Cyclophilin inhibitors and uses thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-08
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Figure PCTCN2024096567-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024096567-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024096567-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CYCLOPHILIN INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOFDescriptionBACKGROUND
[0001] The present disclosure relates to cyclosporin analogues, and their use for the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders, in particular diseases or conditions associated with the proliferation of cytokines in inflammatory pathways. In particular, the disclosure relates to compounds which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors, cyclophilin D inhibitors, or both cyclophilin A and D inhibitors.
[0002] Acute and chronic inflammation is well recognized to involve the complex interaction of various cellular (neutrophils, macrophages) and extracellular (complement, histamine) factors that act in response to PAMP (pathogen-activated molecular patterns) and DAMP (damage-activated molecular patterns) signals to resolve the originating insult. Cyclophilin A has been demonstrated to function as a chemokine to facilitate leukocyte migration in support of an inflammatory response and blockade of cyclophilin A was shown to be beneficial in animal models of acute and chronic inflammation. Regulation or inhibition of cyclophilin A has been implicated in the treatment of various diseases and conditions including cardiovascular disease, viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , cancer including breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma, kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, nephritis, and renal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, central nervous system diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
[0003] More recently, a severe form of inflammation that is accompanied by cell death and tissue necrosis has been described. A significant body of evidence now supports the opening of a pore at the mitochondrial membrane, termed the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) , as being critical to the onset and maintenance of this necrotic inflammation. A key regulator of this MPTP opening is cyclophilin D (CypD) , and inhibitors of CypD have shown good activity in preventing tissue damage associated with necrotic inflammation.
[0004] Cyclosporin A is a compound well known for its immunosuppressive properties, but other biological properties have also been described. Cyclosporin A has the following chemical structure:
[0005] Biologically active derivatives of Cyclosporin A have also been made. For example, US 6,583,265, EP0484281, EP0194972 describe cyclosporin derivatives having various properties including immunosuppressive, antiparasitic and antiviral properties. US 6,583,265 describes cyclosporin derivatives with modifications made at position 3 (sarcosine) of the cyclosporin macrocycle. In particular, US 6,583,265 discloses Compound 0:
[0006] WO2019 / 016572 A1 also describes Compound 0 for use in the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic inflammatory disorders. WO2021 / 190601 A1 and WO 2021 / 190603 A1 describe cyclosporin derivatives for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition such as organ injury or organ failure.
[0007] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide further cyclosporin analogues, in particular analogues which may be useful for inhibition of cyclophilins, e.g., cyclophilin A, B, and D, and diseases and conditions associated therewith. In particular, the disclosure relates to compounds which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors, cyclophilin D inhibitors, or both cyclophilin A and D inhibitors. Specifically, the disclosure related to compounds which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors. Further objects of the disclosure will be clear on the basis of the following description, examples, and claims.SUMMARY
[0008] In a first aspect, the disclosure relates to compounds as defined in the detailed description, i.e., compounds of Formulas 1-6.
[0009] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides for the use of said compounds as cyclophilin inhibitors. In yet a further aspect, the disclosure provides for use of said compounds in a method of preventing and / or treating cyclophilin-mediated diseases or conditions, such as cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated diseases or conditions, specifically cyclophilin A-mediated diseases or conditions.
[0010] DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] In a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0012] wherein:
[0013] X is
[0014] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
[0015] c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;
[0016] Y is CH2 or NRx;
[0017] Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0018] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0019] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0020] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0021] R7 is O-R8;
[0022] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH or wherein m is 0-20;
[0023] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0024] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0025] R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; and
[0026] R15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.
[0027] In a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0028] wherein:
[0029] X is
[0030] or
[0031] n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
[0032] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein
[0033] R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0034] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0035] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0036] R7 is O-R8;
[0037] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, or
[0038] CH2CH (OH) CH2OH;
[0039] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl; and
[0040] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0041] In one embodiment, the cyclosporin compound according to the disclosure is a cyclosporin A compound comprising a substituent at the sarcosine residue at position 3 of the macrocyclic ring such as defined in any one or combination of the embodiments described herein.
[0042] The position numbering as used herein refers to commonly used nomenclature and number assignment of the eleven amino acid residues featured in the cyclosporin core. With cyclosporin A as basis, the amino acids residues may be numbered as follows: methyl-butenyl-threonine, which may be abbreviated as MeBmt (1) , aminobutyric acid (2) ) , sarcosine, which may be abbreviated as Sar (3) , N-methyl leucine (4) , valine (5) , N-methyl leucine (6) , alanine (7) , D-alanine (8) , N-methyl leucine (9) , N-methyl leucine (10) , N-methyl valine (11) .
[0043] The presence of a wavy bond, e.g., as shown below
[0044] indicates a point of attachment to a portion of a compound that is not shown. In the example shown, there are two points of attachment to two portions of a compound that is not shown.
[0045] The term ‘H’ as used herein refers to hydrogen. The term ‘alkyl’ as used herein is defined as a saturated or unsaturated alkyl hydrocarbon moiety in any isomeric configuration. Included are straight-chain, linear alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, 1-pentyl, n-hexyl. Also included are branched alkyl (e.g., branched C3 to C6 alkyl) such as isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, and isomers of hexyl. Further included within the definition of ‘alkyl’ are cyclic isomers such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Examples of unsaturated alkyl include but are not limited to vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl, and other alkenyl or alkylene moieties, for example comprising one or more double bonds e.g., pentadienyl.
[0046] The term ‘C1 to C6’ is defined as a moiety comprising a range of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The terms ‘C3 to C6’ and ‘C6 to C10’ are to be understood analogously but denoting a moiety comprising a range of 3 to 6 carbon atoms or a range of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, respectively.
[0047] In preferred embodiments, the C1 to C6 alkyl refers to an unsubstituted hydrocarbon moiety such as defined above. In an optional embodiment, the C1 to C6 alkyl may be substituted with one or more substituents, whereby one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a bond to said substituent or moiety other than hydrogen.
[0048] When the term ‘alkyl’ is represented along with another radical like ‘arylalkyl’ , the alkyl portion shall have the same meaning as the definition of ‘alkyl’ and is bonded to the other radical.
[0049] The term ‘aryl’ as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring assembly typically containing 6-14 ring atoms where all the ring atoms are carbon atoms. Typically, the aryl is a 6-membered (ring atoms) monocyclic, a 10-to 12-membered bicyclic, or a 14-membered fused tricyclic aromatic ring system. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. When the term ‘aryl’ is represented along with another radical such as ‘arylalkyl’ , the aryl portion shall have the same meaning as the definition of ‘aryl’ and is bonded to the other radical.
[0050] The term ‘bicyclic’ or ‘bicyclyl’ as used herein refers to a ring assembly where rings are fused together, linked by a single bond, or linked by bridging atoms.
[0051] The term ‘substituted’ such substituted alkyl (e.g. substituted C1 to C6 alkyl for example) may refer to a moiety or radical, wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced, independently, with at least one or more (e.g. two, three, or more) substituents such as halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyl (-OH) , C1 to C6 alkoxyl, amino (-NH2) , monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, thioalkyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
[0052] The term ‘halogen’ is interchangeable with ‘halo’ , and may refer to chloro, bromo, iodo or fluoro atoms. ‘Haloalkyl’ refers to an alkyl substituent wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more halogen atoms. An example of haloalkyl is trifluoroalkyl such as trifluoromethyl.
[0053] The term ‘hydroxyl’ refers to a -OH radical. In some embodiments, the hydrogen may be substituted, for example with a hydroxy protecting group within the art or a prodrug moiety. The term ‘alkoxyl’ or the like means an alkylated hydroxyl substituent, i.e., in which the hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl group. ‘C1 to C6 alkoxy’ refers to the replacement of hydroxy hydrogen with a C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above. Examples include methoxy, isopropoxy, phenoxy, or t-butoxy.
[0054] The term ‘amino’ may refer to an -NH2 radical. In some embodiments, the hydrogen (s) may be substituted, for example with a protecting group, or one or more further substituent such as alkyl. The term ‘monoalkylamino’ , refers to an amino radical in which one of the hydrogens is replaced with alkyl, e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above (i.e. -NHR, wherein R is alkyl) . ‘Dialkylamino’ refers to an amino radical whereby both hydrogens are replaced independently with alkyl (i.e. -NRR’ , where R and R' are alkyl, which may be the same (e.g., dimethylamino) , or different) .
[0055] ‘Thioalkyl’ may refer to the radical -SR” , wherein R” is alkyl, e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above. The term ‘carboxyl’ as used herein refers to the radical -C (O) -Ra, wherein Ra may be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g. -OCH3) , amino, alkylamino, dialkyl amino, thioalkyl and the like. The term ‘alkoxycarbonyl’ may refer to the radical -OC (O) -Ra, wherein Ra is selected from alkyl (e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl, e.g., methyl) , aryl, hetaryl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkyl amino, thioalkyl, etc.
[0056] The term ‘hetero’ when used to describe a compound or substituent means that one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. In further embodiments of the current disclosure, the substituents R1 and R2 may be joined together to form a heterocycloalkyl ring, for example a C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring. Unless otherwise indicated, ‘heterocycloalkyl’ refers to a saturated, or unsaturated non-aromatic ring forming at least part of a cyclic structure and where at least one or more carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom (and in the case of a C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl comprising between 3 to 6 carbon atoms) . For example, the substituents R1 and R2 may be joined together to form a 4-, 5-or 6-member saturated, non-aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom. The heterocycloalkyl ring may comprise at least one heteroatom selected from O, N, or S.
[0057] The substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH (CH3) OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH (CH3) OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, and (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) . In a particular embodiment, the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, and (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) .
[0058] In another embodiment, the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 is wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0059] Prodrugs of a compound of Formula 1 as disclosed herein are contemplated. The term ‘prodrug’ refers to a drug substance that after intake is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug by a metabolic or physicochemical transformation. In some embodiments, if a compound of Formula 1 comprises one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) , any of the one or more hydroxyl groups may be optionally converted to a prodrug moiety. In particular embodiments, if the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 is hydrogen or if the substituent R8 comprises a hydroxyl group (-OH) , the hydrogen of any hydroxyl group present in the compound may be optionally converted to a prodrug moiety. In further particular embodiments, the prodrug moiety may be selected from the group consisting of CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH (CH3) OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH (CH3) OC (O) C (CH3) 3, and CH2CH (OH) CH2OH. In other particular embodiments, the prodrug moiety may be selected from the group consisting of CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R1313, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, and CH2CH (OH) CH2OH. In specific embodiments, the prodrug compound is a compound as disclosed in example compounds 47, 48, and 49.
[0060] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 2
[0061] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, n = 0, 1, 2, or 3. In other embodiments, R1 and R2 are each H. In other embodiments, R1 and R2 are each C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R1 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R2 is H. In some embodiments, R1 is H and R2 is (C1to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9. In other embodiments, R1 is (C1to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9 and R2 is H. In other embodiments, R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring. In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are each H. In other embodiments, R3 and R4 are each C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 is H and R4 is C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R2 is H. In other embodiments, R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, any recited R1 and R2 combination may be combined with any recited R3 and R4 combination. In some embodiments, a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In other embodiments a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In some embodiments, any R8 substituent disclosed herein may be combined with any of the above recited combinations. In a particular embodiment, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) , and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is may be combined with any of the above recited R1, R2, R3, and R4 combinations. In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0062] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 3
[0063] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, R5 and R6 are each H. In other embodiments, R5 and R6 are each C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R5 is H and R6 is C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R5 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R6 is H. In some embodiments, each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-are a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In other embodiments, any R8 substituent disclosed herein may be combined with any of the above recited combinations. In a particular embodiment, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) , and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is may be combined with any of the above recited R5 and R6 combinations. In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0064] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 4
[0065] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, Y is CH2. In some embodiments, each potential stereocenter present in the X group is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In particular embodiments, X is In other embodiments, Y is NRx and Rx is H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or CH3. In a particular embodiment, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) , and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is may be combined with any of the above recited X and / or Y combinations. In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0066] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 5
[0067] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, Y is CH2. In some embodiments, each potential stereocenter present in the X group is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In some embodiments, X is In other embodiments, Y is NRx and Rx is H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or CH3. In a particular embodiment, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) , and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is may be combined with any of the above recited X and / or Y combinations. In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0068] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 6
[0069] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, each potential stereocenter present in the X group is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In some embodiments, X is . In a particular embodiment, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, (CH2) (CH2) mR14, (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, (CH2) 2NR15R16, (CH2) 2N (CH3) 2, (CH2) 2N (CH2) 4N (CH3) (e.g., (CH2) 2N-methylpiperazinyl) , and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is may be combined with any of the above recited X groups. In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 6.
[0070] In another embodiment, the substituent X is
[0071] n is 0, wherein R1 and R2 are each H; R1 is CH3 and R2 is CH3; R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl; R1 is H and R2 is CH3; R1 is H and R2 is CH2CH3; R1 is H and R2 is CH (CH3) 2; R1 is H and R2 is (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9; R1 is H and R2 is CH2CH2C (O) 2H; R1 is H and R2 is CH2CH2C (O) 2CH3; or R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment, a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer.
[0072] In another embodiment, the substituent X is
[0073] n is 1, wherein R1 and R2 are each H and R3 and R4 are each H, CH3, or joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring; R1 and R2 are each CH3 and R3 and R4 are each H; R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl, CH3, or CH2CH3 and R3 and R4 are each H; or R1 and R2 are each H, R3 is H and R4 is C1 to C6 alkyl or CH3. In yet another embodiment a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In yet another embodiment a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer.
[0074] In another embodiment, the substituent X is
[0075] n is 2, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each H.
[0076] In another embodiment, the substituent X is
[0077] n is 3, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each H.
[0078] In another embodiment, the substituent X is
[0079] wherein R5 and R6 are each H or CH3. In other embodiments, each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer.
[0080] In specific embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R1 is wherein f and g are each independently 0 to 4; and R2 is H.
[0081] In specific embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of
[0082] In other specific embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is
[0083] In other specific embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is
[0084] In yet other specific embodiments, X is selected from the group consisting of and R8 is
[0085] The compounds according to the disclosure may be selected from Compound 1, 2, 3, 4, et seq. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in Table 1:
[0086] Table 1.
[0087] The compounds of present disclosure may exist in various stereoisomeric forms and mixtures. It may be understood that the disclosure may include, in addition to stereocenters as designated or depicted in the formulae, all their enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates or other mixtures, as well as polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, complexes, free form, or salt forms. Unless otherwise indicated, the compounds within the scope of the current disclosure comprising one or more asymmetric centers which have not been designated or depicted in the formulae, or which have not been specifically named / described may also include all enantiomers, diastereomers, or their mixtures, racemic or otherwise thereof. The representation of double bonds in the current disclosure refers to the isomer as depicted, however may be considered as also including the other Z (or E) isomer. Also included is the use of any optically pure or stereochemically pure stereoisomers, as well as any combination of stereoisomers, as determined or prepared by methods well-known in the art. Optionally, the compounds of the disclosure may also include their isotopes, such compounds wherein an atom is replaced with an isotope, such as hydrogen with a deuterium, or a carbon with carbon-13.
[0088] In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure comprise a cyclosporin ring, wherein the substituent at the 4-position, e.g., the isobutyl group of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent. In specific embodiments, for example, the at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent is present at the carbon atom substituted by two methyl groups (e.g., -CH2C (OH) (CH3) 2) . In other embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure comprise a cyclosporin ring, wherein the substituent at the 8-position, e.g., the methyl group of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent (e.g., 8-D serine-cyclosporin) .
[0089] As defined herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable compound is a compound which is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and is acceptable and compatible for pharmaceutical use in humans. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a compound such as provided herein, which retains its biological properties and which is non-toxic and is compatible for pharmaceutical use.
[0090] Salts according to the present disclosure may result from the addition of acids to the compound of Formulas 1-6 or any one of the specific compounds described herein. The resultant acid addition salts may include those formed with acetic, 2, 2 dichloroacetic, citric, lactic, mandelic, glycolic, adipic, alginic, aryl sulfonic acids (e.g., benzenesulfonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic) , ascorbic (e.g. L-ascorbic) , L-aspartic, benzoic, 4-acetamidobenzoic, butanoic, (+) camphoric, camphor-sulfonic, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic, capric, caproic, caprylic, cinnamic, citric, cyclamic, dodecylsulfuric, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic, ethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, formic, fumaric, galactaric, gentisic, glucoheptonic, gluconic (e.g. D-gluconic) , glucuronic (e.g. D-glucuronic) , glutamic (e.g. L-glutamic) , α-oxoglutaric, glycolic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydriodic, isethionic, lactic (e.g. (+) -L-lactic and (±) -DL-lactic) , lactobionic, maleic, malic (e.g. (-) -L-malic) , (±) -DL-mandelic, metaphosphoric, methanesulfonic, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic, nicotinic, nitric, oleic, orotic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, phosphoric, propionic, L-pyroglutamic, salicylic, 4-amino-salicylic, sebacic, stearic, succinic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric (e.g. (+) -L-tartaric) , thiocyanic, undecylenic and valeric acids. In particular, acid addition salts may include those derived from mineral acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids; from organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, and arylsulfonic acids.
[0091] Surprisingly, some of the compounds, particularly the acids (wherein R7 = OH) , are much more water soluble than many previously known cyclosporin derivatives (see Table 5, below) . As such, they offer more advantageous means for formulation of a pharmaceutical product, be it for parental application (smaller volume for injection) or better oral bioavailability (solid dosage form) .
[0092] The compounds of the present disclosure may be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of diseases or medical conditions, or in the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and / or treating a disease or medical condition. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure, e.g., any compound of Formulas 1-6 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used as a medicament. In specific embodiments, the medicament may be used to prevent and / or treat diseases or medical conditions. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used in methods for prevention and / or treating a disease or condition comprising administering any compound of Formulas 1-6 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof; preferably wherein the subject is a human subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effect amount of any compound of Formulas 1-6 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a subject in need thereof; preferably wherein the subject is a human subject.
[0093] The term ‘therapy’ which may be used synonymously with the term ‘treatment’ , as used herein, relates to a therapeutic intervention capable of effecting a cure, improvement, amelioration, control, control of progression, prevention of progression, prevention of reoccurrence of a disease, condition or symptom associated with said disease or condition.
[0094] As understood herein the term ‘prevention’ , which may be used interchangeably with the term ‘prophylaxis’ , refers to the use of a compound, or composition, for preventing the occurrence of a disease, condition, or symptom, or significantly reducing the likelihood of occurrence of a disease, condition, or symptom, as well as the prevention of, for example, a further reoccurrence of a disease, condition, or associated symptom. Also included within the meaning of the term is the prevention of progression of a disease, condition, or associated symptom, after an initial improvement or after initial removal of the cause of the disease, condition, or symptom.
[0095] In particular, the compound according to the disclosure may be used for the prevention, as well as the treatment of cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition.
[0096] In particular, the compounds as described herein may be used as inhibitors of cyclophilin, especially cyclophilin A (CypA) and / or cyclophilin D (CypD) . In one embodiment, the compound is used as an inhibitor of cyclophilin A, for example, provided or administered at a therapeutically relevant amount for the inhibition of cyclophilin A. As generally understood herein, the term ‘therapeutically effective amount’ is an amount of e.g., a compound which when administered to a subject (e.g., human subject) for treating and / or preventing a disease or condition, is sufficient to affect such treatment and / or prevention thereof.
[0097] The overexpression of these cyclophilins has been linked or correlated with various diseases and conditions, in particular inflammatory diseases in humans. For example, cyclophilin A has been demonstrated to function as a chemokine to facilitate leukocyte migration in support of an inflammatory response, and the blockade of cyclophilin A has been shown to be beneficial in animal models of acute inflammation. A significant body of evidence now also supports the opening of a pore at the mitochondrial membrane, termed the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) , as being critical to the onset and maintenance of a severe form of inflammation, necrotic inflammation. A key regulator of this MPTP opening is cyclophilin D and inhibition of CypD has shown good activity in preventing tissue damage associated with necrotic inflammation. Opening of the MPTP, and subsequent initiation of necrotic cell death, is triggered by elevated intracellular calcium levels that result from a variety of factors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, bile salt toxins, etc. Pharmacological inhibition of CypD may therefore be protective toward tissue degradation due to ischemia-reperfusion injury of organ tissue.
[0098] In some embodiments, it has been found that certain compounds according to the present disclosure, as evidenced in the Examples, are surprisingly effective as inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly non-immunosuppressive. The compounds may be useful for the treatment or prevention of disease or conditions, wherein raised levels or activity of cyclophilin is associated with, contributing to, or resulting in said disease or condition. In particular, the cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition which may be treated or prevented according to the disclosure may be a cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition. Such compounds bear high CypA / D binding affinity and high mitochondrial function protection. Examples of such compounds include compounds 53, 58 and 59.
[0099] In other embodiments, it has been found that certain compounds according to the present disclosure, as evidenced in the Examples, are surprisingly effective as inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly immunosuppressive with little or no effect on mitochondrial activities (non-cell protection) , therefore providing improvements over cyclosporin A (CsA) and Compound 0. Examples of such compounds include compounds 1, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 27, 31, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 54, 61, and 63.
[0100] In yet other embodiments, it has been found that certain compounds according to the present disclosure, as evidenced in the Examples, are surprisingly effective as inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but surprisingly possess anti-inflammatory activities, are non-immunosuppressive, and have little or no effect on mitochondrial activities. Such compounds may be used to treat patients having chronic inflammation, who in certain embodiments require long-term drug intake. Examples of such compounds include compounds 10, 29, 51, and 62.
[0101] In some embodiments, the compounds according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin intracellularly. In other embodiments, the compounds according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin extracellularly. In yet other embodiments, the compounds according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin both intracellularly and extracellularly. In certain embodiments, elevated levels of extracellular cyclophilins may contribute to diseases or conditions that may be treated with the compounds of the present disclosure, such as, for example, diseases or conditions that are associated with elevated levels of extracellular cyclophilin A.
[0102] Cyclophilin-mediated diseases or conditions are typically diseases and conditions associated with inflammatory response, cellular damage, injury and / or cell death (e.g., necrosis) and may include, but are not limited to, the diseases and conditions as further described below.
[0103] In one embodiment, the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, viral infection (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ) , cancer (e.g., breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, or renal cell carcinoma) , kidney disease (e.g., acute kidney injury, nephritis, or renal fibrosis) , rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, and central nervous system diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) .
[0104] In another embodiment, the cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition is a disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death, e.g., cell injury or cell death in an organ or organ injury or organ failure. In particular embodiments, the organ is selected from the group consisting of kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine, cornea, skin, brain, and nerve tissue.
[0105] Furthermore, the term ‘subject’ or ‘patient’ may be used interchangeably, and refer in one embodiment, to a human subject. Preferably, the subject or patient is a human. These terms may also refer to other animals, such as other mammals. The disclosure in further embodiments may also have application, for instance, in farm animals or other veterinary subjects, in particular mammals such cats, dogs, primates, horses, cows, and pigs.
[0106] The compound of the present disclosure may optionally be administered together with one or more further active substances.
[0107] As used herein, the term ‘dose’ or ‘dosage’ as such refers to a single, or unit dose of a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a drug substance, unless prefaced or followed by an indication of time, time interval, or indication of quantity. A ‘daily dose’ or ‘dosage per day’ for example refers to the total dose amount of a compound as described herein, or drug substance administered in the course of one day (24 hours) . A daily dose may comprise only one dose, if only one dose is administered once per day but may also be a total based on the sum of multiple unit doses that are administered during a day, for example, if more than one unit dose is administered at two or more timed intervals during a day. Intervals between doses may be, for example, two doses administered approximately every 12 hours, or three doses administered approximately every 8 hours. As used herein a dose of a compound may refer to a unit dose of Compounds of Formulas 1-6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, but may also be applicable to a medicament, or composition or dosage form comprising said unit dose of compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0108] When used herein the term ‘about’ or the like in connection with an attribute or value such as dose amount includes the exact attribute or precise value, as well as any attribute or value typically considered to fall within the normal or accepted variability associated with the technical field, and methods of measuring or determining said attribute or value. The term allows for any variation which in the common practice would allow for the product being evaluated to be considered bioequivalent in a mammal to the recited strength or dose of a claimed product.
[0109] It is to be understood, that the use of a compound of Formulas 1-6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or their use in a method of prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition as described in any one of the embodiments or combination of embodiments described herein may also provide for the manufacture or preparation of a medicament or medicine adapted and prescribed for said uses or methods of treatment and / or prophylaxis.
[0110] A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to the present disclosure may be administered enterally or parenterally to a subject. In one embodiment, a compound of Formulas 1-6 or a composition or a medicament comprising said compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be adapted for administration or may be administered parenterally, for example by intravenous injection or by sub-cutaneous, or intramuscular injection, or by intravenous or subcutaneous infusion. In an alternative embodiment, the compound, or a composition or medicament comprising the compound may be adapted for administration, or may be administered to a subject enterally, for example orally.
[0111] The present disclosure may also relate to a medicament, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one or combination of the embodiments described herein above, e.g., a compound of Formulas 1-6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The medicament or composition may comprise a therapeutically effective amount or unit dose (s) of said compound.
[0112] The medicament, or pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound may be formulated in a dosage form suitable or adapted for injection or infusion by any of the administration methods above. Alternatively, for oral administration, the medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the present disclosure may be provided in a dosage form suitable or adapted for oral administration, for example such as, but not limited to a tablet, capsule, gel cap, or film. Said medicament, or pharmaceutical composition may be used in accordance with any of the methods of treatment or prevention or uses described herein.
[0113] The following list of numbered items comprise embodiments according to the present disclosure:
[0114] 1. A compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
[0115] wherein:
[0116] X is
[0117] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
[0118] c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;
[0119] Y is CH2 or NRx;
[0120] Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0121] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0122] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0123] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0124] R7 is O-R8;
[0125] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH or wherein m is 0-20;
[0126] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0127] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0128] R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; and
[0129] R15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring;
[0130] or
[0131] wherein:
[0132] X is
[0133] or
[0134] n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
[0135] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0136] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0137] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0138] R7 is O-R8;
[0139] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, or CH2CH (OH) CH2OH;
[0140] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl; and
[0141] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0142] 2. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is H.
[0143] 3. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is CH3.
[0144] 4. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is C (CH3) 3.
[0145] 5. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, optionally wherein R10 is H or R11 is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0146] 6. The compound of item 5, wherein R8 is CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2.
[0147] 7. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is CHR12OC (O) R13.
[0148] 8. The compound of item 7, wherein R8 is CH2OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2 or CH (CH3) OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2.
[0149] 9. The compound of item 7, wherein R8 is CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3 or CH (CH3) OC (O) C (CH3) 3.
[0150] 10. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is CH2CH2OH.
[0151] 11. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is CH2CH (OH) CH2OH.
[0152] 12. The compound of item 1, wherein R8 is
[0153] 13. The compound of item 12, wherein R8 is (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, wherein m is 1 to 6.
[0154] 14. The compound of item 12, wherein R8 is (CH2) 2NR15R16.
[0155] 15. The compound of item 13 or 14, wherein NR15R16 is N (CH3) 2.
[0156] 16. The compound of item 12, wherein R14 is
[0157] 17. The compound of any one of the preceding items, wherein X is
[0158] and
[0159] n is 0.
[0160] 18. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 and R2 are each H.
[0161] 19. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 is CH3 and R2 is CH3.
[0162] 20. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0163] 21. The compound of item 20, wherein R2 is CH3.
[0164] 22. The compound of item 20, wherein R2 is CH2CH3.
[0165] 23. The compound of item 20, wherein R2 is CH (CH3) 2.
[0166] 24. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 is H and R2 is (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9.
[0167] 25. The compound of item 24, wherein R2 is CH2CH2C (O) 2H.
[0168] 26. The compound of item 24, wherein R2 is CH2CH2C (O) 2CH3.
[0169] 27. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 is wherein f and g are each independently 0 to 4; and R2 is H.
[0170] 28. The compound of any one of items 20 to 27, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0171] 29. The compound of any one of items 20 to 27, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (R) enantiomer.
[0172] 30. The compound of any one of items 20 to 27, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (S) enantiomer.
[0173] 31. The compound of item 17, wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring.
[0174] 32. The compound of any one of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0175] and
[0176] n is 1.
[0177] 33. The compound of item 32, wherein R1 and R2 are each H.
[0178] 34. The compound of item 33, wherein R3 and R4 are each H.
[0179] 35. The compound of item 33, wherein R3 and R4 are each CH3.
[0180] 36. The compound of item 33, wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring.
[0181] 37. The compound of item 32, wherein R1 and R2 are each CH3.
[0182] 38. The compound of item 37, wherein R3 and R4 are each H.
[0183] 39. The compound of item 32, wherein R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0184] 40. The compound of item 39, wherein R2 is CH3 or CH2CH3.
[0185] 41. The compound of any one of items 39 to 40, wherein R3 and R4 are each H.
[0186] 42. The compound of any one of items 39 to 41, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0187] 43. The compound of any one of items 39 to 41, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (R) enantiomer.
[0188] 44. The compound of any one of items 39 to 41, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (S) enantiomer.
[0189] 45. The compound of item 33, wherein R3 is H and R4 is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0190] 46. The compound of item 45, wherein R4 is CH3.
[0191] 47. The compound of any one of items 45 to 46, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0192] 48. The compound of any one of items 45 to 46, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is an (R) enantiomer.
[0193] 49. The compound of any one of items 45 to 46, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is an (S) enantiomer.
[0194] 50. The compound of any one of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0195] and n is 2.
[0196] 51. The compound of item 50, wherein R1 and R2 are each H.
[0197] 52. The compound of item 51, wherein R3 and R4 are each H.
[0198] 53. The compound of any one of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0199] and
[0200] n is 3.
[0201] 54. The compound of item 53, wherein R1 and R2 are each H.
[0202] 55. The compound of item 54, wherein R3 and R4 are each H.
[0203] 56. The compound of any one of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0204] 57. The compound of item 56, wherein R5 and R6 are each H.
[0205] 58. The compound of item 57, wherein R5 and R6 are each CH3.
[0206] 59. The compound of any of items 56 to 58, wherein each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-are a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0207] 60. The compound of any of items 56 to 58, wherein each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-are an (R) enantiomer.
[0208] 61. The compound of any of items 56 to 58, wherein each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-are an (S) enantiomer.
[0209] 62. The compound of any of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0210] 63. The compound of item 62, wherein Y is CH2.
[0211] 64. The compound of item 63, wherein X is
[0212] 65. The compound of item 62, wherein Y is NRx.
[0213] 66. The compound of item 65, wherein Rx is H.
[0214] 67. The compound of item 65, wherein Rx is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0215] 68. The compound of item 67, wherein Rx is CH3.
[0216] 69. The compound of item 62, wherein X is
[0217] 70. The compound of any of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0218] 71. The compound of item 70, wherein Y is CH2.
[0219] 72. The compound of item 71, wherein X is
[0220] 73. The compound of item 70, wherein Y is NRx.
[0221] 74. The compound of any of items 1 to 16, wherein X is
[0222] 75. The compound of item 74, wherein X is
[0223] 76. The compound of item 74, wherein X is
[0224] 77. The compound of any one of items 17, 32, 50, or 53, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of
[0225] 78. The compound of any one of items 17, 32, 50, or 53, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is
[0226] 79. The compound of any one of items 17, 32, 50, or 53, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is
[0227] 80. The compound of item 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of and R8 is
[0228] 81. The compound of item 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of
[0229] 82. A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 81, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a cyclosporin ring; and wherein an isobutyl group at a 4-position of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl substituent.
[0230] 83. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 82, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0231] 84. Use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 82 in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.
[0232] 85. The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 82 for use as a medicament, wherein the medicament is for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.
[0233] 86. A method of treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of items 1 to 83.
[0234] 87. The use or method according to any one of items 84 to 86, wherein the disease or condition is a cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition.
[0235] 88. The use or method according to item 87, wherein the cyclophilin is cyclophilin A.
[0236] 89. The use or method according to item 88, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, viral infection, cancer, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, central nervous system diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
[0237] 90. The use or method according to item 89, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is a viral infection.
[0238] 91. The use or method according to item 90, wherein the viral infection is selected from the group consisting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) .
[0239] 92. The use or method according to item 89, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is cancer.
[0240] 93. The use or method according to item 92, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma.
[0241] 94. The use or method according to item 89, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is kidney disease.
[0242] 95. The use or method according to item 94, wherein the kidney disease is selected from the group consisting of acute kidney injury, nephritis, and renal fibrosis.
[0243] 96. The use or method according to item 87, wherein the cyclophilin is cyclophilin D.
[0244] 97. The use or method according to item 96, wherein the cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition is a disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death, e.g., cell injury or cell death in an organ.
[0245] 98. The use or method according to item 97, wherein the disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death is organ injury or organ failure.
[0246] 99. The use or method according to any one of items 97 to 98 wherein the organ is selected from the group consisting of kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine, cornea, skin, brain, and nerve tissue.
[0247] 100. The use or method according to any one of items 84 to 99, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the medicament is adapted for oral administration or is adapted for administration by intravenous injection or infusion.
[0248] 101. The use or method according to item 100, wherein the intravenous injection or infusion is selected from the group consisting of subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection, and intravenous or subcutaneous infusion.
[0249] The following examples serve to illustrate embodiments of the disclosure; however, should not be understood as restricting the scope of the disclosure.
[0250] EXAMPLES
[0251] EXAMPLE 1 -Compound Preparation
[0252] The compounds as described herein may be obtainable in accordance to the general synthesis route as depicted below, comprising: a first step of reacting a cyclosporin compound (for example, cyclosporin A, C, D, G, etc. ) with dipyridyl disulphide to form a thiopyridyl intermediate ( [ (2’- (2-thiopyridyl) -Sar] 3-cyclosporin A or C, or D, or G, etc. ) , such as a compound of formula II as depicted below, followed by a second step comprising the reaction of this intermediate with a hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound (HO-X-C (O) OR) in the presence of copper triflate. Examples of a hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound used include, but are not limited to, methyl glycolate or 2-tert-butyl glycolate.
[0253] The skilled person will appreciate, that different analogues may be prepared using different hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compounds (HO-X-C (O) OR) in the second step, for example, where the -X-group varies in alkyl chain length and / or structure or where the carboxylate ester substituent -R varies in alkyl chain length and / or structure.
[0254] Preparation of Compound III
[0255] To the solution of starting material I (CsA) in ultra dry THF at 0 ℃ was added anhydrous LiCl, followed by dropwise addition of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) . After the addition, the reaction mixture was maintained at 0 ℃ for 1 hour, followed by addition of substituted disulfides when the reaction was kept at the same temperature for another 1 hour. After being checked by HPLC, methanol was added. The resultant mixture was maintained at room temperature for 16 hours. Then the mixture was poured into aqueous NaH2PO4 and extracted by methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) . The organic phase was washed by 0.25 M HCl, then dried and concentrated to get the crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound II their isomers.
[0256] The first flask with Cu (OTf) 2 or AgOTf was dried at 120 ℃ under vacuum for 4 hours. After being cooled to room temperature, the reactor was placed into a dry ice bath, followed by slow addition of THF under a nitrogen atmosphere. To the second flask was added compound II, an hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound (HO-X-C (O) OR) , and THF under a nitrogen atmosphere. This solution was then added dropwise into the first reactor flask with Cu (OTf) 2 or AgOTf / THF at room temperature, followed by addition of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) . The reaction mixture was maintained stirring at the same temperature for another 16 hours. After being checked by HPLC, isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc) was added and then washed by aqueous K2CO3. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to get crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound III as white solid. Compounds 1, 5-8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37-38, 41, 43, 46, 50, 55-64, and 71-78 were prepared by this methodology.
[0257] Preparation of Compounds IV and V
[0258] Compound IV was prepared analogously to Compound III above, where R is a -CH3 group. To the solution of compound IV in THF was added aqueous LiOH at room temperature and maintained for 18 hours. After being checked by HPLC, the reaction mixture was acidified to pH 2-3 by 1 M aqueous HCl, extracted by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) . The organic phase was dried and concentrated to obtain a crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound V as white solid. Compounds 2-4, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23-24, 26, 28, 32, 34, 36, 39-40, 42, 44, and 45 were prepared by this methodology.
[0259] Preparation of Compounds VI and VII
[0260] Compound VI was prepared analogously to Compound III, above, where R is a -tert-butyl group. To the solution of ZnCl2 in THF (1 M) was added compound VI. The stirred mixture was warmed up to 40 ℃ under N2 and maintained for 18 hours. After being checked by HPLC, the mixture was added 1 M HCl aq., extracted by DCM. The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, concentrated to obtain crude. The crude was further purified by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound VII as white solid. Compounds 11 and 30 were prepared by this methodology.
[0261] Preparation of Compounds XIII and XV
[0262] Compound XIII was prepared analogously to Compound III above, where R is a -CH3 group and X is a -CH2-group. To the solution of compound XIII (11.8 g, 9.14 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (60mL) was added tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBDMSOTf, 12.08 g, 45.7 mmol, 5.0 eq) , 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 112 mg, 0.914 mmol, 0.1 eq) and triethylamine (TEA, 9.25 g, 91.4 mmol, 10 eq) under N2. The mixture was stirred at RT. After 3.5 hours, HPLC indicated compound XIII had been consumed. The reaction mixture was poured into 300 mL water, extracted by 100 mL x 3 MTBE. The organic phases were combined, washed by 150 mL x 2 aqueous citric acid (0.5 M) and 150 mL sat. aq. NaCl, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain crude compound XIV (18.6 g, Purity: 93.39%) as an offwhite solid, which was used directly next step.
[0263] To the mixture of THF (100 mL) and H2O (100 mL) was added compound XIV (18.6 g) and KOH (5.0 eq) . The mixture was stirred at RT. After 18 hours, HPLC indicated compound XIV had been consumed. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove THF. The residual water was acidified to 1-2 pH by 1M HCl. The mixture was extracted by 100 mL x 3 MTBE. The organic phases were combined, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain crude compound XV (13.9 g, Purity: 93.45%) as an off white solid, which was used directly in the next synthetic step.
[0264] Preparation of Compound 47
[0265] To the solution of compound XV (3.0 g, 2.16 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (30mL) was added compound XVI (2.30 g, 8.64 mmol, 4.0 eq) and TEA (1.75 g, 17.28 mmol, 8.0 eq) sequentially under N2. The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃. After 1.5 hours, HPLC indicated compound XV had been consumed. The mixture was quenched by 150 mL sat. aq. NH4Cl. Extracted by 100 mL x 3 MTBE. The combined organic phase was washed by 100 mL sat. aq. NaCl, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain crude compound XVII (4.8 g, Purity: 88.63%) as an offwhite solid, which was used directly next step.
[0266] To the solution of compound XVII (1.0 g, 0.62 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (10mL) at 0 ℃ was added TFA (4 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃. After 1.5 hours, HPLC indicated compound XVII had been consumed. The mixture was quenched by 150 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3, extracted by 50 mL x 3 MTBE. The organic phases were combined and washed with 100 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3 and 100 mL brine. The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain the crude gel (890 mg, purity: 83.81%) , which was purified by prep-TLC (DCM / EtOH=20∶1) to obtain compound 47 (60 mg, purity: 93.83%) as a white solid.
[0267] Preparation of Compound 48
[0268] To the solution of compound XV (1.0 g, 0.72 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (10mL) was added compound XVIII (216 mg, 1.44 mmol, 2.0 eq) and TEA (291 mg, 2.88 mmol, 4.0 eq) sequentially under N2. The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃. After 1.5 hours, HPLC indicated compound XV had been consumed. The reaction mixture was cooled down to RT, quenched by 50 mL sat. aq. NH4Cl and extracted by 30 mL x 3 MTBE. The combined organic phase was washed by 50 mL sat. aq. NH4Cl and 50 mL brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain crude compound XIX (1.02 g, Purity: 90.19%) as an off white solid, which was used directly next step.
[0269] To the solution of compound XIX (200 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dichloromethane (DCM, 2 mL) at 0 ℃ was added trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 0.4 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃. After 1 hour, HPLC indicated compound XIX had been consumed. The reaction mixture was quenched by 15 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3 and extracted with 10 mL x 3 MTBE. The combined organic phase was washed by 15 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3, 15 mL brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain the crude gel (192 mg, purity: 85.32%) , which was purified by prep-TLC (DCM / Acetone=5∶1) to obtain compound 48 (51 mg, purity: 92.13%) as a white solid.
[0270] Preparation of Compound 49
[0271] To the solution of compound XV (2.0 g, 1.44 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (20mL) was added compound XX (286 mg, 2.16 mmol, 1.5 eq) , 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDCl, 414 mg, 2.16 mmol, 1.5 eq) and DMAP (264 mg, 2.16 mmol, 1.5 eq) sequentially under N2. The mixture was stirred at 10-15 ℃. After 20 hours, HPLC indicated compound XV had been consumed. The reaction mixture was quenched by 100 mL sat. aq. NH4Cl and extracted by 50 mL x 3 MTBE. The combined organic phase was washed by 100 mL sat. aq. NH4Cl and 100 mL brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain crude compound XXI (2.02 g, Purity: 89.41%) as an offwhite solid, which was used directly next step.
[0272] To the solution of compound XXI (1.0 g, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (10 mL) at 0 ℃ was added TFA (4 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃. After 1 hour, HPLC indicated compound XXI had been consumed. The reaction mixture was quenched by 150 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3 and extracted by 50 mL x 3 MTBE. The combined organic phase was washed by 100 mL sat. aq. NaHCO3 and 100 mL brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain the crude solid (930 mg, purity: 87.30%) . The crude solid (200 mg) was purified by prep-TLC (DCM / EtOH=20∶1) to obtain compound 49 (60 mg, purity: 95.22%) as a white solid.
[0273] Preparation of Compounds XXV
[0274] To the solution of compound V in DMF was added R7-OH, the coupling reagents and DIPEA at room temperature under N2. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and maintained for 15~24 hours. After being checked by HPLC, the reaction mixture was quenched by water, extracted by iso-PrOAc. The organic phase was combined, washed by brine, dried over Na2SO4, concentrated to obtain crude, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the target compound XXV as a white solid. Compounds 51-54, 65-70, and 79-96 were prepared by this methodology.
[0275] EXAMPLE 2 -Prodrug Stability Assays in Different Matrixes
[0276] Chemical Stability Assay Protocol
[0277] Terfenadine (stored at 4 ℃) , tolbutamide (stored at 4 ℃) , NaH2PO4·2 H2O (stored at room temperature) , Na2HPO4·12 H2O (stored at room temperature) , and NaCl (stored at room temperature) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. FaSSIF, FeSSIF, FaSSGF, and FaSSIF-V2 were obtained from Biorelevant and stored at 4 ℃. A filter plate was obtained from Merck Millipore and stored at room temperature. Mass spectra were obtained on a Q Trap 4500 mass spectrometer obtained from AB Sciex. The LC-MS / MS analysis was carried out in ESI, positive ionization mode using an ACE Excel 5 C4 50*2.1 mm column with a mobile phase A of 0.1%formic acid in H2O and a mobile phase B of 0.1%formic acid in acetonitrile with a run time of 3 minutes.
[0278] A solution of FaSSIF with pancreatin was prepared in a maleic acid buffer solution. First, the maleic acid buffer solution was prepared from 0.695 g NaOH, 1.115 g maleic acid, and 2.005 g NaCl dissolved in 0.49 L distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 6.8 with HCl and the volume was brought to 0.5 L with distilled water. The maleic acid buffer solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter. Second, FaSSIF-V2 powder (89.5 mg) was dissolved in the maleic acid buffer and the volume was brought to 50 mL and stored at 4 ℃ for future use. Third, pancreatin powder (100 mg) was dissolved in 10 mL of the above FaSSIF-V2 solution.
[0279] A solution of FaSSGF with pepsin was prepared in a NaCl / HCl buffer solution. First, the NaCl / HCl buffer solution was prepared from 1.0 g NaCl dissolved in 0.49 L distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 1.2 with HCl and the volume was brought to 0.5 L with distilled water. The NaCl / HCl buffer solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter. Second, FaSSGF powder (3.0 mg) was dissolved in the NaCl / HCl buffer and the volume was brought to 5O mL and stored at 4 ℃ for future use. Third, pepsin powder (32 mg) was dissolved in 10 mL of the above FaSSGF solution.
[0280] Stock solutions of compounds 2, 47, 48, and 49 were prepared at a concentration of 50 mM in DMSO. From these 50 mM stock solutions, 200 μM working solutions of compounds 2, 47, 48, and 49 were prepared by diluting the stock solutions with DMSO.
[0281] A stock solution of terfenadine was prepared at 1 / 1 mg / mL in DMSO. From this 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution, a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of terfenadine was prepared by diluting the stock solution with acetonitrile. The same procedure was used to prepare a 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution of tolbutamide in DMSO and a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of tolbutamide in acetonitrile.
[0282] To 199 μL of the FaSSIF with pancreatin solution or the FaSSGF with pepsin solution was added 1.0 μL of the test compound / control working solution at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes and incubated for 120, 60, 30, 15, 5, and 0 minutes, respectively. After 120 minutes, 600 μL of quenching solution is added to the 200 μL reaction mixture.
[0283] A 1 μM standard solution of compound 2 was prepared by adding of 199 μL of the buffer solution to 600 μL of the quenching solution. Subsequently, 1.0 μL of the working solution of compound 2 was added to prepare the standard solution of compound 2.
[0284] The test solutions and standard solution of compound 2 were vortexed vigorously for 1 minute and centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 15 min. The supernatants (300 μL) of each sample were removed for LC-MS / MS analysis.
[0285] Plasma Stability Assay Protocol
[0286] Sprague-Dawley (male) rat plasma was obtained from BIOIVT and stored at -20 ℃. Mass spectra were obtained on a Q Trap 4500 or API 4000 mass spectrometer obtained from AB Sciex. The LC-MS / MS analysis was carried out in ESI, positive ionization mode using an ACE Excel 5 C4 50*2.1 mm column (run time 3 minutes) or a Kinetex 2.6 μm C18 column (2.1 mm *30 mm, run time 1.5 minutes) with a mobile phase A of 0.1%formic acid in H2O and a mobile phase B of 0.1%formic acid in acetonitrile.
[0287] The rat plasma was thawed in a 37 ℃ water bath and the pH was adjusted to 7.4 with an aqueous HCl or NaOH solution as needed. A stock solution of terfenadine was prepared at 1 / 1 mg / mL in DMSO. From this 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution, a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of terfenadine was prepared by diluting the stock solution with acetonitrile. The same procedure was used to prepare a 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution of tolbutamide in DMSO and a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of tolbutamide in acetonitrile.
[0288] Stock solutions of compounds 2, 47, 48, and 49 were prepared at a concentration of 50 mM in DMSO. From these 50 mM stock solutions, 200 μM working solutions of compounds 2, 47, 48, and 49 were prepared by diluting the stock solutions with DMSO.
[0289] The rat plasma was pre-warmed in a 37 ℃ water bath for 15 min. The working solution of the control / test compound (2 μL) was added to 398 μL of plasma and mixed well by pipetting. From the reaction mixture at each time point (0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min) , 30 μL was removed and added to 300 μL of the quenching solution. DMSO (3 μL) was added to the above solutions to ensure the same concentration in DMSO as the standard solution of compound 2.
[0290] A 1 μM standard solution of compound 2 was prepared by adding 30 μL plasma to 300 μL quenching solution to which a working solution of compound 2 (3 μL, 10 μM) was added.
[0291] The test samples and standard solution of compound 2 were mixed well by vortexing for 1 minute and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 ℃. The supernatants (100 μL) of each sample were mixed with 100 μL of distilled water for LC-MS / MS analysis.
[0292] Intestinal S9 Stability Assay Protocol
[0293] Rat (male) intestinal S9 without phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was obtained from BioreclamationIVT and stored at -80 ℃. Terfenadine, tolbutamide, and tetracaine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. K2HPO4 was obtained from SCR. NADPH was obtained from ACROS. Mass spectra were obtained on a Q Trap 4500 or API 4000 mass spectrometer obtained from AB Sciex. The LC-MS / MS analysis was carried out in ESI, positive ionization mode using an ACE Excel 5 C4 50*2.1 mm column with a mobile phase A of 0.1%formic acid in H2O and a mobile phase B of 0.1%formic acid in acetonitrile with a run time of 3 minutes.
[0294] A phosphate buffer solution (50 mM K2HPO4, pH 7.4) was prepared by dissolving 8.709 g K2HPO4in 950 mL of water. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 using an HCl solution. The final volume was adjusted to 1000 mL with water, filtered through a 0.22 μm filter, and stored at 4 ℃ for future use.
[0295] A stock solution of terfenadine was prepared at 1 / 1 mg / mL in DMSO. From this 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution, a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of terfenadine was prepared by diluting the stock solution with acetonitrile. The same procedure was used to prepare a 1 / 1 mg / mL stock solution of tolbutamide in DMSO and a 5 / 10 ng / mL quenching solution of tolbutamide in acetonitrile.
[0296] Stock solutions of compounds 47, 48, and 49 were prepared at a concentration of 50 mM in DMSO. From these 50 mM stock solutions, 200 μM working solutions of compounds 47, 48, and 49 were prepared by diluting the stock solutions with DMSO.
[0297] The intestinal S9 was thawed in a 37 ℃ water bath. A 5 mM NADPH working solution was prepared with the phosphate buffer solution. The working solution of the control / test compound (1.5 μL) was added to the intestinal S9 working solution (238,5 μL) in a 1.1 mL tube and gently mixed. The tube was pre-incubated in a 37 ℃ shaking water bath for 5 minutes. The reaction is started by adding the NADPH working solution (60 μL) to the tube and mixed by pipetting. From the reaction mixture at each time point (0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min) , 30 μL was transferred to 300 μL of the quenching solution and mixed well by pipetting. DMSO (3 μL) was added to the above solutions to ensure the same concentration in DMSO as the standard solution of compound 2. The samples were vortexed vigorously for about 1 minute.
[0298] A standard solution of compound 2 was prepared at a concentration of 50 mM in DMSO. From this 50 mM stock solution, a 10 μM working solution of compound 2 was prepared by diluting the standard solution of compound 2 with DMSO. The intestinal S9 working solution (24 μL) and the NADPH working solution (6 μL ) was added to the quenching solution (300 μL) , then 3 μL of the compound 2 working solution was added and mixed well.
[0299] The test samples and standard solution of compound 2 were centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 15 minutes. Each supernatant (100 μL) was mixed with distilled water (100 μL) for LC-MS / MS analysis.
[0300] Results of Stability Assays
[0301] Prodrug compounds 47, 48, and 49 were tested in different matrices for stability and ability to generate parent compound 2. The assay results obtained are summarized in Tables 2 and 3 below. The prodrug glycerol linker moiety may be used to increase the stability of the prodrug compounds without compromising the biological activity of parent compound. Such prodrug glycerol linker moieties may be utilized to develop prodrugs of carboxylic acid containing parent drugs which may increase the absorption of the parent compound.
[0302] Table 2.
[0303] Table 3.
[0304] EXAMPLE 3 -Functional and Inhibitional Assays
[0305] The compounds as prepared in Example 1 are evaluated in cyclophilin A and D peptidyl-prolyl isomerase functional assays using human recombinant enzymes (PPIase assay) , as well as in a calcineurin inhibition assay with and without cyclophilin A. The compounds are also evaluated in a calcium retention capacity (CRC) assay in permeabilized HepG2. Cyclosporin A is used as a control in all assays.
[0306] The compounds are supplied as a dry powder or oils and made up as a 10 mM stock solution in 100%DMSO. Subsequent dilutions were made in 100%DMSO for use in all assays.
[0307] Cyclophilin Peptidyl-Prolyl lsomerase Functional Assay
[0308] Measurements were performed using an Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer. Assay buffer was cooled to 10 ℃ (with stirring) in a precision glass cuvette and inhibitor was added from a DMSO stock solution to afford a final concentration of <1%DMSO. A blank spectrum was obtained and then enzyme and substrate were added and the change in absorbance measured over 5 min. A first order rate was fitted to the absorbance data to obtain a rate constant (first 10 to 15 s were eliminated due to mixing) . The catalytic rate was calculated from the enzymatic rate minus the background rate. The enzymatic rate constant, determined in duplicate at each inhibitor concentration, was plotted against inhibitor concentration and a non-linear fit by SigmaPlot generated a Ki.
[0309] Calcineurin Phosphatase Inhibition Assay with and Without Cyclophilin A
[0310] This colorimetric 96 well assay is designed for inhibitor screening of recombinant Calcineurin (CaN) . Activity is determined using the RII phosphopeptide substrate, the most efficient and selective peptide known for calcineurin, and detection of free phosphate released is based on the classic malachite green assay. CypA and CsA form a complex which binds CaN / calmodulin, which will inhibit dephosphorylation of the RII peptide. In the presence of recombinant CypA, cyclosporine-like cyclophilin inhibitors were screened in the assay to determine inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity. In a 96-well plate, two dilution series were prepared, one with the cyclophilin A enzyme (7-point) and another without (4-point) . An assay buffer / calcineurin / calmodulin master mix was added followed by the phosphopeptide substrate (RII) . After incubation at 30 ℃ the reaction was stopped by the addition of malachite green / molybdate reagent. The coloured complex formed with liberated phosphate was quantified by reading the absorbance at 620nm. The blank corrected data was plotted against inhibitor concentration to determine an IC50 value.
[0311] Calcium Retention Capacity (CRC) Assay in permeabilized HepG2
[0312] HepG2 cells were permeabilised with 100 μM digitonin for 10 min in ice cold buffer containing 1 mM EGTA. Following two wash steps to remove the digitonin, the cells were plated into 96 well black and clear plates at 1e6 cell per well in 180μL assay buffer containing 0.5μM Calcium Green 5N. Compounds dilutions were made in DMSO to 1000-fold the final concentration, diluted 1∶100 in assay buffer and added to the assay as 20μL per well. The assay buffer contained 5mM glutamate and 2.5mM malate. The cell plate was immediately run on the FLIPR TetraTM which added 5μL of 200μM (5μM) calcium chloride every 5 minutes whilst reading the plate every 3 seconds. The area under the curve at each concentration of compound was calculated. EC50 values were calculated. The use of Area Under the Curve (AUC) rather than the number of Calcium additions before buffering is lost was determined to be a more accurate way of analysing the data.
[0313] Jurkat Cell IL-2 Induction Assay
[0314] Day 1. Cells were seeded by collecting a suspension of Jurkat cells, re-suspending the cells in a 10%FBS 1640 medium, and diluting the cells to a 2 x 106 / mL, 100 μL / well seed in a 96 well plate. A 30 μg / mL Concanavalin A solution was prepared ( “ConA” , Sigma, Cat. No. C5275) and 25 μL of the solution was transferred to each well. The wells were heated to a 37℃ stimulation temperature for 30 min. A 10 mM stock solution of each representative compound of the present disclosure (see Tables 1 and 4) was diluted with DMSO to a concentration of 2 mM, then were further diluted 33.33x with the 10%FBS 1640 medium to a concentration of 60 μM. Then 25 μL of the test compound solution was added to the corresponding well. The test compound final concentration was 10 μM and a total of 10 concentrations were investigated (3-fold dilution per concentration) and each concentration point was set two replicate wells. The compounds were incubated at 37℃ for 6 hours. After incubation, 120 μL supernatant from each well was transferred to a new 96 well plate and stored at 4℃ overnight. Coating ELISA plate: the capture antibody was prepared with coating buffer in the Elisa kit, 100 μL / well coating 96 well plate and stored in 4℃ overnight.
[0315] Day 2. IL-2 ELISA determination. Each well was aspirated and the ELISA plate washed with wash buffer. The process was repeated two times for a total of three washes. Block buffer (200 μL) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated and 100 μL of sample or standards in the reagent diluent, or an appropriate diluent, was added per well. The wells were covered with an adhesive strip and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated with 5 total washes and 100 μL of the working detector (Detection Antibody + Streptavidin-HRP reagent) was added to each well. The wells were covered with an adhesive strip and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated with 7 total washes and 100 μL of substrate solution was added to each well. The plate was covered and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature out of direct light. A stop solution (50 μL) was added to each well, gently tapping the plate to ensure thorough mixing. The OD450 / 570 nm was recorded.
[0316] The assay results obtained are summarized in Table 4 below, with the following column headings:
[0317] A. Human CypA inhib. (Ki nM)
[0318] B. Human CypD inhib. (Ki nM)
[0319] C. Calcineurin inhib. (IC50 nM) +CypA
[0320] D. Calcineurin inhib. (IC50 nM) -CypA
[0321] E. Calcium Retention Capacity (EC50 nM)
[0322] F. HRMS (ESI) m / z
[0323] G. Sarcosin [3] carboxyl alpha proton (DMSO-d6 unless noted otherwise, 400 MHz, δ ppm)
[0324] H. Carboxylate side chain protons (DMSO-d6 unless noted otherwise, 400 MHz, δ ppm)
[0325] I. IL-2 ELISA (EC50 nM)
[0326] For comparison purposes, biological data for Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) described in the background section is included in the last two rows of Table 4.
[0327] The compounds disclosed herein have unexpected and surprising properties when compared to Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) , especially with respect to their water solubility, as will be further discussed below (see for example, Table 5) .
[0328] For example, compared to CsA and Compound 0, and as shown in Table 4 below, it has been found that certain compounds are effective inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly non-immunosuppressive. Other compounds have been found to be effective inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly immunosuppressive, and have little or no effect on mitochondrial activities, and thus have improvement over the properties of cyclosporin A (CsA) and / or Compound 0. Yet other compounds have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities but are non-immunosuppressive, and have little or no effect on mitochondrial activities. While some compounds exhibit similar immunosuppressive properties as CsA, they may have surprisingly improved, and increased water solubility as e.g. compared to CsA. CsA is a poorly water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient which poses a drug formulation and delivery problem. It has required in many instances, and across different therapeutic applications, the development of specific (and complex) formulation strategies to solubilize it and to facilitate its delivery.
[0329] Table 4.
[0330] Water Solubility
[0331] The water solubilities of selected compounds disclosed herein were determined and compared to Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) in Table 5. An Ultimate 3000 HPLC from Thermo Scientific was used for the analysis using a Hypersil GOLDTM 5μm, 4.6×250 mm column with a mobile phase A: 0.05%formic acid in H2O and a mobile phase B: 0.05%formic acid in acetonitrile. The column temperature was 40 ℃ with a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min and 210 nm wavelength. At time 0, 1, 8, 10, 10.1, and 15 minutes, the mobile phase (A∶B) composition was 95∶5, 95∶5, 5∶95, 5∶95, 95∶5, and 95∶5, respectively.
[0332] Standard solutions were prepared as follows. First, the test compound was accurately weighed to obtain weight data (mSTD, μg) . Second, the test compound was dissolved in acetonitrile. Acetonitrile was added to adjust to the final volume in a volumetric flask to obtain the standard solution and its volume data (VSTD, mL) . The standard solution was analyzed by HPLC to obtain the data of the injection volume (VSTDInj, μL) and the peak area in HPLC spectrum (ASTD, mAU*min) .
[0333] Test solutions were prepared as follows. First, the test compound was added to 0.5 mL distilled water until the compound could not be dissolved completely. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter two times to obtain the test solution. The test solution was analyzed by HPLC to obtain the data of injection volume (VTESTInj, μL) and the peak area in HPLC spectrum (ATEST, mAU*min) .
[0334] The standard solution concentration was calculated as follows:
[0335] The water solubility was calculated as follows:
[0336] Surprisingly and unexpectedly, many of the compounds are much more water soluble than the known compounds as shown in Table 5, below. Such solubility differences are unpredictable until the compound was made and solubility tested.
[0337] Table 5.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X isn is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;Y is CH2 or NRx;Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R7 is O-R8;R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH or, wherein m is 0-20;R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; andR15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein R8 is H, CH3, C (CH3) 3, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, or CHR12OC (O) R13.3.The compound of claim 1, wherein R8 is CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH, or (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, and wherein m is 1 to 6.4.The compound of claim 3, wherein R14 is 5.The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X is n is 0.6.The compound of claim 5, wherein R1 is wherein f and g are each independently 0 to 4; and R2 is H.7.The compound of claim 5, wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring.8.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein X is n is 1, 2, or 3.9.The compound of any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of 10.The compound of any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is 11.The compound of any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of R2 is H; and R8 is 12.The compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of and R8 is 13.The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of any compound 1-96 disclosed in Table 1.14.A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 13, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a cyclosporin ring; and wherein an isobutyl group at a 4-position of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl substituent15.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 14, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.16.Use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 14 in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.17.A method of treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15.18.The use or method of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the disease or condition is a cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition.19.The use or method of claim 18, wherein the disease or condition is a cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition.20.A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 14 for use as a medicament.