Paging cycle determination

Abstract

A method for determining which paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions at a user equipment (UE) includes receiving, at the UE, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered pa

Description

Field Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) access technology, or 5G beyond, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to apparatuses, systems, and / or methods for determining which of a plurality of paging cycles to apply at a user device. Background Examples of mobile or wireless telecommunication systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-A Pro, and / or fifth generation (5G) or New Radio (NR) telecommunications systems, and future generation of telecommunications systems. Fifth generation (5G) telecommunications systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio access networks and network architectures for core networks. A 5G telecommunication system is mostly based on new radio (NR) radio access technology (5G NR), but a 5G (or NG) network can also build on E-UTRAN. It is estimated that 5G NR will provide bitrates on the order of 10-20 Gbit / s or higher, and will support at least enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) as well as massive machine-type communication (mMTC). 5G NR is expected to deliver extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low-latency connectivity and massive networking to support the Internet of Things (loT). Summary The scope of protection sought for various embodiments of the invention is set out by the independent claims. The embodiments and features, if any, described in this specification that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various embodiments of the invention. According to a first aspect, there is described an apparatus, for example a user device, comprising: means for receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; means for receiving a second paging configuration associated with a devicespecific paging cycle; and means for determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration may be associated with a plurality of clustered paging cycles, and the determined paging cycle may comprise a selected one of the plurality of clustered paging cycles most closely associated with the device-specific paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration and the second paging configuration may be received from at least one network node. In some example embodiments, at least the first paging configuration may be received from a network node associated with a cell on which the user device is camped. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for monitoring paging occasions according the determined paging cycle. According to a second aspect, there is described an apparatus, for example a network node, comprising: means for providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; means for providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and means for determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for determining a radio capability of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for determining the QoS parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for determining the QoE parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for determining the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the specification applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for receiving, from a further network node, an indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions, wherein the determining is based on the received indication. In some example embodiments, the indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions is received in a paging message. In some example embodiments, the further network node comprises an access and mobility management function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the network node may further comprise means for transmitting paging signals for the user device according to the determined paging cycle. According to a third aspect, there is described a method, for example performed at a user device, and comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration may be associated with a plurality of clustered paging cycles, and the determined paging cycle may comprise a selected one of the plurality of clustered paging cycles most closely associated with the device-specific paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration and the second paging configuration may be received from at least one network node. In some example embodiments, at least the first paging configuration may be received from a network node associated with a cell on which the user device is camped. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise monitoring paging occasions according the determined paging cycle. According to a fourth aspect, there is described a method, for example performed at a network node, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining a radio capability of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle comprises the devicespecific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the QoS parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the QoE parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the specification applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise receiving, from a further network node, an indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions, wherein the determining is based on the received indication. In some example embodiments, the indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions is received in a paging message. In some example embodiments, the further network node comprises an access and mobility management function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise transmitting paging signals for the user device according to the determined paging cycle. According to a fifth aspect, there is described a computer program product comprising a set of instructions which, when executed on an apparatus, is configured to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. According to a sixth aspect, there is described a computer program product comprising a set of instructions which, when executed on an apparatus, is configured to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. According to a seventh aspect, there is described a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. According to an eighth aspect, there is described a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. According to a ninth aspect, there is described an apparatus, comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to: receive a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receive a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determine which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. According to a tenth aspect, there is described an apparatus, comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to: provide, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; provide, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and determine which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. According to an eleventh aspect, there is described an apparatus, for example a user device, comprising: means for receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; means for receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and means for receiving, from a network node, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be comprised in at least one of: a broadcast system information, SI, signal, or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal, for the user device. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be comprised in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be derived from a second indication received by the network node from a further network node. In some example embodiments, the further network node may be an access and mobility function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration and the second paging configuration may be received from at least one network node. In some example embodiments, at least the first paging configuration may be received from a network node associated with a cell on which the user device is camped. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for monitoring paging occasions according the indicated paging cycle. According to a twelfth aspect, there is described an apparatus, for example a network node, comprising: means for providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; means for providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; means for determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device is to apply for monitoring paging occasions; and means for providing a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device. In some example embodiments, the first indication may be provided in at least one of: a broadcast system information, SI, signal; or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal for the user device. In some example embodiments, the first indication may be provided in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the clustered paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining a radio capability of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the QoS parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the QoE parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the specification applicable to the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a further network node, a second indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions, wherein the determining is based on the received second indication. In some example embodiments, the second indication is received in a configuration message. In some example embodiments, the further network node comprises an access and mobility management function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting paging signals for the user device according to the indicated paging cycle. According to a thirteenth aspect, there is described a method, for example performed at a user device, and comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a devicespecific paging cycle; and receiving, from a network node, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be comprised in at least one of: a broadcast system information, SI, signal, or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal, for the user device. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be comprised in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. In some example embodiments, the received first indication may be derived from a second indication received by the network node from a further network node. In some example embodiments, the further network node may be an access and mobility function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the first paging configuration and the second paging configuration may be received from at least one network node. In some example embodiments, at least the first paging configuration may be received from a network node associated with a cell on which the user device is camped. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise monitoring paging occasions according the indicated paging cycle. According to a fourteenth aspect, there is described a method, for example performed at a network node, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device is to apply for monitoring paging occasions; and providing a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device. In some example embodiments, the first indication may be provided in at least one of: a broadcast system information, SI, signal; or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal for the user device. In some example embodiments, the first indication may be provided in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may be determined based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the clustered paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining a radio capability of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle comprises the devicespecific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the QoS parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the QoE parameter of the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise determining the specification applicable to the user device, wherein the determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise receiving, from a further network node, a second indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions, wherein the determining is based on the received second indication. In some example embodiments, the second indication is received in a configuration message. In some example embodiments, the further network node comprises an access and mobility management function, AMF. In some example embodiments, the method may further comprise transmitting paging signals for the user device according to the indicated paging cycle. According to a fifteenth aspect, there is described a computer program product comprising a set of instructions which, when executed on an apparatus, is configured to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and receiving, from a network node, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. According to a sixteenth aspect, there is described a computer program product comprising a set of instructions which, when executed on an apparatus, is configured to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device is to apply for monitoring paging occasions; and providing a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device. According to a seventeenth aspect, there is described a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and receiving, from a network node, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. According to an eighteenth aspect, there is described a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to cause the apparatus to carry out a method, comprising: providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device is to apply for monitoring paging occasions; and providing a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device. According to a nineteenth aspect, there is described an apparatus, comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to: receive a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; receive a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; and receive, from a network node, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. According to a twentieth aspect, there is described an apparatus, comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to: provide, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; provide, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; determine which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device is to apply for monitoring paging occasions; and provide a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device. Drawings Example embodiments will now be described by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 illustrates time domain signaling including a clustered paging cycle; FIG. 2 is a flow diagram indicating operations according to an example embodiment; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a system in which the FIG. 2 operations may be performed; FIG. 4 is a flow diagram indicating operations according to another example embodiment; FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a system in which the FIG. 4 operations may be performed; FIG. 6a illustrates time domain signaling including a clustered paging cycle according to some example embodiments; FIG. 6b illustrates time domain signaling including device-specific paging cycles according to some example embodiments; FIG. 7 is a flow diagram indicating operations according to another example embodiment; FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a system in which the FIG. 7 operations may be performed; FIG. 9 is a flow diagram indicating operations according to another example embodiment; FIG. 10 illustrates a generalized process according to some example embodiments; and FIG. 11 illustrates a set of apparatuses according to come example embodiments. Detailed Description Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) access technology, or 5G beyond, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to apparatuses, systems, and / or methods for determining which of a plurality of paging cycles to apply at a user device. Paging is a process by which a network device (alternatively referred to herein as a network node) informs a user device, or UE, that it has data or other messages to send to the UE. The UE may be in an idle mode and may periodically check for paging messages that may indicate that the network device has data to transmit to the UE. For example, in response to a trigger event for a UE, such as an incoming call, part of a core network may transmit a paging message to a network device associated with a cell on which the UE is camped. The part of the core network may comprise an Access and Mobility Function (AMF) and the network device may comprise a gNB. The network device may broadcast paging messages and the UE may listen for paging messages at scheduled times, known as paging occasions (POs). The UE may be configured, for example based on a configuration received from the gNB or other network device, with information about the POs including a discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle which determines how frequently the UE listens for paging messages. Put another way, the DRX cycle defines the interval between consecutive wake-up periods. On receiving a paging message, the UE may initiate a service request procedure to reconnect with the network. The process may include steps such as radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment. 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.413 defines the paging procedure between the AMF and RAN nodes for a given UE. The paging message includes the paging cycle (paging DRX) and the UE radio capability for paging. In 3GPP RAN Releases 18 and 19 network energy savings are considered, including adapting POs which may include adapting, e.g., confining, POs in the time domain thereby to provide longer sleep opportunities for the network. An example implementation involves use of so-called clustered paging. FIG. 1 illustrates a clustered paging concept with reference to time-domain signaling configured at the network, for example by a network device such as a gNB. Referring to FIG. 1, reference numeral 102 indicates synchronization signal block (SSB) signaling, reference numeral 104 indicates a configured network paging window, and reference numerals 106A - 106D indicate respective legacy POs associated with different time instances for four UEs based their respective identities (IDs), for example UE1 - UE4. The clustered paging concept involves either providing additional POs corresponding to the legacy POs 106A - 106D available in the network paging window 104 or mapping said legacy POs into said network paging window. Thus, rather than POs being uniformly distributed in the time domain, POs are clustered in a short time interval thereby enabling the network to save energy during the longer interval (paging cycle) between POs. UE1 - UE4 may be provided with a clustered paging configuration according to the above setup. For example, the clustered paging configuration may be transmitted to respective ones of UE1 - UE4 by the network device when said UEs are camped on a cell associated with said network device. The respective UEs, UE1 - UE4, may responsively listen for paging signals according to the clustered paging configuration rather than the legacy one. It may be the case that some UEs require a different, for example shorter, paging cycle than a default one. For example, one or more UEs may be configured with a so-called device-specific paging cycle, alternatively UE-specific DRX cycle. For example, one or more UEs for ultra reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) may require a 320 ms cycle whereas the default paging cycle for a cell may be 1.28 seconds. In this case, if the network configures UEs with a clustered paging cycle using 1.28 seconds, the URLLC UEs may experience too high a latency. Example embodiments may address such a situation, and others, and may involve selective application of a clustered paging cycle or a device-specific paging cycle at particular UEs, particularly UEs configured according to 3GPP RAN Release 19. Sometimes a clustered paging cycle may not be appropriate. In some example embodiments, a user device may determine which paging cycle to apply, as will be explained below. In other example embodiments, a network element may determine which paging cycle to apply, and an indication of the determined paging cycle may be transmitted to one or more user devices. This is also explained further below. FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing operations 200 that may be performed by one or more example embodiments. The operations 200 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. The operations 200 may be performed by one, or respective, means, a means being any suitable means such as one or more processors or controllers in combination with computer-readable instructions provided on one or more memories. The operations 200 may, for example, be performed by a user device, or UE. The order of operations 200 is not necessarily indicative of their order of processing or performance. A first operation 201 may comprise receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle. A clustered paging cycle may comprise a paging cycle wherein POs for different user devices are clustered within a paging window rather than being uniformly distributed in the time domain. The first paging configuration may be received from a network device. The network device may comprise a network device associated with a cell on which the user device is camped or connected to. A second operation 202 may comprise receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle. A device-specific paging cycle may comprise a paging cycle particular or specific to a user device. The second paging configuration may be received from a network device, which may the same network device from which the first paging configuration is received. Alternatively, the second paging configuration may have been received from a different network device, for example a network device associated with a cell to which the user device was previously connected. The second operation 202 may be performed before, at the same time as, or after the first operation 201. A third operation 203 may comprise determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions, POs. The monitoring of paging occasions may refer to monitoring of paging occasions on a current cell on which the user device is camped or connected. The third operation 203 may determine which paging cycle to use based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device, a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. FIG. 3 illustrates a system 300 which may be useful for explaining example embodiments. The system 300 may comprise a user device 302, a network device 304 and a core network element 306. The user device 302 may comprise a UE such as, but not limited to, a mobile telephone, tablet computer, laptop computer, personal computer, digital assistant, wearable computer, vehicle or internet-of-things (loT) device. The network device 304 may comprise a RAN node, for example a next generation RAN node (NG-RAN) such as a gNB. The network device 304 may communicate with the user device 302 over an air interface 308 by means of a radio communications protocol that both are configured to support, for example using 5G NR. The core network element 306 may comprise an AMR The following examples consider one user device 302 but it will be appreciated that the same or similar concepts are applicable to respective ones of a plurality of user devices. In accordance with the first and second operations 201, 202 the user device 302 may receive from the network device 304 the first and second configurations respectively associated with a clustered paging cycle and a device-specific paging cycle. As mentioned above, in an alternative case, the second configuration may be received from a different network node at an earlier time. The user device 302 may therefore be configured (by virtue of the receiving) with said first and second configurations and may determine in accordance with the third operation 203 which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply (alternatively "to activate") over a time period. In one example embodiment, the determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device 302. This is regardless of the device-specific paging cycle also being configured at the user device 302, which is ignored. The clustered paging cycle may therefore be applied at the user device 302. In some example embodiments, the clustered paging cycle may be applied further responsive to (e.g., only if) the device-specific paging cycle being equal to, or shorter than, the clustered paging cycle. In an alternative embodiment, the determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device 302. This is regardless of the clustered paging cycle also being configured at the user device 302, which is ignored. In this case, the device-specific paging cycle is therefore applied at the user device 302. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to apply is determined based on the relationship between the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle lengths. For example, the relationship may be the minimum or maximum of the two lengths although any other numerical relationship or difference between the two lengths may be used as the basis for determining which paging cycle to apply. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to apply is determined based on a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device 302. The QoS parameter may be any suitable parameter and may be associated with one or more applications and services that are executing or are to be executed on the user device 302. For example, in the case that the user device 302 is configured with one or more latency-critical applications or services, the device-specific paging cycle may be applied, and the clustered paging cycle ignored assuming the device-specific paging cycle is shorter than the clustered paging cycle and is better suited to meeting the latency requirements. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to apply is determined based on a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device 302. The QoE parameter may be any suitable parameter and may be associated with one or more applications and services that are executing or are to be executed on the user device 302. Whilst the abovementioned QoS parameter refers to technical metrics that describe characteristics and behaviour of a service which can be measured objectively, such as delay, jitter, packet loss, throughput and availability, a QoE parameter may be more subjective in terms of perception by the user of the user device 302 or reflect technical metrics that can be measured objectively by an application, such as the delay before start of delivery of a video or audio session. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to apply is determined based on a radio capability of the user device 302. The user device 302 may, for example, not be capable of applying clustered paging cycles and hence the device-specific paging cycle may be applied. On the other hand, the user device 302 may not be capable of applying device-specific paging cycles and hence the clustered paging cycle may be applied. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to apply is determined based on a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device 302. The user device 302 may, for example, have a paging cycle configuration hard-coded in memory which explicitly or implicitly indicates which paging cycle to apply. In another example embodiment, the first paging configuration may be associated with a plurality of clustered paging cycles and which paging cycle to apply comprises a selected one of the plurality of clustered paging cycles, for example that which is most closely associated with (e.g., most similar to) the device-specific paging cycle. For example, the selected clustered paging cycle may comprise the longest clustered paging cycle which is equal to, or shorter than, the device-specific paging cycle, or the shortest clustered paging cycle which is equal to, or longer than, the device-specific paging cycle. Alternatively, multiple first paging configurations associated with respective clustered paging cycles may be received. For example, one of the plurality of clustered paging cycles may be tailored (i.e., is equal to) to the device-specific paging cycle. In another example embodiment, the first paging configuration may support any DRX paging cycle. The above examples for determining which paging cycle to apply may be used individually or in combination. The user device 302 may also be configured to monitor POs according to the determined paging cycle. Corresponding operations of the network device 304 will now be described. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing operations 400 that may be performed by one or more example embodiments. The operations 400 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. The operations 400 may be performed by one, or respective, means, a means being any suitable means such as one or more processors or controllers in combination with computer-readable instructions provided on one or more memories. The operations 400 may, for example, be performed by the network device 304. The order of operations 400 is not necessarily indicative of their order of processing or performance. A first operation 401 may comprise providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle. A second operation 402 may comprise providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle. A third operation 403 may comprise determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions. The third operation 403 implies that the network device 304 is aware of which paging cycle will be applied by the user terminal 302 and may configure itself to transmit paging messages according to the POs of said paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may therefore be based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device 302; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device 302. This is regardless of the device-specific paging cycle also being configured at the user device 302, which is ignored. In some example embodiments, the determined paging cycle may comprise the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device 302 and the device specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In an alternative embodiment, the determined paging cycle may comprise the devicespecific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device 302. This is regardless of the clustered paging cycle also being configured at the user device 302, which is ignored. In some example embodiments, the network device 304 may be configured to determine a radio capability of the user device 302 and the determined paging cycle may comprise the device-specific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the network device 304 may be configured to determine the QoS parameter of the user device 302 and the paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the network device 304 may be configured to determine the QoE parameter of the user device 302 and the paging cycle may be determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device. In some example embodiments, the network device 304 may be configured to determine the spaging cycle configuration applicable to the user device 302 and the paging cycle may be determined based on that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device. In some example embodiments, the network device 304 may be configured to receive, from a further network device, an indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device 302 for monitoring paging occasions. The paging cycle to be applied may be based on the received indication. The further network device may be a core network element, for example the AMF 306. FIG. 5 illustrates a system 400 comprising the same or similar components of the FIG. 3 system 300, wherein the AMF 306 transmits a paging message 402 to the network node 304. The paging message may indicate the paging cycle to apply, either the clustered paging cycle or the device-specific paging cycle, for the user device 302. FIGs. 6a and 6b illustrates time-domain signaling which may be useful for understanding at least some example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 6a, similar to FIG. 1, reference numeral 102 indicates synchronization signal block (SSB) signaling, reference numeral 104 indicates a configured network paging window, and reference numerals 106A - 106D indicate respective legacy POs associated with different time instances for four UEs based their respective identities (IDs), for example UE1 - UE4. As described above, the clustered paging concept involves either providing additional POs corresponding to the legacy POs 106A - 106D available in the network paging window 104 or mapping said legacy POs into said network paging window. This is appropriate for user devices which may be configured to support clustered paging, for example according to 3GPP RAN Release 19. Reference numeral 602 further indicates two legacy POs associated with respective user devices not configured according to 3GPP RAN Release 19. In the case that the determined paging cycle is the clustered paging cycle, FIG. 6a illustrates how POs for a user device will utilize a longer paging cycle and paging messages for user devices, including said user device, will be transmitted within the network paging window 104. FIG. 6b in contrast illustrates signaling for user devices in which the determined paging cycle is the device-specific paging cycle. For example, one or more user devices that are URLLC user devices may require a shorter paging cycle between POs, wherein example POs for an example URLLC user device are indicated by reference numeral 606. As mentioned above, in some example embodiments, a network device may determine which paging cycle to apply for one or more user devices and may inform or signal to the one or more user devices said determined paging cycle which the user device may then apply. FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing operations 700 that may be performed by one or more example embodiments. The operations 700 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. The operations 700 may be performed by one, or respective, means, a means being any suitable means such as one or more processors or controllers in combination with computer-readable instructions provided on one or more memories. The operations 700 may, for example, be performed by a user device, or UE. The order of operations 700 is not necessarily indicative of their order of processing or performance. A first operation 701 may comprise receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle. A clustered paging cycle may comprise a paging cycle wherein POs for different user devices are clustered within a paging window rather than being uniformly distributed in the time domain. The first paging configuration may be received from a network device. The network device may comprise a network device associated with a cell on which the user device is camped. A second operation 702 may comprise receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle. A device-specific paging cycle may comprise a paging cycle and is particular or specific to a user device. A third operation 703 may comprise receiving, from a network device, a first indication for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. FIG. 8 illustrates a system 800, similar to FIG. 3, which may be useful for explaining example embodiments. The system 800 may comprise a user device 802, a network device 804 and a core network element 806. The user device 802 may comprise a UE such as, but not limited to, a mobile telephone, tablet computer, laptop computer, personal computer, digital assistant, wearable computer, vehicle or internet-of-things (loT) device. The network device 804 may comprise a RAN node, for example a next generation RAN node (NG-RAN) such as a gNB. The network device 804 may communicate with the user device 302 over an air interface 308 by means of a radio communications protocol that both are configured to support, for example using 5G NR. The core network element 806 may comprise an AMF. The following examples consider one user device 802 but it will be appreciated that the same or similar concepts are applicable to respective ones of a plurality of user devices. In accordance with the first and second operations 701, 702 the user device 802 may receive from the network device 804 the first and second paging configurations respectively associated with a clustered paging cycle and a device-specific paging cycle. As mentioned above, in an alternative case, the second paging configuration may be received from a different network node at an earlier time. In accordance with the third operation 703, the user device 802 may receive from the network device 804, a first indication 910 for indicating which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions. In some example embodiments, the received first indication 910 may be comprised in at least one of a broadcast system information, SI, signal or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal, for the user device 802. In some example embodiments, the received first indication 910 may be comprised in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. For example, the second paging configuration may comprise a flag that indicates that the user device 802 should ignore or refrain from applying the clustered paging cycle, if configured, or alternatively that the user device should apply the clustered paging cycle, if configured. In some example embodiments, the received first indication 910 may be derived from a second indication 912 received by the network device 804 from a further network device. For example, the further network device may be the AMF 806 as shown in FIG. 8. In some example embodiments, another operation of the user device 802 may comprise monitoring POs according to the indicated paging cycle. With regard to what happens at the network side, FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing operations 900 that may be performed by one or more example embodiments. The operations 900 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. The operations 900 may be performed by one, or respective, means, a means being any suitable means such as one or more processors or controllers in combination with computer-readable instructions provided on one or more memories. The operations 900 may, for example, be performed by the network device 804 of FIG. 8. The order of operations 900 is not necessarily indicative of their order of processing or performance. A first operation 901 may comprise providing, to a user device 802, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle. A second operation 902 may comprise providing, to the user device 802, a second paging configuration associated with the device-specific paging cycle. A third operation 903 may comprise determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle the user device 802 is to apply for monitoring paging occasions. A fourth operation 904 may comprise providing a first indication of the determined paging cycle to the user device 802. In some example embodiments, the provided first indication 910 may be comprised in at least one of a broadcast system information, SI, signal or a dedicated radio resource control, RRC, signal, for the user device. In some example embodiments, the provided first indication 910 may be comprised in at least one of the first paging configuration or the second paging configuration. In some example embodiments of the third operation 903, the determined paging cycle is based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a specification applicable to the user device. In one example embodiment of the third operation 903, the determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device 802. This is regardless of the device-specific paging cycle also configured at the user device 802, which is ignored. The clustered paging cycle may therefore be indicated to the user device 802 which responsively applies (or activates) said clustered paging cycle. In some example embodiments, the clustered paging cycle may be indicated further responsive to (e.g., only if) the device-specific paging cycle is equal to, or shorter than, the clustered paging cycle. In an alternative embodiment, the determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device 802. This is regardless of the clustered paging cycle also being configured at the user device 802, which is ignored. In this case, the device-specific paging cycle is therefore indicated to the user device 802 which responsively applies said device-specific paging cycle. In another example embodiment, the paging cycle to indicate is determined based on a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device 802. In this example, the network device 804 may be configured to determine, for example obtain, the QoS parameter of the user device 802. The QoS parameter may be any suitable parameter and may be associated with one or more applications and services that are executing or are to be executed on the user device 802. For example, in the case that the user device 802 is configured with one or more latency-critical applications or services, the network device 804 may determine that the device-specific paging cycle should be indicated to the user device, assuming the device-specific paging cycle is shorter than the clustered paging cycle. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to indicate is determined based on a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device 802. In this example, the network device 804 may be configured to determine, for example obtain, the QoE parameter of the user device 802. The QoE parameter may be any suitable parameter and may be associated with one or more applications and services that are executing or are to be executed on the user device 802. Whilst the abovementioned QoS parameter refers to technical metrics that describe characteristics and behaviour of a service which can be measured objectively, such as delay, jitter, packet loss, throughput and availability, a QoE parameter may be more subjective in terms of perception by the user of the user device 302 or reflect technical metrics that can be measured objectively by an application, such as the delay before start of delivery of a video or audio session. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to indicate is determined based on a radio capability of the user device 802. In this example, the network device 804 may be configured to determine, e.g., obtain, the radio capability of the user device 802. The user device 302 may, for example, not be capable of applying clustered paging cycles and hence the network device 804 may indicate the device-specific paging cycle. On the other hand, the user device 302 may not be capable of applying device-specific paging cycles and hence the network device 804 may indicate the clustered paging cycle. In another example embodiment, which paging cycle to indicate is determined based on a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device 802. In this example, the network device 804 may be configured to determine, e.g., obtain, the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device 802, wherein the paging cycle configuration may be hard-coded in memory which explicitly or implicitly indicates which paging cycle to apply. The above examples for determining which paging cycle to indicate may be used individually or in combination. In some example embodiments, the network device 804 may receive, from a further network device, such as the AMF 806, a second indication 912 of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring POs. In this example, the network device 804 may determine which paging cycle to indicate based on the received second indication 912. The second indication 912 may be received in a configuration message from the AMF 806. The network device 804 may also be configured to transmit paging signals for the user device 802 according to the determined paging cycle. FIG. 10 for completeness illustrates a generalized process according to some example embodiments. For example, a network device 1004 may configure a UE 1002 with a UE-specific DRX cycle and a clustered paging DRX cycle as indicated by reference numeral 1010. The UE 1002 or the network device 1004 may determine which DRX paging cycle is to be applied (or ignored) based on at least one of the above examples, some of which are briefly indicated. A first option 1012, for example, may comprise the UE 1002 following the UE-specific DRX cycle and ignoring the clustered paging DRX cycle, in which case the network device 1004 transmits paging signals based on the UE-specific DRX paging cycle and the UE 1002 monitors paging signals at POs according to the UE-specific paging DRX cycle. A second option 1014, for example, may comprise the UE 1002 following the clustered DRX cycle and ignoring the UE-specific DRX paging cycle, in which case the network device 1004 transmits paging signals based on the clustered paging DRX cycle and the UE 1002 monitors paging signals at POs according to the clustered paging DRX cycle. A third option 1016, for example, may comprise the network device 1004 determining which of the UE-specific DRX cycle and the clustered paging DRX cycle the UE 1002 is to apply, defined by SIB / RRC, in which case the network device 1004 transmits paging signals based on the determined DRX cycle and the UE 1002 monitors paging signals following the determined DRX cycle. A fourth option 1018, for example, may comprise a UE capability / QoS / QoE determining which DRC cycle to apply, in which case the network device 1004 transmits paging signals based on the determined DRX cycle and the UE monitors paging signals following the determined DRX cycle. In example embodiments whereby the AMF 306, 806 indicates to the network node 304, 804 which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by a particular user device 302, 802 an implicit or explicit indication may be 5 used. For example, this may by means of implicit indication based on one or more parameters in a paging message or other configuration message from the AMF 306, 806 to the network node 304, 804, for example based on the UEs capability or capabilities, DRX cycle and / or paging cause. For example, this may be by means of explicit indication in the paging message or other configuration message from the AMF 306, 806 10 to the network node 304, 804. For example, an explicit indication in a paging message may be used according to TS 38.413, 9.2.4.1 as follows: IE / Group Name Presence Range IE type and reference Semantics description Criticality Assigned Criticality Clustered Paging Information O ENUMERATED (ignore clustered paging) The codepoint 'ignore clustered paging' indicates that the page should not take into account configuration of clustered PO in the paged cells, if necessary. YES Ignore 15 FIG. 11 illustrates a set of apparatus 1100 and 1120 according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, the apparatus 1100 may be a device in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as a UE, mobile equipment (ME), mobile station, mobile device, stationary device, loT device, or other device. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that 20 apparatus 1100 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 11. In some example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage medium (for example, memory, storage, or the like), one or more radio access components (for example, a modem, a transceiver, or the like), 25 and / or a user interface. In some example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may be configured to operate using one or more radio access technologies, such as GSM, LTE, LTE-A, NR, 5G, WLAN, WiFi, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, NFC, MulteFire, and / or any other radio access technologies. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 1100 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 11. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 11, apparatus 1100 may include or be coupled to a processor 1102 for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor 1102 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. In fact, processor 1102 may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 1102 is shown in FIG. 11, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor 1102 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. According to certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster). Processor 1102 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus 1100 including, as some examples, precoding of antenna gain / phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus 1100, including processes illustrated in the flow diagrams. Apparatus 1100 may further include or be coupled to a memory 1104 (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor 1102, for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor 1102. Memory 1104 may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or non-volatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and / or removable memory. For example, memory 1104 can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory 1104 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor 1102, enable the apparatus 1100 to perform tasks as described herein. In certain example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor 1102 and / or apparatus 1100 to perform any of the methods illustrated in flow diagrams described herein. In some example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 1105 for receiving a downlink signal and for transmitting via an uplink from apparatus 1100. Apparatus 1100 may further include a transceiver 1108 configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver 1108 may also include a radio interface (e.g., a modem) coupled to the antenna 1105. The radio interface may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, NR, WLAN, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, RFID, UWB, and the like. The radio interface may include other components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), symbol demappers, signal shaping components, an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, and the like, to process symbols, such as OFDMA symbols, carried by a downlink or an uplink. For instance, transceiver 1108 may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s) 15 and demodulate information received via the antenna(s) 1105 for further processing by other elements of apparatus 1100. In other example embodiments, transceiver 1108 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may include an input and / or output device (I / O device). In certain example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may further include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface or touchscreen. In certain example embodiments, memory 1104 stores software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor 1102. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus 1100. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus 1100. The components of apparatus 10 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to certain example embodiments, apparatus 1100 may optionally be configured to communicate with apparatus 1120 via a wireless or wired communications link 1170 according to any radio access technology, such as NR. According to certain example embodiments, processor 1122 and memory 1124 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver 1128 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry. For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 1120 may be controlled by memory 1124 and processor 1122 to perform certain operations described above. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 11, apparatus 1120 may be a network, core network element, or element in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as a gNB. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 1120 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 11. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 11, apparatus 1120 may include a processor 1122 for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor 1122 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. For example, processor 1122 may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multicore processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 1122 is shown in FIG. 11, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 1120 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor 1122 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. In certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster). According to certain example embodiments, processor 1122 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus 1120, which may include, for example, precoding of antenna gain / phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus 20, including processes illustrated in the above described flow diagrams. Apparatus 1120 may further include or be coupled to a memory 1124 (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor 1122, for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor 1122. Memory 1124 may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or non-volatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and / or removable memory. For example, memory 1124 can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory 1124 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor 1122, enable the apparatus 1120 to perform tasks as described herein. In certain example embodiments, apparatus 1120 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor 22 and / or apparatus 20 to perform the methods illustrated in the above-described flow diagrams. In certain example embodiments, apparatus 1120 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 1125 for transmitting and receiving signals and / or data to and from apparatus 1120. Apparatus 1120 may further include or be coupled to a transceiver 1128 configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver 1128 may include, for example, a plurality of radio interfaces that may be coupled to the antenna(s) 1125. The radio interfaces may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, NB-IoT, LTE, 5G, WLAN, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, radio frequency identifier (RFID), ultrawideband (UWB), MulteFire, and the like. The radio interface may include components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), mappers, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module, and the like, to generate symbols for a transmission via one or more downlinks and to receive symbols (for example, via an uplink). As such, transceiver 1128 may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s) 1125 and demodulate information received via the antenna(s) 1125 for further processing by other elements of apparatus 20. In other example embodiments, transceiver 1128 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus 1120 may include an input and / or output device (I / O device). In certain example embodiment, memory 1124 may store software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor 1122. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus 1120. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus 1120. The components of apparatus 1120 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to some example embodiments, processor 1122 and memory 1124 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver 1128 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry. As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to hardware-only circuitry implementations (e.g., analog and / or digital circuitry), combinations of hardware circuits and software, combinations of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware, any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processors) that work together to cause an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 1100 and 1120) to perform various functions, and / or hardware circuit(s) and / or processor(s), or portions thereof, that use software for operation but where the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As a further example, as used herein, the term "circuitry" may also cover an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors), or portion of a hardware circuit or processor, and its accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry may also cover, for example, a baseband integrated circuit in a server, cellular network node or device, or other computing or network device. A computer program product may include one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out some example embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Modifications and configurations required for implementing functionality of certain example embodiments may be performed as routine(s), which may be implemented as added or updated software routine(s). Software routine(s) may be downloaded into the apparatus. As an example, software or a computer program code or portions of it may be in a source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers may include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and / or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers. The computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium may be a non-transitory medium. In other example embodiments, the functionality may be performed by hardware or circuitry included in an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 1100 or apparatus 1120), for example through the use of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other combination of hardware and software. In yet another example embodiment, the functionality may be implemented as a signal, a non-tangible means that can be carried by an electromagnetic signal downloaded from the Internet or other network. According to certain example embodiments, an apparatus, such as a node, device, or a corresponding component, may be configured as circuitry, a computer or a microprocessor, such as single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage capacity used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation. One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the disclosure as discussed above may be practiced with procedures in a different order, and / or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the disclosure has been described based upon these example embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of example embodiments. Although the above embodiments refer to 5G NR and LTE technology, the above embodiments may also apply to any other present or future 3GPP technology, such as LTE-advanced, and / or fourth generation (4G) technology.

Claims

1. A user device, comprising:means for receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle;means for receiving a second paging configuration associated with a devicespecific paging cycle; andmeans for determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of:- which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device;- a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths;- a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device;- a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device;- a radio capability of the user device; or- a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device.

2. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device.

3. The user device of claim 1 or claim 2, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle.

4. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device.

5. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle.

6. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with at least one of the QoS parameter or the QoE parameter of the user device.

7. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device.

8. The user device of claim 1, whereinthe first paging configuration is associated with a plurality of clustered paging cycles, andthe determined paging cycle comprises a selected one of the plurality of clustered paging cycles most closely associated with the device-specific paging cycle.

9. The user device of any preceding claim, whereinat least the first paging configuration is received from a network node associated with a cell on which the user device is camped.10.The user device of any preceding claim, further comprising:means for monitoring paging occasions according the determined paging cycle.

11. A network node, comprising:means for providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle;means for providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; andmeans for determining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions.

12. The network node of claim 11, whereinthe determined paging cycle is determined based on at least one of:- which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device;a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths;- a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device;- a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device;- a radio capability of the user device; or- a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device.

13. The network node of claim 12, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on the first configuration being configured at the user device.

14. The network node of claim 12 or claim 13, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the clustered paging cycle based on both the first configuration and the second configuration being configured at the user device and the device-specific paging cycle being equal to or shorter than the clustered paging cycle.

15. The network node of claim 12, whereinthe determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle based on the second configuration being configured at the user device.16.The network node of claim 12, further comprising:means for determining a radio capability of the user device,wherein the determined paging cycle comprises the device-specific paging cycle if the radio capability of the user device does not support monitoring paging occasions of the clustered paging cycle.17.The network node of claim 12, further comprising:means for determining the QoS parameter of the user device,wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoS parameter of the user device.18.The network node of claim 12, further comprising:means for determining the QoE parameter of the user device,wherein the determined paging cycle is determined based at least in part on which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is most closely associated with the QoE parameter of the user device.19.The network node of claim 12, further comprising:means for determining the paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device,wherein the determined paging cycle is that which is indicated in the specification applicable to the user device.20.The network node of claim 12, further comprising:means for receiving, from a further network device, an indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions,wherein the determining is based on the received indication.

21. The network node of claim 20, whereinthe indication of which of the clustered paging cycle and the device-specific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions is received in a paging message.

22. The network node of claim 20 or claim 21, whereinthe further network device comprises an access and mobility management function, AMF.23.The network node of any of claims 13 to 24, further comprising:means for transmitting paging signals for the user device according to the determined paging cycle.

24. A method, comprising:receiving a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle;receiving a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; anddetermining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the devicespecific paging cycle to apply for monitoring paging occasions based on at least one of: which of the first and second paging configurations is configured at the user device; a relationship between the clustered paging cycle and device-specific paging cycle lengths; a quality of service, QoS, parameter of the user device; a quality of experience, QoE, parameter of the user device; a radio capability of the user device; or a paging cycle configuration applicable to the user device.providing, to a user device, a first paging configuration associated with a clustered paging cycle; providing, to the user device, a second paging configuration associated with a device-specific paging cycle; anddetermining which paging cycle of the clustered paging cycle and the device-5 specific paging cycle is to be applied by the user device for monitoring paging occasions.42

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