Glycerol nucleic acid modified oligonucleotide agents and use thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SINO US INST OF RNA TECH
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-03
AI Technical Summary
Current oligonucleotide agents, such as small activating RNAs (saRNAs), face challenges in achieving effective gene activation while minimizing off-target effects, which are critical for safe and efficient therapeutic applications.
The development of double-stranded oligonucleotide agents comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, each 15 to 35 nucleotides in length, that form a complementary duplex structure with at least 8 base pairs, and incorporate glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modified nucleotides to reduce off-target effects while maintaining gene activation efficacy.
These modified oligonucleotide agents efficiently and specifically up-regulate target gene expression at the mRNA or protein level with reduced off-target effects, enhancing their therapeutic potential for treating diseases associated with insufficient gene expression.
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Figure PCTCN2024107766-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024107766-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024107766-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
GLYCEROL NUCLEIC ACID MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE AGENTS AND USE THEREOFFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of nucleic acids, specifically relates to oligonucleotide agents capable of activating of gene expression with reduced off-target effect, as well as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) pharmaceutical use thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Oligonucleotides are an emerging class of therapeutics currently under active development for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. Major categories of therapeutic oligonucleotide agents include single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides and dsRNAs. dsRNAs further include two main categories: small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and small activating RNAs (saRNAs) . Although argonaute (AGO) proteins are required by both, siRNAs and saRNAs greatly differ in their mechanistic frameworks.
[0003] saRNA-mediated gene activation has provided a promising strategy for up-regulating the expression of target genes by promoting endogenous transcription, a phenomenon known as RNA activation (RNAa) . saRNAs achieve activation of target genes by directly binding to target gene promoters or interacting with antisense transcripts transcribed from overlapping promoter sequences. Despite the potential of this technology for therapeutic applications, the development process has encountered significant challenges, particularly the occurrence of undesired "off-target" effects and associated toxicity. Ensuring that saRNAs meet stringent safety requirements during both discovery and pharmaceutical development remains a critical issue in the field.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] To address the aforementioned problem, the present disclosure provides oligonucleotide agents, such as saRNAs, that process reduced off-target effects while maintaining or even enhancing the efficacy in gene activating.
[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene, comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, each strand with 15 to 35 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand form a complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modified nucleotides.
[0006] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a conjugate agent comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein and at least one conjugation moiety.
[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0008] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0009] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to the cell or subject.
[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for mitigating off-target effects caused by a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to the cell or subject.
[0012] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein in the manufacture of a product.
[0013] The double-stranded oligonucleotide agents (such as saRNAs) provided herein can efficiently and specifically up-regulate the expression of a target gene of interest at the mRNA or protein level in vitro or in vivo with reduced off-target effects, and can be used in preparing a product for preventing or treating diseases, conditions, or disorders associated with insufficient expression of such a gene.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments in which the principles of the invention are employed, and the accompanying drawings (also referred to as “figure” or “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0015] FIG. 1 shows the activity of glycerol nucleic acid modified saRNA (GNA-saRNA) on the expression of full-length SMN2 (SMN2-FL) mRNA in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 nM) for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide (not shown) . dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . mRNA levels of SMN2-FL were quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. Geometric means of the mRNA levels of SDHA and GAPDH served as internal controls to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of pMN2-FL relative to Mock treatment, normalized to SDHA and GAPDH (mean ± SEM of two replicated transfection wells) .
[0016] FIGs. 2A-2H show the activity of GNA-saRNA on the expression of full-length (SMN2-FL) and exon 7 skipped (SMN2-Δ7) SMN2 mRNA in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 nM) for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide (not shown) . dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . FIGs. 2A-2H show mRNA levels of pMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. Geometric means of the mRNA levels of SDHA and GAPDH served as internal controls to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SMN2-FL or SMN2-Δ7 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to SDHA and GAPDH (mean ± SEM of two replicated transfection wells) .
[0017] FIGs. 3A-3H show the activity of GNA-saRNA on the expression of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM22592 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM22592 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 nM) for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide (not shown) . dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . FIGs. 3A-3H show mRNA levels of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. Geometric means of the mRNA levels of SDHA and GAPDH served as internal controls to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SMN2-FL or SMN2-Δ7 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to SDHA and GAPDH (mean ± SEM of two replicated transfection wells) .
[0018] FIGs. 4A-4B show the activity of GNA-saRNA on the expression of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 100 nM for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide. dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control. FIGs. 4A-4B show mRNA levels of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. SDHA was amplified and served as an internal control to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SMN2-FL or SMN2-Δ7 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to SDHA (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .
[0019] FIGs. 5A-5B show the off-target effect of GNA-saRNA on the expression of potential off-target gene P2RY2 in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 6.25 and 25 nM for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide. dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . FIG. 5A shows “Query” (antisense strand) sequence and “seed” region (in italic and highlighted in grey) of RD-10994 and its predicted complementary target sites in P2RY2 transcript containing two mismatched nucleotides (nucleotides in italic and bold) . FIG. 5B shows mRNA levels of P2RY2 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. SDHA was amplified and served as an internal control to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of P2RY2 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to SDHA (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .
[0020] FIGs. 6A-6B show the activity of GNA-saRNA on the expression of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-19658, RD-19659, RD-19660, RD-19663, RD-19664, RD-19665, RD-19666, RD-19667, RD-19668, RD-19669, RD-19670 and RD-19672) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 2.5 nM for 3 days. RD-19040 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. RD-10004 (ASO-1027) was transfected at 25 nM and served as a positive control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide. dsCon2M13v served as a non-specific duplex control. FIGs. 6A-6B show mRNA levels of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. TBP was amplified and served as an internal control to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SMN2-FL or SMN2-Δ7 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to TBP (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .
[0021] FIGs. 7A-7B show the off-target effect of GNA-saRNA on the expression of potential off-target gene ARPIN in GM03813 cells. The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-19650, RD-19651, RD-19652, RD-19653, RD-19654, RD-19655, RD-19657, RD-19661, RD-19662, RD-19674 and RD-19675) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 2.5 nM for 3 days. RD-19040 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. RD-10004 (ASO-1027) was transfected at 25 nM and served as a positive control. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide. dsCon2M13v served as a non-specific duplex control. FIG. 7A shows “Query” (antisense strand) sequence and “seed” region (in italic and highlighted in grey) of RD-19040 and its predicted complementary target sites in ARPIN transcript containing two mismatched nucleotides (nucleotides in italic and bold) . FIG. 7B shows the mRNA levels of ARPIN as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. TBP was amplified and served as an internal control to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of ARPIN relative to Mock treatment, normalized to TBP (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .
[0022] FIGs. 8A-8E compare the activity of GNA-saRNA to non-GNA-saRNA on the expression of SERPING1 mRNA in Hep3B cells. The indicated non-GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17229, RD-17235, RD-17238, RD-17241 and RD-17244) and their corresponding GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17074, RD-17082, RD-17086, RD-17096 and RD-17099) were transfected into Hep3B cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.02, 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67 and 50 nM) for 3 days. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide (not shown) . dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . FIGs. 8A-8E show mRNA levels of SERPING1 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. Geometric means of the mRNA levels of HPRT1 and TBP served as internal controls to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SERPING1 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to HPRT1 and TBP (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .
[0023] FIGs. 9A-9C compare the activity of GNA-saRNA to non-GNA-saRNA on the expression of SERPING1 mRNA in HepG2 cells. The indicated non-GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17229, RD-17235 and RD-17241) and their corresponding GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17074, RD-17082 and RD-17096) were transfected into HepG2 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.02, 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67 and 50 nM) for 3 days. Mock treatments were transfected in the absence of oligonucleotide (not shown) . dsCon2 served as a non-specific duplex control (not shown) . FIGs. 9A-9C show mRNA levels of SERPING1 as quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. Geometric means of the mRNA levels of HPRT1 and TBP served as internal controls to normalize expression data. Data represent mean expression levels of SERPING1 relative to Mock treatment, normalized to HPRT1 and TBP (mean ± SEM of four replicated transfection wells) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference.
[0025] Definitions
[0026] As described herein, “and / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . If any numerical ranges are provided, the ranges include any numerical values in the range (including both the upper and lower values) , and any sub-ranges in the range. For example, the range from 1 to 3 may include any of the numerical values 1, 2 and 3, as well as sub-ranges from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3.
[0027] As used herein, the terms “oligonucleotide” , “polynucleotide” or “oligo” are interchangeable and refer to polymers of nucleotides, and particularly refer to single-stranded nucleic acid molecules of DNA, RNA, or DNA / RNA hybrid, oligonucleotide strands containing regularly and irregularly alternating deoxyribosyl portions and ribosyl portions, as well as modified and naturally or unnaturally existing frameworks for such oligonucleotides, such as phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) . The oligonucleotide for activating target gene transcription described herein can be or may comprise a small activating nucleic acid molecule (saRNA) .
[0028] As used herein, the term “complementary” refers to the ability to form base pairs between two oligonucleotide strands. The base pairs are generally formed through hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in the antiparallel oligonucleotide strands. The bases of the complementary oligonucleotide strands can be paired in the Watson-Crick manner (such as A pairs with T, A pairs with U, and C pairs with G) or in any other manner allowing the formation of a duplex (such as Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen base pairing) .
[0029] Complementarity includes complete complementarity and incomplete complementarity. "Complete complementarity" or "100%complementarity" means that each nucleotide from the first oligonucleotide strand can form a hydrogen bond with a nucleotide at a corresponding position in the second oligonucleotide strand in the double-stranded region of the double-stranded oligonucleotide molecule, with no base pair being "mispaired" . "Incomplete complementarity" means that not all the nucleotide units of the two strands are bound with each other by hydrogen bonds.
[0030] The terms "oligonucleotide strand" , “strand” and "oligonucleotide sequence" as used herein can be used interchangeably, referring to a generic term for short nucleotide sequences having less than 35 bases (including nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) ) . In a non-limiting example, the length of a strand can be any length from 15 to 35 nucleotides.
[0031] The term "target gene" as used herein can refer to nucleic acid sequences, transgenes, viral or bacterial sequences, chromosomes and / or extrachromosomal genes that are naturally present in organisms, and / or can be transiently or stably transfected or incorporated into cells and / or chromatins thereof. The target gene can be a protein-coding gene or a non-protein-coding gene (such as a microRNA gene and a long non-coding RNA gene) . The target gene generally contains a promoter sequence, and the positive regulation for the target gene can be achieved by designing a saRNA having sequence identity (also called homology) to the promoter sequence, characterized as the up-regulation of expression of the target gene. "Target sequence" or “target site” used interchangeably refers to a sequence fragment in the sequence of a target gene, such as, a target gene promoter, which is homologous or complementary to a sense strand or an antisense strand of a saRNA. The target gene can also include one or more regulatory elements where one or more saRNA are designed to have sequence identity to a regulatory element. Non-limiting examples of one or more regulatory elements include: a promoter, an enhancer, a silencer, an insulator, a TATA box, a GC box, a CAAT box, a transcriptional start site, a DNA binding motif of a transcription factor or other protein that regulates transcription, and a 5'untranslated region.
[0032] As used herein, the term “guide strand” or “G strand” refers to a strand in a small RNA duplex that assembles with the argonaute (AGO) protein. The other strand partially or completely complementary to the guide strand is called “passenger strand” or “P strand” . Without being limited to any specific theory, the strand carrying the complementary sequence to the target is the antisense strand and, if properly designed, will be preferentially chosen to be the guide strand. In this case, the passenger strand is the sense strand. However, one cannot state that a strand is the guide strand until the 5'end of the strand has been captured within the MID domain of AGO2. Accordingly, the sense strand can be selected as the guide strand, resultant in an antisense passenger strand. In some embodiments, an antisense strand or a sense strand can be chosen to as a guide strand. In some embodiments, an antisense strand and a sense strand can both assemble with the argonaute (AGO) protein so that each of the sense and antisense strands in the RNA duplex functions, either independently or simultaneously, as a guide strand.
[0033] As used herein, the terms "sense strand" of a saRNA in the saRNA duplex refers to the strand having sequence homology or sequence identity with a fragment of the coding strand of the sequence of a target gene.
[0034] As used herein, the terms "antisense strand" of a saRNA in the saRNA duplex refers to the strand being sequence complementary to the sense strand. Said antisense strand may interact with a target region of the target gene to activate or up-regulate gene expression, said target region may be a segment of the coding strand of the sequence of a target gene.
[0035] The term "coding strand" as used herein refers to a DNA strand in the target gene which cannot be used for transcription, and the nucleotide sequence of this strand is the same as that of an RNA produced from transcription (in the RNA, T in DNA is replaced by U) . The coding strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described herein refers to a promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA coding strand of the target gene.
[0036] The term "template strand" as used herein refers to the other strand complementary to the coding strand in the double-stranded DNA of the target gene, i.e., the strand that, as a template, can be transcribed into RNA, and this strand is complementary to the transcribed RNA (Apairs with U and G pairs with C) . In the process of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the template strand, moves along the 3′→5′direction of the template strand, and catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA along the 5′→3′direction. The template strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described herein refers to a promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA template strand of the target gene.
[0037] The term "promoter" as used herein refers to a sequence which is spatially associated with a protein-coding or RNA-coding nucleic acid sequence and plays a regulatory role for the transcription of the protein-coding or RNA-coding nucleic acid sequence. Generally, a eukaryotic gene promoter contains 100 to 5000 base pairs, although this length range is not intended to limit the term "promoter" as used herein. Although the promoter sequence is generally located at the 5′terminus of a protein-coding or RNA-coding sequence, it may also exist in exon and intron sequences.
[0038] As used herein, the term “GNA” , also referred to as glycerol nucleic acid, is a nucleic acid similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its sugar-phosphodiester backbone, using propylene glycol in place of ribose or deoxyribose. As used herein, the term “LNA” refers to a locked nucleic acid in which the 2′-oxygen and 4′-carbon atoms are joined by an extra bridge. As used herein, the term “BNA” refers to a 2′-O and 4′-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid that can contain a five-membered or six-membered bridged structure with an N-O linkage. As used herein, the term “PNA” refers to a nucleic acid mimic with a pseudopeptide backbone composed of N- (2-aminoethyl) glycine units with the nucleobases attached to the glycine nitrogen via carbonyl methylene linkers.
[0039] As used herein, the term "identity" or "homology" as used herein means that one oligonucleotide strand (sense or antisense strand) of a saRNA has sequence similarity with a coding strand or template strand in a region of a target gene. As used herein, the "identity" or "homology" may be at least about 75%, about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or 99%.
[0040] As used herein, the term "overhang" as used herein refers to non-base-paired nucleotides at the terminus (5′or 3′) of an oligonucleotide strand, which is formed by one strand extending out of the other strand in a double-stranded oligonucleotide. A single-stranded region extending out of the 3′terminus and / or 5′terminus of a duplex is referred to as an overhang.
[0041] As used herein, the term “natural overhang” as used herein refers to an overhang which consists of one or more nucleotides identical to or complementary to the corresponding position on the target sequence. A natural overhang on a sense strand consists of one or more nucleotides identical to the corresponding position on the DNA target. A natural overhang on a sense strand consists of one or more nucleotides identical to the corresponding position on the DNA target. A natural overhang on an antisense strand consists of one or more nucleotides complementary to the corresponding position on the DNA target.
[0042] As used herein, the term “isolated, ” refers to material that is removed from its original or native environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring) . For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated by human intervention from some or all of the co-existing materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotide could be part of a vector and / or such polynucleotide or polypeptide could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of the environment in which it is found in nature. An isolated molecule may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid, or by chemically synthesizing the molecule. For example, the term "isolated RNA" refers to RNA molecules which are substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. In some embodiments, the materials of the present application, such as the polynucleotides, oligonucleotides and / or saRNAs of the present application, are isolated.
[0043] As used herein, the terms "gene activation" or "activating gene expression" and "gene up-regulation" or "up-regulating gene expression" can be used interchangeably, and mean an increase in transcription, translation, expression or activity of a certain nucleic acid as determined by measuring the transcriptional level, mRNA level, protein level, enzymatic activity, methylation state, chromatin state or configuration, translation level or the activity or state in a cell or biological system of a gene. These activities or states can be determined directly or indirectly. In addition, "gene activation" , "activating gene expression" , "gene up-regulation" or "up-regulating gene expression" refers to an increase in activity associated with a nucleic acid sequence, regardless of the mechanism of such activation. For example, gene activation occurs at the transcriptional level to increase transcription into RNA and the RNA is translated into a protein, thereby increasing the expression of the protein.
[0044] As used herein, the terms "small activating RNA" , "saRNA" , and "small activating nucleic acid molecule" can be used interchangeably, and refer to a nucleic acid molecule that can up-regulate target gene expression and can be composed of a first nucleic acid fragment (sense strand) containing a nucleotide sequence having high sequence identity to the non-coding nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a promoter or an enhancer) of a target gene and a second nucleic acid fragment (antisense strand) containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the first nucleic acid fragment, wherein the first nucleic acid fragment and the second nucleic acid fragment form a duplex. The saRNA can also be comprised of a synthesized or vector-expressed single-stranded RNA molecule that can form a hairpin structure by two complementary regions within the molecule, wherein the first region contains a nucleotide sequence having sequence identity to the target region of a promoter of a gene, and the second region contains a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the first region. The length of the duplex region of the saRNA is typically about 15 to about 35, about 16 to about 32, about 17 to about 30, about 18 to about 28, about 19 to about 26, about 20 to about 24, and about 21 to about 22 base pairs, and typically about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22 or about 23 base pairs. In addition, the terms "saRNA" , "small activating RNA" , and "small activating nucleic acid molecule" also contain nucleic acids other than the ribonucleotide, including, but not limited to, modified nucleotides or analogues.
[0045] As used herein, the term "seed region" refers to a region at or near the 5′end of the guide strand (G strand) of the double-stranded oligonucleotide, which plays crucial role in target recognition by the oligonucleotide. As described above, the guide strand can be the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both the sense strand and antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide. Typically, a seed region is 2 to 10 nucleotides in length.
[0046] As used herein, the term “accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) ” herein means a non-targeting single-stranded oligonucleotide having at least 6 nucleotides with or without one or more linker moieties conjugated to another oligonucleotide. The ACO component is not designed to specifically target any complementary nucleic acid sequence in the subject to be administered to. The ACO component can be chemically-modified on its backbone, nucleoside or other positions, e.g., a phosphorothioate, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone, a 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxynucleoside (2′-F) , a 2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me) , a 2′-O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2′-O-MOE) , locked nucleic acid (LNA) , bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety, 5-methyl cytosine moiety, etc., to impart physiochemical properties conducive to improve the oligonucleotide (s) 'bioavailability and delivery. Covalent linker moieties can be natural or unnatural nucleotides, ethylglycol, carbohydrates, alkyl chains, or any other linker used to covalently connect any two oligonucleotides positioned on the 3'-or 5'-terminus of one or both of the strands within the oligonucleotide agent.
[0047] As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide agent” refers to an oligonucleotide-containing substance which at least comprises or consists of one or more saRNA of the invention and has the activity of modulating target gene expression or enhance the effect of the saRNA, and may further comprise other oligonucleotide moieties / components (such as ASO) or non-oligonucleotide moieties / components conjugated, combined or mixed with the saRNA (s) . In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide agent comprises an RNA (such as the saRNA of the invention) , a DNA, a BNA, an LNA, a GNA or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) .
[0048] As used herein, the terms "prevent" , "preventing" , "prevention" refer to the slowing of the progression of a disease, disorder or condition from an existing state to a more deleterious state.
[0049] As used herein, the terms "treat" , "treating" , "treatment" refer to preventing, ameliorating, reverting, curing and / or delaying a disease, disorder or condition.
[0050] As used herein, the upper cased “SMN2-FL” or “SMN2-FL gene” and “SMN2-Δ7” or “SMN2-Δ7 gene” refer to a human gene. As used herein, the term "SMN2 mRNA" , "SMN2-FL mRNA" or "SMN2-Δ7 mRNA" refers to a message RNA (mRNA) generated from the expression of SMN2 gene, or the transcription of SMN2 gene.
[0051] As used herein, the term "SERPING1 mRNA" refers to a message RNA (mRNA) generated from the expression of SERPING1 gene, or the transcription of SERPING1 gene.
[0052] Double-stranded oligonucleotide agent
[0053] Oligonucleotides offer great potential for the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases, disorders, or conditions by modulating, e.g., up-regulating or down-regulating protein expression of disease-associated genes, and their variants. Among therapeutic oligonucleotides, saRNAs, as up-regulators have become an emerging class of therapeutic agents and under active development. However, the realization of their full therapeutic potential is currently obstructed due to their undesired side effects, such as "off-target" effects. There remains an unfulfilled need in the art for oligonucleotide agents with good efficacy in gene activation and low off-target effects simultaneously.
[0054] While sequences comprising only natural building blocks have found significant utilization, oligonucleotide synthesis technology provides the possibility of various nucleotide modifications. It has been surprisingly found that certain chemical modifications of oligonucleotide agents such as saRNAs provide an access to both the effective mitigation of undesired off-target effects and excellent gene activation by the agents. These modified oligonucleotide agents can overcome their current limitations and enable broader applications in the field of medical and pharmaceuticals.
[0055] Thus, in one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene, comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, each strand with 15 to 35 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand form a complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modified nucleotides located in either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand.
[0056] GNAs are DNA / RNA analogs in which the (deoxy) ribose in the sugar-phosphodiester backbone of DNA / RNA is replaced by propylene glycol. Likewise, GNA-modified nucleotides include GNA versions of non-GNA DNA / RNA nucleotides, e.g., naturally occurring DNA / RNA nucleotides adenine (A) , thymine (T) , cytosine (C) , guanine (G) and uracil (U) , with their (deoxy) ribose moiety replaced by propylene glycol.
[0057] In some embodiments, the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of GNA-modified adenine (GNA-A) , GNA-modified thymine (GNA-T) , GNA-modified cytosine (GNA-C) , GNA-modified guanine (GNA-G) , and GNA-modified uracil (GNA-U) .
[0058] The sense strand and / or antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprise one or more GNA-modified nucleotides in place of their corresponding non-GNA nucleotides. In other words, one or more non-GNA nucleotides on the sense strand and / or antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is / are modified with or replaced by its / their GNA-modified version (s) .
[0059] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, or at least 40 GNA-modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises 1 to 50 (e.g., 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 1 to 35, 1 to 30, 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2) GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0060] In some embodiments, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, or at least 40 GNA-modified nucleotides are located in the sense strand and / or antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent. In some embodiments, 1 to 50 (e.g., 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 1 to 35, 1 to 30, 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2) GNA-modified nucleotides are located in the sense strand and / or antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0061] In some embodiments, the either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can be guide strand (s) to mediate RNA activation.
[0062] In some embodiments, the guide strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises 1 to 50 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or any range therebetween) GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0063] In some embodiments, one or more GNA-modified nucleotides is / are located at position (s) 1 and / or 2 and / or 3 and / or 4 and / or 5 and / or 6 and / or 7 and / or 8 and / or 9 and / or 10 and / or 11 and / or 12 and / or 13 and / or 14 and / or 15 and / or 16 and / or 17 and / or 18 and / or 19 and / or 20 and / or 21 and / or 22 and / or 23 and / or 24 and / or 25 from the 5′end of the guide strand that can be either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand. In certain embodiments, one or more GNA-modified nucleotides is / are located at positions 1 to 25 (e.g., 2 to 25, 2 to 24, 2 to 23, or 2 to 22) of the guide strand that can be either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand. Typically, the guide strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises a seed region that plays a role in recognition of a target gene. In some embodiments, the seed region is 2 to 10 (e.g., 2 to 9, 2 to 8, 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, or 2 to 4) nucleotides in length.
[0064] The seed region is at or near the 5′end of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the seed region starts from no more than 3 (e.g., 3, 2, 1, or 0) nucleotides from the 5′end of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the 5′end nucleotide of the seed region is located no more than 3 (e.g., 3, 2, 1 or 0) nucleotides from the 5′end of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the 3′end nucleotide of the seed region is no less than 6 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) nucleotides from the 5′end of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the seed region comprises consecutive nucleotides at positions 2 to 10, or 2 to 9, or 2 to 8, or 2 to 7, or 2 to 6, or 3 to 6, or 2 to 5, or 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, or 4 to 6 from the 5′end of the guide strand.
[0065] In some embodiments, the seed region has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or 100%complementarity to an equal length segment of the sense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent. In a particular embodiment, the seed region is 100%complementary to the equal length segment of the sense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0066] One or more GNA-modified nucleotides can be located within and / or outside the seed region. In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 to 8 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any range therebetween) GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 to 6 GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 to 5 GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 to 4 GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 to 3 GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, the seed region comprises 1 or 2 GNA-modified nucleotide (s) . In some embodiments, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or at least 100%of the nucleotides of the seed region are GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0067] In some embodiments, all or part of the GNA-modified nucleotides in the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent are located in the seed region. In some embodiments, all or part of the GNA-modified nucleotides in the guide strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent are located in the seed region.
[0068] The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can comprise one or more GNA-modified nucleotide located at or near either or both of the 5′and 3′ends of the seed region. In an exemplary embodiment, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more GNA-modified nucleotides located in the first three (e.g., first two or one) nucleotides counting from either or both of the 5′and 3′ends of the seed region.
[0069] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent further comprises one or more GNA-modified nucleotides located out of the seed region. In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent further comprises one or more GNA-modified nucleotides located in the passenger strand (P strand) . In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more GNA-modified nucleotides on either or both of the sense and antisense strand.
[0070] The sense strand and antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can be obtained by chemical synthesis, for example, by phosphoramidite method (e.g., solid-phase phosphoramidite method) . In some embodiments, either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand are synthesized to comprise one or more GNA-modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, the antisense strand is synthesized to comprise the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides. The synthesized sense strand and antisense strand can then anneal to form a duplex structure.
[0071] In certain embodiments, GNA-modified nucleotide monomers of Formula (1) can be used for the synthesis:
[0072] wherein the base can be selected from the group consisting of: an adenine nucleobase, a thymine nucleobase, a cytosine nucleobase, a guanine nucleobase, a uracil nucleobase, and analogs thereof.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the base in Formula (1) can be selected from the following structures:
[0074] The sense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent has sequence homology or identity with a segment of the coding strand of the target gene. In some embodiments, the sense strand has at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%sequence homology or identity to an equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene. In some embodiments, the sense strand has 5 or less, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 nucleotide difference (s) relative to the equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene.
[0075] Generally, the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is complementary to a segment of the coding strand of the target gene, especially a segment in the promoter region of the target gene, and is therefore capable of interacting with (the segment of) the gene to activate or increase the transcription of the gene and further activate or increase the gene expression on the protein level. In some embodiments, the sense strand or the antisense strand has at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, or at least 25 nucleotides complementary to an equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene. In some embodiments, the antisense strand has 5 or less, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 nucleotide difference (s) or mismatch (es) relative to the equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene. In some embodiments, the difference (s) or mismatch (es) locate (s) in the internal or at / near 3'end of the antisense strand.
[0076] The sense strand and the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprise complementary regions that form a duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs, e.g., at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 18, or at least 20 base pairs. In some embodiments, the sense strand and the antisense strand are at least 50%, e.g., at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%complementary to each other. In some embodiments, there are no more than 5, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0, mismatched nucleotide (s) in the complementary regions between the sense strand and the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs has no more than 5, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0, mismatched nucleotide (s) between the sense strand and the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located in the internal or at / near 3'or 5'end of the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located at the position (s) of a GNA in the sense strand and / or the antisense strand.
[0077] The sense strand and the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein can exist either on two different nucleic acid strands or on one nucleic acid strand (e.g., a contiguous nucleic acid sequence) . When the sense strand and the antisense strand are located on two different strands, at least one strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent has a 3′overhang of 0 to 6 nucleotides in length, such that the overhangs are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotides in length, and in some cases, both strands have a 3′overhang of 2 or 3 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the nucleotide (s) of the overhang can be nucleotide (s) selected from or complementary to the corresponding position on the DNA target, i.e., a natural overhang. When the sense strand and the antisense strand are located on one nucleic acid strand, in some cases, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can be a hairpin single-stranded nucleic acid molecule, where the complementary regions of the sense strand and the antisense strand form a duplex structure with each other.
[0078] The sense strand and the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein each have from 15 to 35 nucleotides in length. For example, in some embodiments, the sense strand and the antisense strand each have 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 nucleotides, or any range therebetween, in length.
[0079] In one exemplary embodiment, the sense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 12, 14, 15, 17,18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 52, 54, and the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55.
[0080] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can comprise an RNA, a DNA, a BNA, a LNA, a GNA or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) .
[0081] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is an saRNA that up-regulates the expression of the target gene.
[0082] In a non-limiting example, an saRNA is designed based at least in part on the following criteria: (1) having a GC content between 35%and 70%; (2) with less than 5 consecutive identical nucleotides; (3) with 3 or less dinucleotide repeats; and (4) with 3 or less trinucleotide repeats. In some embodiments, an saRNA is designed or selected based, at least in part, on criteria that enables production of functional saRNA. For example, in some cases, a sequence located upstream of a TSS may include a sequence that does not favor synthesis of an saRNA despite being located in a hotspot region.
[0083] In some embodiments, an saRNA is designed or selected based, at least in part, on criteria that includes a sequence having a particular GC content (e.g., a GC content between 25%and 75%) and lacking consecutive identical nucleotides, consecutive dinucleotides, or consecutive trinucleotides. In some embodiments, an saRNA sequence comprises a sequence (1) having a GC content between 35%and 70%; (2) with less than 5 consecutive identical nucleotides; (3) with 3 or less dinucleotide repeats; and (4) with 3 or less trinucleotide repeats.
[0084] In some embodiments, an saRNA sequence comprises a sequence having a GC content between 25%and 75%, between 30%and 70%, between 35%and 70%, between 40%and 60%, or between 45%and 55%. In some embodiments, the saRNA comprises a sequence having a GC context between 35%and 70%.
[0085] In some embodiments, an saRNA sequence comprises a sequence having less than 7 consecutive identical nucleotides, less than 6 consecutive identical nucleotides, less than 5 consecutive identical nucleotides, less than 4 consecutive identical nucleotides, or less than 3 consecutive identical nucleotides. In some embodiments, the saRNA comprises a sequence having less than 5 consecutive identical nucleotides.
[0086] In some embodiments, an saRNA sequence comprises a sequence having 5 or less dinucleotide repeats, 4 or less dinucleotide repeats, 3 or less dinucleotide repeats, or 2 or less dinucleotide repeats. In some embodiments, the saRNA comprises a sequence having 3 or less dinucleotide repeats.
[0087] In some embodiments, an saRNA sequence comprises a sequence having 5 or less trinucleotide repeats, 4 or less trinucleotide repeats, 3 or less trinucleotide repeats, or 2 or less trinucleotide repeats. In some embodiments, the saRNA comprises a sequence having 3 or less trinucleotide repeats.
[0088] Methods and principles of saRNA molecule design are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, for example, Place et al., Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2012) 1, e15; and Li et al., PNAS, 2006, vol. 103, no. 46, 17337-17342, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0089] In the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents described herein, all nucleotides can be natural or non-chemically-modified nucleotides, or at least one nucleotide is a chemically-modified nucleotide. Non-limiting examples of the chemical modifications include one or more of a combination of the following:
[0090] (1) modification of a phosphodiester bond of nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent;
[0091] (2) modification of 2′-OH of the ribose in the nucleotide sequence of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent;
[0092] (3) modification of a base in the nucleotide of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent; and
[0093] (4) at least one nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent being a locked nucleic acid, a bridged nucleic acid, a DNA, a GNA or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) .
[0094] The chemical modification described herein is well-known to those skilled in the art. The modifications described herein can stabilize the structure of the agent, and maintain high specificity and high affinity for base pairing.
[0095] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein includes at least one chemically modified nucleotide which is modified at 2′-OH in pentose of a nucleotide, i.e., the introduction of certain substituents at the hydroxyl position of the ribose, such as 2′-fluoro modification, 2′-oxymethyl modification, 2′-oxyethylidene methoxy modification, 2, 4′-dinitrophenol modification, locked nucleic acid (LNA) , 2′-amino modification or 2′-deoxy modification, e.g., a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-modified nucleotide.
[0096] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein includes at least one chemically modified nucleotide which is modified at the base of the nucleotide, e.g., 5′-bromouracil modification, 5′-iodouracil modification, N-methyluracil modification, or 2, 6-diaminopurine modification.
[0097] In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is an addition of a (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5'end of the sense and / or antisense sequence. In some embodiments, the chemical modification of the at least one chemically modified nucleotide is an addition of a 5-methyl cytosine moiety or 5-methyl uracil at the 5'end of the sense and / or antisense sequence.
[0098] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein includes at least one nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the agent being a chemically modified nucleic acid, e.g., a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a 2′-amino-modified nucleotide, a 2′-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein includes an “endo-light” modification with 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotides and nucleotides comprising a 5′-phosphorothioate group.
[0099] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein is chemically modified to enhance stability or other beneficial characteristics. The nucleic acids featured in the present disclosure may be synthesized and / or modified by conventional methods, such as those described in “Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry, ” Beaucage, S.L. et al. (Edrs. ) , John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Modifications include, for example, (a) end modifications, e.g., 5′end modifications (phosphorylation, conjugation, inverted linkages, etc. ) 3′end modifications (conjugation, DNA nucleotides, inverted linkages, etc. ) , (b) base modifications, e.g., replacement with stabilizing bases, destabilizing bases, or bases that base pair with an expanded repertoire of partners, removal of bases (abasic nucleotides) , or conjugated bases, (c) sugar modifications (e.g., at the 2′position or 4′position) or replacement of the sugar, as well as (d) backbone modifications, including modification or replacement of the phosphodiester linkages. Specific examples of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents that can be used in this present disclosure include, but are not limited to RNAs containing modified backbones or no natural internucleoside linkages. In some embodiments, RNAs having modified backbones include, among others, those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. In some embodiments, modified RNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides. In some embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide will have a phosphorus atom in its internucleoside backbone.
[0100] Modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′linkages, 2′-5′linked analogs of these, and those) having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′to 5′-3′or 2′-5′to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
[0101] In certain embodiments, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%of the non-GNA-modified nucleotides (non-GNA nucleotides) of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprise a modification selected from the group consisting of: 2′-fluoro (2′-F) , 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) , 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate, phosphorothioate backbone modifications, and combinations thereof.
[0102] Conjugate agent
[0103] In addition, to facilitate entry of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent into a cell, chemical conjugation moieties may be introduced at the ends of the sense or antisense strands of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent on the basis of the above modifications to facilitate action through a cell membrane composed of lipid bilayers and gene promoter regions within the nuclear membrane and nucleus. Therefore, the current disclosure also provides a conjugate agent comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent and at least one conjugation moiety.
[0104] In certain embodiments, the conjugate agent comprises the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein and one or more conjugation moieties which are covalently attached to the oligonucleotide agent. In certain embodiments, conjugation moieties modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, tissue distribution, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. In certain embodiments, conjugation moieties impart a new property on the attached oligonucleotide, e.g., fluorophores or reporter groups that enable detection of the oligonucleotide. Certain conjugation moieties have been described previously, for example: an accessory oligonucleotide (ACO, WO2023280190A1 and PCT / CN2024 / 084814) , lipid / fatty acid (WO2024002046A1) , cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556) , cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053-1060) , a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1993, 3, 2765-2770) , a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538) , an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO 1, 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54) , a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1, 2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783) , a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides &Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973) , or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237) , an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937) , a tocopherol group (Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, 2015, 4, e220; and Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy, 2008, 16, 734-740) , or a GalNAc cluster (e.g., WO2024002046A1) .
[0105] In some embodiments, the sense strand or the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties selected from intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, vitamin moieties, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, fluorophores, and dyes.
[0106] In some embodiments, a conjugation moiety comprises an active drug substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (S) -(+) -pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid, fingolimod, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
[0107] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein is conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties selected from: a lipid, a fatty acid, a fluorophore, a ligand, a saccharide, a peptide, and an antibody.
[0108] In some embodiments, the sense strand or the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties selected from a cell-penetrating peptide, polyethylene glycol, an alkaloid, a tryptamine, a benzimidazole, a quinolone, an amino acid, a cholesterol, glucose and N-acetylgalactosamine.
[0109] In certain embodiments of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents, the sense strand or the antisense strand of the agents disclosed in the present application is conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties selected from a cell-penetrating peptide, polyethylene glycol, an alkaloid, a tryptamine, a benzimidazole, a quinolone, an amino acid, a cholesterol, glucose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents are conjugated to a lipid selected from C4-30 fatty acid. In certain embodiments, the conjugation moiety is a lipid / fatty acid having a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C16 carbon chain.
[0110] According to another embodiment, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents further comprises at least one accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) conjugated with the oligonucleotide agents. The term “accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) ” herein means a non-targeting single-stranded oligonucleotide having at least 6 nucleotides with or without one or more linker moieties conjugated to another oligonucleotide. The ACO component is not designed to specifically target any complementary nucleic acid sequence in the subject to be administered to. The ACO component can be chemically-modified on its backbone, nucleoside or other positions, e.g., a phosphorothioate, mesyl phosphoramidate or boranophosphate backbone, a 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxynucleoside (2′-F) , a 2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me) , a 2′-O- (2-methoxyethyl) (2′-O-MOE) , locked nucleic acid (LNA) , bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate moiety, 5-methyl cytosine moiety, etc., to impart physiochemical properties conducive to improve the oligonucleotide (s) 'bioavailability and delivery. Covalent linker moieties can be natural or unnatural nucleotides, ethylglycol, carbohydrates, alkyl chains, or any other linker used to covalently connect any two oligonucleotides positioned on the 3'-or 5'-terminus of one or both of the strands within the oligonucleotide agent. ACO may be described and prepared according to those disclosed in WO2023280190A1, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0111] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents of the present application relate to the sense strand or the antisense strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents that is conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties selected from a cell-penetrating peptide, polyethylene glycol, an alkaloid, a tryptamine, a benzimidazole, a quinolone, an amino acid, a cholesterol, glucose and N-acetylgalactosamine. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents are conjugated to two conjugation moieties. In certain embodiments, the two conjugation moieties are a lipid and an N-acetylgalactosamine. In certain embodiments, one or more conjugation moieties are derived from tC2x6, C5x5, or combinations thereof, as shown in the present application:
[0112] wherein represents a support material.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the conjugation moieties conjugated to the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents are tC2x6 and C5x5 as shown in the present application. In certain embodiments, tC2x6 conjugates to the 3′end of sense strand; C5x5 conjugates to the 5′end of sense strand. The conjugation moieties can be synthesized via procedures known in the art, for example WO2024002046A1 is fully incorporated herein for synthetic process of tC2x6, C5x5.
[0114] In certain embodiments, said conjugation moiety is a lipid selected from fatty acid comprising a carbon chain length of from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said conjugation moiety is fatty acid comprising a carbon chain length of 16 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the conjugation moiety is selected from lipophilic moieties as described in WO2021092371A2. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six or even more oligonucleotides separately conjugated to one, two, three, four, five, six or even more of the conjugation moieties via one, two, three, four, five, six or even more linking moieties.
[0115] According to an embodiment, the linking moieties, when present, can be selected from the group consisting of -O-, -S-, -C (O) -, -NH-, -N ( (C1-C12) alkyl) -, -N ( (C1-C12) alkyl) -C (O) -O-, -O-C (O) -, -C (O) -O-, -O-C (O) -O-, -C (O) -NH-, -OP (O) 2O-, -P (O) (O-) O-, -OP (O) O-, -OP (O) (S) O-, -O-S (O) 2-O-, -S (O) 2-O-, -S (O) -O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-, -NH- (C1-C22) alkylene-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-C (O) -, - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -, - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -O-, -C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-, -NH-C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-, -C (O) -NH- (C1-C22) alkylene-, -C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-, -NH- (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -, -C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -, -NH- (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-, -C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) O-, -O-C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -O-, -C (O) -O- (C1-C22) alkylene-O-C (O) -, -C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-C (O) -, -NH-C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -, -NH-C (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-C (O) -NH-, -C (O) -NH- (C1-C22) alkylene-NH-C (O) -, - (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) 2O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) (O-) O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) (O-) O- (C1-C22) alkylene-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) (S) O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-O-S (O) 2-O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-S (O) 2-O-, - (C1-C22) alkylene-S (O) -O-, -O-P (O) 2-O- (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) 2O-, -O-P (O) -O- (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) O-, -OP (O) (S) O- (C1-C22) alkylene-OP (O) (S) O-, -O-S (O) 2-O- (C1-C22) alkylene-O-S (O) 2-O-, -S (O) 2-O- (C1-C22) alkylene-S (O) 2-O-and -O-S (O) - (C1-C22) alkylene-S (O) -O-; wherein the - (C1-C22) alkylene-contained in the linking moiety can be an alkylene group comprising from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 3 to 18 carbon atoms, or from 4 to 16 carbon atoms, or from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, or from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the conjugation moiety is directly linked with the oligonucleotide when the linking moiety is a direct bond.
[0116] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent conjugated to one or more conjugation moieties disclosed in the embodiments is directly contacted, transferred, delivered or administered to a cell or subject. "Patient" , "individual" or "subject" as used interchangeably herein can refer to a non-human (e.g., a mammal) subject or a human subject.
[0117] The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent activates or up-regulates the expression of the target gene in a cell via the RNAa mechanism. The RNAa mechanism (also known as RNA activation) used herein refers to a mechanism whereby a double-stranded nucleic acid structure is capable of up-regulating target genes in a sequence-specific manner at the transcriptional level.
[0118] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein can up-regulate the expression of a target gene by at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 500%, at least 800%, at least 1000%, at least 2000%, or at least 5000%, compared to the expression of the gene without regulation.
[0119] In some embodiments, the expression of the target gene up-regulated by the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein is at least the same as, or at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, or at least 500%higher than the expression regulated by the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0120] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein mitigates at least the same as, or at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100%of off-target effect, as compared to the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0121] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein interacts with and activates a target gene that is associated with a disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition results from the insufficient expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, the up-regulated expression of the target gene facilitates the prevention of a disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, the up-regulated expression of the target gene facilitates the alleviation of the symptoms of a disease, disorder or condition, or the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition.
[0122] An exemplary target gene used herein is survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene. Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein produced by this gene can maintain the health and normal function of motor neurons, while insufficiency in SMN protein resulted from mutation of SMN1 gene can cause spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) . The higher or activated expression of SNM2 gene is known to be a paralog rescue therapy associated with less-severe symptoms of SMA.
[0123] Another exemplary target gene used herein is SERPING1 gene. SERPING1 is mainly expressed in the liver and encodes C1 inhibitor which is secreted into the blood where it participates in the normal function of the contact, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. It encodes C1 esterase inhibitor (C1EI or C1INH) , the largest member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily. The expression of SERPING1 gene is upregulated by RNA activation, and a related disease (particularly HAE) is treated by increasing the expression level of C1IHN protein (i.e., a C1 inhibitor) . Since the SERPING1 gene encodes the C1IHN protein, and thus, an increasing in SERPING1 mRNA expression increases the level of the C1IHN protein.
[0124] However, it is understood that SMN2 gene, SERPING1 gene and double-stranded oligonucleotide agents (e.g., saRNAs) for such gene are selected and used for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention.
[0125] Cell comprising oligonucleotide agent
[0126] In another aspect, provided herein is a cell, comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent.
[0127] After contacting a cell, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein can effectively activate or up-regulate the expression of a target gene in a cell, for example, activate or up-regulate the expression of the target gene by at least 10%compared to the expression of the gene without regulation, or, activate or up-regulate the expression of the target gene to a level that is the same as or at least 10%higher than that obtained by the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or conjugate agent, while producing mitigated off-target effect compared to the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0128] The cell can comprise one or more of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents or one or more of the conjugate agents described herein.
[0129] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a cell comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. The cell described herein may be in vitro or ex vivo, such as a cell line or a cell strain, or may exist in a mammalian body, such as a human body.
[0130] Composition comprising oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent
[0131] In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0132] The composition can comprise one or more of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents or one or more of the conjugate agents described herein.
[0133] In some embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from an aqueous carrier, liposome or LNP, polymer, micelle, colloid, metal nanoparticle, non-metallic nanoparticle, bioconjugate (e.g., GalNAc, lipid, antibody, peptide or single / double-stranded oligonucleotide) , polypeptide, antibody and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the aqueous carrier may be, for example, RNase-free water, or RNase-free buffer.
[0134] In some embodiments, the composition can comprise 0.001-200 nM (e.g., 0.01-100 nM, 0.1-50 nM, 1-150 nM, 1-200 nM, 1-20 nM, 0.001-1 nM, 1-10 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-50 nM, 20-50 nM, 20-100 nM, 25-100 nM, or 30-100 nM) of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises 20 nM of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises 25 nM of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises 30 nM of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises 50 nM of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises 100 nM of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent as described herein.
[0135] Kit comprising oligonucleotide agent
[0136] In another aspect, provided herein is a kit, comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0137] A "kit" as used herein, typically defines a package, assembly, or container (such as an insulated container) including one or more of the components or embodiments of the disclosure, and / or other components associated with the disclosure, for example, as previously described. Any of the agents or components of the kit may be provided in liquid form (e.g., in solution) , or in solid form (e.g., a dried powder, frozen, etc. ) .
[0138] The kit can comprise one or more of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents described or one or more of the conjugate agents herein.
[0139] In certain embodiments, the kit is for activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject. In certain embodiments, the kit is for increasing the level of the mRNA or protein encoded by the target gene in a cell or subject. In certain embodiments, the kit is for preventing or treating a disease, disorder or condition that is associated with insufficient expression of the target gene.
[0140] In some embodiments, the kit comprises a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein.
[0141] In some embodiments, the kit further comprises means for administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent to a subject. In certain embodiments, the kit is in a labeled package and the label on said package indicates that the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent or the composition can be used in preventing or treating a disease, disorder or condition induced by insufficient expression of the target gene in the subject.
[0142] In additional embodiments, a kit can include instructions or instructions to a website or other source in any form that are provided for using the kit in connection with the components and / or methods described herein. For instance, the instructions may include instructions for the use, modification, mixing, diluting, preserving, assembly, storage, packaging, and / or preparation of the components and / or other components associated with the kit. In some cases, the instructions may also include instructions for the delivery of the components, for example, for shipping or storage at room temperature, sub-zero temperatures, cryogenic temperatures, etc. The instructions may be provided in any form that is useful to the user of the kit, such as written or oral (e.g., telephonic) , digital, optical, visual (e.g., videotape, DVD, etc. ) and / or electronic communications (including Internet or web-based communications) , provided in any manner.
[0143] Application of oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent
[0144] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to the cell or subject.
[0145] In another aspect, also provided herein is a method for mitigating off-target effects caused by a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent capable of activating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to the cell or subject.
[0146] In certain embodiments, upon administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein, e.g., to a cell or subject, the expression of the target gene is activated / up-regulated by at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 500%, at least 800%, at least 1000%, at least 2000%, or at least 5000%, compared to the expression of the gene without regulation.
[0147] In certain embodiments, upon administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein, e.g., to a cell or subject, the expression of the target gene is at least the same as or at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, or at least 500%higher than the expression regulated by the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0148] In some embodiments, upon administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein, e.g., to a cell or subject, at least the same as or at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100%of the off-target effect is mitigated compared to the same but non-GNA double-stranded oligonucleotide agent.
[0149] In certain embodiments, the expression of the target gene is activated / up-regulated by administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to a cell at a concentration of at least 0.01 nM, e.g., at least 0.02 nM, at least 0.05 nM, at least 0.08 nM, at least 0.1 nM, at least 0.2 nM, at least 0.3 nM, at least 0.4 nM, at least 0.5 nM, at least 0.6 nM, at least 0.8 nM, at least 1 nM, at least 2 nM, at least 3 nM, at least 4 nM, at least 5 nM, at least 6 nM, at least 7 nM, at least 8 nM, at least 9 nM, at least 10 nM, at least 25 nM, at least 50 nM, at least 75 nM, at least 100 nM, at least 150 nM or at least 200 nM.
[0150] In some embodiments, the activation of the target gene facilitates the prevention and / or treatment of a disease, disorder or condition that is associated with or induced by insufficient expression of the target gene.
[0151] In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. The cell described herein may be in vitro, or ex vivo, such as a cell line or a cell strain, or may exist in a mammalian body, such as a human body.
[0152] In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a human having, or at a risk of developing, a disease, disorder or condition that is associated with insufficient expression of a gene (i.e., a target gene) .
[0153] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent is applied to the subject or transfected to the cell at a concentration of at least 0.01 nM, e.g., at least 0.02 nM, at least 0.05 nM, at least 0.08 nM, at least 0.1 nM, at least 0.2 nM, at least 0.3 nM, at least 0.4 nM, at least 0.5 nM, at least 0.6 nM, at least 0.8 nM, at least 1 nM, at least 2 nM, at least 3 nM, at least 4 nM, at least 5 nM, at least 6 nM, at least 7 nM, at least 8 nM, at least 9 nM, at least 10 nM, at least 25 nM, at least 50 nM, at least 75 nM, at least 100 nM, at least 150 nM, or at least 200 nM.
[0154] In some embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent is applied to the subject or transfected to the cell at a concentration within a range of from 0.01 nM to 500 nM, e.g., within the range obtained by combining any two of the following endpoints: 0.01 nM, 0.02 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.8 nM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 15 nM, 20 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 55 nM, 60 nM, 65 nM, 70 nM, 75 nM, 80 nM, 85 nM, 90 nM, 95 nM, 100 nM, 105 nM, 110 nM, 115 nM, 120 nM, 125 nM, 130 nM, 135 nM, 140 nM, 145 nM, 150 nM, 155 nM, 160 nM, 165 nM, 170 nM, 175 nM, 180 nM, 185 nM, 190 nM, 195 nM, 200 nM, 220 nM, 240 nM, 260 nM, 280 nM, 300 nM, 320 nM, 340 nM, 360 nM, 380 nM, 400 nM, 420 nM, 440 nM, 460 nM, 480 nM, and 500 nM.
[0155] In some embodiments, administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to a subject activates / up-regulates the expression of the target gene and facilitates the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, disorder or condition in the subject.
[0156] In some embodiments, administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent described herein to a subject comprises administering a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein in an amount effective to prevent or treat the disease, disorder or condition.
[0157] In some embodiments, the administration pathway is selected from one or more of: parenteral infusions, oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, and rectal administration. In some embodiments, the administration pathway is selected from the group consisting of: intrathecal, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, intracerebroventricular, intravitreal, subcutaneous administrations, and combinations thereof.
[0158] The dosage at which the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or composition of the present disclosure can be administered can vary within wide limits and will be fitted to the individual requirements in each case.
[0159] A single dose of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent can be a single dose ranging from 0.01 mg / kg to 1000 mg / kg body weight of the subject, for example, about 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750, or 1000 mg / kg body weight of the subject. The doses described herein can comprise one or more of any of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents or one or more of the conjugate agents described herein.
[0160] In certain embodiments, the dose will be adjusted based on the subject′sage, the subject′sbody weight, and / or other factors that may require adjustment of the parameters of the injection.
[0161] Examples of other compositions or components associated with the double-stranded oligonucleotide agents, the conjugate agents, compositions, kits, and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: diluents, salts, buffers, chelating agents, preservatives, drying agents, antimicrobials, needles, syringes, packaging materials, tubes, bottles, flasks, beakers, and the like, for example, for using, modifying, assembling, storing, packaging, preparing, mixing, diluting, and / or preserving the components for a particular use. In embodiments where liquid forms of any of the components are used, the liquid form may be concentrated or ready to use.
[0162] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.
[0163] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present disclosure to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.
[0164] Preparations, pharmaceutical compositions, or medicaments of the present disclosure are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual subject, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
[0165] A typical formulation of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent in the present disclosure is prepared by mixing the agent described herein and a carrier or excipient. Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel H.C. et al., Ansel′sPharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (2004) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; Gennaro A.R. et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000) Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia; and Rowe R.C, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2005) Pharmaceutical Press, Chicago. The formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., double-stranded oligonucleotide agent described herein or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) .
[0166] In another aspect, provided herein is use of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent in the manufacture of a product.
[0167] The product can be a composition, a medicament, or a kit.
[0168] In some embodiments, the product is for activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject. In some embodiments, the product is for increasing the level of the mRNA or protein encoded by the target gene in a cell or subject. In some embodiments, the product is for preventing or treating a disease, disorder or condition that is associated with or induced by insufficient expression of a target gene, in a subject.
[0169] In some embodiments, the product comprises the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent in an amount effective to activate or up-regulate the expression of the target gene in a cell or subject. In some embodiments, the product comprises the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent in an amount effective to increase the level of the mRNA or protein encoded by the target gene in a cell or subject. In some embodiments, the product comprises the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent or the conjugate agent in an amount effective to prevent or treat a disease, disorder or condition that is associated with or induced by insufficient expression of a target gene, in a subject.
[0170] Particular embodiments
[0171] Embodiment 1. A double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene, comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, each strand with 15 to 35 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand form a complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modified nucleotides located in either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand.
[0172] Embodiment 2. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the either or both sense strand and the antisense strand is / are guide strand (s) to mediate RNA activation.
[0173] Embodiment 3. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 2, wherein the guide strand has a seed region that is 2 to 10 nucleotides in length located at or near the 5′end of the guide strand.
[0174] Embodiment 4. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 3, wherein the seed region starts from no more than 3 nucleotides from the 5′end of the guide strand.
[0175] Embodiment 5. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 3, wherein the seed region comprises nucleotides at positions 2 to 10, or 2 to 9, or 2 to 8, or 2 to 7, or 2 to 6, or 3 to 6, or 2 to 5, or 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, or 4 to 6 from the 5′end of the guide strand.
[0176] Embodiment 6. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of GNA-modified adenine (GNA-A) , GNA-modified thymine (GNA-T) , GNA-modified cytosine (GNA-C) , GNA-modified guanine (GNA-G) , and GNA-modified uracil (GNA-U) .
[0177] Embodiment 7. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises 1 to 50 GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0178] Embodiment 8. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 2, comprising one or more GNA-modified nucleotides located at position (s) 1 and / or 2 and / or 3 and / or 4 and / or 5 and / or 6 and / or 7 and / or 8 and / or 9 and / or 10 and / or 11 and / or 12 and / or 13 and / or 14 and / or 15 and / or 16 and / or 17 and / or 18 and / or 19 and / or 20 and / or 21 and / or 22 and / or 23 and / or 24 and / or 25 from the 5′end of the guide strand.
[0179] Embodiment 9. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 3, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides are located within and / or outside the seed region of the guide strand.
[0180] Embodiment 10. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 3, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides are located in the passenger strand.
[0181] Embodiment 11. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the sense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 52, 54, and the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55.
[0182] Embodiment 12. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the guide strand is synthesized to comprise the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides, by using GNA-modified nucleotide monomers of Formula (1) :
[0183] wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: an adenine nucleobase, a thymine nucleobase, a cytosine nucleobase, a guanine nucleobase, a uracil nucleobase, and analogs thereof.
[0184] Embodiment 13. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 12, wherein the base in Formula (1) is selected from the following structures:
[0185] Embodiment 14. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the sense strand or the antisense strand has at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, or at least 25 nucleotides complementary to an equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene.
[0186] Embodiment 15. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs has no more than 5, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0, mismatched nucleotide (s) between the sense strand and the antisense strand.
[0187] Embodiment 16. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 15, wherein the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located in the internal or at / near 3'or 5'end of the antisense strand.
[0188] Embodiment 17. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 15, wherein the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located at the position (s) of a GNA in the sense strand and / or the antisense strand.
[0189] Embodiment 18. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is a small activating RNA (saRNA) that up-regulates the expression of the target gene by at least 10%.
[0190] Embodiment 19. The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1, wherein at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%of non-GNA nucleotides of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprise a modification selected from the group consisting of: 2′-fluoro (2′-F) , 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) , 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate, phosphorothioate backbone modifications, and combinations thereof.
[0191] Embodiment 20. A conjugate agent comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of Embodiments 1-19 and at least one conjugation moiety, wherein the at least one conjugation moiety is selected from: a lipid, a fatty acid, a fluorophore, a ligand, a saccharide, a peptide, and an antibody.
[0192] Embodiment 21. The conjugate agent of Embodiment 20, wherein the conjugation moiety is selected from an accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) , a lipid / fatty acid, and a GalNAc cluster.
[0193] Embodiment 22. The conjugate agent of Embodiment 21, wherein the conjugation moiety is selected from:
[0194] wherein represents a support material.
[0195] Embodiment 23. A cell comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1 or the conjugate agent of Embodiment 20.
[0196] Embodiment 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of Embodiment 1 or the conjugate agent of Embodiment 20, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0197] Embodiment 25. A kit for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of Embodiments 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of Embodiments 20-22, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 24.
[0198] Embodiment 26. A method for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of Embodiments 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of Embodiments 20-22 to the cell or subject.
[0199] Embodiment 27. A method for mitigating off-target effects caused by a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of Embodiments 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of Embodiments 20-22 to the cell or subject.
[0200] Embodiment 28. Use of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of Embodiments 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of Embodiments 20-22 in the manufacture of a product for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject.
[0201] EXAMPLES
[0202] The present application will be further illustrated with reference to specific examples and drawings below. It should be understood that these examples are merely intended to illustrate the present application rather than limit the scope of the present application. In the following examples, study methods without specific conditions were generally in accordance with conventional conditions, such as conditions described in Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) , or conditions recommended by the manufacturer.
[0203] The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard abbreviations may be used, e.g., bp, base pair (s) ; kb, kilobase (s) ; nM, nanomolar (s) ; s or sec, second (s) ; min, minute (s) ; h or hr, hour (s) ; aa, amino acid (s) ; nt, nucleotide (s) ; i.m., intramuscular (ly) ; i.p., intraperitoneal (ly) ; s.c., subcutaneous (ly) ; ivt or IVT, intravitreous; iv or IV, tail vein, intravenous; i.c.v. or icv or ICV, intracerebroventricular and the like.
[0204] All the starting materials, reagents and solvents used hereafter were purchased from commercial sources and used as received unless stated otherwise. Purification of reaction products was performed with a column chromatography comprising a silica gel (200-300 mesh) and eluting agents of hexane / ethyl acetate, DCM / MeOH. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using pre-coated silica Gel GF plates and visualized using KMnO4 stains. 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 400 or 500 MHz (Varian) using CDCl3 with TMS. High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on LC / MS (Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity II / 6120 Quadrupole) and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer by ESI or matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization (MALDI) .
[0205] Example 1. Preparation of compound GNA-U of the present disclosure
[0206] Compound GNA-U was prepared in this Example by using the following procedures.
[0207] (1) Preparation of compound 2
[0208] To a solution of compound 1 (10 ml, 151 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Et3N (42 mL, 302 mmol, 2.0 eq) in CH2Cl2 (340 mL) was added DMTrCl (64.5 g, 190 mmol) . After 12 h, the reaction mixture was poured into sat. aq NaHCO3 (500 mL) . The organic layer was extracted by ethyl acetate, washed with brine and then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-10%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 2 (52.2 g, 90%yield) as yellow oil. The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 -7.42 (m, 2H) , 7.39 -7.23 (m, 7H) , 6.85 -6.80 (m, 4H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.36 -3.27 (m, 1H) , 3.17 -3.08 (m, 2H) , 2.81 -2.59 (m, 2H) .
[0209] (2) Preparation of compound 3
[0210] To a solution of compound 11 (2.5 g, 22.3 mmol, 1.2 eq) in 45 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (148 mg, 3.7 mmol, 60%in mineral oil, 0.2 eq) and the mixture allowed to stir under nitrogen for 1 h. A solution of compound 2 (7.0 g, 18.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added to the above solution, and the reaction was heated to 110 ℃ overnight. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction was extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 50-100%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 3 (6.14 g, 67%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 488.19; MW Found: 487.63 [M -H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 -7.38 (m, 2H) , 7.33 -7.24 (m, 7H) , 7.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 -6.79 (m, 4H) , 5.55 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.08 -4.02 (m, 2H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.68 -3.59 (m, 1H) , 3.23 -3.14 (m, 2H) .
[0211] (3) Preparation of compound GNA-U
[0212] To a solution of compound 3 (2.0 g, 4.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) , and DIPEA (2.2 mL, 12.3 mmol, 3.0 eq) in anhydrous DCM (40 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2-Cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (2.7 mL, 12.3 mmol, 3.0 eq) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The mixture was extracted two times with DCM, then washed with Saturated NaHCO3, brine, and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 20-50%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound GNA-U (3.4 g, 72%yield) . The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 -7.41 (m, 2H) , 7.35 -7.21 (m, 7H) , 7.17 (dd, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 -6.78 (m, 4H) , 5.54 (dd, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.27 -4.18 (m, 2H) , 4.17 -4.08 (m, 2H) , 3.79 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 6H) , 3.74 -3.68 (m, 1H) , 3.62 -3.45 (m, 4H) , 3.34 -3.12 (m, 2H) , 1.18 -1.06 (m, 12H) .
[0213] Example 2. Preparation of compound GNA-T of the present disclosure
[0214] Compound GNA-T was prepared in this Example by using the following procedures.
[0215] (1) Preparation of compound 4
[0216] To a solution of compound 12 (4.8 g, 38.3 mmol, 1.2 eq) in 122.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (256 mg, 6.4 mmol, 60%in mineral oil, 0.2 eq) and the mixture allowed to stir under nitrogen for 1 h. A solution of compound 2 (12.0 g, 31.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 10.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added to the above solution, and the reaction was heated to 110 ℃ overnight. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction was extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 50-100%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 4 (8.5 g, 53%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 502.21; MW Found: 500.74 [M -H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 -7.38 (m, 2H) , 7.33 -7.26 (m, 7H) , 7.04 (s, 1H) , 6.87 -6.80 (m, 4H) , 4.10 -3.98 (m, 2H) , 3.79 (s, 6H) , 3.69 -3.62 (m, 1H) , 3.18 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.84 (s, 3H) .
[0217] (2) Preparation of compound GNA-T
[0218] To a solution of compound 4 (8.5 g, 16.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) , and DIPEA (8.4 mL, 50.7 mmol, 3.0 eq) in anhydrous DCM (169.0 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2-Cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (11.3 mL, 50.7 mmol, 3.0 eq) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The mixture was extracted two times with DCM, then washed with Saturated NaHCO3, brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 20-50%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound GNA-T (10.0 g, 84%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 702.32; MW Found: 617.66 [M-diisopropyl -H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 -7.41 (m, 2H) , 7.36 -7.26 (m, 7H) , 7.05 (s, 1H) , 6.87 -6.79 (m, 4H) , 4.26 -4.17 (m, 2H) , 4.16 -4.01 (m, 2H) , 3.80 (d, 6H) , 3.74 -3.68 (m, 1H) , 3.67 -3.49 (m, 4H) , 3.29 -3.15 (m, 2H) , 1.83 (s, 3H) , 1.19 -1.04 (m, 12H) .
[0219] Example 3. Preparation of compound GNA-C of the present disclosure
[0220] Compound GNA-C was prepared in this Example by using the following procedures.
[0221] (1) Preparation of compound 5
[0222] To a solution of compound 13 (2.68 g, 17.5 mmol, 1.1 eq) in 55.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (136 mg, 3.7 mmol, 60%in mineral oil, 0.2 eq) and the mixture allowed to stir under nitrogen for 1 h. A solution of compound 2 (6.0 g, 15.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added to the above solution, and the reaction was heated to 110 ℃ overnight. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction was extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 50-100%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 5 (2.5 g, 30%yield) . The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.04 (d, 1H) , 7.57 -7.50 (m, 1H) , 7.45 -7.37 (m, 2H) , 7.32 -7.26 (m, 7H) , 6.86 -6.79 (m, 4H) , 4.35 -4.27 (m, 1H) , 3.86 -3.79 (m, 2H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.28 -3.21 (m, 1H) , 3.12 -3.06 (m, 1H) , 2.21 (s, 3H) .
[0223] (2) Preparation of compound GNA-C
[0224] To a solution of compound 5 (1.7 g, 3.21 mmol, 1.0 eq) , and DIPEA (1.4 mL, 8.03 mmol, 2.5 eq) in anhydrous DCM (38 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2-Cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (1.8 mL, 8.03 mmol, 2.5 eq) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.0 h. The mixture was extracted two times with DCM, then washed with Saturated NaHCO3, brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 20-50%of ethyl acetate / hexane, 1%Et3N) to provide compound GNA-C (2.2 g, 94%yield) . The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.64 (d, J = 65.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 (dd, J = 9.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 -7.43 (m, 2H) , 7.37 -7.26 (m, 7H) , 6.86 -6.78 (m, 4H) , 4.42 -4.26 (m, 2H) , 4.23 -4.09 (m, 1H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.68 -3.56 (m, 2H) , 3.56 -3.74 (m, 2H) , 3.28 -3.08 (m, 2H) , 2.73 -2.50 (m, 2H) , 2.24 (s, 3H) , 1.18 -1.07 (m, 12H) .
[0225] Example 4. Preparation of compound GNA-Aof the present disclosure
[0226] Compound GNA-Awas prepared in this Example by using the following procedures.
[0227] (1) Preparation of compound 6
[0228] To a solution of compound 14 (2.28 g, 16.9 mmol, 1.1 eq) in 65.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (140 mg, 3.51 mmol, 60%in mineral oil, 0.22 eq) and the mixture allowed to stir under nitrogen for 2 h. A solution of compound 2 (6.0 g, 15.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added to the above solution, and the reaction was heated to 105 ℃ overnight. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction was extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 6 (5.4 g, 66%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 511.58; MW Found: 512.37 [M + H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (s, 1H) , 7.73 (s, 1H) , 7.45 -7.39 (m, 2H) , 7.34 -7.20 (m, 7H) , 6.87 -6.80 (m, 4H) , 5.99 (s, 2H) , 4.46 -4.38 (m, 1H) , 4.33 -4.17 (m, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 6H) , 3.32 -3.24 (m, 1H) , 3.12 -3.04 (m, 1H) .
[0229] (2) Preparation of compound 7
[0230] To a solution of compound 6 (4.4 g, 8.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 44.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (4.1 mL, 30.1 mmol, 3.5 eq) and the mixture heated to 60 ℃ for 1 h. The solution was cooled in ice bath and extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 7 (4.0 g, 82%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 566.66; MW Found: 567.62 [M + H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.91 (s, 1H) , 8.44 (s, 1H) , 7.83 (s, 1H) , 7.44 -7.37 (m, 2H) , 7.31 -7.22 (m, 7H) , 6.84 -6.77 (m, 4H) , 4.48 -4.40 (m, 1H) , 4.32 -4.18 (m, 2H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.29 -3.24 (m, 1H) , 3.22 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 6H) , 3.11 -3.05 (m, 1H) .
[0231] (3) Preparation of compound GNA-A
[0232] To a solution of compound 7 (2.0 g, 3.53 mmol, 1.0 eq) , and DIPEA (1.54 mL, 8.82 mmol, 2.5 eq) in anhydrous DCM (40 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2-Cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (1.97 mL, 8.82 mmol, 2.5 eq) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted two times with DCM, then washed with Saturated NaHCO3, brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound GNA-A (2.4 g, 89%yield) . The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.95 (s, 1H) , 8.52 (s, 1H) , 7.90 (s, 1H) , 7.48 -7.42 (m, 2H) , 7.35 -7.25 (m, 7H) , 6.87 -6.76 (m, 4H) , 4.57 -4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.46 -4.29 (m, 2H) , 4.21 -4.12 (m, 2H) , 3.79 (s, 6H) , 3.54 -3.47 (m, 4H) , 3.34 -3.26 (m, 1H) , 3.23 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 6H) , 3.19 -3.12 (m, 1H) , 1.13 -0.99 (m, 12H) .
[0233] Example 5. Preparation of compound GNA-G of the present disclosure
[0234] Compound GNA-G was prepared in this Example by using the following procedures.
[0235] (1) Preparation of compound 8
[0236] To a solution of 6- (benzyloxy) -9H-purin-2-amine compound 15 (4.20 g, 17.5 mmol, 1.05 eq) in 55.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (140 mg, 3.50 mmol, 60%in mineral oil, 0.22 eq) and the mixture allowed to stir under nitrogen for 1 h. A solution of compound 2 (6.0 g, 15.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added to the above solution, and the reaction was heated to 90 ℃ overnight. The solution was cooled in ice bath and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction was extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 8 (5.0 g, 51%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. MW calc. : 617.26; MW Found: 618.75 [M + H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 (s, 1H) , 7.52 -7.47 (m, 2H) , 7.42 -7.37 (m, 2H), 7.34 -7.17 (m, 10H) , 6.84 -6.78 (m, 4H) , 5.52 (s, 2H) , 4.32 -4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.20 -4.09 (m, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.25 -3.17 (m, 1H) , 3.06 -2.97 (m, 1H) .
[0237] (2) Preparation of compound 9
[0238] Compound 8 (4.80 g, 7.80 mmol) and Pd / C (2.40 g, 10%on carbon) were suspended in EtOAc (192.0 mL) , and the solution was purged with nitrogen, then hydrogen, and allowed to stir under a hydrogen atmosphere. After 3 h, TLC showed completion of the reaction, and the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with 5%MeOH / DCM to afford crude compound 9. The product was characterized with mass spectrometry. MW calc. : 527.22; MW Found: 528.60 [M + H] +.
[0239] (3) Preparation of compound 10
[0240] To a solution of 9 (3.8 g, 7.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 30.0 mL of anhydrous DMF was added dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (3.4 mL, 25.1 mmol, 3.5 eq) and the mixture heated to 60 ℃ for 1 h. The solution was cooled in ice bath and extracted two times with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed three times by saturated LiCl solution and one time by brine. Then dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound 7 (2.8 g, 67%yield) . The product was characterized with mass spectrometry. MW calc. : 582.26; MW Found: 583.45 [M + H] +.
[0241] (4) Preparation of compound GNA-G
[0242] To a solution of compound 10 (1.5 g, 2.58 mmol, 1.0 eq) , and DIPEA (0.97 mL, 6.44 mmol, 2.5 eq) in anhydrous DCM (15.0 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2-Cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (1.83 mL, 6.44 mmol, 2.5 eq) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted two times with DCM, then washed with Saturated NaHCO3, brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient eluent: 1-5%of MeOH / DCM, 1%Et3N) to provide compound GNA-G (1.2 g, 59%yield) . The product was characterized with 1H NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.51 (s, 1H) , 7.62 (s, 1H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.33 -7.19 (m, 7H) , 6.86 -6.76 (m, 4H) , 4.56 -4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.42 -4.31 (m, 1H) , 4.25 -4.12 (m, 1H) , 3.78 (s, 6H) , 3.68 -3.54 (m, 2H) , 3.53 -3.46 (m, 2H) , 3.37 -3.19 (m, 2H) , 3.17 -3.08 (m, 1H) , 3.07 (s, 3H) , 3.05 -3.01 (m, 1H) , 2.81 (s, 3H) , 2.56 -2.40 (m, 2H) , 1.13 -0.97 (m, 12H) .
[0243] Example 6. Synthesis and design of GNA-modified oligonucleotides
[0244] The oligonucleotides tested in the following examples are listed in Table 1.
[0245] RD-12318 is a sequence designed to target the promoter of the SMN2 gene for activating transcription of the gene allele through RNA activation (RNAa) mechanism. By transfecting cell lines with chemically modified saRNAs derived from RD-12318, the expression levels of SMN2-FL (i.e., full-length SMN2 including exon 7) and SMN2-Δ7 (i.e., SMN2 excluding exon 7) mRNA can be modulated and thereby boosting the level of SMN protein encoded by SMN2-FL mRNA. The “seed” region (GUUGCUU) is part of the antisense (SEQ ID NO: 2) of RD-12318.
[0246] RD-10994 was synthesized based on RD-12318 with chemical modifications, i.e., 2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate and phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modifications. RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983 were synthesized the same way as RD-10994 except for a glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modification at position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 counting from the 5'end of their antisense strands. “nG” , “nU” and “nC” represent GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0247] RD-19588 is a sequence designed to target the promoter of the SMN2 gene for activating transcription of the gene allele through RNAa mechanism. The “seed” region (GCAGGCC) is part of the antisense (SEQ ID NO: 28) of RD-19588. RD-19040 was synthesized based on RD-19588 with chemical modifications, i.e., 2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) , 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate and phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modifications. RD-19650, RD-19651, RD-19652, RD-19653, RD-19654, RD-19655, RD-19657, RD-19658, RD-19659, RD-19660, RD-19661, RD-19662, RD-19663, RD-19664, RD-19665, RD-19666, RD-19667, RD-19668, RD-19669 and RD-19670 were synthesized the same as RD-10994 except for a GNA modification at position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 counting from the 5'end of their antisense strands. RD-19672 was synthesized the same as RD-10994 except for two GNA modifications at position 8 and 17 counting from 5'end of its antisense strand. RD-19674 was synthesized the same as RD-10994 except for a GNA modification at position 9 counting from 5'end of its antisense strand and a GNA modifications at position 13 counting from 5'end of its sense strand. RD-19675 was synthesized the same as RD-10994 except for a GNA modification at position 10 counting from 5'end of its antisense strand and a GNA modifications at position 12 counting from 5'end of its sense strand. “nG” , “nU” , “nA” and “nC” represent GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0248] The non-GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17229, RD-17235, RD-17238, RD-17241 and RD-17244) are designed to target the promoter of the SERPING1 gene for activating transcription of the gene allele through RNAa mechanism. Their corresponding GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17074, RD-17082, RD-17086, RD-17096 and RD-17099) were synthesized the same as non-GNA-saRNAs except for a GNA modification at position 7 counting from 5'end of their sense or antisense strands. The “seed” region of RD-17074, RD-17082, RD-17086, RD-17096 is located at position 2 to 8 counting from 5'end of their sense strands. The “seed” region of RD-17099 is located at position 2 to 8 counting from 5'end of its antisense strand. “nG” , “nA” and “nC” represent GNA-modified nucleotides.
[0249] Table 1. Oligonucleotide sequences and composition
[0250] Note: upper case, RNA; *, phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification; f, 2′-fluoro; m, 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) ; Vp, 5'- (E) -vinylphosphonate; me, 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2'MOE) ; meC, 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyl cytosine; meU, 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyl uracil; n, Glycol nucleic acid; nG, nU, nC and nA represent GNA-modified nucleotides, GUUGCUU and GCAGGCC in italic, bold and highlighted grey indicate the “seed” regions; n / a: not available.
[0251] Example 7. In vitro activity of GNA-saRNA at modulating SMN2-Δ7 to SMN2-FL mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0252] To assess in vitro activity of GNA-saRNA at various nucleotide positions, the indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 nM) for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. mRNA levels of SMN2-FL were quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions and plotted in FIG. 1. Table 2 summarizes the maximum efficacy (i.e., Emax) and area under the curve (AUC) of SMN2-FL expression. The areas under the curve (AUC) of SERPING1 mRNA expression were calculated by GraphPad Prism software as described in the Materials and Methods section. The results suggest that GNA-saRNAs can enhance the activity on SMN2-FL mRNA expression compared to a non-GNA-saRNA of RD-10994.
[0253] Table 2. Emax and AUC of SMN2-FL expression following GNA-saRNA treatment in GM03813 cells
[0254] Note: "SEM" represents Standard Error of the Mean, n / a: not available.
[0255] As shown in FIGs. 2A-2H, GNA-saRNAs exhibited higher activity in inducing SMN2-FL with concurrent decrease of SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM03813 cells. As shown in FIGs. 3A-3H, GNA-saRNAs exhibited higher activity in inducing SMN2-FL with concurrent decrease of SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM22592 cells. All GNA-saRNAs increased the SMN2-FL mRNA levels, suggesting that GNA-saRNAs can enhance the activity on SMN2-FL mRNA expression by modulating SMN2-Δ7 to SMN2-FL mRNA.
[0256] Example 8. In vitro activity of GNA-saRNA at modulating SMN2-Δ7 to SMN2-FL mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0257] To verify in vitro activity of GNA modifications at various nucleotide positions, the indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15979, RD-15980, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 100 nM for 3 days. RD- 10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. mRNA levels of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 were quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. As shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B, all GNA-saRNAs exhibited higher activity in inducing SMN2-FL with concurrent decrease of SMN2-Δ7 mRNA at 100 nM treatment compared to non-GNA saRNA of RD-10994. The expressions of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA are summarized in Table 3. The results suggest that GNA-saRNAs can enhance the activity on SMN2-FL mRNA expression by modulating SMN2-Δ7 to SMN2-FL mRNA.
[0258] Table 3. The expressions of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0259] Note: "SEM" represents Standard Error of the Mean.
[0260] Example 9. GNA-saRNA mitigates off-target effects on the expression of a potential off-target gene P2RY2 in GM03813 cells.
[0261] To assess the off-target mitigating by GNA-saRNA, the antisense strand of RD-10994 served as a “Query” sequence to search for potential off-target genes via in silico analysis and P2RY2 was predicted as a potential off-target gene. FIG. 5A shows “Query” sequence (antisense strand) and “seed” region (highlighted in grey) of RD-10994, and its predicted complementary sequences to target sites in P2RY2 transcript containing two mismatch nucleotides (nucleotides in italic and bold) . The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-15977, RD-15978, RD-15981, RD-15982 and RD-15983) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 6.25 and 25 nM for 3 days. RD-10994 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. mRNA levels of P2RY2 were quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. As shown in FIG. 5B, all GNA-saRNAs mitigated the off-targeting effect compared to non-GNA control of RD-10994, except for RD-15981 at 25 nM treatment. The expressions of P2RY2 mRNA are summarized in Table 4. The results suggest that GNA modification at different positions can mitigate off-targeting effects to different degrees.
[0262] Table 4. The expressions of P2RY2 mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0263] Note: " / " represents not tested. "SEM" represents Standard Error of the Mean.
[0264] Example 10. In vitro activity of GNA-saRNA in inducing SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA expression in GM03813 cells
[0265] To assess in vitro activity of GNA modifications at various nucleotide positions, the indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-19658, RD-19659, RD-19660, RD-19663, RD-19664, RD-19665, RD-19666, RD-19667, RD-19668, RD-19669, RD-19670 and RD-19672) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 2.5 nM for 3 days. RD-19040 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. RD-10004 (ASO-1027) was transfected at 25 nM and served as a positive control. As shown in FIGs. 6A and 6B, all GNA-saRNAs exhibited higher activity in inducing SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA at 2.5 nM treatment compared to non-GNA saRNA of RD-19040. The expressions of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA are summarized in Table 5. The results suggest that GNA modification of an SMN2 saRNA can enhance their on-target activity in inducing the expression of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA.
[0266] Table 5. The expression of SMN2-FL and SMN2-Δ7 mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0267] Note: "SEM" represents Standard Error of the Mean.
[0268] Example 11. GNA-saRNA mitigates the off-targeting effect on the expression of a potential off-target gene ARPIN in GM03813 cells.
[0269] To assess the off-target mitigating effect by GNA-saRNA, the antisense strand of RD-19040 served as a “Query” sequence to search for potential off-target genes via in silico analysis and ARPIN was predicted as a potential off-target gene. FIG. 7A shows “Query” sequence (antisense strand) and “seed” region (highlighted in grey) of RD-19040, and its predicted complementary sequences to target sites in ARPIN transcript containing two mismatch nucleotides (nucleotides in italic and bold) . The indicated GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-19650, RD-19651, RD-19652, RD-19653, RD-19654, RD-19655, RD-19657, RD-19661, RD-19662, RD-19674 and RD-19675) were transfected into GM03813 cells at 2.5 nM for 3 days. RD-19040 was transfected and served as a non-GNA control. mRNA levels of ARPIN were quantified by RT-qPCR using a gene specific primer set in each of the PCR reactions. As shown in FIG. 7B, all GNA-saRNAs mitigated the off-target compared to non-GNA saRNA of RD-19040. The expressions of ARPIN mRNA are summarized in Table 6. The results suggest that GNA modification at different positions can mitigate off-targeting effects to different degrees.
[0270] Table 6. The expressions of ARPIN mRNA in GM03813 cells
[0271] Note: "SEM" represents Standard Error of the Mean.
[0272] Example 12. In vitro activity of GNA-saRNA in inducing the SERPING1 mRNA levels in Hep3B and HepG2 cells
[0273] To verify in vitro activity of GNA-saRNA, the indicated non-GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17229, RD-17235, RD-17238, RD-17241 and RD-17244) and their corresponding GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17074, RD-17082, RD-17086, RD-17096 and RD-17099) were transfected into Hep3B cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.02, 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67 and 50 nM) for 3 days. mRNA levels of SERPING1 of non-GNA-saRNAs and GNA-saRNA are shown in FIG. 8A-8E.
[0274] Similarly, the indicated non-GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17229, RD-17235 and RD-17241) and their corresponding GNA-saRNAs (i.e., RD-17074, RD-17082 and RD-17096) were transfected into HepG2 cells at the indicated concentrations (i.e., 0.02, 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67 and 50 nM) for 3 days. mRNA levels of SERPING1 non-GNA-saRNAs and GNA-saRNA are shown in FIG. 9A-9C.
[0275] Table 7 summarizes the Emax and AUC of SERPING1 expression. The AUC of SERPING1 mRNA expression were calculated by GraphPad Prism software as described in the Materials and Methods section. The results indicate that GNA-saRNAs can enhance the on-target activity of a non-GNA-saRNA in inducing SERPING1 mRNA expression.
[0276] Table 7. Emax and AUC of SERPING1 expression following GNA-saRNA treatment in Hep3B and HepG2 cells
[0277] Note: "n / a" represents not available, " / " represents not tested.
[0278] Materials and Methods
[0279] saRNA synthesis
[0280] (1) Single strand synthesis
[0281] Single strand oligonucleotide was synthesized on a K&ADNA synthesizer (K&ALaborgeraete GbR, Schaafheim, Germany) by a solid phase synthesis technique.
[0282] The starting material was universal solid support or special solid support commercially available or synthesis as disclosed in previous context. In general, phosphoramidite monomers including various linkers and conjugates (0.1M in acetonitrile or dichloromethane) , were added sequentially onto a solid support in the DNA synthesizer to generate the desired full-length oligonucleotides.
[0283] Amidite addition: each cycle of amidite addition consisted of four chemical reactions including detritylation, coupling, oxidation / thiolation and capping. In the first step, the detritylation was performed by using 3%dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in DCM for 45 seconds. In the second step, phosphoramidite coupling was conducted for 6 minutes for all amidites by 12 eq. In the third step, oxidation was performed by using 0.02 M iodine in THF: pyridine: water (70: 20: 10, v / v / v) for 1 minute; if phosphorothioate modification was needed then replace oxidation by thiolation which was carried out with 0.1 M solution of xanthane hydride in pyridine: ACN (50: 50, v / v) for 3 minutes. In the fourth step, the capping was performed by mixture of THF: acetic anhydride: pyridine (80: 10: 10, v / v / v) (CAP A) and N-methylimidazole: THF (10: 90, v / v) , (CAP B) for 20 seconds. The cycles of four chemical reactions depended on the length of the single oligonucleotide.
[0284] Deprotection I (Nucleobase Deprotection) : after completion of the synthesis, the solid support was transferred to a screw-cap microcentrifuge tube. For a 1 μmol synthesis scale, 1 ml of a mixture of methylamine and ammonium hydroxide was added. The tube containing the solid support was then heated in an oven at 60℃ to 65℃ for 15 min and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The cleavage solution was collected and evaporated to dryness in a speedvac to provide crude single strand of oligonucleotide.
[0285] Deprotection II (Removal of 2'-TBDMS Group) : if the crude RNA oligonucleotide still carried the 2'-TBDMS groups, dissolved it in 0.1 ml of DMSO. After adding 1 ml of triethylamine trihydrofluoride, the tube was capped, and the mixture was shaken vigorously to ensure complete dissolution and then heated in an oven at 65℃ for 15 minutes. The tube was removed from the oven and cooled down to room temperature. The solution containing the completely desilylated oligonucleotide was cooled on dry ice. Two ml of ice-cold n-butanol (-20℃) were carefully added in 0.5 ml portions to precipitate the oligonucleotides. The precipitate was filtered, washed with 1 ml ice-cold n-butanol, and subsequently dissolved in 0.01 M Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethanol hydrochloride buffer.
[0286] (2) Single strand purification
[0287] The purification of oligonucleotides was performed on an AKTA explorer 10 equipped with a Source 15Q 4.6 / 100 PE column using the following conditions: buffer A: (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) , B: (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2M NaCl, pH 7.5) , gradient: 10%B to 60%B in 25 min, flow rate: 1 ml / min. The pure oligonucleotides were collected and desalted by a HiPrep 26 / 10 Desalting column.
[0288] (3) Annealing to form duplex
[0289] For duplex, after the generation of desalted purified single strand solutions, sense strand and antisense strand were mixed by equal volumes at equimolar concentration in the tube. The tube was placed in a heat block at 95℃ for 5 min and then cooled to room temperature. Then, the thus obtained duplex was subsequently lyophilized to powder.
[0290] Cell culture and treatment
[0291] SMA patient derived fibroblasts were obtained from Coriell Institute (Camden, NJ, USA) , including GM03813 (SMA type II with 3 copies of SMN2 gene) and GM22592 (SMA type II with 3 copies of SMN2 gene) were cultured at 5%CO2 and 37℃ in modified MEM medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 15%bovine calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich) , 1%NEAA (Gibco) and 1%penicillin / streptomycin (Gibco) . HepG2 cells (SCSP-510, National collection of authenticated cell cultures, China) were cultured at 37℃ with 5%CO2 in modified DMEM medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10%bovine calf serum and 1%penicillin / streptomycin. Hep3B cells (CBP60197, Cobioer, China) were cultured at 37℃ with 5%CO2 in modified MEM medium supplemented with 10%bovine calf serum, 1%NEAA and 1%penicillin / streptomycin. Transfection was carried out using Lipofectamine RNAiMax (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) in growth media according to the manufacturer's protocol.
[0292] RNA isolation and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
[0293] (1) RNA isolation and two-step RT-qPCR
[0294] For quantifying mRNA expression in cells, total cellular RNA was isolated from treated cells using an RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to its manual. The resultant RNA (~1 μg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA by using a PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, RR047A, Shlga, Japan) . The resultant cDNA was amplified in a Roche LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 384 (Roche, ref: 4729749001, US) using TB Premix Ex TaqTM II (Takara, RR820A, Shlga, Japan) reagents and primers specifically for amplifying target genes of interest.
[0295] Reaction conditions were as follows: reverse transcription reaction (stage 1) : 42℃ for 5 min, 95℃ for 10 sec; PCR reaction (stage 2) : 95℃ for 5 sec, 60℃ for 30 sec, 72℃ for 10 sec, 40 cycles of amplification; and melting curve (stage 3) . PCR reaction conditions are shown in Table 8 and Table 9. Primer sequences are listed in Table 10.
[0296] Table 8: RT reaction
[0297] Table 9: RT-qPCR reaction
[0298] Table 10. Primer sequences for RT-qPCR assay
[0299] One reference gene
[0300] To calculate the expression levels (Erel) of target mRNA in saRNA-treated samples relative to control treatment, the Ct values of the target gene and the internal reference gene were substituted into Formula I, Erel=2 (CtTm-CtTs) / 2 (CtRm-CtRs)
[0301] (Formula I)
[0302] wherein CtTm was the Ct value of the target gene from the control-treated sample; CtTs was the Ct value of the target gene from the saRNA-treated sample; CtRm was the Ct value of the internal reference gene from the control-treated sample; CtRs was the Ct value of the internal reference gene from the saRNA-treated sample.
[0303] Two reference genes
[0304] To calculate the expression level (Erel) of target gene mRNA in an saRNA-treated sample relative to control treatment, the Ct values of the target gene and the two internal reference genes were substituted into the following Formula II, Erel=2 (CtTm-CtTs) / ( (2 (CtR1m-CtR1s) *2 (CtR2m-CtR2s) ) (1 / 2) )
[0305] (Formula II)
[0306] wherein CtTm was the Ct value of the target gene from the control-treated sample; CtTs was the Ct value of the target gene from the saRNA-treated sample; CtR1m was the Ct value of the internal reference gene 1 from the control-treated sample; CtR1s was the Ct value of the internal reference gene 1 from the saRNA-treated sample; CtR2m was the Ct value of the internal reference gene 2 from the control-treated sample; and CtR2s was the Ct value of the internal reference gene 2 from the saRNA-treated sample.
[0307] Calculating areas under the curve (AUC)
[0308] The Area Under the Curve (AUC) for a specific test article is derived from the curve produced by plotting the dose-response data across eight doses. This curve reflects the cumulative effect of the test article across all tested doses. Essentially, the AUC quantifies the overall response to the treatment, integrating the responses at individual doses into a single metric, such as a mean efficacy.
[0309] To compute the AUC, we first plot the agonist versus response curve from the dose-response data. Then using the ′Area under the Curve′plugin in GraphPad Prism software, the curve can be evaluated. The value of AUC is unitless but can be used as a comparative indicator for the determination of relative response in comparison to other test articles.
Claims
1.A double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene, comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, each strand with 15 to 35 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand form a complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises one or more glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) modified nucleotides located in either or both of the sense strand and the antisense strand.2.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the either or both sense strand and the antisense strand is / are guide strand (s) to mediate RNA activation.3.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 2, wherein the guide strand has a seed region that is 2 to 10 nucleotides in length located at or near the 5′ end of the guide strand.4.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 3, wherein the seed region starts from no more than 3 nucleotides from the 5′ end of the guide strand.5.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 3, wherein the seed region comprises nucleotides at positions 2 to 10, or 2 to 9, or 2 to 8, or 2 to 7, or 2 to 6, or 3 to 6, or 2 to 5, or 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, or 4 to 6 from the 5′ end of the guide strand.6.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of GNA-modified adenine (GNA-A) , GNA-modified thymine (GNA-T) , GNA-modified cytosine (GNA-C) , GNA-modified guanine (GNA-G) , and GNA-modified uracil (GNA-U) .7.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprises 1 to 50 GNA-modified nucleotides.8.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 2, comprising one or more GNA-modified nucleotides located at position (s) 1 and / or 2 and / or 3 and / or 4 and / or 5 and / or 6 and / or 7 and / or 8 and / or 9 and / or 10 and / or 11 and / or 12 and / or 13 and / or 14 and / or 15 and / or 16 and / or 17 and / or 18 and / or 19 and / or 20 and / or 21 and / or 22 and / or 23 and / or 24 and / or 25 from the 5′ end of the guide strand.9.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 3, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides are located within and / or outside the seed region of the guide strand.10.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 3, wherein the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides are located in the passenger strand.11.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the sense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 52, 54, and the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55.12.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the guide strand is synthesized to comprise the one or more GNA-modified nucleotides, by using GNA-modified nucleotide monomers of Formula (1) : wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: an adenine nucleobase, a thymine nucleobase, a cytosine nucleobase, a guanine nucleobase, a uracil nucleobase, and analogs thereof.13.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 12, wherein the base in Formula (1) is selected from the following structures: 14.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the sense strand or the antisense strand has at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, or at least 25 nucleotides complementary to an equal length segment of the coding strand of the target gene.15.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the complementary duplex structure of at least 8 base pairs has no more than 5, i.e., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0, mismatched nucleotide (s) between the sense strand and the antisense strand.16.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 15, wherein the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located in the internal or at / near 3’ or 5’ end of the antisense strand.17.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 15, wherein the mismatched nucleotide (s) is / are located at the position (s) of a GNA in the sense strand and / or the antisense strand.18.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent is a small activating RNA (saRNA) that up-regulates the expression of the target gene by at least 10%.19.The double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1, wherein at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%of non-GNA nucleotides of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent comprise a modification selected from the group consisting of: 2′-fluoro (2′-F) , 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) , 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) , 5’- (E) -vinylphosphonate, phosphorothioate backbone modifications, and combinations thereof.20.A conjugate agent comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of claims 1-19 and at least one conjugation moiety, wherein the at least one conjugation moiety is selected from: a lipid, a fatty acid, a fluorophore, a ligand, a saccharide, a peptide, and an antibody.21.The conjugate agent of claim 20, wherein the conjugation moiety is selected from an accessory oligonucleotide (ACO) , a lipid / fatty acid, and a GalNAc cluster.22.The conjugate agent of claim 21, wherein the conjugation moiety is selected from: whereinrepresents a support material.23.A cell comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1 or the conjugate agent of claim 20.24.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of claim 1 or the conjugate agent of claim 20, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.25.A kit for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of claims 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of claims 20-22, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 24.26.A method for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of claims 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of claims 20-22 to the cell or subject.27.A method for mitigating off-target effects caused by a double-stranded oligonucleotide agent capable of activating or up-regulating the expression of a target gene in a cell or subject, comprising administering the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of claims 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of claims 20-22 to the cell or subject.28.Use of the double-stranded oligonucleotide agent of any of claims 1-19, or the conjugate agent of any of claims 20-22 in the manufacture of a product for activating or up-regulating a target gene in a cell or subject.