Novel markers for tumor neoantigen vaccines
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ANDA BIOLOGY MEDICINE DEV (SHENZHEN) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-20
AI Technical Summary
Current tumor vaccine therapies lack markers to detect specific changes in immune cells, making it difficult to assess responsiveness to the vaccine and predict tumor relapse.
A method involving the determination of expression levels of specific genes in immune cells, such as AC011815.2, ANKRD29, and APLP2, to assess responsiveness to tumor neoantigen vaccines and predict tumor relapse.
This approach allows for the effective assessment of vaccine responsiveness and prediction of tumor relapse, potentially improving treatment outcomes by personalizing cancer therapy.
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Figure CN2024105334_16012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NOVEL MARKERS FOR TUMOR NEOANTIGEN VACCINESFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to novel markers relating to tumor neoantigen vaccines. The present disclosure also generally relates to novel method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, or novel method of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine. The present disclosure also relates to TCRs generated under the stimulation of the tumor neoantigen vaccines.BACKGROUND
[0002] Neoantigen vaccines, synthesized antigens, was designed for providing sufficient tumor-specific antigens to stimulate T cell-mediated immunity and eliminate the tumor cells. The proof of concept for effectiveness of neoantigen vaccine or combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has been established in limited number of patients in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder 1-4. Clinical use of neoantigen vaccine await widespread rollout and FDA authorization. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an intractable malignancy with worst prognosis. The patient even with resection surgery is prone to experience recurrence and has a poor prognostic outcome in the late stages. In resectable pancreatic cancer, with low tumor burden and sufficient immune status, adjuvant neoantigen vaccine therapy might achieve better results. In addition, in radical resection-recurrence / no recurrence setting, it is rationale to evaluate the effect of neoantigen vaccines or combination of vaccines and ICIs and the response mechanism for preventing tumor recurrence and improving the prognosis.
[0003] The difficulty faced in conventional tumor vaccine therapy is the lack of markers that can detect specific changes in immune cells and correlate with the dose effect of the vaccine. Therefore, there exists great needs for treatments and markers for tumor vaccine therapy.
[0004] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Throughout the present disclosure, the articles “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “a method” means one method or more than one method.
[0006] The present disclosure provides novel method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine. The present disclosure also provides novel method of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:
[0008] a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;
[0009] b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and
[0010] c) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0011] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TRDV1, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, ATP5F1B, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, PIM1, TMEM258, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1, SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0020] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during priming phase, comprising:
[0021] a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ATF4, C15orf54, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, LMAN2, MAP9, NUAK1, PDE4D, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TMED10, TMEM258, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;
[0022] b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and
[0023] c) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0024] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages. In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0027] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, TMEM258 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the gene is FERMT3.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GK and TMED10, or are any combination thereof.
[0031] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during boosting phase, comprising:
[0032] a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;
[0033] b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference expression level to determine difference from the reference level; and
[0034] c) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0035] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, SLC16A6 and TRDV1, or are any combination thereof.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.
[0040] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATP5F1B, MAP9, PIM1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1, SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0044] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is the expression level of the one or more genes in the one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving first dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the subject is determined as having a good response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having an insufficient response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0047] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:
[0048] a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof;
[0049] b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and
[0050] c) assessing the risk of tumor relapse in the subject based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0051] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GPRC5D, HID1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS8, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2 and ZNF608, or are any combination thereof.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GNG4, GPM6B, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, MECOM, MID1IP1, MYOM2, NABP1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RAB10, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC17, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608, CFD, ISG15 and LY6E, or are any combination thereof.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, ATP1B3, CBX5, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, ENAM, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPRC5D, HID1, ILF2, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, 11-Sep, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, UAP1, UFM1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, CD74, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0055] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CHP1, EEA1, RPS8, RUNX1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AL662907.3, CD63, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, EEA1, GPM6B, LIPA, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RBMS3, RPS8, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SOCS1, TXNDC15 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, ATP1B3, DNAJC3, ENAM, FIGN, GNG4, ILF2, KIF22, MANEA, NEFH, NLN, P3H2, PLAU, SIGLEC6, SSR1, TRAV16, UFM1, ZBTB16, CD74, EEF1A1, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, ISG15, LY6E, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CMBL, CNIH4, DOC2B, FAM43A, GCA, GNLY, HID1, LACC1, MID1IP1, MX2, PI3, PIM1, 11-Sep, SIT1, SYNE2, and IGHG2, or are any combination thereof.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, APOBEC3C, DACH1, ERG, IRF2BP2, MYOM2, NFE4, PRSS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5 and TREM2, or are any combination thereof.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CBX5, CCNE2, CEBPA, CLN8, DNAJC12, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, MECOM, NABP1, OXCT2, RASGRP2, ST6GALNAC1, TXNDC17, UAP1 and CFD, or are any combination thereof.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GZMA and LYAR, or are any combination thereof.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0063] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a relapse subject.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of relapse subjects.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a non-relapse subject.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of non-relapse subjects.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0069] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:
[0070] a) determining the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the treatment; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof;
[0071] b) comparing the level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and
[0072] c) assessing the therapeutic efficacy in the subject based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0073] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes is LILRB5.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ALDH1L2 and PKP2, or are any combination thereof.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, PALD1 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the anti-tumor therapy.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the anti-tumor therapy comprises a PD-1 antagonist.
[0080] In certain embodiments, the subject has shown tumor relapse after tumor neoantigen vaccination.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the subject has received tumor resection surgery before receiving first dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, optionally the subject had no chemotherapy before the resection surgery.
[0082] In certain embodiments, tumor tissue, adjacent tissue and / or a peripheral blood sample of the subject have been analysed to identify one or more tumor-specific mutations in the subject.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the tumor neoantigen vaccine is prepared based on the identified tumor-specific mutations.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed to have pancreatic cancer, optionally pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , a blood sample , or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the level of the one or more genes is measured via an amplification assay, a hybridization assay, sequencing methods (e.g. single-cell sequencing) , or an immunoassay (e.g. flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry) .
[0087] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0088] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0089] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ATF4, C15orf54, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, LMAN2, MAP9, NUAK1, PDE4D, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TMED10, TMEM258, WDFY3, ZBTB43 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.
[0090] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of:AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0091] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0092] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608 , STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0093] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the treatment; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GZMA and LYAR, or are any combination thereof.
[0097] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a T-cell receptor (TCR) having the property of binding to an HLA-associated antigenic peptide.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises at least one TCR α chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3α) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 225-271, and / or at least one TCR β chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3β) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-83.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a CDR1α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 130-157, a CDR2α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 158-224, a CDR3α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 225-271, a CDR1β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20, a CDR2β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 21-42, and a CDR3β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-83.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a set of 6 CDR sequences as set forth in a TCR group ID in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises 6 CDR sequences as set forth in TCR group ID: 395, TCR group ID: 28076, TCR group ID: 617, TCR group ID: 2521, TCR group ID: 19280, TCR group ID: 3612, TCR group ID: 3733, TCR group ID: 29013, TCR group ID: 3549, TCR group ID: 19078, TCR group ID: 13219, TCR group ID: 34109, TCR group ID: 18698, TCR group ID: 30451, TCR group ID: 28895, TCR group ID: 2401, TCR group ID: 372, TCR group ID: 19296, TCR group ID: 30607, TCR group ID: 166, TCR group ID: 13559, TCR group ID: 19448, TCR group ID: 14463, TCR group ID: 31955, TCR group ID: 12638, TCR group ID: 3670, TCR group ID: 18759, TCR group ID: 195, TCR group ID: 35463, TCR group ID: 18877, TCR group ID: 14294, TCR group ID: 18974, TCR group ID: 34159, TCR group ID: 4468, or TCR group ID: 12543.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a Vα comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 272-318, and a Vβ comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 84-129.
[0102] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a pair of Vα and Vβ sequences as set forth in a TCR group ID in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a pair of Vα and Vβ sequences as set forth in TCR group ID: 395, TCR group ID: 28076, TCR group ID: 617, TCR group ID: 2521, TCR group ID: 19280, TCR group ID: 3612, TCR group ID: 3733, TCR group ID: 29013, TCR group ID: 3549, TCR group ID: 19078, TCR group ID: 13219, TCR group ID: 34109, TCR group ID: 18698, TCR group ID: 30451, TCR group ID: 28895, TCR group ID: 2401, TCR group ID: 372, TCR group ID: 19296, TCR group ID: 30607, TCR group ID: 166, TCR group ID: 13559, TCR group ID: 19448, TCR group ID: 14463, TCR group ID: 31955, TCR group ID: 12638, TCR group ID: 3670, TCR group ID: 18759, TCR group ID: 195, TCR group ID: 35463, TCR group ID: 18877, TCR group ID: 14294, TCR group ID: 18974, TCR group ID: 34159, TCR group ID: 4468, or TCR group ID: 12543.
[0103] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein.
[0104] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein, wherein the composition further comprises with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0105] In another aspect, the present invention provides kits containing the TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR provided herein and directions for using TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR. The kit may also include a container and optionally one or more vial, test tube, flask, bottle, or syringe. Other formats for kits will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are within the scope of the present invention.
[0106] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of cancer comprising administering to a subject suffering the cancer an effective amount of the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein.
[0107] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a TCR or an isolated cell presenting a TCR for use in the treatment of cancer.
[0108] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
[0109] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising: determining presence or level of one or more TCRs described herein in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; and assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the presence or the level determined.
[0110] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises comparing the level of the one or more TCRs with a reference level to determine the difference, and assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the difference.
[0111] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying an antigenic peptide, when associated with HLA, is capable of binding to the TCR described herein, comprising simulating binding with the antigenic peptide sequence, an input TCR sequence, and the HLA sequence, and identifying the antigenic peptide which shows acceptable binding affinity in the simulation.
[0112] BRIEF DESCFRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0113] Figure 1A shows clinical treatment and event timeline for the 12 patients who received at least 7 doses of vaccines from surgery until the time of death or end of follow-up.
[0114] Figure 1B shows Kaplan-Meier curves showing the relapse-free survival of 12 patients during neoantigen vaccine treatment and patients who were treated with chemotherapy after the surgery in the ICGC PACA-AU project, PACA-CA project and the Changhai Hospital (historical controls) .
[0115] Figures 1C shows Kaplan-Meier curves showing the overall survival of 12 patients during neoantigen vaccine treatment and patients who were treated with chemotherapy after the surgery in the ICGC PACA-AU project, PACA-CA project and the Changhai Hospital (historical controls) .
[0116] Figures 1D shows serum CA19-9 levels were examined before the surgery, before the vaccination, during the vaccination and follow-up. Levels of CA19-9 were reported as U / mL. The y-axis was log2 transformed values. The black horizontal dashed line indicates the upper limit of the normal reference (37 U / mL) and the red horizontal dashed line indicates the level of 90.65 U / mL (2.45 times of 37 U / mL [2.45 times elevated CA19-9 values shows recurrence with 90% sensitivity and 83, 33%specificity] ) .
[0117] Figures 1E shows serum CA72-4 levels were examined before the surgery, before the vaccination, during the vaccination and follow-up. Levels of CA72-4 were reported as U / mL. The y-axis was log2 transformed values. The black horizontal dashed line indicates the upper limit of the normal reference (9.8 U / mL) and the red horizontal dashed line indicates the level of 14.7 U / mL (1.5 times of 9.8 U / mL) .
[0118] Figure 2A shows the diversity of expression of TCR genes in single-cell 3’ library transcriptome sequencing. The changes of the diversity during the treatment in the CD4+, CD8+ and other T cells respectively. The higher the Shannon index, the higher the expression diversity.
[0119] Figure 2B shows the comparison of the diversity of TCR clones in single-cell TCR sequencing data.
[0120] Figure 2C shows comparison of cell proportions of T cell subtypes in the different days during vaccine treatment in the single-cell RNA sequencing data. Top panel, Changes of cell proportions of CD8+, CD4+ and CD4 / CD8 low T cells during the treatment. Bottom panel, changes of cell proportions of effector T (Teff) , exhausted T (Tex) , T helper 1 (Th1) , T helper 9 (Th9) , memory T (Tmem) and regulatory T (Treg) cells during the treatment. Percent value were transformed by the hyperbolic arcsine function. The values in the y axis indicate the relative changes compared to the pre-vaccine. The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . The circle dots represent patients with tumor relapse and triangles represent patients with non-relapse. The red background box represents that the relative cell proportion of the patients on that day are significantly greater than those in pre-vaccine, and the blue background box represents that the cell proportion of relapsed and non-relapsed patients is significantly different. All p-values were calculated using LMM (see Method) and were corrected for the multiple comparison using the Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment. The P-value < 0.05 was considered as the significance for all the test.
[0121] Figure 2D shows types and percentages of changes in the number of TCR clones that had the same sequence with the TCR identified in the patients’ tumors during the treatment.
[0122] Figure 2E shows differences in percentage of 4-1BB+ and CD69+ cell populations in CD8+ (top) and CD4+ (bottom) T cells using flow cytometric. *indicates the significant differences by using the LMM method.
[0123] Figure 2F shows function enrichment analysis of significantly changed genes in CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8 low T cells comparing the gene expression of pre-vaccine, priming and booster phases.
[0124] Figure 2G shows function enrichment analysis of significantly differently expressed genes between patients with tumor relapse and without relapse. All enrichment analyses were performed using the annotated genes from the hallmark gene sets and ontology gene sets in the MSigDB database.
[0125] Figure 2H shows changes in average expression levels of modules for IFN-γ response pathway genes and G2M checkpoint genes in CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells.
[0126] Figure 2I shows the significant difference in the percent of cells that positively expressed STAT1 between patients with tumor relapse and without relapse after the neoantigen vaccination. The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . The lines indicate the average values and the vertical lines is the error bars, SEM.
[0127] Figure 3A shows IFN-γ secretion induced by four neoantigen peptides of the patient No. 4 using the ELISpot assay.
[0128] Figure 3B shows the effect of tumor removal by the four neoantigen peptides of the patient P4 against autologous tumor and the blank control.
[0129] Figure 3C shows Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot showing the cell populations and cells of different groups under the stimulation of different neoantigen peptides in the CD8+ T cells using the scRNA-seq data.
[0130] Figure 3D shows the markers used to annotate the cell types for central memory cells (CM) and Tumor reactive cells (T-Reactive) and expression levels of marker genes (MX1 and STAT1) in those two subpopulation.
[0131] Figure 3E shows the percentage of cell populations in the CD8+ T cells after the in vitro stimulation of those four neoantigen peptides using the single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Red stars indicate the major subtypes (CM and T-Reactive) in the stimulation of PCNAT-4-2 and PCNAT-4-3 peptides.
[0132] Figure 3F shows the comparison of TCR clones of PCNAT-4-2 and PCNAT-4-3 stimulation to those in blank control using the single-cell TCR sequencing. If the TCR clone did not found in the blank control, the cells with that TCR were defined as ‘different’ , otherwise, the cells were classified into ‘Decays’ or ‘Expands’a ccording the occurrence frequency of that TCR compared to the blank. Y axis indicates the number of cells contain above types of TCR clones.
[0133] Figure 3G shows the expression levels of MX1 between pre-and post-vaccination in CD8+ T cells in the patient P5 and P9.
[0134] Figure 3H shows the up-regulation of average proportion of MX1+ cells in CD8+ T cells in the blood of patients after the neoantigen vaccines treatment (P < 0.05, LMM test, see Method) . The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . The circle dots represent patients with tumor relapse and triangles represent patients with non-relapse.
[0135] Figure 3I shows correlation between MX1 expression and gene expression related to cytotoxicity and IFN-γ in relapsed and non-relapsed patients.
[0136] Figure 3J shows qPCR assay detecting the expression levels of MX1 after knockdown by siRNA. NC stands for negative control oligonucleotides. Student’s t test was used. Bars, mean; error bars, SEM; **indicates P < 0.01. ns is non-significant.
[0137] Figure 3K shows the percent of tumor removal along with the time for the inhibition of MX1 by siRNA and negative control oligonucleotides in PBMC cells. **indicates P < 0.01.
[0138] Figure 4A shows the significant differences of genes that are involved in activation of T cells in CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells comparing the boosting and priming phases in patients treated with adjuvant anti-PD1 and with only neoantigen vaccines. Circles with red border indicates genes that are only significant changed in patients with adjuvant anti-PD1.
[0139] Figure 4B shows function enrichment analysis of significantly changed genes in CD8+ T cells comparing the gene expression of between boosting and priming phases in patients treated with adjuvant anti-PD1 and with only neoantigen vaccines.
[0140] Figure 4C shows changes in average expression levels of modules for response to molecule of bacterial origin function genes and cellular response to biotic stimulus function genes in CD8+ T cells for the combined anti-PD1 and only neoantigen vaccine patients.
[0141] Figure 4D shows survival analysis of genes related to the effect of combination of neoantigen vaccines and anti-PD1. Gene hazard ratios of genes in each gene set (columns) are shown by treatment arms (rows) in the clinical trial. Vertical lines mark hazard ratio = 1. Vertical jitter distinguishes overlapping dots. Hazard ratio < 1 (left of vertical lines) indicates greater PFS. Mean hazard ratio and one-sided P values are shown from a one-sample z-test on hazard ratios for genes in the signature, highlighted with associated data in red when P < 0.01.
[0142] Figure 5A shows stacked bar plot showing the percentage of different immune cells in each stage of vaccination in each patient. The percentage was calculated using the single-cell transcriptome sequencing and the types of immune cells were defined according to the gene expression of known makers. The total percentage was normalized to 1 for each sample.
[0143] Figure 5B shows the changes of the relative percent of megakaryocyte, B cell, Monocyte, and NK cells after the first neoantigen vaccination. The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . Pattern ‘up’ patients were defined as having at least 3 time points with a ratio of cell population greater than 20%of the maximum value; Pattern ‘down’ patients were defined as having at least 3 time points with a ratio of cell population less than 20%of the minimum value; others were defined as ‘flat’ . *indicates the significant difference (P < 0.05) between the priming, booster phase and the pre-vaccination using the LMM method (see Supplementary Method) .
[0144] Figure 6A shows the percentage of TCR clones, which were also identified in the tumors, in the peripheral blood of 12 patients. The TCR clones in tumors were identified by MiXCR using the RNA bulk sequencing data of tumors. The TCR clones in PBMCs were identified by single-cell TCR sequencing.
[0145] Figure 6B shows the heatmap of the ssGSEA scores of immune cells in the tumors of 12 patients. The patients were divided into 3 groups (high, median and low infiltration) based on the average scores of immune cells.
[0146] Figure 7 shows identification of differences in immune cell populations between pre-and post-vaccination using the flow cytometric analysis. Red is for non-relapse patients and blue is for relapse patients. *indicates the significant difference (P < 0.05) .
[0147] Figure 8 shows differential expression in genes that are related with activation of T cells for priming versus pre-vaccine phases (top) and boosting versus pre-vaccine phases (bottom) in the blood of patients. Differential expression was performed among CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells respectively. A significant differently expressed gene was shown as a dot in the plot. For each gene, the average log fold change and the percentage of cells that express the gene above background are compared between the 2 phases. For example, a delta percent of +0.1 indicates that 10%more cells in the priming phase express the gene above background than those in the pre-vaccine. The top 20 changed genes for each function (Cytokine, Cytotoxic, IFN response and Proliferation) were labeled by their gene names.
[0148] Figure 9A shows gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the interferon gamma response pathway for the significantly changed genes in CD8+ T cells.
[0149] Figure 9B shows changes in average expression levels of modules for IFN-γ response pathway genes and G2M checkpoint genes in T cells for the relapse and non-relapse patients.
[0150] Figure 10A shows differential expression in genes that are related with activation of T cells (top) and antigen-presenting cells (bottom) for non-relapse versus relapse patients. Differential expression was performed among pre-vaccine, priming and boosting phases and CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells respectively. A significant differently expressed gene was shown as a dot in the plot. For each gene, the average log fold change and the percentage of cells that express the gene above background are compared between the 2 phases. For example, a delta percent of +0.1 indicates that 10%more cells in the priming phase express the gene above background than those in the pre-vaccine. The top 20 changed genes for each T cell subpopulation were labeled by their gene names.
[0151] Figure 10B shows differential expression of GSVA scores for STAT1+ T cells between relapse and non-relapse patients.
[0152] Figure 11 shows Ex vivo IFN-γ ELISPOT of PBMCs for each single neoantigen pepetide used in the vaccines of patients with triplicate wells per time point. Normalized spot count was calculated using the number of spot-forming count in stimulation of peptides minus the number in the corresponding blank control.
[0153] Figure 12A shows the intersect of marker genes of TReactive and CM.
[0154] Figure 12B shows the heatmap of the number of significantly changed genes respectively overlaping with the marker genes of TReactive and CM in the priming and booster phases compared with pre-vaccination.
[0155] Figure 12C shows changes in average expression levels of modules for TReactive gene signature and CM gene signature in CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells during the vaccination.
[0156] Figure 12D shows comparison of average expression levels of modules for TReactive gene signature and CM gene signature between relapse and non-relapse patients during the vaccination.
[0157] Figure 13A shows UMAP plot showing the cell populations and expression levels of the IFN-γ response pathway related genes under the stimulation of the neoantigen peptides of patient P4 in the CD8+ T cells using the scRNA-seq data.
[0158] Figure 13B shows the up-regulation of average proportion of corresponding genes above in CD8+ T cells in patients after the neoantigen vaccines treatment (P < 0.05, LMM test, see Method) . The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . The circle dots represent patients with tumor relapse and triangles represent patients with non-relapse.
[0159] Figure 14A shows the percentage of cell populations in the CD4+ (left) and CD4 / CD8 low T cells (right) after the in vitro stimulation of the neoantigen peptides.
[0160] Figures 14B-14C show UMAP plot showing the cell populations, cells of different groups and expression levels of marker genes for the increased cell population under the stimulation of PCNAT-4-2 and PCNAT-4-3 in the CD4+ (B) and CD4 / CD8 low T cells (C) using the scRNA-seq data.
[0161] Figures 15A-15B shows the average proportion of marker genes identified from the in vitro stimulation of the neoantigen peptides in CD4+ (A) and CD4 / CD8 low T cells (B) in the blood of patients during the neoantigen vaccines treatment. The proportion of cells in the pre-vaccination for all patients are all normalized to 0 (horizontal dashed line) . The circle dots represent patients with tumor relapse and triangles represent patients with non-relapse.
[0162] Figure 16A shows the heat map showing the genes with top 50 correlation coefficient with MX1 in immune cells. Left annotation are cell types of immune cells and involved gene functions including antigen presentation, immune check point, ligand / receptor, molecular function of MHC class I / II protein complex, T cell activation and molecular function of Toll-like receptors respectively.
[0163] Figure 16B shows the correlation of CD40 and CD226 with MX1 in CD8+ T cells.
[0164] Figure 16C shows the changes of proportion of CD40+ and CD226+ cells in CD8+ T cells during the vaccination.
[0165] Figure 16D shows the gene interaction network in different types of immune cells for the genes that are correlated with the MX1 in CD8+ T cells.
[0166] Figure 17 shows genes associated with significant differential changes in immune response in peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patients treated with personalized neoantigen vaccines.
[0167] Figure 18 shows percentage changes relative to baselines for CD69+ T, CD28+ T, B cells and NK cells in blood of patients during the vaccination using flow cytometric analysis. P6, P9, P11, P12, and P10 used the results of the flow cytometric analysis of the blood samples (B1) before vaccine treatment as the baseline, while P1, P2, P4, P7 and P8 used the results of the flow analysis of their respective earliest blood samples as the baseline because of the missing results of B1 samples. Because P5 had only one flow cytometric result from a blood sample, it was excluded from this analysis. CD69 and CD28 are the markers for activation of T cells. CD19 is the marker for B cells. Lymphocytes were sorted by low side scatter (SSC) and CD45+ in flow cytometric analysis. NK cells were sorted by CD19-and CD3-in lymphocytes. The mean±SE %of CD69+ CD8+ T cells increased from 20.4±1.4 to 34.6±6.3; CD69+ CD4+ T cells increased from 18.3±3.4 to 34±3.5; CD28+ CD8+ T cells increased from 39.9±8.6 to 56.5±10.7; CD28+ CD4+ T cells increased from 86.7±4.7 to 96.5±1.2; B cells increased from 3.8±1 to 9.6±2.2; NK cells increased from 20.7±2.7 to 25.9±3.
[0168] Figure 19A-19B shows Dynamics of the proportion of immune cells in peripheral blood during neoantigen peptide vaccines treatment. A, time points for neoantigen vaccination and blood collection for single-cell sequencing. Blood samples are obtained a few minutes before each of administration of the vaccines. B, Dot plot showing the level of significance and direction of differences comparing each time point (column) to pre-vaccines (as the reference) in immune cells as labeled (rows) : Monocyte, Macrophage, B cells, NK, T cells (rows 1-5) and their subtypes (rows 6-34) . Row labels denote the positively expressed gene markers of each subtype. Red / blue dot indicates higher / lower levels of cell percent change relative to B1 (pre-vaccine) ; darker intensity reflects larger change; size of dot reflects strength of change; white background indicates p < 0.05. In the single cell transcriptome data, we classified PBMCs into several immune cell types and their subtypes according to the genes specifically expressed and calculated the proportion of each.
[0169] Figure 20 shows bar plots showing the percent of clonally expanded T cells compared to pre-vaccine and the percent of VRD-T cells and GD-T cells in each T cell subtype. The bottom bar plot gives the average expression levels of CD8 and CD4 genes for each subtype.
[0170] Figure 21 shows cell abundance (%) of T-cell clonotypes with and without clonal expansion (top and bottom panels) after the vaccination at pre (shaped circle) , priming (shaped Square) and boosting (shaped triangle) vaccination in blood samples of patient P6. Filled color indicates which neoantigen peptide is specifically recognized by the T cell clonotypes. We constructed a total of 5 peptide-MHC (HLA-A*11: 01) tetramers corresponding to 2 TCR recognition epitopes (YVECGKAFK and KYVECGKAFK) of neoantigen-peptide-85 and 3 recognition epitopes (TTSCPECDK, TSCPECDKTSLK and GTTSCPECDK) of neoantigen-peptide-89 in P6 patients. No tetramer-positive T-cell clones targeting neoantigen-peptide-85-epitope1 were detected.
[0171] Figure 22 shows bar plots showing the percent of clonally expanded B cells compared to pre-vaccine and the percent of clonal (>1 cells) B cells in each B cell subtype. The bottom bar plot shows the average expression levels of TCL1A, AIM2 and IGHA1 genes for each subtype. Clonal expansion was classified according to the time of occurrence as 1) transient expansion, where the percentage of cells at priming was higher than pre-vaccine but lower than pre-vaccine at boosting, 2) priming expansion, where the percentage of cells at both priming and boosting was higher than pre-vaccine, and 3) boosting expansion, where the percentage of cells at priming was lower than pre-vaccine but higher than pre-vaccine at boosting.
[0172] Figure 23A shows the significant differences in the percents of immune subtype cells between relapse and non-relapse patients in PP set and ITT set, respectively. Panel I, Percent (%) of the Monocyte_0 (HLA gene+) subtype in all monocytes of blood. Panel II, Percent (%) of the Monocyte_1 (FCGR3B+ G0S2+ CXCL8+) subtype in all monocytes of blood. Panel III, Percent (%) of the Tcell_6 (GNLY+ NKG7+ GZMB+ FGFBP2+ PRF1+) subtype in all T cells of blood. The percents of a given immune subtype cells of 6 healthy donors are also shown. The dots represent each patient and the vertical line is the median of each group. P values are calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Figure 23B shows differential gene expression in B cells, monocyte, NK, and T cells between relapse and non-relapse patients in PP set (panel I) and ITT set (panel II) . Significant differently expressed genes are shown as a dot in the plot. For each gene, the log fold change of average expression (y-axis) and the percentage of cells that express the gene (x-axis) are compared for non-relapse vs relapse. For example, a percent of +40 indicates that 40%more cells in the non-relapse express the gene than those in the relapse patients. There were 5 relapse patients and 7 non-relapse patients in PP set; and 11 relapse patients and 9 non-relapse patients in ITT set (no data for 1 ITT patient) .
[0173] Figure 24 shows schematic diagram of the pipeline for identifying tumor-infiltrating groups in six digestive tract cancers.
[0174] Figure 25 shows the pipeline of identify TCR clonotype groups.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0175] The following description of the disclosure is merely intended to illustrate various embodiments of the disclosure. As such, the specific modifications discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents, changes, and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0176] Definitions
[0177] As used herein, the term “neoantigen” or “neoantigenic” means a class of tumor antigens that arises from a tumor-specific mutation (s) which alters the amino acid sequence of genome encoded proteins.
[0178] As used herein, the terms “prevent” , “preventing” , “prevention” , “prophylactic treatment” , and the like, refer to reducing the probability of developing a disease or condition in a subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to developing a disease or condition.
[0179] “Treating” or “treatment” of a condition as used herein includes alleviating a condition, slowing the onset or rate of development of a condition, reducing the risk of developing a condition, preventing or delaying the development of symptoms associated with a condition, reducing or ending symptoms associated with a condition, generating a complete or partial regression of a condition, curing a condition, or some combination thereof.
[0180] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a human or any non-human animal or mammal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, horse or primate) . In many embodiments, a subject is a human being. A subject can be a patient, which refers to a human presenting to a medical provider for diagnosis or treatment of a disease. The term “subject” is used herein interchangeably with “individual” or “patient. ” A subject can be afflicted with or is susceptible to a disease or disorder but may or may not display symptoms of the disease or disorder.
[0181] The terms “administer” , “administering” or “administration” include any method of delivery of a pharmaceutical composition or agent into a subject's system or to a particular region in or on a subject. In certain embodiments, the agent is delivered orally, or parenterally. In certain embodiments, the agent is delivered by injection or infusion, or delivered topically including transmucosally. In certain embodiments, the agent is delivered by inhalation. In certain embodiments of the invention, an agent is administered by parenteral delivery, including, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections. In one embodiment, the agent may be administered by injecting directly to a tumor. In some embodiments, the agent may be administered by intravenous injection or intravenous infusion. In certain embodiments, the agent can be administered by continuous infusion. In certain embodiments, administration is not oral. In certain embodiments, administration is systemic. In certain embodiments, administration is local. In some embodiments, one or more routes of administration may be combined, such as, intravenous and intratumoral, or intravenous and peroral, or intravenous and oral, or intravenous and topical, or intravenous and transdermal or transmucosal. Administering an agent can be performed by a number of people working in concert. Administering an agent includes, for example, prescribing an agent to be administered to a subject and / or providing instructions, directly or through another, to take a specific agent, either by self-delivery, e.g., as by oral delivery, subcutaneous delivery, intravenous delivery through a central line, etc.; or for delivery by a trained professional, e.g., intravenous delivery, intramuscular delivery, intratumoral delivery, continuous infusion, etc.
[0182] The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” means the amount of a pharmaceutical agent that that produces some desired local or systemic therapeutic effect at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any treatment. When administered for preventing a disease, the amount is sufficient to avoid or delay onset of the disease. A therapeutically effective amount or an effective amount need not be curative or prevent a disease or condition from ever occurring. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically-effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent will depend on its therapeutic index, solubility, and the like.
[0183] The term “level” with respect to a biomarker refers to the amount or quantity of the biomarker of interest present in a sample. Such amount or quantity may be expressed in the absolute terms, i.e., the total quantity of the biomarker in the sample, or in the relative terms, i.e., the concentration or percentage of the biomarker in the sample. Level of a biomarker can be measured at DNA level (for example, as represented by the amount or quantity or copy number of the gene in a chromosomal region) , at RNA level (for example as mRNA amount or quantity) , or at protein level (for example as protein or protein complex amount or quantity) .
[0184] The term “expression level” with respect to a biomarker refers to the amount or quantity of the expressed biomarker, such as at mRNA level or at protein level.
[0185] The terms “determining” , “measuring” and “detecting” can be used interchangeably and refer to both quantitative and semi-quantitative determinations. Level (such as an expression level) of a biomarker at DNA or RNA level can be measured by any methods known in the art, for example, without limitation, an amplification assay, a hybridization assay, or a sequencing assay. Expression level of a biomarker at protein level can be measured by any methods known in the art, for example, without limitation, immunoassays.
[0186] A nucleic acid amplification assay involves copying a target nucleic acid (e.g. DNA or RNA) , thereby increasing the number of copies of the amplified nucleic acid sequence. Amplification may be exponential or linear. Exemplary nucleic acid amplification methods include, but are not limited to, amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) , quantitative PCR, such as nested PCR, and the like.
[0187] A nucleic acid hybridization assays use probes to hybridize to the target nucleic acid, thereby allowing detection of the target nucleic acid. Non-limiting examples of hybridization assay include Northern blotting, Southern blotting, in situ hybridization, microarray analysis, and multiplexed hybridization-based assays.
[0188] Sequencing methods allow determination of the nucleic acid sequence of the target nucleic acid, and can also permit enumeration of the sequenced target nucleic acid, thereby measures the level of the target nucleic acid. Examples of sequence methods include, without limitation, RNA sequencing, pyrosequencing, high throughput sequencing, and single-cell sequencing.
[0189] Immunoassays typically involves using antibodies that specifically bind to the biomarker polypeptide or protein to detect or measure the presence or level of the target polypeptide or protein. Such antibodies can be obtained using methods known in the art, or can be obtained from commercial sources. Examples of immunoassays include, without limitation, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , enzyme immunoassay (EIA) , radioimmunoassay (RIA) , sandwich assays, competitive assays, immunofluorescent staining and imaging, immunohistochemistry (IHC) , and fluorescent activating cell sorting (FACS) .
[0190] In all occurrences in this application where there are a series of recited numerical values, it is to be understood that any of the recited numerical values may be the upper limit or lower limit of a numerical range. It is to be further understood that the invention encompasses all such numerical ranges, i.e., a range having a combination of an upper numerical limit and a lower numerical limit, wherein the numerical value for each of the upper limit and the lower limit can be any numerical value recited herein. Ranges provided herein are understood to include all values within the range. For example, 1-10 is understood to include all of the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and fractional values as appropriate. Similarly, ranges delimited by “at least” are understood to include the lower value provided and all higher numbers.
[0191] As used herein, “about” is understood to include within three standard deviations of the mean or within standard ranges of tolerance in the specific art. In certain embodiments, about is understood a variation of no more than 0.5.
[0192] The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
[0193] The term “including” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase “including but not limited to” . Similarly, “such as” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably, with the phrase “such as but not limited to” .
[0194] The term “or” is used inclusively herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and / or, ” unless context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0195] Biomarkers for Efficacy of Tumor Neoantigen Vaccine
[0196] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, in particular, to assess responsiveness of the subject to at least one priming dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, or to assess responsiveness of the subject to at least one boosting dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0197] The term “responsiveness” to a tumor neoantigen vaccine as used in the present disclosure, refers to the immune response generated following administration of the tumor neoantigen vaccine. Tumor neoantigen vaccine is expected to activate the immune system, in particular, to induce anti-tumor immune response. Such immune response could entail changes in expression levels of certain genes in different immune cells. Characterization of differential expression of these markers can provide for indication of the level of immune responses induced by the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0198] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0199] In further another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0200] Tumor Neoantigen Vaccine
[0201] Tumor neoantigen vaccines can be synthesized antigens (e.g. peptide antigens or polynucleotides encoding such peptide antigens) that are designed for inducing anti-tumor immune response in a subject. Tumor neoantigen vaccines can be personalized and prepared based on the tumor neoantigens identified in the subject.
[0202] In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed to have cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is resectable. In certain embodiments, the subject has received tumor resection surgery. In certain embodiments, the subject had no chemotherapy before the resection surgery.
[0203] In certain embodiments, the tumor tissue, adjacent tissue and / or a peripheral blood sample of the subject have been analysed to identify one or more tumor-specific mutations in the subject.
[0204] In certain embodiments, the tumor neoantigen vaccine is prepared based on the identified tumor-specific mutations.
[0205] In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed to have pancreatic cancer, optionally pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
[0206] 1. Biomarkers for assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines
[0207] In particular, the present inventors unexpectedly identified several genes whose changes in certain immune cells correlate with the efficacy of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, and hence are useful as biomarkers for assessing responsiveness of a subject to tumor neoantigen vaccines.
[0208] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject receiving the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0209] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof. The biomarkers are provided in Figure 17.
[0210] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0211] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0212] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0213] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TRDV1, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.
[0214] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.
[0215] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, ATP5F1B, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, PIM1, TMEM258, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0216] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.
[0217] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1, SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0218] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0219] In particular, the present inventors have unexpectedly found that the biomarkers can be different at different vaccination stages. In general, repeated doses of vaccines are believed to induce strong and long-lasting protective immunity. The first vaccination doses are believed to prime the immune system, for example by activating T cells which then undergo proliferation, contraction and differentiation to develop into primary memory T cells. Subsequent vaccination doses are believed to boost the immune system, for example by restimulate the primary memory T cells.
[0220] In certain embodiments, the subject receives multiple doses of tumor neoantigen vaccines. As used herein, the first several doses of the tumor neoantigen vaccine are referred to as priming doses, which are administered close in time to each other. In certain embodiments, the subject receives one, two, three, four or five or more priming doses of the tumor neoantigen vaccine. In certain embodiments, the priming doses are administered within 20 days, within 22 days, within 25 days, within 30 days, within 40 days, or within 45 days. In certain embodiments, the priming doses are administered on day 1, day 4, day 8, day 15, and / or day 22. The period during which priming doses are administered are priming phase of the vaccination. In certain embodiments, the priming phase is no longer than 20 days, 22 days, 25 days, 30 days, 40 days, or 45 days.
[0221] After the priming phase, the subject can receive additional doses of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, which are referred to as boosting doses. In certain embodiments, the subject receives one, two, or more boosting doses of the tumor neoantigen vaccine. In certain embodiments, the boosting doses are administered on week 12 and / or week 20. The period after the priming phase are boosting phase of the vaccination, during which boosting doses are administered. In certain embodiments, the boosting phase starts 28 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days, 45 days, 50 days, 55 days or 60 days after the final priming dose.
[0222] A) Biomarkers for Priming Phase
[0223] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during the priming phase, comprising a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0224] In particular, the present inventors unexpectedly identified several genes whose changes in certain immune cells correlate with the efficacy of the tumor neoantigen vaccine during priming phase, and hence are useful as biomarkers for assessing responsiveness of a subject to tumor neoantigen vaccines during the priming phase.
[0225] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0226] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0227] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages. In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.
[0228] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0229] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.
[0230] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, TMEM258 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.
[0231] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the gene is FERMT3, or any combination thereof.
[0232] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GK and TMED10, or are any combination thereof.
[0233] B) Biomarkers for Boosting Phase
[0234] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during the boosting phase, comprising a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase. In certain embodiments, the subject has completed all priming doses of the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0235] In particular, the present inventors unexpectedly identified several genes whose changes in certain immune cells correlate with the efficacy of the tumor neoantigen vaccine during boosting phase, and hence are useful as biomarkers for assessing responsiveness of a subject to tumor neoantigen vaccines during the boosting phase.
[0236] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0237] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0238] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0239] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.
[0240] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, SLC16A6 and TRDV1, or are any combination thereof.
[0241] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.
[0242] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATP5F1B, MAP9, PIM1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0243] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.
[0244] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1, SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0245] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.
[0246] C) Expression level of biomarkers
[0247] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene provided herein (i.e. the biomarkers) is determined in the given immune cell in the sample. In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , a blood sample, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
[0248] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0249] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by the average level of the given gene expressed in the given cell type.
[0250] Any suitable methods can be used for such determination, for example, those as described in section 1.5.12 in Example 1. In certain embodiments, the expression level are determined by sequencing, for example, single cell RNA sequencing.
[0251] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is the expression level of the one or more genes in the one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving first dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0252] In certain embodiments, the methods of assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines further comprise step b) : comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference expression level to determine difference from the reference level.
[0253] In certain embodiments, the difference is determined as change in percentage of the given type of immune cell that express the given gene in the respective sample obtained at the respective time point from the subject, for example, before and after the vaccination, before vaccination and during priming phase, or before vaccination and during boosting phase.
[0254] In certain embodiments, the methods of assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines further comprise step c) : assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0255] In certain embodiments, the subject is determined as having a good response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having an insufficient response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0256] In certain embodiments, the threshold is 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%.
[0257] 2. Biomarkers for predicting risk of tumor relapse
[0258] In another aspect, the present inventors unexpectedly identified several genes whose changes in certain immune cells correlate with the tumor relapse of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, and hence are useful as biomarkers for predicting risk of tumor relapse in a subject receiving a tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0259] In certain embodiments, tumor relapse can be indicated by tumor reoccurrence in the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject had complete resection of tumor tissue before receiving the tumor neoantigen vaccine, and reoccurrence of tumor can be indicative of tumor relapse. In certain embodiments, tumor relapse can be indicated by abnormal increase of level of serum tumor markers such as CA19-9 or CA72-4.
[0260] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject receiving the tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0261] A) Biomarkers for Tumor Relapse
[0262] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof. The biomarkers are provided in Figure 17.
[0263] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GPRC5D, HID1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS8, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2 and ZNF608, or are any combination thereof.
[0264] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GNG4, GPM6B, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, MECOM, MID1IP1, MYOM2, NABP1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RAB10, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC17, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608, CFD, ISG15 and LY6E, or are any combination thereof.
[0265] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, ATP1B3, CBX5, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, ENAM, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPRC5D, HID1, ILF2, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, 11-Sep, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, UAP1, UFM1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, CD74, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0266] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.
[0267] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CHP1, EEA1, RPS8, RUNX1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.
[0268] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AL662907.3, CD63, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, EEA1, GPM6B, LIPA, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RBMS3, RPS8, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SOCS1, TXNDC15 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.
[0269] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, ATP1B3, DNAJC3, ENAM, FIGN, GNG4, ILF2, KIF22, MANEA, NEFH, NLN, P3H2, PLAU, SIGLEC6, SSR1, TRAV16, UFM1, ZBTB16, CD74, EEF1A1, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, ISG15, LY6E, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0270] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CMBL, CNIH4, DOC2B, FAM43A, GCA, GNLY, HID1, LACC1, MID1IP1, MX2, PI3, PIM1, 11-Sep, SIT1, SYNE2 and IGHG2, or are any combination thereof.
[0271] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, APOBEC3C, DACH1, ERG, IRF2BP2, MYOM2, NFE4, PRSS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5 and TREM2, or are any combination thereof.
[0272] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CBX5, CCNE2, CEBPA, CLN8, DNAJC12, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, MECOM, NABP1, OXCT2, RASGRP2, ST6GALNAC1, TXNDC17, UAP1 and CFD, or are any combination thereof.
[0273] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GZMA and LYAR, or are any combination thereof.
[0274] B) Expression level of biomarkers
[0275] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene provided herein (i.e. the biomarkers) is determined in the given immune cell in the sample. In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , a blood sample, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
[0276] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0277] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by the average level of the given gene expressed in the given cell type.
[0278] Any suitable methods can be used for such determination, for example, those as described in section 1.5.12 in Example 1. In certain embodiments, the expression level are determined by sequencing, for example, single cell RNA sequencing.
[0279] In certain embodiments, the methods of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject after receiving the neoantigen vaccines further comprise step b) : comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference expression level to determine difference from the reference level.
[0280] In certain embodiments, the difference is determined as difference in percentage of the given type of immune cell that express the given gene in the respective sample obtained at the respective time point from the subject, relative to the reference level.
[0281] In certain embodiments, the methods of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject after receiving the neoantigen vaccines further comprise step c) : assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0282] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of relapse subjects. In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a relapse subject. In such embodiments, the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0283] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a non-relapse subject. In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of non-relapse subjects. In such embodiments, the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.
[0284] In certain embodiments, the threshold is 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%.
[0285] 3. Biomarkers for efficacy of combination of anti-tumor therapy and tumor neoantigen vaccine
[0286] In another aspect, the present inventors unexpectedly identified several genes whose changes in certain immune cells correlate with the therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, and hence are useful as biomarkers for assessing such therapeutic efficacy.
[0287] In certain embodiments, the subject has shown tumor relapse after tumor neoantigen vaccination. In certain embodiments, the relapsed subject received anti-tumor therapy. In certain embodiments, the anti-tumor therapy is immunotherapy (such as anti-PD-1 therapy) . In certain embodiments, the anti-tumor therapy comprises a PD-1 antagonist. In certain embodiments, the PD-1 antagonist is an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
[0288] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise determining the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the anti-tumor treatment.
[0289] A) Biomarkers for efficacy of combination of anti-tumor therapy and tumor neoantigen vaccine
[0290] In certain embodiments, the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof. The biomarkers are provided in Figure 17.
[0291] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages. In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD4+ T cells, monocytes and B cells.
[0292] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes is LILRB5.
[0293] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ALDH1L2 and PKP2, or are any combination thereof.
[0294] In certain embodiments, the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, PALD1 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.
[0295] B) Expression level of biomarkers
[0296] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene provided herein (i.e. the biomarkers) is determined in the given immune cell in the sample. In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , a blood sample, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
[0297] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.
[0298] In certain embodiments, the expression level of a given gene is represented by the average level of the given gene expressed in the given cell type.
[0299] Any suitable methods can be used for such determination, for example, those as described in section 1.5.12 in Example 1. In certain embodiments, the expression level are determined by sequencing, for example, single cell RNA sequencing.
[0300] In certain embodiments, the methods of assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, further comprise step b) : comparing the level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise assessing the therapeutic efficacy in the subject based on the difference determined in step b) .
[0301] In certain embodiments, the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the anti-tumor therapy.
[0302] In certain embodiments, the threshold is 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%.
[0303] 4. Kits
[0304] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides kits for assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0305] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0306] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides kits for assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during priming phase, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ATF4, C15orf54, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, LMAN2, MAP9, NUAK1, PDE4D, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TMED10, TMEM258, WDFY3, ZBTB43 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.
[0307] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides kits for assessing responsiveness of a subject to tumor neoantigen vaccine during boosting phase, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of:AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, , APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.
[0308] In certain embodiments, at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.
[0309] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides kits for predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.
[0310] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides kits for assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the treatment; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.
[0311] The measurement or detection can be at RNA level, DNA level and / or protein level. Suitable reagents for detecting target RNA, target DNA or target proteins can be used.
[0312] In certain embodiments, the detection reagents comprise primers or probes that can hybridize to the polynucleotide of the gene of interest (e.g., the biomarkers for assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Priming Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Boosting Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for tumor relapse as disclosed herein) . In some embodiments, the primers, and / or the probes may or may not be detectably labeled. In certain embodiments, the kits may further comprise other reagents to perform the methods described herein. In such applications the kits may include any or all of the following: suitable buffers, reagents for isolating nucleic acid, reagents for amplifying the nucleic acid (e.g. polymerase, dNTP mix) , reagents for hybridizing the nucleic acid, reagents for sequencing the nucleic acid, reagents for quantifying the nucleic acid (e.g. intercalating agents, detection probes) , reagents for isolating the protein, and reagents for detecting the protein (e.g. secondary antibody) . Typically, the reagents useful in any of the methods provided herein are contained in a carrier or compartmentalized container. The carrier can be a container or support, in the form of, e.g., bag, box, tube, rack, and is optionally compartmentalized.
[0313] The term “primer” as used herein refers to oligonucleotides that can specifically hybridize to a target polynucleotide sequence, due to the sequence complementarity of at least part of the primer within a sequence of the target polynucleotide sequence. A primer can have a length of at least 8 nucleotides, typically 8 to 70 nucleotides, usually of 18 to 26 nucleotides. For proper hybridization to the target sequence, a primer can have at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%sequence complementarity to the hybridized portion of the target polynucleotide sequence. Primers are useful in nucleic acid amplification reactions in which the primer is extended to produce a new strand of the polynucleotide. Primers can be readily designed by a skilled artisan using common knowledge known in the art, such that they can specifically anneal to the nucleotide sequence of the target nucleotide sequence of the at least one biomarker provided herein. Usually, the 3'nucleotide of the primer is designed to be complementary to the target sequence at the corresponding nucleotide position, to provide optimal primer extension by a polymerase.
[0314] The term “probe” as used herein refers to oligonucleotides or analogs thereof that can specifically hybridize to a target polynucleotide sequence, due to the sequence complementarity of at least part of the probe within a sequence of the target polynucleotide sequence. Exemplary probes can be, for example DNA probes, RNA probes, or protein nucleic acid (PNA) probes. A probe can have a length of at least 8 nucleotides, typically 8 to 70 nucleotides, usually of 18 to 26 nucleotides. For proper hybridization to the target sequence, a probe can have at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%sequence complementarity to hybridized portion of the target polynucleotide sequence.
[0315] In certain embodiments, the primes or probes provided herein comprise a polynucleotide sequence hybridizable to the polynucleotide of the gene of interest (e.g., the biomarkers for assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Priming Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Boosting Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers biomarkers for tumor relapse as disclosed herein) . In certain embodiments, the primes or probes provided herein comprise a polynucleotide sequence having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%complementarity to a portion within the polynucleotide of the gene of interest (e.g., the biomarkers for assessing responsiveness to neoantigen vaccines as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Priming Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers for Boosting Phase as disclosed herein, the biomarkers biomarkers for tumor relapse as disclosed herein) ..
[0316] In addition, the kits may include instructional materials containing directions (i.e., protocols) for the practice of the methods provided herein. While the instructional materials typically comprise written or printed materials they are not limited to such.
[0317] In certain embodiments, the kits can further comprise a computer program product stored on a computer readable medium. When computer program product is executed by a computer, it performs the step of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, for predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, for assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the methods disclosed herein. Any medium capable of storing such computer executable instructions and communicating them to an end user is contemplated by this invention. Such media include, but are not limited to electronic storage media (e.g., magnetic discs, tapes, cartridges, chips) , optical media (e.g., CD ROM) , and the like. Such media may include addresses to internet sites that provide such instructional materials.
[0318] The computer programs may also be encoded and transmitted using carrier signals adapted for transmission via wired, optical, and / or wireless networks conforming to a variety of protocols, including the Internet. As such, a computer readable medium according to an embodiment of the present invention may be created using a data signal encoded with such programs. Computer readable media encoded with the program code may be packaged with a compatible device or provided separately from other devices (e.g., via Internet download) . Any such computer readable medium may reside on or within a single computer product (e.g. a hard drive, a CD, or an entire computer system) , and may be present on or within different computer products within a system or network.
[0319] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides oligonucleotide probes attached to a solid support, such as an array slide or chip, e.g., as described in Eds., Bowtell and Sambrook DNA Microarrays: A Molecular Cloning Manual (2003) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Construction of such devices are well known in the art.
[0320] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a T-cell receptor (TCR) having the property of binding to an HLA-associated antigenic peptide.
[0321] T cell receptors (TCRs) mediate the recognition of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) -restricted peptide antigens by T cells and are essential to the functioning of the cellular arm of the immune system. In humans, MHC molecules are also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and both terms are used synonymously herein. The terms “HLA-associated antigenic peptide” , and “antigenic peptide” refer to the antigen recognized by TCRs.
[0322] T cell receptors are heterodimeric structures composed of two types of chains: an α (alpha) and β (beta) chain, or a γ (gamma) and δ (delta) chain. The majority of T cells have an αβ TCR and T cell receptor α and β polypeptides are linked to each other via a disulfide bond. Each of the two polypeptides that make up the TCR contains an extracellular domain comprising constant regions (Cα and Cβ) and variable regions (Vα and Vβ) , a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail (the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail also being a part of the constant region) . The variable domain of each chain (Vα and Vβ) is located N-terminally and comprises three Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) embedded in a framework sequence, similar to immunoglobulins.
[0323] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises at least one TCR α chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3α) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 225-271, and / or at least one TCR β chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3β) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-83.
[0324] In certain embodiments, wherein the TCR comprises a CDR1α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 130-157, a CDR2α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 158-224, a CDR3α comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 225-271, a CDR1β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20, a CDR2β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 21-42, and a CDR3β comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-83.
[0325] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a Vα comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 272-318, or a homologous sequence thereof having at least 80%sequence identity SEQ ID NOs: 272-318.
[0326] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a Vβ comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 84-129, or a homologous sequence thereof having at least 80%sequence identity SEQ ID NOs: 84-129.
[0327] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a Vα comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 272-318, and a Vβ comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 84-129.
[0328] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a set of 6 CDR sequences as set forth in a TCR group ID in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises 6 CDR sequences as set forth in TCR group ID: 395, TCR group ID: 28076, TCR group ID: 617, TCR group ID: 2521, TCR group ID: 19280, TCR group ID: 3612, TCR group ID: 3733, TCR group ID: 29013, TCR group ID: 3549, TCR group ID: 19078, TCR group ID: 13219, TCR group ID: 34109, TCR group ID: 18698, TCR group ID: 30451, TCR group ID: 28895, TCR group ID: 2401, TCR group ID: 372, TCR group ID: 19296, TCR group ID: 30607, TCR group ID: 166, TCR group ID: 13559, TCR group ID: 19448, TCR group ID: 14463, TCR group ID: 31955, TCR group ID: 12638, TCR group ID: 3670, TCR group ID: 18759, TCR group ID: 195, TCR group ID: 35463, TCR group ID: 18877, TCR group ID: 14294, TCR group ID: 18974, TCR group ID: 34159, TCR group ID: 4468, or TCR group ID: 12543.
[0329] In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a pair of Vα and Vβ sequences as set forth in a TCR group ID in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the TCR comprises a pair of Vα and Vβ sequences as set forth in TCR group ID: 395, TCR group ID: 28076, TCR group ID: 617, TCR group ID: 2521, TCR group ID: 19280, TCR group ID: 3612, TCR group ID: 3733, TCR group ID: 29013, TCR group ID: 3549, TCR group ID: 19078, TCR group ID: 13219, TCR group ID: 34109, TCR group ID: 18698, TCR group ID: 30451, TCR group ID: 28895, TCR group ID: 2401, TCR group ID: 372, TCR group ID: 19296, TCR group ID: 30607, TCR group ID: 166, TCR group ID: 13559, TCR group ID: 19448, TCR group ID: 14463, TCR group ID: 31955, TCR group ID: 12638, TCR group ID: 3670, TCR group ID: 18759, TCR group ID: 195, TCR group ID: 35463, TCR group ID: 18877, TCR group ID: 14294, TCR group ID: 18974, TCR group ID: 34159, TCR group ID: 4468, or TCR group ID: 12543.
[0330] In certain embodiments, the TCR further comprising TCR alpha chain constant region operably linked to the alpha chain variable domain, and / or further comprising TCR beta chain constant region operably linked to the beta chain variable domain.
[0331] In certain embodiments, wherein the antigenic peptide is a tumor antigen.
[0332] In certain embodiments, the TCR is a dimeric T cell receptor (dTCR) or a single chain T cell receptor (scTCR) .
[0333] The scTCR of the invention may be in single chain format of the type Vα-L-Vβ, Vβ-L-Vα, Vα-Cα-L-Vβ, Vα-L-Vβ-Cβ, wherein Vα and Vβ are TCR α and β variable regions respectively, Cα and Cβ are TCR α and β constant regions respectively, and L is a linker sequence.
[0334] In general, the TCR can be modified in some instances with various mutations that modify the affinity and the off-rate of the TCR with the target antigen. In particular, the mutations may increase the affinity and / or reduce the off-rate. Thus, the TCR may be mutated in at least one CDR and the variable domain framework region thereof.
[0335] In certain embodiments, the TCR is a functional variant of the TCR comprises a pair of Vα and Vβ sequences as set forth in a TCR group ID in Table 7a.
[0336] In the context of the present invention, a “functional” variant of TCR shall mean a TCR or TCR variant, for example modified by addition, deletion or substitution of amino acids, that maintains at least substantial biological activity. In the case of the α and / or β chain of a TCR, this shall mean that both chains remain able to form a TCR which exerts its biological function, in particular binding to the specific peptide-MHC complex of said TCR, and / or functional signal transduction upon specific peptide: MHC interaction.
[0337] The TCRs of this application can be used alone or covalently or otherwise conjugated with conjugates, preferably covalently conjugated. The said conjugates include detectable markers, therapeutic agents, PK (protein kinase) modification parts, or any combination of these substances.
[0338] Detectable markers for diagnostic purposes include, but are not limited to, fluorescent or luminescent markers, radioactive markers, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computed tomography) contrast agents, or enzymes capable of producing detectable products.
[0339] The present application also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding the TCR molecules or a fragment thereof described in this application. The fragments can be one or more CDRs, variable regions of the α and / or β chains, and the α and / or β chains.
[0340] Also provided in the application are a nucleotide sequence ending the TCR, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, and can be RNA or DNA, with or without introns. The nucleotide sequences can be optimized for codons. Different cells have different preferences for specific codons, and the codons in the sequence can be altered based on the type of cell to increase expression levels.
[0341] This application also provides vectors comprising the nucleotide sequence ending the TCR, including expression vectors that can construct for in vivo or in vitro expression. Common vectors include bacterial plasmids, bacteriophages, and animal or plant viruses.
[0342] Viral delivery systems include, but are not limited to, adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, herpesvirus vectors, retrovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors, and baculovirus vectors.
[0343] Preferably, the vectors can transfer the nucleotides of this application into cells, such as T cells, so that the cells express TCRs specific to AFP antigens. Ideally, the vectors should enable sustained high-level expression in T cells.
[0344] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein.
[0345] The isolated cell presenting a TCR may be a host cell comprising a vector carrying the nucleic acid expressing the TCR described herein. The host cell is selected from: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, such as Escherichia coli, yeast cells, CHO cells and the like.
[0346] In addition, the present application also includes isolated cells expressing the TCRs of this application, which may, but are not limited to, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, stem cells, particularly T cells. These T cells can be derived from T cells isolated from a subject or from a mixed population of cells isolated from the subject, such as part of a peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) population. For instance, the cells can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , and can be CD4+ helper T cells or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The cells may exist as a mixed population of CD4+ helper T cells / CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Typically, the cells can be activated with antibodies (e.g., anti-CD3 or anti-CD28 antibodies) to make them more amenable to transfection, such as transfection with vectors containing nucleotide sequences encoding the TCRs of this application.
[0347] Alternatively, the cells of this application can also be or be derived from stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) . Gene transfer into HSCs will not lead to the expression of TCRs on the cell surface because stem cells do not express CD3 molecules on their surface. However, when stem cells differentiate into lymphoid precursors that migrate to the thymus, the expression of CD3 molecules will initiate the surface expression of the introduced TCR molecules on thymic cells.
[0348] Many methods are suitable for transfecting T cells with DNA or RNA encoding the TCRs of this application (e.g., Robbins et al., (2008) J. Immunol. 180: 6116-6131) . T cells expressing the TCRs of this application can be used for adoptive immunotherapy. Those skilled in the art are aware of many suitable methods for performing adoptive therapy (e.g., Rosenberg et al., (2008) Nat Rev Cancer 8 (4) : 299-308) .
[0349] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein, wherein the composition further comprises with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0350] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation containing an active ingredient in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
[0351] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the designated carrier, vehicle, diluent, excipient (s) , salt and / or medium is generally chemically and / or physiologically compatible with other ingredients, such as the active ingredient (i.e. the TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR disclosed herein) comprising the formulation, and is physiologically compatible with a subject receiving the pharmaceutical composition.
[0352] A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is bioactivity acceptable and nontoxic to a subject. In the context of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier for use in the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, gel or solid carriers, aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending / dispending agents, sequestering or chelating agents, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, or non-toxic auxiliary substances, other components known in the art, or various combinations thereof.
[0353] The carrier can be solvents, dispersion media, isotonic agents and the like. The carrier can be liquid, semi-solid or solid carriers. In some embodiments, carriers may be water, saline solutions or other buffers (such as serum albumin and gelatin) , carbohydrates (such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, or dextrins) , gel, lipids, liposomes, resins, porous matrices, binders, fillers, coatings, stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants (including ascorbic acid and methionine) , chelating agents (such as EDTA) , salt forming counter-ions (such as sodium) , non-ionic surfactants [such as TWEENTM, PLURONICSTM or polyethylene glycol (PEG) ] , or combinations thereof. Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.
[0354] In another aspect, the present invention provides kits containing the TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR provided herein and directions for using TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR. The kit may also include a container and optionally one or more vial, test tube, flask, bottle, or syringe. Other formats for kits will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are within the scope of the present invention.
[0355] Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers etc., as will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and / or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
[0356] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of cancer comprising administering to a subject suffering the cancer an effective amount of the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein.
[0357] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a TCR or isolated cell presenting a TCR for use in the treatment of cancer.
[0358] Treatment can be performed by isolating T cells from a patient or volunteer afflicted with a disease and introducing the TCRs of this application into the said T cells, followed by re-infusing these genetically modified cells into the patient. Therefore, this application provides a method of treating diseases, including administering isolated T cells expressing the TCRs of this application, preferably derived from the patient, into the patient. Generally, the method includes (1) isolating T cells from the patient; (2) transducing the T cells in vitro with nucleic acid molecules of this application or nucleic acid molecules capable of encoding the TCRs of this application; and (3) administering the genetically engineered T cells into the patient. The number of cells isolated, transduced, and re-infused can be determined by the physician. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer.
[0359] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of the TCR described herein, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR described herein, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
[0360] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising: determining presence or level of one or more TCRs described herein in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; and assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the presence or the level determined.
[0361] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises comparing the level of the one or more TCRs with a reference level to determine the difference, and assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the difference.
[0362] In certain embodiments, the sample is a blood sample or a tumor sample.
[0363] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying an antigenic peptide, when associated with HLA, is capable of binding to the TCR described herein, comprising simulating binding with the antigenic peptide sequence, an input TCR sequence, and the HLA sequence, and identifying the antigenic peptide which shows acceptable binding affinity in the simulation. In certain embodiments, the input TCR sequence comprising a CDR3α or CDR3β sequence of the TCR described herein.
[0364] Based on the sequences of the TCR provided herein, in combination with the sequence of antigenic peptide and the sequence of HLA, the affinity of the TCR with the pMHC (complex of antigenic peptide and HLA) can be predicted using known algorithms. The algorithms require the sequences of the TCR or a fragment thereof as the input data, where the input sequence can comprise the full-length α and β chains of a TCR, the variable regions (Vα and Vβ) of a TCR, or the CDRs of a TCR. In certain embodiments, the input TCR sequence comprising a CDR3α and / or CDR3β sequence, as set forth in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the input TCR sequence comprising a CDR3α as set forth in Table 7a. In certain embodiments, the input TCR sequence comprising a CDR3β as set forth in Table 7a. In some embodiments, the input TCR sequence is the CDR3α and / or CDR3β sequence as set forth in Table 7a.
[0365] The algorithm for predicting the affinity is known in the art, such as ERGOII, pMTnet, epiTCR, and TCR-ESM. See, for example, ERGOII: Springer I, Tickotsky N, Louzoun Y. Contribution of T Cell Receptor Alpha and Beta CDR3, MHC Typing, V and J Genes to Peptide Binding Prediction. Front. Immunol. 2021; 12: 664514; pMTnet: Lu T, Zhang Z, Zhu J, et al. “Deep learning-based prediction of T cell receptor-antigen binding specificity. ” Nature Machine Intelligence. 2021; 3 (10) : 864-875; epiTCR: Pham MDN, Nguyen TN, Tran LS, et al. epiTCR: a highly sensitive predictor for TCR-peptide binding. Bioinformatics. 2023; 39 (5) : btad284; TCR-ESM: Yadav S, Vora DS, Sundar D, Dhanjal JK. TCR-ESM: Employing protein language embeddings to predict TCR-peptide-MHC binding. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2023; 23: 165-173.
[0366] EXAMPLES
[0367] EXAMPLE 1
[0368] 1.1 Methods
[0369] 1.1.1 Trial design
[0370] We conducted a prospective, open label, single-arm phase Ib trial at a single medical center in China. Authors designed this trial. Personalized neoantigen vaccines were supplied to Changhai Hospital by ANDA Biopharmaceutical Development. An independent data and safety monitoring committee was established to review all the trial data and to ensure the ethical conduct of the trial. This trial was approved by the institutional review boards at Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China. All participants provided written informed consent.
[0371] Patients and Procedures
[0372] Eligible patients were 20 to 75 years of age, had pathologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, no chemotherapy before the resection surgery and had undergone complete macroscopic (R0 [no cancer cells within 1 mm of all resection margins] ) resection (Table 1) . Key exclusion criteria were radiographically confirmed recurrence or metastasis within 180 postoperative days, poor postoperative recovery, clinically significant organ dysfunction, unstable angina pectoris, symptomatic congestive heart failure, severe arrhythmias, myocardial infarction in the past 6 months, prolonged QT interval (> 450ms) and previous malignant tumors other than pancreatic cancer.
[0373] Table 1. Inclusion, exclusion and exit criteria in this clinical trial.
[0374] After enrollment, all patients received tumor resection surgery and parts of tumor tissue, adjacent tissue and peripheral blood samples were supplied to pathology department for pathological examination and to a third-party company for DNA and RNA sequencing to identify the tumor-specific mutations. Personalized neoantigen peptides were designed according those mutations and patients’ HLA types and then were synthetized. Clinical samples are described in the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix. Before the personalized vaccines were prepared, all patients received gemcitabine, abraxane or S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy. After chemotherapy, patients were assessed for continuing participation according inclusion / exclusion criteria. Then all eligible patients were administered with 5 doses of priming vaccination within one month and 2 doses of boosting vaccination. If tumor recurrence or abnormal elevation of serum CA19-9 or CA72-4 level was found during treatment, the patient was also treated with conventional chemotherapy or PD-1 / PD-L1 antibody.
[0375] Personalized vaccines consisted of 8-25 distinct peptides (with 27 amino acids) that were grouped into 2-4 pools and 0.5 mg of poly-ICLC as the adjuvant for each pool. Vaccines were administered subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, 15, and 22 (priming phase) and weeks 12 and 20 (boosting phase) . The dose was 0.3 mg / peptide for each patient (Table 2) and injection sites were nonrotating extremities. Details of manufacturing and procedure are described in the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix.
[0376] Table 2. Clinical dosage of the neoantigen vaccines for patients
[0377] Note. NA, not available. Those patients were excluded from the study according to the inclusion, exclusion and exit criteria in this clinical trial.
[0378] 1.1.2 End Points and Assessments
[0379] The primary endpoint was safety, assessed by the rate of grade 3 or worse adverse events (graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0) . Adverse events were assessed throughout the vaccination for their incidence, grades and relatedness to the vaccines until 2 years after the surgery. Safety evaluations also included clinical laboratory examinations, electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and the physical appearance of the skin and five senses.
[0380] The key secondary end points were serum CA19-9 or CA72-4 levels after treatment, overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) . We assessed the rate of patients without the abnormal elevation of the serum CA19-9 or CA72-4 levels during the vaccination and post-treatment follow-up (abnormality defined as CA19-9 ≧90.65 U / mL or CA27-4≧14.7 U / mL) . OS was calculated from the date of surgery until the date of death (any cause) . RFS was calculated from the date of surgery until the date of the first tumor recurrence (confirmed by imaging) . Data of patients without events at the time of analysis were censored on the date of last follow-up.
[0381] The exploratory end points were immunologic correlates of response in peripheral blood after and during the vaccination. Ex vivo ELISpot was performed to detect the IFN-γ responses of peptides in the stimulation of PBMCs. Ten-color flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptome sequencing in all 12 patients were performed to evaluate the immunologic correlates. Single-cell T / B-cell repertoire (TCR / BCR) sequencing in 10 patients were performed to profile the expansion of T / B-cell clonotypes. Vaccine-related immunologic responses were assessed by comparing to the pre-vaccination (baseline) . Details of the sequencing and analysis are described in the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix.
[0382] 1.1.3 Statistical Analysis
[0383] Safety analyses were performed on all patients who received at least one dose of vaccines in the vaccinated set. The number and proportion of adverse events and side effects were summarized descriptively. We assumed that the treatment was not safe if the probability was 50%or more that the risk of grade 3 or worse adverse effects was more than 25%. The probability of the risk of grade 3 or worse AEs was calculated by the exact binomial test (one-sided) .
[0384] The serum CA19-9 or CA72-4 levels were summarized descriptively. We assessed the proportion of patients without the abnormal elevation of the serum CA19-9 or CA72-4 levels during the vaccination and post-treatment follow-up (abnormality defined as CA19-9≧90.65 U / mL or CA72-4≧14.7 U / mL) .
[0385] The duration of survival and the event-free probabilities (and 95%CIs) at specific timepoints were estimated by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. Median follow-up was calculated using the reverse Kaplan-Meier method. Because this study was done under a design of single-arm, it was not powered for efficacy analysis, and the results herein should be considered exploratory and are intended to guide further definitive studies. In the exploratory survival analysis, we compared RFS and OS between intention-to-treat population versus the historical controls, and between per protocol population versus the historical control subset. The historical controls were patients who only underwent resection surgery and chemotherapy in the same medical center during the same period (between 2018 to 2019) as this trial. The historical control subset was a subset of historical controls excluding patients who had radiographic recurrence within 180 days after surgery. The differences between groups were evaluated using a stratified log-rank test, with the treatment effect expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI.
[0386] We performed immunologic analyses on available biospecimens and correlative data were analyzed. All reported P values are two-sided, and the significance level was set at 0.05 for all analyses unless otherwise noted. R / Bioconductor programming environment (R, version 3.6.1) was used for all statistical analyses and plotting. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT03558945.
[0387] 1.2 Result
[0388] 1.2.1 Prolonged Survival of Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Personalized Neoantigen Immunotherapy after Surgery
[0389] Between July 12, 2018, and July 9, 2021, 21 patients were enrolled at the Changhai Hospital. This set was defined as the intention-to-treat (ITT) set. All the patients were Han Chinese, with a median age of 64 (IQR, 57~69) years, and 42.9%female (Table 3) . Among them, 15 (71%) and 14 (67%) patients had somatic mutations in TP53 and KRAS respectively. However, their tumors contained some unique high-frequency mutations in ANKRD36C, FLG2, CENPB, and KMT2C (mutation rates of which are below 5%in PDAC from the cBioPortal database) . Based on the gene expression pattern, their tumors tended to be a normal stroma subtype of PDAC and had less immune infiltration. Neoantigen peptide vaccines consisting of a median of 16 (range, 8~25) unique peptides (15~27 amino acids in length) for all enrolled patients were successfully manufactured. Of the patients in ITT set, 5 (24%) were excluded before the first dose of vaccine for reasons that included radiographic recurrence (N = 2) , joining another study (N=1) , post-chemotherapy ECOG > 1 (N = 1) , and death (N = 1) (Figure 1A) . The remaining 16 patients (vaccinated set) continued and received at least five doses of vaccines. Of them, 4 patients withdrew informed consent and exited the study after receiving 5 (N=2) or 7 (N=2) doses of vaccines. Therefore, 12 eligible patients (PP set) completed a full course of 7 doses of vaccines and required examination per protocol, and were followed up until February 1, 2023.
[0390] Table 3. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients at Baseline. *
[0391] *Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
[0392] Asurgical margin of R0 indicates that no cancer cells were present within 1 mm of all resection margins.
[0393] Tumor stages (Grade [G] , tumor [T] , nodal status [N] and metastasis [M] ) were evaluated according to the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control, 7th edition.
[0394] At a median of 56.3 months (IQR, 49.0~58.1) of postoperative follow-up, 9 (75%) of the 12 PP patients while 10 (48%) of 21 ITT patients were last known to be alive. The OS rates at 2 and 3 years in PP set were 100% (95%CI, 100~100) and 83%(95%CI, 65~100) respectively. The RFS rates at 2 and 3 years in PP set were 83% (95%CI, 65~100) and 67% (95%CI, 45~100) respectively. Efficacy data for the ITT and the PP sets are included in Table S3. We next exploratorily investigated the efficacy versus the historical controls. The median OS was not reached in the PP patients versus 35.6 months (95%CI, 31.5~49.1) in the historical control subset (HR=0.27 [95%CI, 0.09~0.87] ; p=0.018) and the median RFS was not reached versus 20.1 months (95%CI, 17~25.9) in the historical control subset (HR=0.41 [95%CI, 0.17~1.02] ; p=0.049) (Figure 1B and 1C) . The treatment effect size for the compliant patients was underestimated by the ITT analysis, which included 5 patients who were ineligible for the vaccine and 4 patients who had poor adherence to the protocol.
[0395] At a median of 21.6 months (range, 12.1~47.3) of postoperative follow-up, serum CA19-9 levels of 9 (75%, 95%CI, 42.8~ 94.5) patients were stable and mostly below the upper limit of the normal reference (37 U / mL) . Among those 9 patients, P8 had 2 abnormal elevations of CA72-4 levels respectively after priming and boosting vaccination. Two (16.7%, 95%CI, 2.1 ~ 48.4) patients (with tumor recurrence confirmed by imaging) experienced an increase of serum CA19-9 levels and a drop to normal following boosting vaccination though extremely high levels at end (Figures 1D and 1E) .
[0396] 1.2.2 Activation of T cells and Up-Regulated of IFN-γ Response Pathway in the activated T Cells during the Neoantigen Vaccination by using the single-cell sequencing
[0397] PBMCs of patient were collected on the day of the vaccine administration, as well as at the 7th, 15th and 23rd weeks to perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) . Among immune cells, T cells accounted for the highest proportion followed by NK cells and Monocyte cells (Figure 5A) . There were significant increases of B cells, megakaryocyte and monocyte cells while significant decrease of NK cells during the vaccination (Figure 5B) .
[0398] The diversity of TCR gene expression significantly increased after vaccination especially in the booster phase (Figure 2A) . Single-cell TCR sequencing (scTCR-seq) confirmed the concurrently significant increase of TCR clone diversity in the CD8+ T cells (Figure 2B) . CD8+ T cells increased slightly at 22 days (i.e. at the end of the priming phase) . Effector T, Th1, Th9 and Treg cells have significant increases at the boosting phase and relapsed patients exhibited more exhausted T cells (Figure 2C) .
[0399] Tumor-infiltrating T cells were identified by comparing the TCRs in the tumor with the TCR clones in the blood from the scTCR-seq. Infiltrating T cells were enriched and amplified in non-relapse patients in blood (Figures 6A and 6B and Figure 2D) . The scRNA-seq exhibited that T cell activation was linked to genes including proliferation, cytotoxic, Interferon response, and cytokine both in the priming and boosting phases in CD4+, CD8+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells (Figure 8) . The above results indicate actively response of T cells during the neoantigen immunotherapy. The flow cytometric analysis further conformed the T cells activation with the increase of 4-1BB+ and CD69+ cells in T cells in the blood of non-relapse (Figure 2E and Figure 7) .
[0400] Transcriptional profiling of changes in T cells over the course of vaccination indicated that IFN-γ response and proliferation-related G2M gene signatures were enriched in the either CD4+, CD8+ or the other T cells (more in CD8+) (Figure 2F and Figure 9A) . By considering non-relapse versus relapse, the activation of the IFN-γ response pathway was also more prominent in the non-relapse group (Figure 2G) and genes involved in activation of T cells and antigen presentation stood out (Figure 10A) . Similarly, the average expression of IFN-γ and G2M gene modules both significantly increased in T cells during the vaccination (Figure 2H and Figure 9B) . Moreover, the key downstream gene of IFN-γ response, STAT1, showed the significantly higher expression in the non-relapse than relapse groups in T cells (Figure 2I) . This difference for STAT1 remained in T cells infiltrating in the tumors of the patients (Figure 10B) . The above results indicate the important role of the IFN-γ response pathway in the T cells activation during the neoantigen vaccination.
[0401] 1.2.3 The High Anti-Tumor Activity of Central memory and Tumor-Reactive T cells through up-regulating the IFN-γ Response Pathway Genes
[0402] The Elispot assay showed that the most of neoantigen peptides can effectively stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ from patients'PBMC (Figure 11) , including the four neoantigen peptides (PCNAT-4-1 ~ 4) designed for patient P4 (Figure 3A) . However, only PCNAT-4-2 and PCNAT-4-3 exerted their tumor killing function (Figure 3B) . In their stimulation, there were two dominant subtypes of cell in CD8+ T cells, namely Central Memory (CM) and Tumor-reactive (TReactive) cells 7 (Figures 3C-3E) . Differences in TCR clones of these two subtypes were prominent compared with the blank (Figure 3F) , suggesting amplification of peptide-specific T cells after the stimulation. These two subtypes specifically expressed MX1 and STAT1 (Figure 3D) . Although those subtypes co-expressed shared many IFN-γ response genes (Figure 12A and Figure 13A) , they seem to be activated at different phases. TReactive subtype was prone to be activated at the priming and maintained during the vaccination while CM subtype was not elevated at the priming in the CD8+ T cells (Figures 12B-12D) . The marker genes of them including MX1 and other IFN-γ response genes were also significantly up-regulated after the vaccination in the patients’ blood (Figures 3G and 3H and Figure 13B) . The association between IFN-γ response and tumor killing could also support that our patients obtained anti-tumor ability after administrated neoantigen vaccines. However, the IFN-γ response pathway was not stimulated in the dominant subpopulation of CD4+ and CD4 / CD8low T cells (Figure 14) . In the CD4+ T cells, the CXCL13+ subpopulation was the dominant cluster in the stimulation of PCNAT-4-2~4 (Figures 14A and 14B) . It has been reported that the CXCL13+ subpopulation in CD4+ T cells were responsible to anti-tumor cytotoxicity in tumor-infiltrating T cells 7. In the CD4 / CD8low T cells, the higher proportion of subpopulation was effector T cells (CXCR6+, KLRB1+ and CTSH+) (Figures 14A and 15C) . Those markers were also significantly up-regulated after the neoantigen vaccination in the blood of patients (Figures 15A and 15B) .
[0403] The marker for CM and TReactive cells, MX1, was positively correlated with the genes involved in the cytotoxic function during the vaccine treatment (Figure 3I) . Most of genes that were strong positively correlated with MX1 were related to the activation of T cells (Figure 16) . MX1 depletion remarkably impaired the anti-tumor ability of immune cells in PBMC (Figures 3J and 3K) .
[0404] 1.2.4 The Benefit from the Combination of Neoantigen Vaccines and Anti-PD-1 Treatment for Patients with Tumor Relapse through Activating the Bacterial Stimulus Pathway in CD8+ T Cells
[0405] Three patients with tumor relapse before / during the vaccination were treated with adjuvant anti-PD1 in the boosting phase. Combination treatment significantly increased expression of genes related to cytotoxicity and they were enriched in CD8+ T cells (Figure 4A) . Enriched functions of those genes were response to molecule of bacterial origin and cellular response to biotic stimulus pathways (Figure 4B) and the average expression of these two modules significantly increased only in relapse patients after the combination treatment (Figure 4C) . Although it was reported the patients in response to anti-PD1 benefited from the CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood8 and tumor-infiltrating T cells7, our result suggested that the major response in T cell was enriched in CD8+ T cells when using the combination of neoantigen vaccines and anti-PD1. The expressions of those genes were positively associated with the progression-free survival in the atezolizumab-containing arm from three clinical trials9-11 (Figure 4D) . These results might partially explain why relapsed patients'disease can be controlled in our study.
[0406] 1.2.5 Dynamics of Immunologic Responses in Peripheral Blood
[0407] Since immunological parameters are key determinants of efficacy, we also examined the immunologic correlates in the peripheral blood. IFN-γ responses of 96%(177 / 185) of the individualized neoantigen peptides or pools in the stimulation of PBMCs were detectable by ex vivo ELISpot in all 12 patients. Ten-color flow cytometric analysis of the blood samples showed an increased proportion of CD69+ or CD28+ T and B or NK cells during the vaccination (Figure 18) . Using single-cell transcriptome sequencing, we investigated the dynamics in the percent of peripheral immune cell types and their subtypes (Figure 19) . Compared to pre-vaccination, we observed significant increases in Bcell_0 (TCL1A+ IL4R+ CXCR4+, which might be early B-cell) , NK_4 (LTB+ IL7R+ TNFRSF18+ T-cell-like) , cytotoxic T cells (GNLY+ GZMB+ FGFBP2+) and memory T cells (CCR7+ SELL+ LEF1+) in non-relapse patients while significant increases in immunoglobulin-gene+ B cells, HLA gene+ monocytes, proliferation-related T cells (STMN1+ HMGB2+ MKI67+) and Tcell_7 (GZMK+ KLRB1+) . Both relapse and non-relapse patients had significant increases in regulatory T cells (RTKN2+ IL2RA+ FOXP3+) and significant decreases of germinal center B cells (AIM2+ TNFRSF13B+) and Macrophage_8 (PTGDS+ IRF8+) ..
[0408] 1.2.6 Identification of genes associated with significant differential changes in immune response in peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patients treated with personalized neoantigen vaccines
[0409] To investigate how the neoantigen vaccine affects the immune system of the patients, we used a technique called single-cell transcriptome sequencing to measure the gene expression of different immune cells in the blood. Detailed methods are provided in 1.5 Supplementary Methods (see, 1.5.9; 1.5.10; 1.5.11, 1.5.12, 1.5.13, 1.5.14) . Changes in the number and type of immune cells, as well as changes in the expression of specific genes that might be related to the vaccine’s effect were investigated. The gene expression patterns of patients who had tumor recurrence were compared with those who did not, to find potential markers that could predict recurrence. Results are shown and listed in below tables.
[0410] 1.2.6.1 Genes with significantly altered expression levels during the priming phase or boosting phase of vaccination, compared to the pre-vaccination (Table 5 and 5.1)
[0411] To further explore the molecular mechanisms of the vaccine’s effect, we analyzed the genes that showed significant changes in expression during the different phases of vaccination. We compared the gene expression levels of each immune cell type before vaccination, after the priming dose, and after the boosting dose. We identified genes that were upregulated or downregulated in response to the vaccine, and examined their biological functions and pathways. The following results show the most important genes and their roles in the immune response. Genes were selected by adjusted. Pvalue < 0.05, PercentChange (%, RelativeToBaseline) > 10 and AUC > 0.9.
[0412] 1.2.6.2 Genes with significantly different expression in patients with and without tumor relapse (Table 6 and 6.1)
[0413] To find potential biomarkers that could predict tumor recurrence, we compared the gene expression profiles of patients who had tumor relapse and those who did not. The significant differences at pre-vaccine came from two subtypes of monocyte cells, where relapse patients had a higher percentage of peripheral HLA gene+ monocytes and a lower percentage of FCGR3B (CD16b) + G0S2+ CXCL8+ monocytes in the PP set (Figure 23A) . However, these differences were attenuated when considering all ITT patients.
[0414] We next investigated the significantly differentially expressed genes in peripheral immune cells between non-relapsed and relapsed patients and did gene function enrichment analysis (Figure 23B) . Monocytes of non-relapse patients highly expressed antigen-presenting related genes. Non-relapse patients had a higher proportion of cells expressing genes related to T cell activation. Conversely, NK and T cells in relapsed patients expressed more genes involved in TNFa signaling via NFkB, suggesting an inflammatory state in relapsed patients that may be suppressing activation of T cells. These data suggest that all those markers are important determinants of response to personalized neoantigen vaccines.
[0415] The genes that were differentially expressed in the immune cells after the priming or boosting dose of the vaccine were further investigated. The following results show the most relevant genes and their prognostic value. Genes were selected by adjusted. Pvalue < 0.05, PercentChange (%, Nonrelapse. vs. Relapse) > 40 and AUC > 0.9.
[0416] 1.2.7 Expansion of T-cell Clonotypes during vaccination
[0417] To investigate the specific T-cell clones elicited by vaccines in blood, we initially performed single-cell TCR-sequencing in blood samples from 12 patients (10 PP patients and 2 patients who received 7 doses of vaccines but exited) at pre-vaccination, priming, and boosting. Detailed methods are provided in 1.5 Supplementary Methods (see, 1.5.15; 1.5.16; 1.5.17) . After the vaccination, a mean of 76.0% (range, 37.0~93.5) of detected T-cell clonotypes per patient had an expansion in abundance, with a mean of 1.9% (range, 0.7~6.2) being hyper-clonal in 28.1% (range, 10.9~43.9) of T cells. Of the expanded hyper-clonal clonotypes, 56.2% (range, 14.9~88.8) were expanded from non-clonality (Vaccine-related de novo T-cell clonotypes [VRD-T] ) , and the remaining ones were pre-existing hyper-clonal before vaccination (Guarding T-cell clonotypes [GD-T] ) . The expanded T cells after vaccination included both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells but with distinct kinetics. The CD8+ cytotoxic T and INF-γ-response T cells had higher proportions (61.5% [range 21.9~88.1] and 48.8% [range 0~97.8] ) of cells that contained priming-phase-expanded clonotypes, while CD8+ naive T and CD4+ T cells had higher proportions (57.3% [range 7.4~88.8] and 57.8% [range 18.6~83.6] ) of cells that harbored boosting-phase-expanded clonotypes. A higher proportion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (mean 38.4%, range 4.0~75.2) harbored clonotypes that persistently expanded from priming phase with an average duration of 11.5 months (range, 2.8~21.8) . Conversely, only a smaller proportion of CD4+ T cells (mean 3.7%, range 0.0~17.7) harbored clonotypes that persistently expanded from boosting phase with an average duration of 8.1 (range, 1.7~14.2) months. Hyper-clonal clonotypes, both GD-T and VRD-T cells, were predominantly expanded at the priming phase and enriched in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (52.0% [range 7.8~85.9] and 55.9% [range 0.6~20.7] , respectively) . Patients with tumor relapse tended to have a lower proportion of priming-phase-expanded GD-T cells and a higher proportion of priming-phase-expanded VRD-T cells in CD8+ cytotoxic and INF-γ-response T cells than patients without relapse.
[0418] To investigate whether these TCRs correlate with TCRs that infiltrate into tumors, we identified the groups of tumor TCRs in pan-cancer. RNA-seq data from 1, 706 primary tumor samples and 148 normal samples adjacent to tumor (NAT) from surgically resected patients with pathologically confirmed esophageal carcinoma (ESCA, N=162) , stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD, N=375) , pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD, N=177) , liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC, N=371) , colon adenocarcinoma (COAD, N=454) , and rectal adenocarcinoma (READ, N=163) were downloaded from the TCGA database. We identified a total of 107, 308 CDR3β sequences of TCRs from 1, 702 patients with digestive cancer using the TRUST4. GLIPH2 was used to cluster the TCRs by identifying CDR3β sequences with shared peptide-MHC specificity, based on local motifs and / or global homology. A total of 4329 shared groups were defined with specific filtering criteria (Vβ gene enrichment p<0.05, ≥ 3 distinct CDR3β sequences and ≥ 3 distinct patients) (Figure 24 and 25) . To focus on disease-relevant TCRs, we further identified 249 groups with evidence of clonal expansion comprising 1466 CDR3β sequences from 605 patients (clonal-expanded groups) . Of these, 150 groups were specifically detected in tumors compared to NAT, comprising 699 CDR3β sequences from 375 patients (tumor-recognizing groups) . We analyzed the conservation of CDR3β sequences in TCR groups with paired-chains sequences and enriched gene mutations and expression. It can be observed that the front and back parts of the CDR3β sequence are mostly conservative sequences, with the main changes concentrated in the middle section. Combined with the paired-chains TCR sequences found in T-cell clones elicited by vaccines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , we obtained 184 complete CDR3α and CDR3β paired-chains TCR sequences that were both presented in the blood and tumors (Table 7a) . The TCR groups in these results may be recognizing neoantigens encoded by that mutations and might be as factors for assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine.
[0419] To investigate whether those expanded T-cell clonotypes were directed toward the neoantigens encoded by the vaccine, we used the DNA-barcoded neoantigen-peptide-MHC tetramers with subsequent single-cell TCR-sequencing to identify and track neoantigen-specific T-cell clones in the peripheral blood. Among the hyper-clonal T-cell clonotypes, those that showed expansion after the vaccination had a significantly higher proportion (27.6%) of clonotypes that recognized the ZNF626 I100V epitope than those without expansion (4.3%) (P=0.004, by Pearson's Chi-squared test) (Figure 21) . In contrast, there was no significant difference in the proportion of clonotypes that recognized the ZNF444 G185D epitope between the expanded and non-expanded clonotypes. The ZNF626 I100V-specific clones in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells maintained their expansion levels for up to 24 months after vaccination, while those in CD4+ T cells declined after 13.6 months.
[0420] 1.2.8 Expansion of B-cell Clonotypes during vaccination
[0421] As B cells might play a collaborative role, we also explored the B-cell expansion by single-cell BCR sequencing in blood samples from 12 patients (the same patients as in the TCR analysis) . After vaccination, a mean of 78.2% (range, 48.8~95.6) of all B-cell clonotypes expanded in abundance, with a mean of 1.0% (range, 0~1.9) being clonal. B cells were prone to expand during the boosting phase. There were higher proportions of cells that contained the boosting-phase-expanded B-cell clonotypes in AIM2+ CRIP1+ (mean 57.9% [range 18.3~97.3] ) and TCL1A+ B cells (mean 62.2% [range 15.8~100] ) (Figure 22) . We also found a correlation between the B-cell clonal expansion and tumor relapse in patients. Patients without tumor relapse trended to have a higher proportion of boosting-phase-expanded B cells in AIM2+ CRIP1+ and TCL1A+ B cells while a lower proportion in JCHAIN+ IGHA1+ IGHA2+ B cells that secrete immunoglobulin than patients with relapse. This result is consistent with the increased percentage of TCL1A+ B cells in non-relapse patients seen above. In contrast to T cells, only a very small number of AIM2+ CRIP1+ (mean 0.2%, range 0.0~0.8) and TCL1A+ B cells (mean 0.2%, range 0.0~0.9) harbored clonotypes that persistently expanded from the priming phase with an average duration of about 6.5 months (range, 0.9~12.9) . A mean of 0.1%TCL1A+ B cells (range, 0.0~0.3) harbored clonotypes that persistently expanded from the boosting phase with an average duration of 6.9 months (range, 1.3~12.2) .
[0422] 1.3 Discussion
[0423] The personalized peptide vaccine after routine treatment still faces challenges such as short-term tumor recurrence, chemotherapy side effects on the patient’s physical status, and time required for vaccine preparation. Moreover, this regimen requires seven doses of vaccine (5 months) , which may affect patient adherence. However, our study showed that the personalized peptide vaccines had mild adverse effects and could control tumor recurrence with favorable prognosis in patients who completed the vaccine treatment per protocol. The chemotherapy did not affect the vaccine's activation of multiple immune cells, especially specific T and B cells (TCL1A+) . The vaccines expanded CD8+ T at priming phase and CD4+ T cells at boosting phase. More CD8+ T cells could persistently expand for more than 10 months, while fewer CD4+ T cells had persistence. The proportion of peripheral HLA+, FCGR3B (CD16b) + G0S2+ CXCL8+ monocytes, and activation states of T cells before treatment were predictive of the prognosis of neoantigen vaccine treatment.
[0424] The immunological profile of responses in blood during the vaccination was characterized by the new single-cell sequencing. This approach enabled us to perform high-resolution immunotyping of various cell populations. We found that not only T cells but also B cells participated in the responses elicited by the vaccination. The TCL1A+ B-cell subtype expanded along with an increase in cytotoxic T cells, suggesting a collaborative role for B cells. According to cell-cell communication analysis based on gene expression, TCL1A+ B cells interacted with T cells via ligand-receptor signaling (CD74-CD44 and ITGB2 -ICAM2 / CD226) . CD226 is a coactivated receptor on the surface of CD8+ T cells and is involved in the anti-tumor immunity of T cells. Moreover, it has been reported that neoantigen-driven B cells indeed facilitate the anti-tumor function of CD8+ T cells.
[0425] Due to the advanced stage and aggressive cell biology of PDAC with continuous therapy resistance, there are not enough available treatment options to achieve curative outcomes12, 13. Consequently, clinical trials continue to be largely based on empiric drug combinations. Surgery is the only available option for the long-term cure, which can prolong overall survival by average 10 months14, and empiric drug combinations are currently the main therapeutic strategy in clinical trials15. However, patients still suffer the poor long-term survival result from high occurrences of tumor recurrence. Our study demonstrates here that an adjuvant personalized neoantigen vaccine is practicable and capable of immunizing patients to produce beneficial clinical outcomes in favor of enhanced recurrence control for PDAC following surgical resection. Indeed, long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer are prone to possess spontaneous tumor neoantigens of high immunogenicity, suggesting that neoantigen-based immunotherapies could benefit the survival of pancreatic cancer patients16.
[0426] Using the temporal single-cell sequencing at different time points, our study first sought to determine how the functional states of circulating vaccine-induced immune cells dynamically evolved across the course of vaccination. The results suggested that following vaccination, especially at the booster phase, the patients can elicit neoantigen-specific T cell immunity involving IFN-γ response genes (e.g. STAT1 and MX1) . Although the major role of IFNs is involved in antiviral immune responses, our data demonstrated the relationship of these molecules to tumor killing and patient prognosis. Indeed, intratumoural stimulation of IFNs or downstream genes correlate with control of virus-unrelated malignancies17 and IFN-stimulated genes agonist exerted antitumor function in PDAC implanted mouse18. There exists controversy for the relationship between TCR diversity and the therapeutic response of ICI. Although decreased TCR diversity has been linked to improved clinical outcomes to anti-CTLA419, 20 and anti-PD1 therapy21, 22, anti-CTLA4 treatment increased the diversity of TCR clones in the tumor-specific CD8+ T cells 23 and the TCR diversity in peripheral CD8+ T cells could serve as a prognosis predictor for patients prior to ICI therapy in the non-small cell lung cancer24. In contrast, neoantigen vaccines, due to the subdominant affinity recognized by many other T cells, can broaden breadth and clonal diversity of TCR repertoire 25, 26. In our study, the TCR diversity significantly increased after neoantigen vaccination, especially in the booster phase. The genes and amplified TCRs associated identified in this study could be used in the future as detection targets to stratify patients for the susceptibility of neoantigen vaccines, but an expanded patient population is needed to validate the results.
[0427] The ratio of responses to anti-PD1 therapy is low27, but in our study, although limited sample size, two patients had the decrease of tumor indicators after the combination of neoantigen and anti-PD1 therapy. As mentioned above, relapsed patients lacked robust T-cell responses before and / or after vaccination, implying the difference in T cells status could explain the poor immune status of these patients during the vaccination. After the combination with anti-PD1 therapy, the relapse patients elicited activation of cytotoxicity genes in CD8+ T cells in addition to those activated by neoantigen vaccines alone in non-relapse patients. It suggests during the neoantigen vaccination the combined anti-PD1 therapy could relieve the patient's immunosuppression, although sometimes the patient's immune cells do not express PD1 or the tumor does not express PDL1. For these patients, post-administration of anti-PD1 could assist the neoantigen vaccines to activate bacterial stimulus pathways in CD8+ T cells that is different from that seen with the neoantigen vaccine alone in non-relapse patients, and different from that seen with anti-PD1 alone in other studies. These data provide the rationale and highlight the potential for further development of the neoantigen vaccines alone and combined with ICI therapies.
[0428] 1.4 Reference
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[0458] 1.5 Supplementary Methods
[0459] 1.5.1 Clinical Data and Biological Sample
[0460] During the vaccine treatment period, adverse events, laboratory values, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) , vital signs and physical examination were regularly assessed and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 5.0) at the first vaccination day and one week after each vaccination. During the follow up period, the above safety assessment was carried out every three months, and radiological examinations were performed every six months. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1) and the immune-related response criteria (irRC) guideline were used for clinical assessment of disease progression. The data cutoff was October 2021. Blood and serum samples were obtained from study participants throughout treatment. Sample preservation and culture is described in the Methods section in Supplementary Appendix.
[0461] 1.5.2 Manufacturing of personalized neoantigen vaccines
[0462] Next-generation sequencing
[0463] The personalized neoantigen vaccines were prepared based on the analysis of whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq data generated from fresh-frozen tumors obtained at the time of diagnostic resection and whole blood of patients. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of whole blood and tumor tissue samples, RNA-sequencing of tumor tissue samples were operated by Shanghai Biotecan Medical Inspection Institute. QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) was used to extract DNA of tumor tissue samples, QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIAGEN) was used to extract DNA of whole blood, RNAiso Plus (TAKARA) was used to extract total RNA of tumor tissue samples. DNA library was constructed by SureSelectXT Target Enrichment System for Illumina Paired-End Multiplexed Sequencing Library (Agilent Technologies) , RNA library was constructed by NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (Human / Mouse / Rat) (E6310) and NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (E7420) (NEW ENGLAND BioLabs) . Raw data of WES and RNA-Sequencing was generated by NextseqTM CN 500 System (Illumina) .
[0464] Somatic mutation calling.
[0465] For somatic mutation detection, tumor and matched blood samples from the patients were analyzed for single nucleotide variants. We use BWA-MEM algorithm which is generally recommended for high-quality queries, to map WGS and WES data against human reference genome hg19 with default parameters. We used fastp (version 0.20.0) to make sequencing data quality control. The clean data were aligned to the NCBI Human Reference Genome Build hg19 using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software (BWA, version 0.7.17) . Somatic single nucleotide variations (sSNVs) were detected using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK, version 4.1.1.0) and VarScan2 (version) . All somatic mutations were annotated using Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (VEP, version 3.9) to associate the variants with genes, transcripts, potential amino acid sequence changes.
[0466] transcript abundance and HLA calling.
[0467] For transcript abundance estimating. RNA-seq data were processed using Aligner HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) for mapping RNA-seq to hg19 reference genome, and StringTie (version 1.3.6) were used to assemble a transcriptome model to estimate transcript abundance.
[0468] For HLA calling, four-digit HLA class I alleles (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and class II alleles (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DPB1) were identified by RNA-seq data using Seq2HLA software.
[0469] Identification of Neo-epitopes for peptide design.
[0470] For each nonsynonymous mutation identified by targeted NGS from patient, long peptides with 27 amino acids containing the mutated amino acid at position 14 were designed. Peptide binding prediction tools ANN method (version 2.19.2) from Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) were used to predict MHC class I binding of 8-to 11-mer mutant peptides to the patients’ HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C alleles. NetMHCII (version 2.17.6) were used to predict MHC class II binding of 15-mer mutant peptides to the patients’ HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA- DP.HLA binding affinity score for the respective variants were predicted and screened the best consensus.
[0471] Neo-epitopes prioritization and selection.
[0472] The mutated target neo-epitopes per patient required to select and prioritize for peptide preparation. The main principles were applied to rank neo-epitopes score: (1) neoORFs that included predicted binding epitopes; (2) high-affinity binding score (<500 nM) combined with high expression levels of the mutation encoding RNA. (3) high variant allele frequency.
[0473] Manufacturing of long peptides, pooling and neoantigen vaccine preparation.
[0474] Neoantigen-derived peptides 27 amino acides in length were synthesized (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) and purified (Qiaoyuan Biotech, Shanghai, China) in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) way. A bottle of 300 μg of each peptide was manufactured and cryopreserved at -80 ℃. Each peptide was tested identity, sterility and endotoxins before clinical use. Each patient’s vaccine has four pools (A, B, C, D) , with 4-6 distinct peptides of each pools. When the day of vaccination, each pool was added 2 ml 5%glucose injection and was mixed with 0.25ml of poly-ICLC for a final dose of vaccine that were administered subcutaneously (s. c) on days 1, 4, 8, 15, 22 (priming phase) and weeks 12 and 20 (booster phase) . Each of the four vaccine pools were injected into the patient’s two arms and inner thighs.
[0475] 1.5.3 Vaccine Administration
[0476] The detailed vaccine administration plan is as follows: the right arm, left arm, right thigh and left thigh of the patient are selected as four injection sites and multiple neoantigen peptides designed for each patient will be randomly and evenly distributed to the above four injection sites. If the number of peptides designed for a patient is less than 15, the vaccines will be divided into 2 group for injection on average, so as to avoid the situation that there are too few vaccines in each group. The vaccine was transported to the hospital with dry ice on the day of treatment to ensure the stability of peptide vaccine.
[0477] The doses of vaccines and the vaccination interval in this treatment protocol refer to the publication of Catherine J Wu in the Nature, where they demonstrated the feasibility of the neoantigen vaccine therapy and the designed treatment protocol in patients with melanoma. In this clinical study, we took different doses for different patients with a minimum of 2.4mg and maximum of 7.5mg. Many clinical trials have shown that adding poly-ICLC as adjuvant can further accelerate the induction of specific immune response to neoantigen vaccine (Sabbatini P, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012) . The adjuvant dose (1~1.6mg) is commonly used in clinical treatments (Okada H, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2011; Rosenfeld MR, et al. Neuro Oncol. 2010) . This dose can ensure effective stimulation with less side effects. This project used 0.5mg poly-ICLC for each vaccine group.
[0478] 1.5.4 Biological sample collection, preservation and culture
[0479] Blood and serum samples were obtained from study participants throughout treatment. Patients PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll density-gradient centrifugation (GE Healthcare) and cryopreserved with 10%DMSO in FBS (Gemini) . Cells and serum from patients were first cooled in a gradient in the cryopreservation box to -80℃ and then stored in liquid nitrogen until time of analysis.
[0480] Fresh tumor samples were obtained immediately after surgery. A portion of the sample was removed for formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) . For construction of patient-derived tumor cell lines, samples were minced and digested using the gentleMACS Octo system. After dissociation, the cell suspension was filtered with a 70-μm filter, washed in DMEM medium with FBS, and pelleted by centrifugation at 400g at 18 ℃ for 10 min. Cells were then resuspended in DMEM medium with 20%FBS and cultured in 6-well plate. The remainder of the sample were used for generation of the personalized neoantigen vaccine, in which DNA and RNA sequencing were performed when pathology review conformed adequate tumor cellularity.
[0481] 1.5.5 Follow-up and Pattern of Relapse
[0482] The institutional follow-up was jointly completed by department follow-up specialists, and the third-party professional data were provided by LinkDoc Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China) . The strategy and definitions of relapse were described as follows. When increased pre-operative levels of CA19-9 were observed, these levels evaluated every three months thereafter. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed every three months for the first two years and every six months for the next three years to screen for relapse. When imaging findings were consistent with relapse, biopsy was performed only rarely, but, MRI and / or fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was carried out if necessary to clarify ambiguous CT findings. Local relapse was defined as relapse in the remnant pancreas or in the operative bed, including the soft tissue along the celiac or superior mesenteric artery, aorta, or around the site of the pancreaticojejunostomy. Distant relapse was stratified into three different categories: “liver- only” and “lung only” for isolated hepatic and pulmonary relpase, respectively, and “other” for relapse occurring in other less frequent locations.
[0483] 1.5.6 Definitions and Statistical Analysis for Survival
[0484] Relapse-free survival (RFS) was calculated from the date of pancreatectomy to the date of relapse or last follow-up if relapse did not occur. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from pancreatectomy to either death or last follow-up. Log-rank testing was used to test the statistical significance of differences in the curves of the three groups, and the corresponding P-value was obtained. A two-tailed P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) .
[0485] To address potential confounders, we modeled the probability of treatment using logistic regression and used the estimated probability as a propensity score. We included relevant baseline variables that might have affected treatment decisions, which included gender, T stage, N stage, differentiation degree and tumor site. Variables were selected on the basis of clinical experience, and the success of balancing distributions between groups. In the propensity-score matched analysis, we used “optimal pair” matching without replacement, and matched vaccinated patients and unvaccinated patients in a 1: 1 ratio. We used the "MatchIt" package from R software, version 4.1.0, for the propensity-score matched analysis.
[0486] 1.5.7 IFN-γ ELISPOT assays
[0487] Fresh or thawed cryopreserved PBMCs were cultured in X-VIVO 15 medium (Lonza) supplemented with 10%heat-inactivated FBS and penicillin-streptomycin (100U / ml, Gibco) . For in vitro stimulation and expansion of antigen-specific T cells, PBMCs were stimulated in 96-well round-bottom cell culture plate (Corning) at 2 × 10^5 per well with individual (10μg / ml) or pooled peptides (each at 2μg / ml) in the presence of IL-7 (20ng / ml, R&D Systems) . In vitro stimulation was carried out in the presence or absence of anti-HLA-DR (10μg / ml, clone L243, Biolegend) and anti-HLA-A, B, C (10μg / ml, clone W6 / 32, Biolegend) , which was added 1h in advance of addition of peptides. On day 4, IL-2 (20U / ml, R&D Systems) was added. On day 4, 6, and 10, half-medium with supplementation of cytokines, peptides and blocking antibodies was changed. On day 13, the plate was centrifuged and supernatant was removed. Cells were resuspended in 200μl medium and counted. IFNγ ELISPOT assays were performed using 96-well MultiScreen Filter Plates (Millipore) , coated with 15μg / ml anti-human IFNγ mAb overnight (1-D1K, Mabtech) . Plates were washed with PBS and blocked with X-VIVO medium before addition of pre-stimulated PBMCs. Concanavalin A (5μg / ml, Sigma -Aldrich) was added as positive control. Plates were rinsed with PBS and then 1μg / ml anti-human IFNγ mAb (7-B6-1 Biotin, Mabtech) was added, followed by Streptavidin-ALP (Mabtech) . After rinsing, BCIP / NBT-plus substrate for ELISpot (Mabtech) was used to develop the immunospots, and spots were imaged and enumerated using Immunospot Analyzer (Cellular Technology Limited) . Responses were scored positive if spot-forming cells were more than the Blank control.
[0488] 1.5.8 Neoantigen Peptides Cytotoxicity assay.
[0489] To analyze the killing tumor cell ability of immune cells stimulated by peptides, PBMC from patients were plated at a density of 2*10^5 cells per well in a 96-well round-bottom plate and incubated in X-Vivo medium containing 10%FBS, penicillin-streptomycin for 7 days (same as IFN-γ ELISPOT assay) . Added individual (10μg / ml) or pooled peptides (each at 2μg / ml) in the presence of 20 ng / ml IL-7 (20ng / ml, R&D Systems) . Every 3 days, half-fresh medium with supplementation of 20 U / ml IL-2 and peptides was added to the culture. Target tumor cells were culture in a 6 cm dish and incubated in DMEM medium (Gibco) containing 10%FBS, penicillin and streptomycin. After stimulating PBMC with peptides, labeled tumor cell with fluorescein. Target tumor cell were incubated with CMFDA (Nexcelom, staining alive cells) for 30 minutes at 37 ℃, 5%CO2 culture environment. Then labeled tumor cells were culture in a 96-well plate pre-cultured with collagen I (Corning) overnight. Stimulated PBMC and labeled tumor cells were co-cultured in a 10: 1 ratio in DMEM with 10%FBS and 125X PI (staining death cells) . Celigo Image Cytometer (Nexcelom) was used to observe fluorescence intensity of stained alive tumor cells and death cells, which can calculate the killing ratio of PBMCs. We also used another equipment, xCELLigence (Agilent) , to observe the real time resistance change of tumor cells while co-culture PBMCs and tumor cells, which also reflect the killing ratio of PBMCs.
[0490] 1.5.9 Single-cell RNA-sequencing and T cell repertoire profiling.
[0491] We performed 3’ gene expression profiling on the single-cell suspension using the Chromium Single Cell Gene Expression Solution from 10x Genomics according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Up to 9, 000 cells were loaded onto 10x Genomics cartridge for each sample. Single-cell TCR-seq enriched libraries were prepared using the 10X Single Cell Immune Profiling Solution Kit, according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Cell-barcoded 3’ gene expression libraries and scTCR-sequencing libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Nova-PE150 system.
[0492] 1.5.10 Single-cell transcriptome data generation and Quality control
[0493] Single cell libraries were prepared according to Illumina HiSeqXTen instruments using 150 nt paired-end sequencing. FASTQ files generated from sequencing were processed using the Cell Ranger 3.1.0 pipeline (10X Genomics) with default parameters. The human genome, GRCh38, was used as the reference for reads mapping. Cell Ranger pipeline finally generated Gene-Barcode matrices containing filtered cell barcodes and counts of unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) . For each sample, we individually imported the gene-barcode matrix into the Seurat (v3.1.1) R toolkit 1 for quality control and Normalization. Cells (>200 genes per cell, <4000 genes per cell and <20%mitochondrial genes per cell) were selected for downstream analysis of our single cell RNAseq data. Each sample derived from each stage of one patient was inspected as a Seurat object and integrated by patient using FindIntegrationAnchors and IntegrateData function in Seurat package, which is designed for comparative analyses across batches or datasets using the anchor algorithm.
[0494] 1.5.11 Identification of major cell types by Shared Nearest Neighbor (SNN) and Expression of Cell Markers
[0495] The Seurat objects integrated by the patients were individually imported for clustering, using the FindNeighbor and FindClusters functions (with the parameter resolution=1) in the Seurat package. Then, the expression of known immune cell markers are used to characterized identities of cell types for each cluster. Specifically, CD68, CSF1R are used for Macrophage; CD14, S100A12 for Monocyte; ITGAM, CD33 for MDSC; CD19, MS4A1, CD79A for B cells; ITGAX, CD83 for DCs; PF4, PPBP for Megakaryocyte; CD247, KLRB1 for NKs; TIMP2, ITGA2B for Platelet; CD3D for T cells. Scaled data of these gene expression obtained from the Seurat object was used to estimate the cell type. Based on these known genes, we scored the gene expression of the given gene (g) of the given cell type (i) for each cluster: Scorei= (∑Scoreg) / n
[0496] Where R indicated the ratio of scaled expression of marker g (in cell type i) > 0 in cells of this cluster. The n indicates the total number of genes for the cell type i.
[0497] Further, the type of each cluster was labeled by the cell type with the maximum score comparing across the scores of all cell type. If the maximum score of one cluster got is less than 0.1, the cluster was defined as unknown cells. Finally, the clusters with same labeled were merged. Subsets of T cells were further performed with the same approach, grouped into CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+ and CD4 / CD8 low T cells based on the expression of genes CD4 and CD8A.
[0498] 1.5.12 Comparison of percentage of cell types and gene expression of cell sub-types across the treatment and between patients
[0499] The percentages of the cell types were calculated and normalized gene expression value were obtained in each cell type in patients before and after treatment and at different stages of treatment. The percentage of cell types is the percentage of the each previously defined cell types including B cell, T cell, monocyte, macrophage, etc. in whole cells in one sample. This value was used to estimate the increase or decrease in the relative cell population abundance of main cell types during the course of the immunotherapy. In addition, the gene expression in each cell type is converted into two types of values: 1) The proportion of cells that positively express the gene in the given cell type; 2) The average value of the gene expression in the given cell type. The two types of values were further used to estimate the changes in the relative abundance of cell subpopulation that expressed specific genes and the changes in the expression level of each gene in the given cell types. Positive expression was defined according to the distribution of the normalized expression value of a given gene in the respective patients. The threshold for dividing positive and negative was chosen at the first pit from low to high values, but when there is no pit for a gene in a patient, geometric mean of their expression was defined as the threshold. All pit points in the distribution are determined by the first derivative equal to 0 and the second derivative greater than 0 using the function ‘diff’ in R.
[0500] On the one hand, each patient had a time-series data for different stages. On the other hand, patients can be divided into tumor relapse group (P2, P4, P6 and P9) and non-relapse group (P1, P3, P5, P7, P8, P10, P11 and P12) , or they can be divided into anti-PD1-treated group (P4, P6 and P9) and non-anti-PD1-treated group (same to the non-relapse group) . To be note, when we performed statistics of single-cell data and compared the immune status between the patients, P3 did not show evidence of relapse (including elevated tumor indices or tumor relapse on imaging) until more than one year after the last vaccination and thus the single-cell data of P3 during the vaccination phases were used in the non-relapse group for statistical differences. A linear mixed model (LMM) simultaneously considering multivariate was applied to explore the association between the changes in the proportion of these immune cells or gene expression and the treatment stages or patient groups. LMM was performed using the R package lme4 2. In the model, the response variable (y) could be percentage of cell types, percentage of gene-based positive-expressed cell subpopulation or expression value of a gene. Explanatory variable included patient group and treatment stage as two fixed effects. Individual patient was a random effect accounting for that same patient were measured more than once. In order to gain statistical power, although there were 7 ~ 10 detection time points per patient, we only compared the differences between three phases: months or 1 day before the first vaccination (Pre-vaccine) , 1~22 days (Priming) , 50~162 days (Boosting) after the first vaccination. To test the differences of cell proportion and gene expression respectively among treatment stages and patient groups, we employed the generalized linear hypothesis (glht) function in the R package multcomp 3, to make the following contrasts: 1) the difference between pre-vaccination and priming phase, 2) the difference between pre-vaccination and the boost phase, 3) the difference between the priming and the boost phase, 3) the differences between patient groups in the pre-vaccination phase, 4) in the priming phase and 5) in the boost phase. The resulting p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. These analyses, test and visualizations were developed in R environment and scripted in in-house R codes. The P-value < 0.05 was considered as the significance for all the test. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were used to assess the differences between priming and pre-vaccination or between boosting and pre-vaccination or between non-relapse and relapse patients. AUC (area under the ROC) was used as metric of the differences. These analyses, test and visualizations were developed in R environment and scripted in in-house R codes. The adjusted P-value < 0.05 was considered as the significance for all the test.
[0501] 1.5.13 Average Expression of Gene Module Analysis for Data of Single-cell RNA-seq
[0502] Gene module scores were calculated based on the expression of genes in the given pathway module provided by Seurat package, using the ‘AddModuleScore’ function. This function assigned scores (i.e. the average expression) for each cell. The scores were contrasted for the differences among different phases by using the LMM method.
[0503] 1.5.14 Data Analysis for Single-cell RNA-seq in Cytotoxicity assay
[0504] Raw sequencing data was also individually processed using Cell Ranger 3.1.0 pipeline with default parameters and the output was imported into the Seurat to filter the low-quality cell (>200 genes per cell, <5000 genes per cell and <15%mitochondrial genes per cell) and do normalization. All the single neo-epitope-stimulated samples and one blank control sample were merged using the function IntegrateData. The cytotoxicity marker was identified by respectively comparing the neo-epitope-stimulated samples to the blank control using the function FindMarkers with the option min. pct = 0.01, logfc. threshold = 0.2, test. use = ‘wilcox’ .
[0505] 1.5.15 Single-cell T cell receptor V (D) J clonotypes (TCR) data generation and Analysis
[0506] TCR data for each sample was processed using Cell Ranger 3.1.0 pipeline ( ‘cellranger vdj’ command) with default parameters using human reference genome GRCh38. For each sample, Cell Ranger generated an output file, filtered_contig_annotations. csv, containing TCR α-chain and β-chain CDR3 nucleotide sequences for single cells that were identified by barcodes. In order to compare the TCR sequences across patients and treatment stages, we merged the separate output of samples using the procedure and code script from Thomas D. Wu et al 4. Cell Ranger also annotated the TCR V (D) J genes for each clonotype, so the usage of TCR genes were also counted according the merged result. As single cell TCR-seq was done using the Chromium Single Cell 5′Library, its counterpart for gene expression was also sequenced and cells were labeled same barcodes. The cells simultaneously contained TCR clonotypes and expressed gene CD3D were regarded as T cells and they were categorized into CD4+, CD8+ and CD4-low CD8-low T cells based on the expression of CD4 and CD8A using the same approach descripted in the single-cell transcriptome data.
[0507] 1.5.16 TCR Clones Prediction in Tumors of Patients
[0508] The sequences of TCR clones infiltrating tumors were predicted using MiXCR software 5. The typical analysis workflow processing the RNA-sequencing data was applied for the tumors of patients. The α-chain and β-chain CDR3 nucleotide sequences derived from the tumor’s sequences of each patient were obtained and the sequences were matched to the TCR clones of T cells in blood by software blastn (with the option -evalue 0.01 -num_alignments 1) . TCR clones that can be matched were considered as occurrence together in blood and tumor tissues.
[0509] 1.5.17 Assessment of the diversity of usage of TCR genes
[0510] Shannon diversity index was employed to assess the diversity of TCRs. The shannon index value for each cell was calculated by the equation as:
[0511] where pi indicates the relative value of TCR gene i divided by summation of total V (D) J genes.
[0512] For the 3’single-cell transcriptome data, the TCR V (D) J gene expression value that Seurat had normalized was used. For the 5’single-cell TCR-seq data, the count of V (D) J genes subjected to the all the TCR clones in each cell was used.
[0513] 1.6 Supplementary References
[0514] 1. Stuart T, Butler A, Hoffman P, et al. Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data. Cell 2019; 177 (7) : 1888-1902. e21. (Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ) (In eng) . DOI: 10.1016 / j. cell. 2019.05.031 % / Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
[0515] 2. Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker BM, Walker SC. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL SOFTWARE 2015; 67 (1) : 1-48. (Article) (In English) . DOI: 10.18637 / jss. v067. i01 % / JOURNAL STATISTICAL SOFTWARE.
[0516] 3. Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 2008; 50 (3) : 346-63. (Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review) (In eng) . DOI: 10.1002 / bimj. 200810425 % / Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
[0517] 4. Wu TD, Madireddi S, de Almeida PE, et al. Peripheral T cell expansion predicts tumour infiltration and clinical response. Nature 2020; 579 (7798) : 274-278. (Journal Article) (In eng) . DOI: 10.1038 / s41586-020-2056-8.
[0518] 5. Bolotin DA, Poslavsky S, Davydov AN, et al. Antigen receptor repertoire profiling from RNA-seq data. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35 (10) : 908-911. (Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't) (In eng) . DOI:10.1038 / nbt.3979.
Claims
1.A method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and c) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the difference determined in step b) .2.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.4.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TRDV1, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.5.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.6.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, ATP5F1B, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, PIM1, TMEM258, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.7.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.8.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein:a) the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1, SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof; orb) the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.9.The method of claim 1, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1, SERTAD2, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.10.A method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during priming phase, comprising:a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ATF4, C15orf54, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, LMAN2, MAP9, NUAK1, PDE4D, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TMED10, TMEM258, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7 APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and c) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .11.The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.12.The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.13.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, GCH1, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.14.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: C15orf54, FOSL2, GCH1, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, WDFY3 and ZBTB43, or are any combination thereof.15.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATF4, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, LMAN2, MAP9, PDE4D, TMEM258 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.16.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the gene is FERMT3.17.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GK and TMED10, or are any combination thereof.18.The method of claim 10, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.19.A method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine during boosting phase, comprising:a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof;b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference expression level to determine difference from the reference level; andc) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, based on the difference determined in step b) .20.The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.21.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, EGF, NUAK1 and SERTAD2, or are any combination thereof.22.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ANKRD29, C15orf54, FOSL2, SLC16A6 and TRDV1, or are any combination thereof.23.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, CHCHD2, COPE, GLA, MN1, MTDH, BIRC3, CXCL8, HLA_DQB1, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37 and XAF1, or are any combination thereof.24.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ATP5F1B, MAP9, PIM1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, BTG1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, TCL1A and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.25.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COL4A3BP, FERMT3 and NFIL3, or are any combination thereof.26.The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein:a) the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: COPE, CTTNBP2, GK, LRRK1, MTDH, PRMT1,SYT17, TMED10, NRGN, TCF7L2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof; or b) the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ARID5B, FOS, TCF7 and TNFAIP3, or are any combination thereof.27.The method of claim 19, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.28.The method of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.29.The method of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the reference expression level is the expression level of the one or more genes in the one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving first dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine.30.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the subject is determined as having a good response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having an insufficient response to the tumor neoantigen vaccine when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.31.A method of predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:a) determining expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof;b) comparing the expression level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and c) assessing the risk of tumor relapse in the subject based on the difference determined in step b) .32.The method of claim 31, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GPRC5D, HID1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS8, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2 and ZNF608, or are any combination thereof.33.The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DOC2B, EEA1, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GNG4, GPM6B, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, MECOM, MID1IP1, MYOM2, NABP1, NFE4, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, RAB10, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC17, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608, CFD, ISG15 and LY6E, or are any combination thereof.34.The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the expression level of the one or more genes are determined in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, ATP1B3, CBX5, CMBL, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, ENAM, ERG, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPRC5D, HID1, ILF2, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RASGRP2, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, 11-Sep, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, UAP1, UFM1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, CD74, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.35.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and T cells.36.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD8+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CHP1, EEA1, RPS8, RUNX1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZNF608 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.37.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AL662907.3, CD63, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, EEA1, GPM6B, LIPA, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RBMS3, RPS8, SAMD3, SERTAD2, SOCS1, TXNDC15 and STAT1, or are any combination thereof.38.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, ATP1B3, DNAJC3, ENAM, FIGN, GNG4, ILF2, KIF22, MANEA, NEFH, NLN, P3H2, PLAU, SIGLEC6, SSR1, TRAV16, UFM1, ZBTB16, CD74, EEF1A1, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, ISG15, LY6E, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.39.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CMBL, CNIH4, DOC2B, FAM43A, GCA, GNLY, HID1, LACC1, MID1IP1, MX2, PI3, PIM1, 11-Sep, SIT1, SYNE2 and IGHG2, or are any combination thereof.40.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more immune cells are NK cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC022726.2, APOBEC3C, DACH1, ERG, IRF2BP2, MYOM2, NFE4, PRSS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5 and TREM2, or are any combination thereof.41.The method of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein:a) the one or more immune cells are macrophages and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: CBX5, CCNE2, CEBPA, CLN8, DNAJC12, FBXO43, FIGN, GOLIM4, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, MECOM, NABP1, OXCT2, RASGRP2, ST6GALNAC1, TXNDC17, UAP1 and CFD, or are any combination thereof; orb) the one or more immune cells are T cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: GZMA and LYAR, or are any combination thereof.42.The method of claim 31, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.43.The method of any one of claims 31 to 42, wherein the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.44.The method of any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a relapse subject.45.The method of any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of relapse subjects.46.The method of claim 44 or 45, wherein the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.47.The method of any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells that is representative for a non-relapse subject.48.The method of any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein the reference expression level is a standard or average expression level determined from a representative population of non-relapse subjects.49.The method of claim 47 or 48, wherein the subject is determined as having high risk of tumor relapse when the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, or the subject is determined as having low risk of tumor relapse when the difference is below a predetermined threshold.50.A method of assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:a) determining the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the treatment; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof;b) comparing the level of the one or more genes determined in step a) with a reference level to determine difference from the reference level; and c) assessing the therapeutic efficacy in the subject based on the difference determined in step b) .51.The method of claim 46, wherein the one or more immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.52.The method of claim 50 or 51, wherein the one or more immune cells are CD4+ T cells and the one or more genes is LILRB5.53.The method of claim 50 or 51, wherein the one or more immune cells are monocytes and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ALDH1L2 and PKP2, or are any combination thereof.54.The method of claim50 or 51, wherein the one or more immune cells are B cells and the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, PALD1 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.55.The method of any one of claims 50 to 54, wherein the expression level of a given gene is represented by percentage of a given type of immune cells that express the given gene.56.The method of any one of claims 50 to 55, wherein the reference expression level is expression level of the corresponding gene in the corresponding immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject before receiving the anti-tumor therapy.57.The method of any one of claims 52 to 56, wherein the anti-tumor therapy comprises a PD-1 antagonist.58.The method of any one of claims 52 to 57, wherein the subject has shown tumor relapse after tumor neoantigen vaccination.59.The method of any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the subject has received tumor resection surgery before receiving first dose of the tumor neoantigen vaccine, optionally the subject had no chemotherapy before the resection surgery.60.The method of any one of claims 1 to 59, wherein tumor tissue, adjacent tissue and / or a peripheral blood sample of the subject have been analysed to identify one or more tumor-specific mutations in the subject.61.The method of claim 60, wherein the tumor neoantigen vaccine is prepared based on the identified tumor-specific mutations. 62.The method of any one of claims 1 to 61, wherein the subject has been diagnosed to have pancreatic cancer, optionally pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.63.The method of any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the sample comprises or is derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , a blood sample, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.64.The method of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein the level of the one or more genes is measured via an amplification assay, a hybridization assay, sequencing methods (e.g. single-cell sequencing) , or an immunoassay (e.g. flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry) .65.A kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATF4, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, GLA, LMAN2, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PDE4D, PIM1, PRKACA, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TMEM258, TRDV1, WDFY3, ZBTB43, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.66.The kit of claim 65, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.67.A kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject following the at least one priming dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ATF4, C15orf54, DDOST, DERL1, DNPH1, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GCH1, GK, LMAN2, MAP9, NUAK1, PDE4D, PRKACA, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, TMED10, TMEM258, WDFY3, ZBTB43 and ZDHHC7, or are any combination thereof.68.A kit for assessing responsiveness of a subject to at least one boosting dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject during the boosting phase; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC011815.2, ANKRD29, AP3M2, ARL5B, ATP5F1B, C15orf54, CHCHD2, COL4A3BP, COPE, CTTNBP2, EGF, FERMT3, FOSL2, GK, GLA, LRRK1, MAP9, MN1, MTDH, NFIL3, NUAK1, PIM1, PRMT1, SERTAD2, SLC16A6, SYT17, TMED10, TRDV1, ZDHHC7, APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3, or are any combination thereof.69.The kit of claim 68, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.70.A kit for predicting the risk of tumor relapse in a subject before or after receiving at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting expression level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: ABCA13, AC022726.2, AC105094.2, AC243829.2, AL021807.1, AL391807.1, AL662907.3, APOBEC3C, ATP1B3, ATP6V1B2, C1QBP, CBX5, CCNE2, CD63, CEBPA, CHP1, CLN8, CMBL, CNIH4, COL4A3BP, CPNE3, DACH1, DNAJC12, DNAJC3, DOC2B, EEA1, ENAM, ERG, FAM43A, FBXO43, FIGN, GCA, GNG4, GNLY, GOLIM4, GPM6B, GPR171, GPRC5D, HHEX, HID1, ILF2, IRF2BP2, KIF22, LACC1, LIPA, MANEA, MECOM, MID1IP1, MX2, MYOM2, NABP1, NEFH, NFE4, NLN, OXCT2, P3H2, PI3, PIM1, PLAU, PRSS3, PSMA3, RAB10, RAB20, RASGRP2, RBMS3, RPL23, RPS6KA5, RPS8, RUNX1, SAMD3, 11-Sep, SERTAD2, SIGLEC6, SIT1, SOCS1, SSR1, ST6GALNAC1, SYNE2, TRAV16, TREM2, TXNDC15, TXNDC17, UAP1, UFM1, UGT2B17, XPNPEP1, ZBTB16, ZNF608, STAT1, CD74, CFD, EEF1A1, GZMA, HLA_DPA1, HLA_DPB1, HLA_DQB1, HLA_DRA, HLA_DRB1, IFI44, IFI6, IGHG2, ISG15, LY6E, LYAR, OAS2 and VCAN, or are any combination thereof.71.The kit of claim 70, wherein at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of: APLP2, ARID5B, BIRC3, BTG1, CXCL8, FOS, HLA_DQB1, IGHD, IGHM, IL4R, LITAF, NRGN, PARP14, RUNX1, SLC25A37, TCF7, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TNFAIP3, VCAN, XAF1 and YBX3.72.A kit for assessing therapeutic efficacy in a subject having been treated with an anti-tumor therapy in combination with at least one dose of tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising one or more reagents for detecting the level of one or more genes in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject after the treatment; wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of: AC092490.1, ALDH1L2, LILRB5, PALD1, PKP2 and TRAV35, or are any combination thereof.73.A T-cell receptor (TCR) having the property of binding to an HLA-associated antigenic peptide, wherein the TCR comprises at least one TCR α chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence set forth in Table 7a, and / or at least one TCR β chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence set forth in Table 7a.74.The TCR of claim 73, wherein the TCR comprises the alpha chain variable domain CDR3 and beta chain variable domain CDR3 pairings shown in Table 7a, optionally, the TCR comprises at least one TCR α chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3α) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 225-271, and / or at least one TCR β chain variable domain comprising CDR3 sequence (CDR3β) set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-83.75.The TCR of claim 73, further comprising TCR alpha chain constant region operably linked to the alpha chain variable domain, and / or further comprising TCR beta chain constant region operably linked to the beta chain variable domain.76.The TCR of claim 73, wherein the antigenic peptide is a tumor antigen.77.The TCR of any one of claims 73-76, which is a dimeric T cell receptor (dTCR) or a single chain T cell receptor (scTCR) .78.An isolated cell presenting a TCR of any of claims 73-77.79.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the TCR of any of claims 73-77, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR of any of claim 78, wherein the composition further comprise with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.80.A method of treatment of cancer comprising administering to a subject suffering the cancer an effective amount of the TCR of any of claims 73-77, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR of any of claim 78.81.Use of the TCR of any of claims 73-77, or the isolated cell presenting a TCR of any of claim 78, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.82.A method of assessing responsiveness of a subject to a tumor neoantigen vaccine, comprising:a) determining presence or level of one or more TCRs of claims 73-77 in one or more immune cells from a sample obtained from the subject; and b) assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the presence or the level determined in step a) .83.The method of claim 82, wherein the method further comprises comparing the level of the one or more TCRs with a reference level to determine the difference and assessing the responsiveness of the subject to the tumor neoantigen vaccine based on the difference.84.The method of claim 82, wherein the sample is a blood sample or a tumor sample.85.A method of identifying an antigenic peptide, when associated with HLA, is capable of binding to the TCR of any one of claims 73-77, comprising simulating binding with the antigenic peptide sequence, an input TCR sequence, and the HLA sequence, and identifying the antigenic peptide which shows acceptable binding affinity in the simulation.