Hybrid security framework for radio frequency and vision-based positioning systems

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for communication. In an aspect, a network entity receives, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node, obtains, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node, and determines whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

Description

HYBRID SECURITY FRAMEWORK FOR RADIO FREQUENCY AND VISION-BASED POSITIONING SYSTEMSBACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE1. Field of the Disclosure

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications.2. Description of the Related Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overviewrelating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a network entity includes receiving, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determining whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0006] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a network entity includes receiving, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determining whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0007] In an aspect, a network entity includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set ofvalues of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0008] In an aspect, a network entity includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0009] In an aspect, a network entity includes means for receiving, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; means for obtaining, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF- based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0010] In an aspect, a network entity includes means for receiving, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; means for obtaining, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and means for determining whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0011] In an aspect, a non -transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by thetarget network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0013] Other obj ects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] FIGS. 2 A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates an example hybrid radio frequency (RF) and vision-based positioning system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates a signaling call flow for a visual channel state information (vCSI)-aided security framework for RF -based information integrity, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates a signaling call flow for a RF device- assisted security framework for vCSI integrity, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0022] FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate example methods of communication, according to aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0024] Various aspects relate generally to hybrid radio frequency (RF) and vision-based positioning systems. Some aspects more specifically relate to determining the integrity of RF -based information and visual channel state information (vCSI) in a hybrid RF and vision-based positioning system. In some examples, a network entity (e.g., a location server) receives, from a target network node, RF -based information obtained by the target network node. The network entity then obtains, from one or more network nodes, vCSI associated with the target network node. The network entity can then determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0025] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., a location server) receives, from a target network node, vCSI obtained by the target network node. The network entity then obtains, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node. The network entity can then determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set ofcharacteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF -based information.

[0026] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by determining whether the RF-based information is compromised or determining whether the vCSI is compromised, the described techniques can be used to improve the security and confidence in hybrid RF and vision-based positioning systems.

[0027] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0028] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0029] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition,for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0030] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0031] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a controlchannel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0032] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0033] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0034] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein,an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0036] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0037] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection,synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0038] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0039] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneousnetwork may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0040] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0041] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0042] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0043] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0044] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0045] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi -co-1 ocati on (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source referenceRF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0046] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal -to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0047] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0048] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming theuplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0049] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0050] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0051] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0052] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondaryserving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0053] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0054] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0055] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and abase station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0056] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation intounlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0057] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0058] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the S Vs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that aUE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0059] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0060] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0061] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0062] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0063] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0064] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authenticationprocess. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0065] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0066] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the Ni l interface.

[0067] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can beimplemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0068] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0069] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0070] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functionsof transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “Fl” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0071] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5GNB, access point (AP), a transmit receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0072] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one ormultiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0073] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (0-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the 0-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0074] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0075] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with oneor more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0076] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an 0-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0077] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0078] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical randomaccess channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0079] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0080] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one ormore CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0081] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as Al policies).

[0082] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2 A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0083] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means fortuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / orthe like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0084] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers,BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0085] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS®) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), QuasiZenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0086] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0087] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0088] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0089] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0090] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include security component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The security component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the security component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the security component 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the security component 342, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the securitycomponent 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the security component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0091] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0092] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0093] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, andRRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0094] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer- 1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer- 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0095] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides theinformation to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Lay er- 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0096] In the downlink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0097] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); REC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0098] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0099] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0100] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0101] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the variousalternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0102] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0103] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the security component 342, 388, and 398, etc.

[0104] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a networkoperator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0105] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 410, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location.

[0106] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 420, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s).

[0107] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative timeof arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0108] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0109] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi -round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi -RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx- Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., usingmultilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 440.

[0110] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0111] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells / TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0112] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / - 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 32 ps. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 8 ps.

[0113] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A locationestimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0114] Hybrid RF and vision-based positioning systems can produce highly reliable location estimates of wireless devices and / or other target objects that can be used by a variety of applications. Moreover, the visual channel state information (vCSI) available in visionbased positioning systems can be used for various other purposes besides positioning, such as wireless channel prediction and / or the like.

[0115] FIG. 5 illustrates an example hybrid RF and vision-based positioning system 500, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 5, an environment includes multiple RF devices 504 (labeled “A” to “G”) in view of multiple cameras 506 and within wireless communication range of multiple access points 502. The RF devices 504 may be UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 204), loT devices, industrial loT (IIoT) devices, and / or the like. The RF devices 504 may be attached or otherwise coupled to other objects (e.g., as in the case of asset trackers) or standalone devices (e.g., as in the case of handheld “smartphones”). The cameras 506 may be security cameras and / or the cameras of other RF devices, such as RF devices 504 and / or access points 502. The access points 502 may be cellular access points (e.g., ng-eNBs, gNBs, etc.), such as base stations 102, Wi-Fi access points, such as WLAN AP 150, BLUETOOTH® beacons, and / or the like.

[0116] In a hybrid RF and vision-based positioning system 500, the fusion engine 570 (e.g., implemented at a location server, such as location server 230 or LMF 270) distinguishes between three main functional blocks, each providing different processing functions. The first functional block is a vCSI processing block, referred to as a vCSI positioning engine 510. The vCSI positioning engine 510 receives and processes the vCSI 515. The vCSI 515 may include images captured by the cameras 506, camera calibration parameters of the cameras 506, locations of the cameras 506, and / or the like. The vCSI positioning engine 510 may implement a number of vision-related processing functions, such as object detection, camera calibration, target matching, and / or the like.

[0117] The second functional block is an RF processing block, referred to as an RF positioning engine 520. The RF positioning engine 520 receives the RF-based information 525 and may implement functions such as RF-based positioning (examples of which are described with reference to FIG. 4), channel estimation, and / or the like.

[0118] The third functional block is a hybrid RF and vision block, referred to as a hybrid RF / vision positioning engine 530. The hybrid RF / vision positioning engine 530 receives the vCSI 515 and the RF -based information 525 and / or the processed information from the vCSI positioning engine 510 and the RF positioning engine 520. The hybrid RF / vision positioning engine 530 manages all functions that require hybrid fusion (such as hybrid positioning, camera calibration, target matching, and / or the like). Note that the implementation of the blocks and the allocation of functions may vary to accommodate propriety as well as emerging solutions.

[0119] The promising gains of RF and vision hybridization for positioning depends on various factors, including the integrity of the information. While many common attacks on RF systems are well-known and have been robustly addressed, the security risks to hybrid RF and vision-based systems are less understood.

[0120] More specifically, the integration of vCSI (i.e., obtained from cameras and related infrastructure) into RF-based systems, such as cellular systems (e.g., LTE, NR), Wi-Fi systems, and the like, gives rise to a number of vectors and opportunities for attackers that need to be addressed. In hybrid positioning systems, such as described with reference to FIG. 5, since the RF and vCSI complement each other, and the information is fused together for various purposes, an attack on one of the systems will propagate to the other and may eventually jeopardize the operation of the entire hybrid system.

[0121] Two main objectives for securing a hybrid RF and vision-based system are (1) to identify a set of common security risks and potential attacks that might compromise the integrity of the information of the hybridization interface in RF and vision-based positioning systems and (2) to determine techniques that successfully address the security risks and potential attacks in hybrid RF and vision-based positioning systems.

[0122] Since camera and vCSI are relatively new additions to positioning fusion efforts, it is important to review key functions related to the processing of visual information in order to better understand the security implications of such hybridization. Most of vision- related processing functionalities can be categorized into the following key functions: (1) image processing, (2) camera calibration, and (3) target association / matching.

[0123] With respect to image processing, this is a general umbrella function that encompasses all image processing aspects, including object detection (e.g., generation of regions of interest (Rols)), feature extraction, and the like. There are two types of implementations,legacy implementation and privacy-preserving implementation. In the legacy implementation, the cameras (e.g., cameras 506) send virtually unmodified images to the fusion center (e.g., fusion engine 570), which in turn implements all the remaining image processing tasks. In the privacy-preserving implementation, most of the image processing tasks occur at the camera, which sends only the necessary information (e.g., bounding boxes associated with detected objects) to the fusion center in order to preserve privacy.

[0124] With respect to camera calibration, this function deals with estimating the projective transformation / camera matrix, which is a key enabler for visual positioning that estimates the world coordinates of target objects (e.g., RF devices 504) from their pixel locations on the image(s). This function utilizes a set of target objects, visible in the camera field of view (FoV), with known world coordinates.

[0125] With respect to target association / matching, there are two types of association, association across images and association with RF devices. Association across images deals with identifying the same target object (indicated by Rols such as bounding boxes) across multiple images. Conventional solutions rely on matching visual features across the images. Association with RF devices determines which RF device(s) is / are contained in a given Rol in the images. Typically, RF-based location features are used to determine the RF device(s).

[0126] Both the RF and the vision-based functional blocks (e.g., vCSI positioning engine 510 and RF positioning engine 520) are vulnerable to malicious attacks that can jeopardize the execution of a number of functions. At a high level, the present disclosure provides techniques to leverage the hybrid nature of the hybrid RF and vision-based system to address security threats and attacks by utilizing / exchanging information between the different functional blocks. In other words, the proposed techniques rely on information from the vCSI block (e.g., vCSI positioning engine 510) to determine whether the RF block (e.g., RF positioning engine 520) is compromised and vice versa.

[0127] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides two different security frameworks for hybrid RF and vision-based positioning systems. The first framework discussed herein is a vCSI-aided security framework for RF-based information integrity. Under this framework, the visual information from the vCSI is used to determine whether the RF- based information, including RF measurements, RF-based side / assistance information (e.g., positioning assistance data for an RF-based positioning session), and RF-basedposition estimates, are compromised. The second framework discussed herein is an RF device-aided security framework for vCSI integrity. Under this framework, RF devicebased information, including both RF information and visual information from the RF device’s camera (if available) is leveraged to determine whether the vCSI processing block (e.g., vCSI positioning engine 510) and related functions are compromised.

[0128] Referring to the vCSI-aided security framework for RF-based information integrity, this framework considers the possibility of the RF-based information being compromised (e.g., inaccurate or altered), which can be achieved by various means by a malicious entity / attacker, such as spoofing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and the like. Any of the RF- based information might be compromised, including RF measurements, RF-based si de / as si stance information (e.g., the locations of the involved AP(s), base station(s), anchor node(s), and / or the like), and / or RF-based position estimates of the RF device(s). The RF measurements being compromised can result in compromised estimates for the range and / or bearing between RF devices and the involved AP(s), base station(s), anchor node(s), and / or the like. The RF-based position estimates can be tampered with directly or through compromised RF measurements and / or compromised si de / as si stance information.

[0129] The taxonomy of possible attack vectors includes tampering with RF measurements, tampering with RF-based side / assistance data, and tampering with RF-based position information (e.g., RF-based position estimates). With respect to tampering with RF measurements, in this attack, the values of the RF measurements may be altered significantly enough that they produce misleading RF-based position estimates. To counter this attack, images from the monitoring camera(s) (e.g., cameras 506) can be used, as well as side / assistance information, to determine the margins of variation for the RF measurements. Any RF measurement outside these margins by a prespecified threshold is declared compromised.

[0130] With respect to tampering with RF-based assistance data, here, the known positions of the involved AP(s), base station(s), and / or anchor node(s) (e.g., UEs and / or other mobile devices with known locations), which is necessary for RF-based positioning, is compromised and altered. Again, using vCSI (e.g., images from one or more cameras), the respective AP(s), base station(s), and / or anchor node(s) can be detected and visually positioned (e.g., based on object detection and determining the relative position of thedetected object(s) within the image(s)). If the RF-based assistance data is not consistent with the vCSI, the received information is determined to be compromised.

[0131] With respect to tampering with RF-based position information, a first type of attack is to change the global position estimate from a first point (denoted “A”) to a second point (denoted “B”) such that point B differs significantly from point A in the same environment. A second type of attack is to change the position estimate such that the target RF device appears to be in a different environment, such as an indoor environment versus an outdoor environment. A third type of attack is to change the relative position estimate with respect to another device and / or tamper with the range and / or the angle estimates. In all these cases, the vCSI (e.g., images from surrounding cameras) can be used to determine the integrity by corroborating the RF-based position information.

[0132] Thus, to address each of the attacks described above, a network entity (e.g., a location server implementing the fusion engine 570) may receive RF-based information obtained by a target network node (e.g., an RF device, a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point to be positioned). The RF-based information may include one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or some combination thereof.

[0133] In response to reception of the RF-based information, the network entity obtains vCSI associated with the target network node from one or more network nodes (e.g., anchor nodes, cellular base stations, WLAN access points, the target network node, or some combination thereof). In some cases, in response to reception of the RF-based information, the network entity may transmit a request for the vCSI to the one or more network nodes and receive the vCSI in response to the request. The vCSI may include any image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or only image data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, camera calibration data for the cameras of the one or more network nodes, object detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or some combination thereof.

[0134] The network entity can then determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environmentof the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI. The set of characteristics may include a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor network nodes, types of the one or more anchor network nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or some combination thereof. The one or more anchor nodes may be cellular base stations, WLAN access points, sidelink anchor nodes, roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or some combination thereof. Thus, for example, if a characteristic of the environment is the location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, then if the location of the target network node determined from the RF-based information (e.g., a first value) is greater than a threshold different from the location of the target network node determined from the vCSI (e.g., a second value), then the RF-based information may be determined to be compromised (e.g., inaccurate).

[0135] In an aspect, determining whether the RF-based information is compromised may include the network entity determining permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics and determining whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

[0136] In an aspect, determining whether the RF-based information is compromised may include the network entity determining information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI and determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node. Determining the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node may include the network entity determining relative locations of the set of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI. Determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes may include the network entity determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

[0137] In an aspect, determining whether the RF-based information is compromised may include the network entity determining whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF-based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0138] In an aspect, determining whether the RF-based information is compromised may include the network entity determining whether a type of environment (e.g., indoor, outdoor, warehouse, grocery store, home, etc.) of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0139] In an aspect, determining whether the RF-based information is compromised may include the network entity determining whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node (e.g., range, angle) determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

[0140] In some cases, the network entity may determine that a subset (e.g., one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a GNSS position estimate of the target network node, or some combination thereof) of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node. In such a situation, the network entity can determine a location of the target network node based only on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised. The network entity may also transmit a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes, receive the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request, and determine whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

[0141] FIG. 6 illustrates a signaling call flow 600 for the vCSI-aided security framework for RF- based information integrity, according to aspects of the disclosure. At stage 605, a server 670 (e.g., a location server implementing the fusion engine 570) receives RF measurements from one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations,and / or anchor nodes 602. At stage 610, the server 670 receives si de / assi stance information from the one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 602.

[0142] At stage 615, based on the identifiers (IDs) of the one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 602, the server 670 requests vCSI (e.g., images) from one or more monitoring camera(s) 606 (e.g., cameras 506) in whose field of view the one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 602 are located. At stage 620, the server 670 receives the images from the camera(s) 606.

[0143] At stage 625, the server 670 checks the integrity of the RF measurements and the RF side / assistance information using various techniques and algorithms as discussed above. For example, the server 670 may determine whether a location of a target RF device (e.g., one of the one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 602) relative to an anchor node (e.g., another one of the one or more RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 602) determined based on the RF -based information is inconsistent with a location of the target RF device relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI) At stage 630, the server 670 removes any compromised information and proceeds to perform RF-based positioning to determine one or more position estimates of the target RF device.

[0144] For an added layer of protection against missed detections, at stage 635, the server 670 optionally requests additional vCSI (e.g., images) from the camera(s) 606 to corroborate the RF-based position estimates. At stage 640, the server 670 receives the requested vCSI, and at stage 645, performs an integrity check of the RF-based position estimate(s).

[0145] Referring now to the RF device-assisted security framework for vCSI integrity, determining when the vCSI is compromised can be achieved by various means. Any of the vCSI information can be compromised, including scene information (e.g., lighting conditions, field of view, targets / objects) and images (including extracted visual features from images). The taxonomy of possible attack vectors includes tampering with the scene and tampering with the images used for association / matching and camera calibration.

[0146] Referring to tampering with the scene, a first type of attack includes tampering with the line-of-sight of the camera (e.g., a camera 506) and the field of view of the camera. For example, a large object / partition may be introduced into the scene that resembles thesurrounding environment with the goal of obstructing the visual line-of-sight and / or field of view of the camera. A second type of attack includes tampering with the lighting conditions, for example, by targeting the camera with a sources of light. A third type of attack includes tampering with the targets / objects in the line-of-sight and / or field of view of the camera. This includes their displacement in scenarios that rely on specific cues regarding their position to perform precise visual positioning (e.g., in warehouses with objects arranged on shelves according to predefined characteristics), or introducing clone objects with the same visual appearance as the original target / object.

[0147] Referring to tampering with the images used for association / matching and camera calibration, this includes tampering by inserting fake images with modified visual features with the aim of increasing mismatches and / or leading to entirely different camera calibration.

[0148] To counteract any of the above attacks, trusted and secure RF nodes (e.g., cellular base stations, WLAN access points, anchor nodes, etc.) and / or RF devices (e.g., UEs, loT devices, etc.), collectively “trusted devices,” may be designated by the fusion center (e.g., fusion engine 570). The trusted device(s) may be changed dynamically through negotiations with the server. The server then instructs the trusted device(s) to obtain and report RF measurements (e.g., RSRPs) to determine if blockages have been introduced in the camera’s environment. In case a trusted device is mobile, and has one or more cameras available, the server may instruct the trusted device to collect vCSI using the local camera(s) and send reports regarding changes in the environment (e.g., changes in lighting).

[0149] The trusted device(s) can also be used for camera calibration. Once the images are received, the trusted device(s) report their true locations, and if these locations are not consistent with the ones obtained from the vCSI, the vCSI is determined to be compromised.

[0150] For added security, and to counter corrupted / infeasible trusted devices, the server may complement the procedures with random sample consensus (RANSAC) procedures in an effort to detect outliers and potentially compromised nodes / cameras.

[0151] In greater detail, a network entity (e.g., a location server implementing the fusion engine 570) may receive vCSI obtained by a target network node (e.g., an RF device, a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point to be positioned). The vCSI may include imagedata captured by the target network node, camera calibration data for a camera of the target network node, object detection data based on the image data captured by the target network node, or some combination thereof.

[0152] In response, the network entity obtains RF-based information associated with the target network node from one or more network nodes (e.g., anchor nodes, cellular base stations, WLAN access points, the target network node, or some combination thereof). The RF- based information may include one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a GNSS position estimate of the target network node, or some combination thereof.

[0153] In some cases, based on reception of the vCSI, the network entity may transmit a request for the RF-based information to the one or more network nodes. In this case, the RF- based information is received in response to the request.

[0154] The network entity can then determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information. The set of characteristics may include a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor network nodes, types of the one or more anchor network nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or some combination thereof. The one or more anchor nodes may be cellular base stations, WLAN access points, sidelink anchor nodes, RSUs, the one or more network nodes, or some combination thereof.

[0155] In an aspect, determining whether the vCSI is compromised may include the network entity determining whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF-based information. The view of the environment may be determined to have been tampered with based on a line-of-sight path between the target network node and an anchor node determined fromthe RF-based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF -based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or some combination thereof.

[0156] In an aspect, determining whether the vCSI is compromised may be a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI. In this case, the network entity may transmit a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes. In response, the network entity may receive the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes. The network entity may further perform a final integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI. The network entity may also determine an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF-based information, or some combination thereof.

[0157] FIG. 7 illustrates a signaling call flow 700 for the RF device-assisted security framework for vCSI integrity, according to aspects of the disclosure. At stage 705, a server 770 (e.g., a location server implementing the fusion engine 570) receives vCSI (e.g., images) from one or more monitoring cameras 706 (e.g., cameras 506). At stage 710, the server 770 requests specific RF measurements and side / assistance information from all involved, trusted RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 702. At stage 715, the server 770 receives the requested RF measurements and side / assistance information from the involved, trusted RF devices, WLAN access points, cellular base stations, and / or anchor nodes 702.

[0158] At stage 720, the server 770 performs a preliminary evaluation of the integrity of the vCSI (e.g., of the scene captured by the camera(s) 706). Depending on the outcome, at stage 725, the server 770 instructs designated RF devices with available cameras to collect vCSI and send additional reports. At stage 730, the server 770 receives the requested vCSI from the designated RF devices.

[0159] At stage 735, the server 770 uses these reports and fuses them with the RF-based information from the trusted devices to perform a final integrity check. If the vCSI passesthe integrity check, then at stages 740, 745, and 750, the server 770 optionally performs target association / matching, camera calibration, and / or visual positioning, respectively, based on the checked vCSI.

[0160] FIG. 8 illustrates an example method 800 of communication, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 800 may be performed by a network entity (e.g., a location server or other network server implementing the fusion engine 570).

[0161] At 810, the network entity receives, from a target network node, RF-based information obtained by the target network node. In an aspect, operation 810 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0162] At 820, the network entity obtains, from one or more network nodes, vCSI associated with the target network node. In an aspect, operation 820 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0163] At 830, the network entity determines whether the RF -based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI. In an aspect, operation 830 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0164] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 800 is determining whether the RF-based information is compromised. The method 800 may also be used for other purposes, such as outlier detection in applications that are not necessarily security oriented.

[0165] FIG. 9 illustrates an example method 900 of communication, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 900 may be performed by a network entity (e.g., a location server or other network server implementing the fusion engine 570).

[0166] At 910, the network entity receives, from a target network node, vCSI obtained by the target network node. In an aspect, operation 910 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0167] At 920, the network entity obtains, from one or more network nodes, RF -based information associated with the target network node. In an aspect, operation 920 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0168] At 930, the network entity determines whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information. In an aspect, operation 930 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and / or security component 398 (e.g., fusion engine 570), any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0169] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 900 is determining whether the vCSI is compromised. The method 900 may also be used for other purposes, such as outlier detection in applications that are not necessarily security oriented.

[0170] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature withother dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0171] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0172] Clause 1. A method of communication performed by a network entity, comprising: receiving, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determining whether the RF -based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0173] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0174] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0175] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: determining permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics; and determining whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

[0176] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: determining information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI; and determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node.

[0177] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein: determining the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node comprises determining relative locations of the set of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI, and determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes comprises determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

[0178] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: determining whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF-based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0179] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: determining whether a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0180] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: determining whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

[0181] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the RF-based information, a request for the vCSI, wherein the vCSI is received in response to the request.

[0182] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, further comprising: determining that a subset of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node.

[0183] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, further comprising: determining a location of the target network node based on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised.

[0184] Clause 13. The method of clause 12, further comprising: transmitting a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes; receiving the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request; and determining whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

[0185] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the one or more network nodes, image data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, camera calibration data for cameras of the one or more network nodes, object detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0186] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0187] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0188] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0189] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0190] Clause 19. A method of wireless communication performed by a network entity, comprising: receiving, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determining whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determinedbased on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0191] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0192] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0193] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 19 to 21, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised comprises: determining whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF- based information.

[0194] Clause 23. The method of clause 22, wherein the view of the environment is determined to have been tampered with based on: a line of sight (LOS) path between the target network node and an anchor node determined from the RF-based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF-based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or any combination thereof.

[0195] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 19 to 23, further comprising: transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the vCSI, a request for the RF-based information, wherein the RF-based information is received in response to the request.

[0196] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 19 to 24, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised is a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI.

[0197] Clause 26. The method of clause 25, further comprising: transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes; and receiving the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes.

[0198] Clause 27. The method of clause 26, further comprising: performing a further integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI.

[0199] Clause 28. The method of clause 27, further comprising: determining an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF -based information, or any combination thereof.

[0200] Clause 29. The method of any of clauses 19 to 28, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the target network node, camera calibration data for one or more cameras of the target network node, object detection data based on the image data captured by the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0201] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 19 to 29, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0202] Clause 31. The method of any of clauses 19 to 30, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0203] Clause 32. The method of any of clauses 19 to 31, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0204] Clause 33. The method of any of clauses 19 to 32, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0205] Clause 34. A network entity, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI)associated with the target network node; and determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF -based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0206] Clause 35. The network entity of clause 34, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0207] Clause 36. The network entity of clause 35, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0208] Clause 37. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 36, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics; and determine whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

[0209] Clause 38. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 37, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI; and determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node.

[0210] Clause 39. The network entity of clause 38, wherein: the one or more processors configured to determine the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node comprises the one or more processors configured to determine relative locations of theset of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI, and the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes comprises the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

[0211] Clause 40. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 39, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF-based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0212] Clause 41. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 40, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0213] Clause 42. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 41, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

[0214] Clause 43. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 42, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the RF-based information, a request for the vCSI, wherein the vCSI is received in response to the request.

[0215] Clause 44. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 43, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine that a subset of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node.

[0216] Clause 45. The network entity of clause 44, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine a location of the target network node based on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised.

[0217] Clause 46. The network entity of clause 45, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request; and determine whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

[0218] Clause 47. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 46, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the one or more network nodes, image data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, camera calibration data for cameras of the one or more network nodes, object detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0219] Clause 48. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 47, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0220] Clause 49. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 48, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0221] Clause 50. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 49, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0222] Clause 51. The network entity of any of clauses 34 to 50, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0223] Clause 52. A network entity, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target networknode; obtain, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0224] Clause 53. The network entity of clause 52, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0225] Clause 54. The network entity of clause 53, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0226] Clause 55. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 54, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the vCSI is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF -based information.

[0227] Clause 56. The network entity of clause 55, wherein the view of the environment is determined to have been tampered with based on: a line of sight (LOS) path between the target network node and an anchor node determined from the RF -based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF-based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or any combination thereof.

[0228] Clause 57. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 56, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the vCSI, a request for the RF-based information, wherein the RF-based information is received in response to the request.

[0229] Clause 58. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 57, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised is a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI.

[0230] Clause 59. The network entity of clause 58, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes.

[0231] Clause 60. The network entity of clause 59, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: perform a further integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI.

[0232] Clause 61. The network entity of clause 60, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF-based information, or any combination thereof.

[0233] Clause 62. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 61, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the target network node, camera calibration data for one or more cameras of the target network node, object detection data based on the image data captured by the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0234] Clause 63. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 62, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0235] Clause 64. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 63, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0236] Clause 65. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 64, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0237] Clause 66. The network entity of any of clauses 52 to 65, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0238] Clause 67. A network entity, comprising: means for receiving, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; means for obtaining, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0239] Clause 68. The network entity of clause 67, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0240] Clause 69. The network entity of clause 68, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0241] Clause 70. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 69, wherein the means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: means for determining permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics; and means for determining whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

[0242] Clause 71. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 70, wherein the means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: means for determining information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI; and means for determining whether the RF-based information isinconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node.

[0243] Clause 72. The network entity of clause 71, wherein: the means for determining the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node comprises means for determining relative locations of the set of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI, and the means for determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes comprises means for determining whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

[0244] Clause 73. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 72, wherein the means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: means for determining whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF-based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0245] Clause 74. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 73, wherein the means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: means for determining whether a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0246] Clause 75. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 74, wherein the means for determining whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises: means for determining whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

[0247] Clause 76. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 75, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the RF-based information, a request for the vCSI, wherein the vCSI is received in response to the request.

[0248] Clause 77. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 76, further comprising: means for determining that a subset of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node.

[0249] Clause 78. The network entity of clause 77, further comprising: means for determining a location of the target network node based on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised.

[0250] Clause 79. The network entity of clause 78, further comprising: means for transmitting a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes; means for receiving the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request; and means for determining whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

[0251] Clause 80. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 79, wherein the vCSI comprises: means for imaging data captured by the one or more network nodes, means for imaging data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, camera calibration data for cameras of the one or more network nodes, means for objecting detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0252] Clause 81. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 80, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0253] Clause 82. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 81 , wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0254] Clause 83. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 82, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0255] Clause 84. The network entity of any of clauses 67 to 83, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0256] Clause 85. A network entity, comprising: means for receiving, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; means for obtaining, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and means for determining whether the vCSI iscompromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0257] Clause 86. The network entity of clause 85, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0258] Clause 87. The network entity of clause 86, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0259] Clause 88. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 87, wherein the means for determining whether the vCSI is compromised comprises: means for determining whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF -based information.

[0260] Clause 89. The network entity of clause 88, wherein the view of the environment is determined to have been tampered with based on: a line of sight (LOS) path between the target network node and an anchor node determined from the RF -based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF-based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or any combination thereof.

[0261] Clause 90. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 89, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the vCSI, a requestfor the RF-based information, wherein the RF-based information is received in response to the request.

[0262] Clause 91. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 90, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised is a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI.

[0263] Clause 92. The network entity of clause 91, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the one or more network nodes, a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes; and means for receiving the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes.

[0264] Clause 93. The network entity of clause 92, further comprising: means for performing a further integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI.

[0265] Clause 94. The network entity of clause 93, further comprising: means for determining an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF-based information, or any combination thereof.

[0266] Clause 95. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 94, wherein the vCSI comprises: means for imaging data captured by the target network node, camera calibration data for one or more cameras of the target network node, means for objecting detection data based on the image data captured by the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0267] Clause 96. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 95, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0268] Clause 97. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 96, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0269] Clause 98. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 97, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0270] Clause 99. The network entity of any of clauses 85 to 98, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0271] Clause 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0272] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 100, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0273] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 101, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0274] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 102, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics; and determine whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

[0275] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 103, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is compromisedcomprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI; and determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node.

[0276] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 104, wherein: the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine relative locations of the set of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI, and the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

[0277] Clause 106. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 105, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF-based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0278] Clause 107. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 106, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine whether a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

[0279] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 107, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

[0280] Clause 109. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 108, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the RF-based information, a request for the vCSI, wherein the vCSI is received in response to the request.

[0281] Clause 110. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 109, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine that a subset of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node.

[0282] Clause 111. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 110, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine a location of the target network node based on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised.

[0283] Clause 112. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 111, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes; receive the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request; and determine whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

[0284] Clause 113. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 112, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the one or more network nodes, image data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, cameracalibration data for cameras of the one or more network nodes, object detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0285] Clause 114. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 113, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0286] Clause 115. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 114, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0287] Clause 116. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 115, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0288] Clause 117. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 100 to 116, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0289] Clause 118. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

[0290] Clause 119. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 118, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchornodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0291] Clause 120. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 119, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

[0292] Clause 121. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 120, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether the vCSI is compromised comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF-based information.

[0293] Clause 122. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 121, wherein the view of the environment is determined to have been tampered with based on: a line of sight (LOS) path between the target network node and an anchor node determined from the RF-based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF-based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or any combination thereof.

[0294] Clause 123. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 122, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the vCSI, a request for the RF-based information, wherein the RF-based information is received in response to the request.

[0295] Clause 124. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 123, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised is a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI.

[0296] Clause 125. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 124, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit, to the one or more network nodes, a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes; and receive the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes.

[0297] Clause 126. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 125, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: perform a further integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI.

[0298] Clause 127. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 126, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: determine an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF -based information, or any combination thereof.

[0299] Clause 128. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 127, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the target network node, camera calibration data for one or more cameras of the target network node, object detection data based on the image data captured by the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0300] Clause 129. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 128, wherein the RF-based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the one or more network nodes, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0301] Clause 130. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 129, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

[0302] Clause 131. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 130, wherein the network entity is a location server.

[0303] Clause 132. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 118 to 131, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs, one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

[0304] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0305] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0306] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general -purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality ofmicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0307] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0308] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usuallyreproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0309] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS received by the International Bureau on 22 October 2024 (22.10.24)What is claimed is:

1. A method of communication performed by a network entity, comprising: receiving, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determining whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

2. A method of wireless communication performed by a network entity, comprising: receiving, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtaining, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determining whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

3. A network entity, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, radio frequency (RF)-based information obtained by the target network node;AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)obtain, from one or more network nodes, visual channel state information (vCSI) associated with the target network node; and determine whether the RF-based information is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

4. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

5. The network entity of claim 4, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

6. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine permissible variations of the first set of values from the second set of values of the set of characteristics; andAMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)determine whether any values of the first set of values are outside a threshold of the permissible variations from a corresponding value of the second set of values.

7. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF -based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine information about a set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node based on the vCSI; and determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the information about the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node.

8. The network entity of claim 7, wherein: the one or more processors configured to determine the set of anchor nodes in view of the target network node comprises the one or more processors configured to determine relative locations of the set of anchor nodes with respect to the target network node based on the vCSI, and the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the set of anchor nodes comprises the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is inconsistent with the relative locations of the set of anchor nodes.

9. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a change in the RF-based information from previous RF- based information obtained from the target network node is inconsistent with an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

10. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF-based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to:AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)determine whether a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the RF -based information is inconsistent with a type of environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI.

11. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the RF -based information is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a location of the target network node relative to an anchor node determined based on the RF-based information is inconsistent with a location of the target network node relative to the anchor node determined based on the vCSI.

12. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the RF-based information, a request for the vCSI, wherein the vCSI is received in response to the request.

13. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine that a subset of the RF-based information is compromised based on the comparison of the first set of values to the second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node.

14. The network entity of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine a location of the target network node based on a remaining subset of the RF-based information that is not compromised.

15. The network entity of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a request for additional vCSI to the one or more network nodes;AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)receive, via the one or more transceivers, the additional vCSI from the one or more network nodes in response to the request; and determine whether the location of the target network node is consistent with the additional vCSI.

16. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the vCSI comprises: image data captured by the one or more network nodes, image data captured by the one or more network nodes of the target network node, camera calibration data for cameras of the one or more network nodes, object detection data based on the image data captured by the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

17. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the RF -based information comprises: one or more RF channel estimates obtained by the target network node, one or more RF positioning measurements obtained by the target network node, one or more signal strength measurements obtained by the target network node, RF positioning assistance data configured to the target network node, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position estimate of the target network node, or any combination thereof.

18. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the target network node is: a user equipment (UE), or a cellular base station, or a WLAN access point.

19. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the network entity is a location server.

20. The network entity of claim 3, wherein the one or more network nodes comprise: one or more anchor UEs,AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)one or more cellular base stations, one or more WLAN access points, the target network node, or any combination thereof.

21. A network entity, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a target network node, visual channel state information (vCSI) obtained by the target network node; obtain, from one or more network nodes, radio frequency (RF)-based information associated with the target network node; and determine whether the vCSI is compromised based on a comparison of a first set of values of a set of characteristics of an environment of the target network node determined based on the vCSI to a second set of values of the set of characteristics of the environment of the target network node determined based on the RF-based information.

22. The network entity of claim 21, wherein the set of characteristics comprises: a presence of one or more anchor nodes in the environment of the target network node, a location of the target network node relative to locations of the one or more anchor nodes, a distance of the target network node from the one or more anchor nodes, an angle of the target network node relative to the one or more anchor nodes, identifiers of the one or more anchor nodes, types of the one or more anchor nodes, a type of the environment of the target network node, or any combination thereof.AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)23. The network entity of claim 22, wherein the one or more anchor nodes comprise: one or more cellular base stations, one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points, one or more sidelink anchor nodes, one or more roadside units (RSUs), the one or more network nodes, or any combination thereof.

24. The network entity of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine whether the vCSI is compromised comprises the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine whether a view of the environment of the target network node as determined from the vCSI has been tampered with based on the RF-based information.

25. The network entity of claim 24, wherein the view of the environment is determined to have been tampered with based on: a line of sight (LOS) path between the target network node and an anchor node determined from the RF-based information being determined to be blocked based on the vCSI, a field of view of the target network node determined from the RF-based information being inconsistent with a field of view of the target network node determined from the vCSI, types of one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with types of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, locations of the one or more objects determined based on the RF-based information being inconsistent with locations of the one or more objects determined based on the vCSI, or any combination thereof.

26. The network entity of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, based on reception of the vCSI, a request for the RF-based information, wherein the RF- based information is received in response to the request.

27. The network entity of claim 21, wherein determining whether the vCSI is compromised is a preliminary integrity check of the vCSI.

28. The network entity of claim 27, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the one or more network nodes, a request for second vCSI obtained by the one or more network nodes; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second vCSI from the one or more network nodes.

29. The network entity of claim 28, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: perform a further integrity check of the vCSI based, at least in part, on the second vCSI.

30. The network entity of claim 29, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine an estimated location of the target network node based, at least in part, on the vCSI, the second vCSI, the RF-based information, or any combination thereof.AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19)

Images