room temperature. There is therefore a need for the development of new materials for use in all-solid-state electrochemical systems having improved properties. SUMMARY In certain aspects, embodiments of the technology as described herein comprise the following items: 1. A polymer comprising repeating units of Formula 1: wherein, R. 1 and R 2are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom and a C group 1-3 optionally substituted alkyl, preferably R 1 is a hydrogen atom, preferably R 1 and R 2 are both hydrogen atoms; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and an optionally substituted C1-12alkyl group; L 1 and L 2 are selected from a C2-C6alkylene group, C(O)C1-C6alkylene, C1-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)C2-C6alkyleneC(O), (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene, C(O)(C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene, (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)(C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkyleneC(O), a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate, and copolymer chain of at least two units selected from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; X 1 , X 2 , X 3, and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O, NH, NR, and S; or X 1 is a group -N(R)- and L 1 , X 2 are absent, where R is selected from a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate chain, and a copolymer of at least two units selected from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; and --- represents a bond with a hydrogen atom, with another repeating unit of the polymer, or with a terminal group. Polymer according to item 1, in which X 3 and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O and NH, preferably O. 3. Polymer according to item 1 or 2, in which L 2 is a (C2-C6alkyleneO) group 1- 12 C2-C6alkylene (e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, etc.). 4. Polymer according to item 1, which comprises repeating units of Formula 2: in which, R 1 , R 2 , R3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , L 1 , X 1 , and X 2 are as defined in item 1; and n is a number between 1 and 20. 5. Polymer according to any one of items 1 to 4, in which R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen atoms. 6. Polymer according to any one of items 1 to 5, in which X 1 and X 2 are chosen from O and NH. 7. Polymer according to any one of items 1 to 6, in which L 1 is chosen from a (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene group, a polyether, a polyester, or a copolymer comprising ether and ester units. 8. Polymer according to any one of items 1 to 5, in which the function X 1 -L 1 -X 2 is chosen from the structures: ; in the R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined in item 1; R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and a C group 1-12 optionally substituted alkyl; j is independently and at each occurrence a number selected from the range of 2 to 30; k is a number from 1 to 20; m is a number selected from the range of 2 to 150; p is a number between 0 and 12, preferably between 0 and 6; q is a number between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 6, it being understood that p and q are not simultaneously zero; r is a number selected from the range of 2 to 4; and s is a number selected from the range of 5 to 30. A polymer according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the repeating units are selected from Formulae 3 to 6: ; in which, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6are as defined in item 1; R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and a C group 1-12optionally substituted alkyl; j is independently and at each occurrence a number selected from the range of 2 to 30; k is a number from 1 to 20; m is a number selected from the range of 2 to 150; n is a number between 1 and 20; p is a number between 0 and 12, preferably between 0 and 6; q is a number between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 6, it being understood that p and q are not simultaneously zero; r is a number selected from the range of 2 to 4; and s is a number selected from the range of 5 to 30. 10. Polymer according to item 8 or 9, wherein the sum (p + q) is in the range of 2 to 9, preferably in the range of 3 to 6. 11. Polymer according to any one of items 8 to 10, wherein R 11 is a hydrogen atom, R 12 is an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group and p is 1. 12. Polymer according to any one of items 8 to 10, wherein R 11 and R 12are both hydrogen atoms and p is selected from the range 1 to 6. 13. A polymer according to any one of items 8 to 12, wherein R 13 and R 14 are both hydrogen atoms and q is selected from the range 2 to 6. 14. A polymer according to any one of items 8 to 12, wherein at least one of R 13 and R 14 is at least one occurrence an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group. 15. Polymer according to item 8 or 9, in which R 15 and R 16 are both hydrogen atoms at each occurrence or one of R 15 and R 16 is a one-occurrence methyl and R 15 and R 16 are both hydrogen atoms at the other occurrences when r is 2 or 3, preferably 2. 16. Polymer according to item 8, 9 or 15, wherein R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms. 17. A polymer according to any one of items 4 to 16, wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms. 18. A polymer according to any one of items 1 to 17, which comprises terminal groups selected from hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, acrylate, methacrylate, or a combination of at least two thereof. 19. A polymer according to any one of items 1 to 18, which has a number-average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5 million, or 500 to 1,000,000, or 500 to 500,000, or 500 to 250,000, or 500 to 100,000, or 500 to 75,000, or 500 to 70,000, or 500 to 65,000, or 500 to 60,000, or 500 to 55,000, or 500 to 50,000, or 1,000 to 50,000, or 1,500 to 50,000, or 2,000 to 50,000, as determined by chromatography by triple detection gel permeation. 20.An electrolyte comprising a polymer as defined in any one of items 1 to 19 and optionally a salt. 21. Electrolyte according to item 20, the electrolyte being in the form of a solid electrolyte film or gel. 22. Electrolyte according to item 20 or 21, which comprises the salt, preferably an alkali metal salt, preferably a lithium salt, preferably at a concentration of about 5% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 35%, by weight in the electrolyte. 23.Electrolyte according to item 22, wherein the salt comprises a cation of an alkali metal (preferably Li), and an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-), (flurosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R. x - (where R x = C 2-4alkyl), and a combination of at least two thereof, for example LiTFSI or LiFSI. 24. Electrolyte according to any one of items 20 to 23, which further comprises an additional polymer. 25. Electrolyte according to item 24, in which the additional polymer is chosen from polyethers, substituted polyethylenes, poly(dimethylsiloxanes), poly(alkylene carbonates), poly(alkylene sulfones), poly(alkylene sulfamides), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl alcohols), polyacrylonitriles, poly(methyl meth)acrylates, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether meth)acrylates) (PEGMA), poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl meth)acrylates), poly(meth(acrylic acid)), and copolymers thereof, and optionally comprising crosslinked units originating from crosslinkable functions, the additional polymer being linear or branched. 26.Electrolyte according to item 24, wherein the additional polymer is selected from rubber-like polymers such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), and ACM (polyacrylic rubber); fluoropolymers such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), and HFP (polyhexafluoropropylene); and a combination of at least two of these. 27. Electrolyte according to any one of items 20 to 26, which further comprises inorganic particles, preferably of amorphous, ceramic, or glass-ceramic type, for example, based on oxide, sulfide, or oxysulfide, the inorganic compound being natural or synthetic. 28.Electrolyte according to item 27, wherein the inorganic particles comprise a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from inorganic compounds of formulae MLZO (e.g., M7La3Zr2O12, M(7-a)La3Zr2AlbO12, M(7-a)La3Zr2GabO12, M. (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Your b O 12 , and M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Nb b O 12 ); MLTaO (e.g., M7La3Ta2O 12 , M5La3Ta2O 12 , and M6La3Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); MLSnO (e.g., M7La3Sn2O 12 ); MAGP (e.g., M 1+a Al a Ge 2-a (PO4)3); MATP (e.g., M 1+a Al a You 2-a (PO4)3); MLTiO (e.g., M 3a There (2 / 3-a) TiO3); MZP (e.g., M a Zr b (PO4) c ); MCZP (e.g., M a That b Zr c (PO4) d ); MGPS (e.g., M a Ge b P c S d such as M 10 GeP2S12 ); MGPSO (e.g., M a Ge b P c S d O e ); MSiPS (e.g., M a If b P c S d such as M 10 SiP2S 12 ); MSiPSO (e.g., M a If b P c S d O e ); MSnPS (e.g., M a Sn b P c S d such as M 10 SnP2S 12 ); MSnPSO (e.g., M a Sn b P c S d O e ); MPS (e.g., M a P b S c such as M7P3S 11 ); MPSO (e.g., M a P b S c O d ); MZPS (e.g., M a Zn b P c S d ); MZPSO (e.g., M a Zn b P c S d O e); xM2S-yP2S5; xM2S- yP2S5-zMX; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; xM2S- yM2O-zP2S5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; xM2S-ySiS2; MPSX (e.g., MaPbScXd such as M7P3S11X, M7P2S8X, and M6PS5X); MPSOX (e.g., MaPbScOdXe); MGPSX (MaGebPcSdXe); MGPSOX (MaGebPcSdOeXf); MSiPSX (MaSibPcSdXe); MSiPSOX (MaSibPcSdOeXf); MSnPSX (MaSnbPcSdXe); MSnPSOX (MaSnbPcSdOeXf); MZPSX (MaZnbPcSdXe); MZPSOX (MaZnbPcSdOeXf); M3OX; M2HOX; M3PO4; M3PS4; and MaPObNc (where a = 2b + 3c - 5); wherein, M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination of two or more thereof, and wherein when M comprises an alkaline earth metal ion, then the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality; X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination of two or more thereof;a, b, c, d, e, and f are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve a stable compound. The electrolyte of item 28, wherein the MLZO ceramic has the formula Li7- bLa3Zr2M; i bO12, where b is such that 0 ≤ b ≤ 1 and M i is Al, Ga, Ta, Fe, or Nb or is absent, preferably b is 0 and M i is absent. Electrolyte according to item 27, wherein the inorganic particles comprise a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from Al2O3, Mg2B2O5, Na2O·2B2O3, xMgO·yB2O3·zH2O, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, Ti2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3, CeO2, B2O3, B2O, SrBi4Ti4O 15, LLTO, LLZO, LAGP, LATP, Fe2O3, BaTiO3, γ-LiAlO2, molecular sieves and zeolites (e.g., aluminosilicate, mesoporous silica, etc.), sulfide-based ceramics (such as Li6PS5Cl, Li7P3S 11, etc.), glass-ceramics (such as LIPON, etc.), other similar ceramics, and a combination of two or more of these. 31. Electrolyte according to item 30, wherein the ceramic is an aluminosilicate-based compound. 32. Electrolyte according to item 27 or 28, wherein the ceramic is a sulfide or oxysulfide-based ceramic. 33. Electrolyte according to any one of items 27 to 32, wherein the inorganic particles are in the form of spherical, rod-shaped, needle-shaped, nanotube-shaped particles, or a combination thereof. 34. An electrolyte according to any one of items 27 to 33, wherein the inorganic particle content is in the range of about 5% to about 99%, or about 5% to about 90%, or about 10% to about 80%, or about 15% to about 40%, by weight in the electrolyte. 35.An electrolyte according to any one of items 20 to 34, which further comprises a plasticizer, preferably at a concentration of about 5% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 30%, by weight in the electrolyte. 36. An electrolyte according to item 35, wherein the plasticizer is selected from glycol diether liquids (such as tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)), carbonate esters, ionic liquids, and other similar liquids, preferably a glycol diether liquid (such as TEGDME). 37. An electrolyte according to any one of items 20 to 36, which further comprises an organic additive. 38. Electrolyte according to item 37, wherein the organic additive is selected from an ionic organic compound (e.g., an ionic plastic crystal, an ionic plastic salt, an ionic liquid, etc.) and a halogenated amide. 39.An electrode material comprising a polymer as defined in any one of items 1 to 19, an electrochemically active material, and optionally an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, or a combination of at least two of these. 40. An electrode material according to item 39, wherein the polymer acts as a binder. 41. An electrode material according to item 39, wherein the polymer acts as a coating for the particles of the electrochemically active material. 42. An electrode material according to any one of items 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from metal phosphates, lithiated metal phosphates, metal oxides, and lithiated metal oxides. 43.The electrode material of any one of items 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from LiM'PO4 (where M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of at least two thereof), LiV3O8, V2O5F, LiV2O5, LiMn2O4, Li1+wM''O2-aXb (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Al, Zr, W, Ti, Nb, V, Fe, Mo, or a combination of at least two thereof and X is F, S, or a combination of at least two thereof), Li1+w(NiM''')O2 (where M''' is Mn, Co, Mg, Al, W, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, or a combination of at least two thereof), sulfur, elemental selenium, iodine elemental, iron(III) fluoride, copper(II) fluoride, lithium iodide, carbon-based active materials such as graphite, organic cathode active materials, and a combination of two or more of these, when compatible. 44.An electrode material according to any one of items 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises a metal film comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and the polymer is present in a thin layer on the metal film, preferably the alkali metal being selected from lithium and sodium, or an alloy comprising lithium or sodium, preferably lithium or an alloy comprising lithium. 45.The electrode material of any one of items 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, and CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (e.g., LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride), a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a carbon (e.g., graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), a silicon oxide (SiO. x ), a silicon oxide-carbon composite (SiO x -C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), a tin oxide (SnO x ), a tin oxide-carbon composite (SnO x-C), and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible. 46. ​​The electrode material of item 45, wherein the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formulae M''''bOc (where M'''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof; and b and c are numbers such that the ratio c : b is in the range from 2 to 3) (e.g., MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides (e.g., NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and LiM'''''O (where M''''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof) (e.g., a lithium titanate (such as Li4Ti5O12), or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O13)). 47.An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined in any of items 39 to 46. 48. An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is as defined in any of items 20 to 38 and at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined in any of items 39 to 46. 49. An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is as defined in any of items 20 to 38.An electrochemical cell according to item 49, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material comprising an electrochemically active positive electrode material, and optionally being on a current collector. An electrochemical cell according to item 50, wherein the electrochemically active positive electrode material is selected from metal phosphates, lithiated metal phosphates, metal oxides, and lithiated metal oxides.An electrochemical cell according to item 50, wherein the positive electrode electrochemically active material is LiM'PO4 (where M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of at least two thereof), LiV3O8, V2O5F, LiV2O5, LiMn2O4, Li1+wM''O2-aXb (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Al, Zr, W, Ti, Nb, V, Fe, Mo, or a combination of at least two thereof and X is F, S, or a combination of at least two thereof), Li1+w(NiM''')O2 (where M''' is Mn, Co, Mg, Al, W, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, or a combination of at least two thereof), sulfur, elemental selenium, elemental iodine, fluoride iron(III), copper(II) fluoride, lithium iodide, carbon-based active materials such as graphite, organic cathode active materials, or a combination of two or more of these, where compatible.An electrochemical cell according to any one of items 50 to 52, wherein the positive electrode material further comprises an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, an ionic organic additive, and / or inorganic particles. An electrochemical cell according to any one of items 49 to 53, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material comprising a negative electrode electrochemically active material, and is optionally on a current collector. An electrochemical cell according to item 54, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically active material comprises a metal film comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal. 56. An electrochemical cell of item 55, wherein the alkali metal is selected from lithium and sodium, or an alloy comprising lithium or sodium, preferably lithium or an alloy comprising lithium. 57.The electrochemical cell of item 54, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically active material comprises an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, and CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (e.g., LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride), a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a carbon (e.g., graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), a silicon oxide (SiOx), a silicon oxide-carbon composite (SiOx-C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), a tin oxide (SnOx), a tin oxide-carbon composite (SnOx-C), and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible. 58.An electrochemical cell according to item 57, wherein the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formulae M''''bOc (where M'''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof; and b and c are numbers such that the ratio c : b is in the range from 2 to 3) (e.g., MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides (e.g., NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and LiM'''''O (where M''''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof) (e.g., a titanate of lithium (such as Li4Ti5O12) or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O13)). 59. An electrochemical cell according to item 57 or 58, wherein the negative electrode material further comprises an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, an ionic organic additive, and / or inorganic particles. 60.A battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined in any one of items 47 to 59. 61. Battery according to item 60, wherein said battery is selected from a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a sodium battery, a sodium-ion battery, a potassium battery, a potassium-ion battery, a magnesium battery, and a magnesium-ion battery. 62. Battery according to item 60, wherein said battery is a lithium battery. 63. Battery according to item 60, wherein said battery is a lithium-ion battery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 is a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. 1 H) obtained for Polymer 5, as described in Example 2. Figure 2 is an NMR spectrum 1 H obtained for Polymer 6, as described in Example 2. Figure 3 is an NMR spectrum 1 H obtained for Polymer 7, as described in Example 2. Figure 4 is an NMR spectrum1 H obtained for Polymer 9, as described in Example 2. Figure 5 is an NMR spectrum 1 H obtained for Polymer 15, as described in Example 2. Figure 6 is an NMR spectrum 1 H obtained for Polymer 19, as described in Example 2. Figure 7 is an NMR spectrum 1 H obtained for Polymer 21, as described in Example 2. Figure 8 shows the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis obtained for Polymer 9, as described in Example 2. Figure 9 shows the results of DSC analysis obtained for Polymer 19, as described in Example 2. Figure 10 shows the results of DSC analysis obtained for Polymer 21, as described in Example 2. Figure 11 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000 / T, K -1) for Cell 1 in up (♦) and down (■) directions, as described in Example 5(a). Figure 12 is a graph showing the voltage (V) and current density (mA.cm- 2 ) versus time (hours) for Cell 1, as described in Example 5(a). Figure 13 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000 / T, K -1 ) for Cell 2 in up (♦) and down (■) directions, as described in Example 5(a). Figure 14 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000 / T, K -1 ) for Cell 2 in up (♦) and down (■) directions, as described in Example 5(a). Figure 15 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000 / T, K -1) for Cell 3 uphill (♦), as described in Example 5(a). Figure 16 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000 / T, K -1) for Cell 4 in upswing (♦), as described in Example 5(a). Figure 17 shows a graph of relative capacity (%) versus number of cycles for Cell 5, as described in Example 5(b). Figure 18 shows a graph of coulombic efficiency (%) versus number of cycles for Cell 5, as described in Example 5(b). DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following detailed description and examples are presented for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as further limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, they are intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included as defined by this description.The objects, advantages and other features of the present polymers comprising unsaturated units, their preparation processes, as well as electrode materials, electrodes, electrolytes, electrochemical cells and electrochemical accumulators comprising them will be more apparent and better understood upon reading the following non-restrictive description and the references made to the accompanying figures. All technical and scientific terms and expressions used herein have the same definitions as those generally understood by those skilled in the art of the present technology. The definition of certain terms and expressions used are nevertheless provided below. When the term "about" is used herein, it means approximately, in the region of, or around.For example, when the term "about" is used in connection with a numerical value, it may vary it above and below by a variation of 10% from the nominal value. This term may also take into account, for example, rounding or experimental error due to the limitations of a measuring device. When an interval of values ​​is referred to in this application, the lower and upper limits of the interval are, unless otherwise indicated, always included in the definition. When an interval of values ​​is referred to in this application, all intermediate intervals and sub-intervals, as well as individual values ​​included in these intervals, are included in the definition. For example, "between x and y", or "from x to y", means an interval in which the limits x and y are included unless otherwise indicated.For example, the range "between 1 and 50" includes, but is not limited to, the values ​​1 and 50. When the article "a" is used to introduce an element in the present application, it does not have the meaning "a single one", but rather "one or more". Of course, where the description states that a particular step, component, element or feature "may" or "could" be included, that particular step, component, element or feature is not required to be included in every embodiment. Where trade names are used herein, it is intended to include independently the trade name product and the active component(s) of the trade name product. By "polymer" is meant a macromolecule comprising a multiple repetition of units or patterns derived from one or more monomers and / or macromonomers. Similarly, a "polymer chain" refers to a polymeric portion of a polymer or macromonomer.The term "repeating unit" refers to a monomer or unit repeating in a polymer chain. The terms "crosslinkable function" or "crosslinkable group" of a polymer describe a group having at least one function that can react to form crosslinks between the main chains and / or branches of a polymer and thus form a three-dimensional network. The term "(meth)acrylate" or "(meth)acrylic" refers to an acrylate or acrylic group substituted or not by a methyl, i.e., an acrylate, methacrylate, acrylic, or methacrylic group. As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to saturated hydrocarbons having between one and twelve carbon atoms, including linear or branched alkyl groups.Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups may include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and so on. When the alkyl group is located between two functional groups, then the term alkyl also includes alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, and so on. The terms "Cm-Cnalkyl" and "Cm-Cnalkylene" refer to an alkyl or alkylene group having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of carbon atoms, respectively. As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to optionally substituted unsaturated hydrocarbons having between two and twelve carbon atoms and having at least one double bond between two carbon atoms, including linear or branched alkenyl groups.Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups may include vinyl, allyl, 1-propen-2-yl, 1-buten-3-yl, 1-buten-4-yl, 2-buten-4-yl, 1-penten-5-yl, 1,3-pentadien-5-yl, and so on. When the alkenyl group is located between two functional groups, then the term alkenyl also includes alkenylene groups such as vinylene, allylene, 1-propen-2-ylene, 1-buten-3-ylene, and so on. The terms "C. m -C n alkenyl" and "C m -C nalkenylene" refer respectively to an alkenyl or alkenylene group having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of carbon atoms. As used herein, the term "alkynyl" refers to unsaturated hydrocarbons having between two and twelve carbon atoms and having at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms, including straight or branched alkynyl groups. Non-limiting examples of alkynyl groups may include ethynyl, 1-propyn-3-yl, 1-butyn-4-yl, 2-butyn-4-yl, 1-pentyn-5-yl, 1,3-pentadiyn-5-yl. When the alkynyl group is located between two functional groups, then the term alkynyl also includes alkynylene groups such as ethynylene, 1-propyn-3-ylene, 1-butyn-4-ylene, and so on.The terms "Cm-Cn-alkynylene" and "Cm-Cn-alkynylene" refer respectively to an alkynyl or alkynylene moiety having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of carbon atoms. As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to a group comprising one or more saturated or partially unsaturated (non-aromatic) carbocyclic rings comprising from 3 to 15 members in a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, including spiro (sharing one atom), fused (sharing at least one bond), or bridged carbocycles and may be optionally substituted. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopenten-1-yl, cyclopenten-2-yl, cyclopenten-3-yl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexene-1-yl, cyclohexene-2-yl, cyclohexene-3-yl, cycloheptyl, and so on. When the cycloalkyl group is located between two functional groups, the term cycloalkylene may also be used.The terms "Cm-Ccycloalkyl" and "Cm-Ccycloalkylene" refer, respectively, to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkylene group having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of carbon atoms. As used herein, the term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a group comprising a saturated or partially unsaturated (non-aromatic) carbocyclic ring comprising from 3 to 15 members in a monocyclic or polycyclic system, including spiro (sharing one atom), fused (sharing at least one bond), or bridged rings, which may be optionally substituted, and having carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S, or P) or groups comprising such heteroatoms (e.g., NH, NR. x (where R xis an alkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl group), PO2, SO, SO2, and other similar groups). Heterocycloalkyl groups may be attached to a carbon atom or a heteroatom (e.g., via a nitrogen atom) where possible. The term heterocycloalkyl includes both unsubstituted and substituted heterocycloalkyl groups. When the heterocycloalkyl group is located between two functional groups, the term heterocycloalkylene may also be used. The terms "C m -C n heterocycloalkyl” and “C m -C nheterocycloalkylene” refer respectively to a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkylene group having from the indicated number “m” to the indicated number “n” of ring atoms, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms. As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to functional groups comprising rings having an aromatic character having from 6 to 14 ring atoms, preferably having 6 ring atoms. The term “aryl” refers to both monocyclic and conjugated polycyclic systems. The term “aryl” also includes substituted or unsubstituted groups. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-phenylethyl, tolyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, indenyl, benzocyclooctenyl, benzocycloheptenyl, azulenyl, acenaphthylenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, perylenyl, and so on.The terms "Cm-Cnaryl" and "Cm-Cnarylene" refer respectively to an aryl or arylene group having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of carbon atoms. The term "heteroaromatic" or "heteroaryl" denotes an aromatic group having 4n+2 conjugated π(pi) electrons in which n is a number from 1 to 3, for example having from 5 to 18 ring atoms, preferably having 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur or groups comprising such heteroatoms (for example, NH and NR. x (where R xis an alkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl group), SO, and other similar groups). A polycyclic ring system includes at least one heteroaromatic ring. Heteroaryls may be directly attached, or linked by a C1-C3alkyl group (also called heteroarylalkyl or heteroaralkyl). Heteroaryl groups may be linked through a carbon atom or to a ring heteroatom (e.g., via a nitrogen atom), where possible. The terms "C m -C n heteroaryl" and "C m -C nheteroarylene" refer to a heteroaryl or heteroarylene group having from the indicated number "m" to the indicated number "n" of ring atoms, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms, respectively. The chemical structures described herein are drawn according to the conventions of the art. Also, when an atom, such as a carbon atom, as drawn appears to include an incomplete valence, then the valence is assumed to be satisfied by one or more hydrogen atoms even if they are not explicitly drawn. Generally, the term "substituted" means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated group are replaced by a suitable substituent. The substituents or combinations of substituents contemplated in this specification are those resulting in the formation of a chemically stable compound.Examples of substituents include halogen atoms (such as fluorine) and hydroxyl, oxo, alkyl, alkoxyl, alkoxyalkyl, nitrile, azido, carboxylate, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, primary, secondary or tertiary amine, amide, nitro, silane, siloxane, thiocarboxylate, sulfonyl, sulfonate, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or a combination of two or more thereof. In a first aspect, the present technology comprises a polymer comprising repeating units of Formula 1:. in which, R 1 and R 2 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom and a C group 1-3 optionally substituted alkyl, preferably R 1 is a hydrogen atom, preferably R 1 and R 2 are both hydrogen atoms; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and a C group 1-12 optionally substituted alkyl; L 1 and L 2 are chosen from a C2-C6alkylene, C(O)C1-C6alkylene, C1-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)C2-C6alkyleneC(O), (C2-C6alkyleneO) group 1-12 C2-C6alkylene, C(O)(C2- C6alkyleneO) 1-12 C2-C6alkylene, (C2-C6alkyleneO) 1-12 C2-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)(C2- C6alkyleneO) 1-12 C2-C6alkyleneC(O), a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate, and copolymer chain of at least two units chosen from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O, NH, NR, and S; or X 1 is a group -N(R)- and L 1 , X 2are absent, where R is selected from a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate chain, and a copolymer of at least two units selected from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; and --- represents a bond with a hydrogen atom, with another repeating unit of the polymer, or with a terminal group. Preferably, X 3 and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O and NH, preferably O. L 2 is preferably a (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene group (e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, etc.). In some examples, the polymer comprises repeating units of Formula 2: in which, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , L 1 , X 1 , and X 2 are as defined above; and n is a number between 1 and 20. According to some examples of Formulas 1 and 2, R 1and R 2 are both hydrogen atoms. According to other examples of Formulas 1 and 2, X 1 and X 2 are chosen from O and NH, and / or L 1 is chosen from a (C2-C6alkyleneO) group 1-12 C2-C6alkylene, a polyether, a polyester, and a copolymer comprising ether and ester units. Non-limiting examples of the X function 1 -L 1 -X 2 include structures: ; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as previously defined; R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16are independently and at each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and an optionally substituted C1-12alkyl group; j is independently and at each occurrence a number selected from the range of 2 to 30; k is a number from 1 to 20; m is a number selected from the range of 2 to 150; p is a number between 0 and 12, preferably between 0 and 6; q is a number between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 6, it being understood that p and q are not simultaneously zero; r is a number selected from the range of 2 to 4; and s is a number selected from the range of 5 to 30. For example, the repeating units of the present polymer may be of one of Formulas 3 to 6: in which, R 1 to R 16, j, km, n, p, q, r, and s are as previously defined. In some examples, the sum (p + q) is in the range 2 to 9, preferably in the range 3 to 6. In other examples, R 11 is a hydrogen atom, R 12 is an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group and p is 1, or R 11 and R 12 are both hydrogen atoms and p is chosen from the range 1 to 6. According to other examples, R 13 and R 14 are both hydrogen atoms and q is chosen from the range 2 to 6, or at least one of R 13 and R 14 is at least one occurrence an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group. According to other examples, R 15 and R 16 are both hydrogen atoms at each occurrence or one of R 15 and R 16 is a one-occurrence methyl and R 15 and R 16are hydrogen atoms at other occurrences when r is 2 or 3, preferably 2. According to some definitions, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms. In either of the above formulas, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 can be independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms. The present polymer comprises terminal groups. For example, the terminal groups may be selected from hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, acrylate, methacrylate, or a combination of two or more thereof. The number molecular weight of the present polymer may be in the range of 500 to 5 million, or 500 to 1,000,000, or 500 to 500,000, or 500 to 250,000, or 500 to 100,000, or 500 to 75,000, or 500 to 70,000, or 500 to 65,000, or 500 to 60,000, or 500 to 55,000, or 500 to 50,000, or 1,000 to 50,000, or 1,500 to 50,000, or 2,000 to 50,000, as determined by triple detection gel permeation chromatography.Preferably, the number-average molecular weight of the present polymer may be in the range of 2000 to 50000. The present technology also relates to a process for preparing a polymer as defined herein, said process comprising the following steps: (i) preparing an unsaturated monomer of Formula A:. Formula A in which L 2 , R 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined above; and (ii) polymerization of the unsaturated monomer of Formula A with a co-monomer of Formula B including at least two functional groups: in which L 1 , X 1 and X 2 are as defined above. In one example, the step of preparing an unsaturated monomer of Formula A may be carried out by reacting a compound of formula where HX 3 -L 2 -X 4-H, for example a diol (or glycol), and an acetylenic carboxylic acid (such as propiolic acid, also called propynoic acid). Non-limiting examples of diols include ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol), diethylene glycol (or ethylene diglycol), triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and other similar glycols and diols, or a combination of two or more thereof. For example, the synthesis of the unsaturated monomer of Formula A can be carried out by esterification from a diol and an acetylenic carboxylic acid. In one example, the esterification is carried out by a Fischer esterification reaction or by a Steglich esterification reaction.According to an example of interest, the step of preparing an unsaturated monomer of Formula A can be carried out by a method as illustrated in Scheme 1 below: According to another example, the step of preparing an unsaturated monomer of Formula A can be carried out in the presence of at least one catalyst. All compatible catalysts are contemplated. For example, the catalyst can be an acid catalyst. Non-limiting examples of acid catalysts include paratoluenesulfonic acid (or tosylic acid, TsOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). According to an example of interest, the acid catalyst can be TsOH. According to another example, the polymerization step can be carried out in the presence of at least one polymerization catalyst. According to one example, the polymerization catalyst can be a nucleophilic catalyst such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). In an example of interest, the nucleophilic catalyst is DABCO.In another example, the polymerization step may be carried out in the presence of at least one organic solvent, for example, an aprotic polar solvent. For example, the solvent may be selected from the group consisting of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (ACN), and a miscible combination of at least two thereof. In another example, the polymerization step may be carried out at a temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 80°C, inclusive. For example, the polymerization step may be carried out at a temperature in the range of about 45°C to about 75°C, or about 45°C to about 70°C, or about 50°C to about 70°C, inclusive.According to an example of interest, the polymerization step can be carried out at a temperature in the range from about 50°C to about 70°C, upper and lower limits inclusive. According to another example, the polymerization step can be carried out for a time in the range from about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 75 minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 65 minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, upper and lower limits inclusive. According to an example of interest, the polymerization step can be carried out for a time in the range from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, upper and lower limits inclusive. According to another example, the method further comprises a step of crosslinking the polymer as defined above.For example, the polymer comprises at least one functional group enabling crosslinking of said polymer. According to another example, the crosslinking step can be carried out by UV irradiation, by heat treatment, by microwave irradiation, under an electron beam, by gamma irradiation or by X-ray irradiation. According to an example of interest, the crosslinking step is carried out by UV irradiation. According to another example, the crosslinking step can be carried out in the presence of a crosslinking agent, a thermal initiator, a photoinitiator, a catalyst, a plasticizing agent, or a combination of at least two of these. For example, the photoinitiator is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure. MC 651). The unique structure of the polymer can eliminate the crystallinity that limits ionic conductivity at low temperatures (as demonstrated by DSC). The conductivity at 20°C and 50°C is higher than that reported for carbonate-type polymers. In addition, under certain conditions, the insertion of a double bond in the chain can stabilize the ester and thus substantially increase the electrochemical stability. Finally, the presence of a functional group at the end of the chain (terminal group) can modify the polymer to increase its lithium ion transport number (t+) or to make it crosslinkable. In addition, the polymerization method is relatively simple and is carried out in a rapid one-step process. The present technology also relates to compositions comprising the polymer as defined herein. For example, such a composition can be present in an electrolyte or an electrode material. In one example,the polymer is present in an electrolyte, which optionally includes a salt. For example, the electrolyte may be in the form of a solid electrolyte film or a gel. For example, the solid electrolyte may be a solid polymer electrolyte or a composite comprising particles. When present, the salt is preferably an alkali metal salt, preferably a lithium salt, and may be at a concentration of about 5% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 35%, by weight in the electrolyte. Non-limiting examples of salts include a cation of an alkali metal (preferably Li), and an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-), (flurosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI-),difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4Rx- (where Rx = C2- 4alkyl), and a combination of at least two of these, for example LiTFSI or LiFSI. The electrolyte may also comprise a second polymer in addition to the present polymer. For example, this additional polymer may be chosen from polymers usually used in electrolytes or as electrode binders. For example, the additional polymer may be chosen from polyethers, substituted polyethylenes, poly(dimethylsiloxanes), poly(alkylene carbonate), poly(alkylenesulfones),poly(alkylene sulfamides), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl alcohols), polyacrylonitriles, poly(methyl meth)acrylates, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether meth)acrylates) (PEGMA), poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl meth)acrylates), poly(meth(acrylic acid)), and copolymers thereof, and optionally comprising crosslinked units originating from crosslinkable functions, the additional polymer being linear or branched. According to one alternative, the additional polymer may be chosen from rubber-type polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), epichlorohydrin rubber (CHR), and polyacrylic rubber (ACM). According to another alternative, the additional polymer may be chosen from fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),and polyhexafluoropropylene (HFP). Alternatively, the additional polymer may be a combination of at least two of the above-mentioned polymers. In another example, the electrolyte further comprises inorganic particles, preferably of the amorphous, ceramic or glass-ceramic type, for example, based on oxide, sulfide or oxysulfide, the inorganic compound being natural or synthetic. The content of inorganic particles may be in the range of about 5% to about 99%, or about 5% to about 90%, or about 10% to about 80%, or about 15% to about 40%, by weight in the electrolyte. Non-limiting examples of inorganic particles include a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from inorganic compounds of formulae MLZO (e.g., M7La3Zr2O12, M(7-a)La3Zr2AlbO12, M(7-a)La3Zr2GabO12, M(7-a)La3Zr(2-b)TabO12, and M(7-a)La3Zr(2-b)NbbO12); MLTaO (e.g., M7La3Ta2O12, M5La3Ta2O12,and M6La3Ta1.5Y0.5O12); MLSnO (for example, M7La3Sn2O12); MAGP (for example, M1+aAlaGe2-a(PO4)3); MATP (for example, M1+aAlaTi2-a(PO4)3); MLTiO (for example, M3aLa(2 / 3-a)TiO3); MZP (for example, MaZrb(PO4)c); MCZP (for example, MaCabZrc(PO4)d); MGPS (for example, MaGebPcSd like M10GeP2S12); MGPSO (for example, MaGebPcSdOe); MSiPS (for example, MaSibPcSd like M10SiP2S12); MSiPSO (par exemple, MaSibPcSdOe); MSnPS (see example, M, a Sn b P c S d tel que M 10 SnP2S 12 ); MSnPSO (for example, M a Sn b P c S d OR e ); MPS (par exemple, M a P b S c tel que M7P3S 11 ); MPSO (par exemple, M a P b S c OR d ); MZPS (for example, M a Zn b P c S d ); MZPSO (for example, M a Zn b P c S d OR e); xM2S-yP2S5; xM2S-yP2S5- zMX; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; xM2S-yM2O- zP2S5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; xM2S-ySiS2; MPSX (par exemple, M a P b S c X d tel que M7P3S 11 X, M7P2S8X, et M6PS5X); MPSOX (par exemple, M a P b S c O d X e ); MGPSX (M a Ge b P c S d X e ); MGPSOX (M a Ge b P c S d O e X f ); MSiPSX (M a Si b P c S d X e ); MSiPSOX (M a Si b P c S d O e X f ); MSnPSX (M a Sn b P c S d X e ); MSnPSOX (M a Sn b P c S d O e X f ); MZPSX (M a Zn b P c S d Xe ); MZPSOX (M a Zn b P c S d O e X f ); M3OX; M2HOX; M3PO4; M3PS4; and M a PO b N c (where a = 2b + 3c - 5); wherein M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination of at least two thereof, and wherein when M comprises an alkaline earth metal ion, then the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality; X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination of at least two thereof; a, b, c, d, e, and f are nonzero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are nonzero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve a stable compound. For example, the ceramic may be of the MLZO type and have the formula Li7-bLa3Zr2M i bO12, where b is such that 0 ≤ b ≤ 1 and M iis Al, Ga, Ta, Fe or Nb or is absent, preferably b is 0 and M iis absent. Other examples of inorganic particles include a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from Al2O3, Mg2B2O5, Na2O·2B2O3, xMgO·yB2O3·zH2O, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, Ti2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3, CeO2, B2O3, B2O, SrBi4Ti4O15, LLTO, LLZO, LAGP, LATP, Fe2O3, BaTiO3, γ-LiAlO2, molecular sieves and zeolites (e.g., aluminosilicate, mesoporous silica, etc.), sulfide-based ceramics (such as Li6PS5Cl, Li7P3S11, etc.), glass-ceramics (such as LIPON, etc.), other similar ceramics, and a combination of two or more of these. For example, the ceramic may be an aluminosilicate compound or a sulfide or oxysulfide ceramic. The inorganic particles may be in various forms, for example, spherical, rod-shaped, needle-shaped, nanotube-shaped particles, or a combination of these.According to some alternatives, the electrolyte further comprises a plasticizer, preferably at a concentration of about 5% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 30%, by weight in the electrolyte. Non-limiting examples of plasticizers include glycol diether liquids (such as tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)), carbonate esters, ionic liquids, and the like, preferably a glycol diether liquid (such as TEGDME). The electrolyte may also further include an organic additive, for example, selected from an ionic organic compound (e.g., an ionic plastic crystal, an ionic plastic salt, an ionic liquid, etc.) and a halogenated amide.When the present polymer is present in an electrode material, the latter also comprises an electrochemically active material, and optionally an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, or a combination of at least two of these. For example, the polymer may be present as an additive, as a binder, or as a coating on the particles of the electrochemically active material. In some examples, when the electrochemically active material is included in a positive electrode, it may be selected from metal phosphates, lithium metal phosphates, metal oxides, and lithium metal oxides.For example, the electrochemically active material may be selected from LiM'PO4 (where M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of at least two thereof), LiV3O8, V2O5F, LiV2O5, LiMn2O4, Li1+wM''O2-aXb (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Al, Zr, W, Ti, Nb, V, Fe, Mo, or a combination of at least two thereof and X is F, S, or a combination of at least two thereof), Li1+w(NiM''')O2 (where M''' is Mn, Co, Mg, Al, W, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, or a combination of at least two thereof), sulfur, elemental selenium, elemental iodine, iron(III) fluoride, copper(II) fluoride, lithium iodide, carbon-based active materials such as graphite, organic cathode active materials, and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible with each other.In some examples, when the electrochemically active material is included in a negative electrode, it may comprise a metal film including an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal, the polymer being present in a thin layer on the metal film, preferably the alkali metal being selected from lithium and sodium, or an alloy comprising lithium or sodium, preferably lithium or an alloy comprising lithium.Alternatively, the electrochemically active material comprises an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, and CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (e.g., LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride), a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a carbon (e.g., graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), a silicon oxide (SiO. x ), a silicon oxide-carbon composite (SiO x -C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), a tin oxide (SnO x ), a tin oxide-carbon composite (SnO x-C), and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible. For example, the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formulae M''''bOc (where M'''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof; and b and c are numbers such that the ratio c:b is in the range from 2 to 3) (e.g., MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides (e.g., NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and LiM'''''O (where M''''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof) (e.g., a lithium titanate (such as Li4Ti5O12), or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O13)). The electrode material may also further include a binder. The binder polymer may comprise solvating units of ions, particularly lithium ions.Non-limiting examples of solvating polymers include linear or branched polyether polymers (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(propylene oxide) (POP), or a (EO / PO) copolymer), poly(dimethylsiloxanes), poly(alkylene carbonates), poly(alkylene sulfones), poly(alkylene sulfamides), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl alcohols), polyacrylonitriles, polymethyl methacrylates, and copolymers thereof, and optionally comprising crosslinked units originating from crosslinkable functions (such as acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl, glycidyl, mercapto functions, etc.). Alternatively, the binder may be composed of a polymer as described for the additional polymer of the electrolyte. Examples of electronically conductive materials that may be included in the electrode material(s) include carbon black (such as Ketjen carbons. MC , Denka MC, Shawinigan, acetylene black, etc.), graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers (including carbon nanofibers, gas-formed carbon fibers (VGCFs), etc.), non-powdery carbon obtained by carbonization of an organic precursor (e.g., as a coating on particles), or a combination of two or more thereof. The present technology also relates to electrochemical cells comprising the present polymer. For example, the electrochemical cell comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined above. Alternatively, the electrolyte is as defined herein, or the electrolyte and at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined herein.When the electrolyte or electrode material does not comprise one of the polymers defined herein, this electrolyte or electrode material is as defined above, without the addition of the present polymer. The present technology also relates to an electrochemical battery or accumulator comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined herein. For example, the battery can be selected from a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a sodium battery, a sodium-ion battery, a potassium battery, a potassium-ion battery, a magnesium battery, and a magnesium-ion battery. Preferably, the battery is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery.The electrochemical batteries and accumulators described herein are intended, for example, for use in portable devices, such as mobile phones, cameras, tablets or laptops, in electric or hybrid vehicles, or in the storage of renewable energy. EXAMPLES The following examples are for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as further limiting the scope of the invention as contemplated. These examples will be better understood by referring to the accompanying Figures. Example 1 – Preparation of Monomers 1 and 2 (i) Monomer 1 (n = 3) Into a 1 liter flask, tetraethylene glycol (15 g) was weighed and 300 ml of chloroform was added under a fume hood. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (TsOH, 44 g) was added using a funnel, followed by 100 ml of chloroform to clean the walls of the latter. The solution thus obtained was stirred. 11.5 ml of propiolic acid (stored at 4.° C) were then added at room temperature. A condenser was mounted on the flask and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 48 to 72 hours. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and the solid was filtered off, washing with a minimum of dichloromethane. The filtrate was required to be free of solids. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness using a rotary evaporator and the residue was separated by chromatography with a mixture of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate on an 80 g silica cartridge using a multi-step elution protocol. The protocol included 100% dichloromethane for approximately 5 min, 5% ethyl acetate and 95% dichloromethane for approximately 15 minutes, then a ramp-up to 70% ethyl acetate over a period of approximately 15 minutes. The first peak comprising a UV signal was evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The product thus obtained was analyzed by NMR 1H in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) (yield about 50%, purity about 99%). (ii) Monomer 2 (n = 2) Monomer 2 was prepared following the procedure described in (i), where tetraethylene glycol (15 g) was replaced by triethylene glycol (11.6 g). Analysis demonstrated the production of Monomer 2. Example 2 – Polymer Preparation and Properties Polymers were prepared by the copolymerization of Monomer 1 or 2 and a co-monomer (diol, diamine, etc.) following the conditions shown in Tables 1 and 2. For example, tetraethylene glycol (co-monomer) and a solvent (e.g., THF, DMF, ACN) were added to a clean, dry 25 ml flask. The mixture was then stirred under nitrogen. A catalyst (e.g., DABCO or DMAP) was then added to the flask and the mixture was stirred.Monomer 1 or Monomer 2 was then added under a nitrogen flow and the mixture was heated to a temperature of about 40 °C under nitrogen for about 1 hour. Optionally, where an additional monovalent compound (such as a mono-alcohol) is present in the table below with the co-monomer, this was then added with a syringe through the septum and the mixture was stirred for about 15 more minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and poured into 10 volumes of diethyl ether at a temperature of about 20 °C. A red precipitate was then formed. The mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes and the supernatant was decanted. The resulting solid was then dried for about 3 hours at a temperature of about 60 °C. The resulting polymer was analyzed by NMR. 1H in CDCl3, by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in THF, and by DSC (from -70 to 150 °C at 10 °C / min). Table 1. Preparation conditions of Polymers P1 to P25 Monomer Temperature Time 1Co-monomer Solvent Catalyst (°C) (min) P10 0,5 g Jeffamine™1000 DMF DABCO (1.68 g) (25 ml) (54,5 mg) 50 60 Monomer Temperature Time 2Monomer diol Solvent Catalyst (°C) (min) ), glass transition (Tg for "glass temperature", in English) and number-average molar mass (Mn) Tm (°C) Tg (°C) Mn P2 -- -43 15700 Figures 1 to 7 present NMR spectra 1H obtained for Polymers 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19 and 21 respectively. Figures 8 to 20 present the results of DSC analysis obtained for Polymers 9, 19 and 21 respectively. Isothermal (at 150.00 °C and -70.00 °C) and non-isothermal (ramp of 10.00 °C / min) measurements were carried out. Repeated measurements of DSC heating-cooling cycles were carried out following the thermal procedure: (1) isothermal at -70.00 °C for 3 minutes; (2) ramp of 10.00 °C / min from -70.00 °C to 150.00 °C; (3) isothermal at 150.00 °C for 3 minutes; (4) 10.00°C / min ramp from 150.00°C to -70.00°C; (5) isotherm at -70.00°C for 3 minutes; and (6) 10.00°C / min ramp from -70.00°C to 150.00°C. Example 3 – Preparation of Electrolyte Films Ionic conductivity, critical current density (CCD), and stability measurements were obtained for electrolyte films comprising the polymers prepared in Example 2.The electrolyte film was obtained using the following procedure. 2.0 g of polymer prepared in Example 2 and 0.51 g of LiTFSI were solubilized in 1.0 g of THF using a vortex mixer. The resulting mixture was stirred for about 12 hours using a roll mill. When crosslinking was required, 0.015 g of Irgacure. MC were added to the mixture and solubilized using a vortex mixer. For ionic conductivity measurements, the resulting mixture was then coated onto a stainless steel sheet using a coating system with a 6 mil slit opening and at a speed of 8 mm.s -1The coating was carried out in an anhydrous chamber at room temperature. The electrolyte film was then irradiated for about 5 minutes with UV light under a nitrogen atmosphere to crosslink it. The electrolyte film was then air-dried for about 1 hour and then under vacuum in an oven at a temperature of 80 °C for about 12 hours. After drying, the electrolyte film was irradiated again for about 5 minutes with UV light under a nitrogen atmosphere. The thickness of the resulting electrolyte film was about 40 µm. The same procedure was used for the electrolyte film for CCD measurements by replacing the stainless steel foil with a lithium metal collector with a thickness of about 40 µm during the coating step.The same procedure was used for the electrolyte film for stability measurements by adding 20 wt% carbon black and sufficient THF to the mixture to obtain a suitable viscosity for coating. No crosslinking was performed. Example 4 – Cell Preparation and Electrochemical Properties The electrolyte films prepared in Example 3 were placed between two stainless steel electrodes for ionic conductivity measurements and assembled in symmetrical cells for CCD measurements. The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte films obtained from Polymers P6, P16, P17, P18, P24, P25, and P26 are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Electrochemical Properties Conductivity Conductivity Polymer ionic at 20 °C ionic at 50 °C t+ at CCD Stability at ° °. P17 2.20E-06 3.40E-05 -- -- -- P18 120E-06 340E-05 -- -- -- Example 5 – Cell Preparation and Electrochemical Properties a) Ionic Conductivity Ionic conductivity results were also obtained for electrolyte films comprising Polymers P25 and P26 prepared in Example 2. The electrolyte films were prepared according to the procedure described in Example 3 and with the compositions shown in Table 5. Table 5. Conductivity Cell Configuration Conductivity Cell Electrolyte Film Composition Cell 1 796 wt% Polymer P25 prepared in Example 2, , . n as a function of temperature for Cell 1 in up (♦) and down (■) directions. Figure 12 shows a graph showing voltage and current density as a function of time for Cell 1. Figures 13 and 14 show graphs showing ionic conductivity results as a function of temperature for Cell 2 in up (♦) and down (■) directions. Figure 15 shows a graph showing ionic conductivity results as a function of temperature for Cell 3 in up (♦) directions. Figure 16 shows a graph showing ionic conductivity results as a function of temperature for Cell 4 in up (♦) directions. b) Electrochemical behavior of electrolyte films The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte films prepared in Example 2 were studied. The composition of the electrochemical cell is shown in Table 6. Table 6. Configuration of the electrochemical cell (Cell 5) Component Content (wt%) s crosslinkable units, which is linear and includes crosslinkable pendant groups. Cell 5 was cycled at a temperature of 60°C according to the following cycling protocol: (1) two formation cycles (charges / discharges) at C / 10 between 3.65 and 2.0 V; (2) charge at C / 6 (terminal at 3.65 V at constant voltage for 1 hour or 0.15 mA); charge at C / 6 (terminal at 2.0 V). Figure 17 shows a graph of relative capacity versus number of cycles obtained for Cell 5. Figure 18 shows a graph of coulombic efficiency versus number of cycles obtained for Cell 5. Several modifications could be made to either of the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention as contemplated. Any references, patents or scientific literature documents referenced herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A polymer comprising repeating units of Formula 1: in which, R 1 and R 2 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 1 is a hydrogen atom, preferably R 1 and R 2 are both hydrogen atoms; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and an optionally substituted C1-12alkyl group; L 1 and L 2are selected from a C2-C6alkylene group, C(O)C1-C6alkylene, C1-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)C2-C6alkyleneC(O), (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene, C(O)(C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene, (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkyleneC(O), C(O)(C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkyleneC(O), a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate, and copolymer chain of at least two units selected from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O, NH, NR, and S; or X 1 is a group -N(R)- and L 1 , X 2 are absent, where R is chosen from a polyether, polyester, polycarbonate chain, and a copolymer of at least two units chosen from ethers, esters, and alkyl carbonates; and --- represents a bond with a hydrogen atom, with another repeating unit of the polymer, or with a terminal group.

2. Polymer according to claim 1, in which X 3and X 4 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from O and NH, preferably O.

3. Polymer according to claim 1 or 2, in which L 2 is a (C2-C6alkyleneO) group 1-12 C2-C6alkylene (e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, etc.).

4. Polymer according to claim 1, which comprises repeating units of Formula 2: in which, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , L 1 , X 1 , and X 2 are as defined in claim 1; and n is a number between 1 and 20.

5. Polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen atoms.

6. Polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, in which X 1 and X 2are chosen from O and NH.

7. Polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 6, in which L 1 is chosen from a (C2-C6alkyleneO)1-12C2-C6alkylene group, a polyether, a polyester or a copolymer comprising ether and ester units.

8. Polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, in which the function X 1 -L 1 -X 2 is chosen from the structures: ; O in R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in claim 1; R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and a C group 1-12optionally substituted alkyl; j is independently and at each occurrence a number selected from the range of 2 to 30; k is a number from 1 to 20; m is a number selected from the range of 2 to 150; p is a number between 0 and 12, preferably between 0 and 6; q is a number between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 6, it being understood that p and q are not simultaneously zero; r is a number selected from the range of 2 to 4; and s is a number selected from the range of 5 to 30.

9. A polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the repeating units are selected from Formulas 3 to 6: ; in which, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined in claim 1; R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (such as F and Cl), and a C group 1-12 optionally substituted alkyl; j is independently and at each occurrence a number chosen from the range of 2 to 30; k is a number from 1 to 20; m is a number chosen from the range of 2 to 150; n is a number between 1 and 20; p is a number between 0 and 12, preferably between 0 and 6; q is a number between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 6, it being understood that p and q are not zero simultaneously; r is a number selected from the range 2 to 4; and s is a number selected from the range 5 to 30.

10. Polymer according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the sum (p + q) is in the range 2 to 9, preferably in the range 3 to 6.

11. Polymer according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein R 11 is a hydrogen atom, R 12is an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group and p is 1.

12. A polymer according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein R 11 and R 12 are both hydrogen atoms and p is selected from the range 1 to 6.

13. A polymer according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein R 13 and R 14 are both hydrogen atoms and q is selected from the range 2 to 6.

14. A polymer according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein at least one of R 13 and R 14 is at least one occurrence an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl group.

15. Polymer according to claim 8 or 9, in which R 15 and R 16 are both hydrogen atoms at each occurrence or one of R 15 and R 16 is a one-occurrence methyl and R 15 and R 16are both hydrogen atoms at the other occurrences when r is 2 or 3, preferably 2.

16. A polymer according to claim 8, 9 or 15, wherein R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms.

17. A polymer according to any one of claims 4 to 16, wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently and at each occurrence chosen from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and an optionally substituted C1-3alkyl group, preferably R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R6 are all hydrogen atoms or one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6is a methyl group and the others are all hydrogen atoms.

18. A polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 17, which comprises terminal groups selected from hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, acrylate, methacrylate, or a combination of at least two thereof.

19. A polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 18, which has a number-average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5 million, or 500 to 1,000,000, or 500 to 500,000, or 500 to 250,000, or 500 to 100,000, or 500 to 75,000, or 500 to 70,000, or 500 to 65,000, or 500 to 60,000, or 500 to 55,000, or 500 to 50,000, or 1,000 to 50,000, or 1,500 to 50,000, or 2,000 to 50,000, as determined by chromatography by triple detection gel permeation. 20.An electrolyte comprising a polymer as defined in any one of claims 1 to 19 and optionally a salt.

21. An electrolyte according to claim 20, the electrolyte being in the form of a solid electrolyte film or gel.

22. An electrolyte according to claim 20 or 21, which comprises the salt, preferably an alkali metal salt, preferably a lithium salt, preferably at a concentration of about 5% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 35%, by weight in the electrolyte. 23.Electrolyte according to claim 22, wherein the salt comprises a cation of an alkali metal (preferably Li), and an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-), (flurosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-),. trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R x - (where R x = C 2-4alkyl), and a combination of at least two thereof, for example LiTFSI or LiFSI.

24. An electrolyte according to any one of claims 20 to 23, which further comprises an additional polymer.

25. Electrolyte according to claim 24, wherein the additional polymer is chosen from polyethers, substituted polyethylenes, poly(dimethylsiloxanes), poly(alkylene carbonates), poly(alkylene sulfones), poly(alkylene sulfamides), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl alcohols), polyacrylonitriles, poly(methyl meth)acrylates, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether meth)acrylates (PEGMA), poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl meth)acrylates), poly(meth(acrylic acid)), and copolymers thereof, and optionally comprising crosslinked units originating from crosslinkable functions, the additional polymer being linear or branched. 26.An electrolyte according to claim 24, wherein the additional polymer is selected from rubber-like polymers such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), and ACM (polyacrylic rubber); fluorinated polymers such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), and HFP (polyhexafluoropropylene); and a combination of at least two thereof.

27. An electrolyte according to any one of claims 20 to 26, which further comprises inorganic particles, preferably of amorphous, ceramic or glass-ceramic type, for example, based on oxide, sulfide or oxysulfide, the inorganic compound being natural or synthetic.

28. The electrolyte of claim 27, wherein the inorganic particles comprise a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from inorganic compounds of formulas MLZO (e.g., M7La3Zr2O.12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Al b OR 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Ga b OR 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Ta b OR 12 , and M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Nb b OR 12 ); MLTaO (par example, M7La3Ta2O 12 , M5La3Ta2O 12 , and M6La3Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 OR 12 ); MLSnO (for example, M7La3Sn2O 12 ); MAGP (par exemple, M 1+a To the a Ge 2-a (PO4)3); MATP (par exemple, M 1+a To the a You 2-a (PO4)3); MLTiO (for example, M 3a There (2 / 3-a) TiO3); MZP (for example, M a Zr b (PO4) c ); MCZP (for example, M a Ca b Zr c (PO4) d ); MGPS (par exemple, M a Ge b P c S d tel que M 10 GeP2S 12 ); MGPSO (par exemple, M a Ge b P c S d OR e); MSiPS (e.g., M a If b P c S d such that M 10 SiP2S 12 ); MSiPSO (e.g., M a If b P c S d OH e ); MSnPS (e.g., M a Sn b P c S d such that M 10 SnP2S 12 ); MSnPSO (e.g., M a Sn b P c S d OH e ); MPS (e.g., M a P b S c such as M7P3S 11); MPSO (e.g., MaPbScOd); MZPS (e.g., MaZnbPcSd); MZPSO (e.g., MaZnbPcSdOe); xM2S-yP2S5; xM2S-yP2S5-zMX; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5; xM2S-yP2S5- zP2O5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; xM2S-ySiS2; MPSX (e.g., MaPbScXd such as M7P3S11X, M7P2S8X, and M6PS5X); MPSOX (e.g., MaPbScOdXe); MGPSX (MaGebPcSdXe); MGPSOX (MaGebPcSdOeXf); MSiPSX (MaSibPcSdXe); MSiPSOX (MaSibPcSdOeXf); MSnPSX (MaSnbPcSdXe); MSnPSOX (MaSnbPcSdOeXf); MZPSX (MaZnbPcSdXe); MZPSOX (MaZnbPcSdOeXf); M3OX; M2HOX; M3PO4; M3PS4; and MaPObNc (where a = 2b + 3c - 5); wherein, M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination of at least two thereof, and wherein when M comprises an alkaline earth metal ion, then the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality; X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination of at least two thereof;a, b, c, d, e, and f are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, selected to achieve a stable compound.

29. The electrolyte of claim 28, wherein the MLZO ceramic has the formula Li; 7-b La3Zr2M i b O 12 , where b is such that 0 ≤ b ≤ 1 and M i is Al, Ga, Ta, Fe or Nb or is absent, preferably b is 0 and M i is absent.

30. Electrolyte according to claim 27, wherein the inorganic particles comprise a natural or synthetic ceramic selected from Al2O3, Mg2B2O5, Na2O·2B2O3, xMgO·yB2O3·zH2O, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, Ti2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3, CeO2, B2O3, B2O, SrBi4Ti4O 15, LLTO, LLZO, LAGP, LATP, Fe2O3, BaTiO3, γ- LiAlO2, molecular sieves and zeolites (e.g., aluminosilicate, mesoporous silica, etc.), sulfide-based ceramics (such as Li6PS5Cl, Li7P3S 11, etc.), glass-ceramics (such as LIPON, etc.), other similar ceramics, and a combination of at least two of these.

31. The electrolyte of claim 30, wherein the ceramic is an aluminosilicate-based compound.

32. The electrolyte of claim 27 or 28, wherein the ceramic is a sulfide or oxysulfide-based ceramic.

33. The electrolyte of any one of claims 27 to 32, wherein the inorganic particles are in the form of spherical, rod-shaped, needle-shaped, nanotube-shaped particles, or a combination thereof.

34. An electrolyte according to any one of claims 27 to 33, wherein the inorganic particle content is in the range of about 5% to about 99%, or about 5% to about 90%, or about 10% to about 80%, or about 15% to about 40%, by weight in the electrolyte. 35.The electrolyte of any one of claims 20 to 34, which further comprises a plasticizer, preferably at a concentration of about 5% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 20% to about 30%, by weight in the electrolyte.

36. The electrolyte of claim 35, wherein the plasticizer is selected from glycol diether liquids (such as tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)), carbonate esters, ionic liquids, and the like, preferably a glycol diether liquid (such as TEGDME).

37. The electrolyte of any one of claims 20 to 36, which further comprises an organic additive.

38. The electrolyte of claim 37, wherein the organic additive is selected from an ionic organic compound (e.g., an ionic plastic crystal, an ionic plastic salt, an ionic liquid, etc.) and a halogenated amide.

39. An electrode material comprising a polymer as defined in any one of claims 1 to 19, an electrochemically active material, and optionally an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, or a combination of at least two thereof.

40. The electrode material of claim 39, wherein the polymer acts as a binder.

41. The electrode material of claim 39, wherein the polymer acts as a coating for the particles of the electrochemically active material. 42.An electrode material according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from metal phosphates, lithiated metal phosphates, metal oxides, and lithiated metal oxides. 43.An electrode material according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from LiM'PO4 (where M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of at least two thereof), LiV3O8, V2O5F, LiV2O5, LiMn2O4, Li1+wM''O2-aXb (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Al, Zr, W, Ti, Nb, V, Fe, Mo, or a combination of at least two thereof and X is F, S, or a combination of at least two thereof), Li1+w(NiM''')O2 (where M''' is Mn, Co, Mg, Al, W, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, or a combination of at least two thereof), sulfur, elemental selenium, iodine elemental, iron(III) fluoride, copper(II) fluoride, lithium iodide, carbon-based active materials such as graphite, organic cathode active materials, and a combination of two or more of these, when compatible. 44.An electrode material according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises a metal film comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and the polymer is present in a thin layer thereon. the metal film, preferably the alkali metal being chosen from lithium and sodium, or an alloy comprising lithium or sodium, preferably lithium or an alloy comprising lithium. 45.The electrode material of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, and CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (e.g., LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride), a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a carbon (e.g., graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), a silicon oxide (SiOx), a silicon oxide-carbon composite (SiOx-C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), a tin oxide (SnOx), a tin oxide-carbon composite (SnOx-C), and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible. 46.The electrode material of claim 45, wherein the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formulae M''''bOc (where M'''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof; and b and c are numbers such that the ratio c:b is in the range of 2 to 3) (e.g., MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides (e.g., NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and LiM'''''O (where M''''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof) (e.g., a lithium titanate (such as Li4Ti5O12) or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O13)).

47. An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined in any one of claims 39 to 46. 48.An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is as defined in any one of claims 20 to 38 and at least one of the positive electrode or. of the negative electrode comprises an electrode material as defined in any one of claims 39 to 46.

49. An electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is as defined in any one of claims 20 to 38.

50. An electrochemical cell according to claim 49, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material comprising an electrochemically active positive electrode material, and optionally being on a current collector.

51. An electrochemical cell according to claim 50, wherein the electrochemically active positive electrode material is selected from metal phosphates, lithiated metal phosphates, metal oxides, and lithiated metal oxides. 52.The electrochemical cell of claim 50, wherein the positive electrode electrochemically active material is LiM'PO4 (where M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of at least two thereof), LiV3O8, V2O5F, LiV2O5, LiMn2O4, Li1+wM''O2-aXb (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Al, Zr, W, Ti, Nb, V, Fe, Mo, or a combination of at least two thereof and X is F, S, or a combination of at least two thereof), Li1+w(NiM''')O2 (where M''' is Mn, Co, Mg, Al, W, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, or a combination of at least two thereof), sulfur, elemental selenium, elemental iodine, fluoride iron(III), copper(II) fluoride, lithium iodide, carbon-based active materials such as graphite, organic cathode active materials, or a combination of two or more of these, where compatible. 53.An electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 50 to 52, wherein the positive electrode material further comprises an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, an ionic organic additive, and / or inorganic particles.

54. An electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 49 to 53, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material. comprising a negative electrode electrochemically active material, and is optionally on a current collector.

55. The electrochemical cell of claim 54, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically active material comprises a metal film comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal.

56. The electrochemical cell of claim 55, wherein the alkali metal is selected from lithium and sodium, or an alloy comprising lithium or sodium, preferably lithium or an alloy comprising lithium. 57.The electrochemical cell of claim 54, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically active material comprises an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, and CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (e.g., LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride), a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a carbon (e.g., graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), a silicon oxide (SiOx), a silicon oxide-carbon composite (SiOx-C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), a tin oxide (SnOx), a tin oxide-carbon composite (SnOx-C), and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible. 58.The electrochemical cell of claim 57, wherein the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formulae M''''bOc (where M'''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof; and b and c are numbers such that the ratio c:b is in the range of 2 to 3) (e.g., MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides (e.g., NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and LiM'''''O (where M''''' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb, or a combination of at least two thereof) (e.g., lithium titanate (such as Li4Ti5O. 12 ), or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O 13 )).

59. The electrochemical cell of claim 57 or 58, wherein the negative electrode material further comprises an electronically conductive material, a binder, a salt, an ionic organic additive, and / or inorganic particles.

60. A battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined in any one of claims 47 to 59.

61. The battery of claim 60, wherein said battery is selected from a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a sodium battery, a sodium-ion battery, a potassium battery, a potassium-ion battery, a magnesium battery, and a magnesium-ion battery.

62. The battery of claim 60, wherein said battery is a lithium battery.

63. The battery of claim 60, wherein said battery is a lithium-ion battery.

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