Decorative panel, and covering of such decorative panels

Abstract

The present invention relates to an interlockable decorative panel, in particular a floor panel, a wall panel or a ceiling panel, provided with a tongue and a groove. The present invention further relates to a covering, in particular a floor covering, a wall covering or a ceiling covering, consisting of a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to the present invention.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a decorative panel, particularly a floor panel, wall panel, or ceiling panel. The invention also relates to a covering, particularly a floor covering, wall covering, or ceiling covering, comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to the invention. Background Technology

[0002] The flooring market for floor coverings has made significant strides over the past few decades. There are several known ways to install floor panels onto the subfloor. For example, floor panels are known to be attached to the subfloor by gluing or nailing. This technique has a very complex drawback: subsequent modifications can only be made by damaging the floor panel. According to an alternative installation method, the floor panels are loosely installed onto the subfloor, where the panels fit together via tongue-and-groove joints. Flooring obtained in this way (also known as floating flooring) has the advantages of ease of installation and the ability to move the entire floor surface, which is generally convenient to allow for possible expansion and contraction. The selection and requirements for flooring are also constantly evolving. Although flooring has historically been made from wood or wood derivatives such as MDF or HDF—traditionally also known as laminate—the market has recently expanded towards plastic-based panels (such as PVC panels) and even mineral-based panels (such as magnesium oxide-based panels). These alternatives each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the material, one known disadvantage of paneling is that it is often difficult to join and lock the panels together to form a waterproof bond between them. In cases where the panels are at least partially made of moisture-sensitive materials such as MDF and HDF, water that seeps into the seams between the panels may not only affect the panels themselves, but may also promote the growth of microorganisms between the panels, which is undesirable from a hygiene and health perspective. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The first objective of this invention is to provide an improved connection between panels, particularly a waterproof connection between panels.

[0004] A second objective of the present invention is to provide a panel with an improved downwardly inclined connecting mechanism, particularly for achieving a fundamentally waterproof connection between panels.

[0005] Therefore, the present invention provides a decorative panel according to the preamble, the decorative panel comprising at least a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion at a first pair of opposing edges, the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion allowing a plurality of such panels to be connected to each other; thereby, in the connected state of two such panels, these connecting portions provide locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the plane of the panel and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edges and parallel to the plane of the panel, wherein the first connecting portion includes a lateral tenon, wherein the lateral tenon includes a front region and a rear region, wherein the top surface of the front region is preferably at least partially inclined downward in a direction away from the rear region, and wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the rear region of the lateral tenon defines a first contact portion, and wherein the lateral tenon includes a passive bottom surface adjacent to the first contact portion, wherein the second connecting portion includes a recess (or groove), the recess... For receiving at least a portion of the lateral tenon of another panel, the recess is defined by an upper lip and a lower lip, wherein the lower lip extends beyond the upper lip, and wherein the lower lip is provided with an upwardly projecting shoulder defining a second contact portion, the second contact portion being configured to interact, particularly actively interact, with the first contact portion of the other panel in the joined state of the panels, such that the panels are pressed at least laterally toward each other under the action of force, particularly tension (T1), wherein the top surface of the lower lip is at least partially curved, particularly smoothly curved, and wherein the at least partially curved top surface of the lower lip and the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon are positioned relative to each other such that, in the joined state of the two panels, there is an intermediate space near the actively interacting first and second contact portions, and wherein the lower surface of the upper lip is preferably at least partially inclined and configured to abut against at least a portion of the top surface of the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel.

[0006] During installation, the panel to be installed is typically held at an angle against an already installed panel, with the lateral tenon of the panel to be installed partially inserted into a recess in the already installed panel. The panel to be installed is then tilted downwards, resulting in the lateral tenon being clamped into the recess. This clamping effect tightly closes the joint formed between the panels, preventing water from seeping into the joint. This method of joining by tilting the panel to be installed downwards is also called a downward-tilted joint. Depending on the height of the shoulder, the joint can also be configured to slide substantially within the plane of the panel, engaging the joint of the first panel into the joint of the second panel. This method of joining is also called a lateral snap-fit ​​movement. Preferably, at least a portion, and more preferably almost the entire top surface of the shoulder, is horizontally oriented. Preferably, the lower surface of the first joint (which is typically positioned adjacent to the lateral tenon and faces the shoulder in the joined state of the adjacent panels) is at least partially horizontally oriented, and preferably, completely horizontally oriented. Preferably, the shoulder and the opposite, facing lower surface form a space between each other in the joined state of adjacent panels, which generally facilitates the joining.

[0007] The panel according to the invention achieves tension between the panels in a relatively efficient manner through a combination of interacting contact portions and adjacent intermediate spaces, thereby allowing the contact portions to push the panels toward each other and to close the seam between the panels as firmly and watertight as possible. Without the intermediate spaces adjacent to the contact portions, it would be practically impossible to join the connecting portions in the joined state of the panels, and / or a smaller tension would result in a less tight (less waterproof) seam between the panels (of their top surfaces).

[0008] Preferably, the bottom and / or side surfaces of the front region are at least partially rounded and / or raised. This generally facilitates the insertion of the lateral tenon into the recess, as the outer end of the lateral tenon (also referred to as the nose) acts as a sliding surface during engagement. The bottom and / or side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon may be formed at least partially from the same surface. Preferably, the roundness of the nose of the lateral tenon is a smooth circle, meaning there are no sharp edges or other interruptions.

[0009] As described above, in the joined state of the two panels, the passive bottom surfaces face the top surface of the lower lip at a distance from each other, allowing the contact portion to achieve the desired preload between the panels. Here, it is generally preferred that the passive bottom surface is defined by a cut-out portion on the underside of the lateral tenon, which more preferably results in a substantially flat passive bottom surface. Preferably, at least a portion of the at least partially circular top surface of the lower lip is configured as a sliding surface for slidably interacting with the preferably circular bottom surface and / or side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon during the joining of the two panels. Preferably, at least a portion of the top surface of the lower lip is smoothly curved, meaning there are no sharp edges or other interruptions. This facilitates the joining process. Preferably, at least a portion of the top surface of the lower lip is smoothly curved according to a substantially constant radius. An additional advantage of this embodiment is that the production of the joining portion is relatively easy and practical compared to more complex joining portions.

[0010] Preferably, almost the entire top surface of the lower lip is smoothly curved according to a substantially constant radius. This generally facilitates the sliding of lateral tenons into recesses during the joining of adjacent panels. Furthermore, this constant radius can be achieved using a single milling cutter, which is advantageous from an economic and efficiency standpoint.

[0011] Preferably, the facing portions of the side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip are substantially complementary in shape, and preferably substantially complementary in curvature. This allows the lateral tenon to be designed to be as robust as possible while minimizing the amount of material removed for designing the recess, thereby preventing unnecessary weakening of the second connection portion. Preferably, the facing portions of the side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip are at least partially spaced apart and enclose each other in a (front) space. Preferably, this front space is smaller than the bottom space defined by the facing portions of the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip. Preferably, the maximum distance 'a' between the side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon and the facing portions of the top surface of the lower lip is less than the maximum distance 'b' between the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip.

[0012] Preferably, as described above, the lower surface of the upper lip slopes downward toward the core of the panel, and the top surface of the front region of the lateral tenon also slopes downward in a direction away from the core of the panel. The slope angles here can be uniform. Each slope angle is preferably between 20 and 30 degrees (and inclusive) relative to the plane defined by the panel. This slope can significantly facilitate the joining process and achieve a completely in-plane joining of the panels. Furthermore, this slope orientation can help increase the tension between the panels because, in the joined state, there may be preload between the lower surface of the upper lip and the upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon, which can be transferred to the contact portion and / or to the substantially vertical contact surface defining the joint between the two panels.

[0013] The decorative paneling according to the invention is primarily intended for indoor use, but optionally, it can also be used outdoors. The decorative paneling according to the invention typically has a limited thickness (20 mm or less) and is configured to be installed as a floating (flooring) covering, preferably without the use of adhesives, and is particularly intended for use in homes, offices, shops, etc. Specifically, it is intended for application in so-called laminate flooring, where a typically waterproof (waterproof) decorative top structure is applied to the core layer of the paneling. These core layers are typically made of wood, wood-based materials, particleboard, and / or fiberboard, such as medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or high-density fiberboard. However, alternative materials can also be used to at least partially constitute the core layer, such as thermoplastic materials, particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and / or polyurethane (PU), and / or minerals, such as calcium carbonate and / or magnesium hydroxide and / or calcium hydroxide. A lubricant, such as paraffin, oil, or wax, can be applied to the contact portions of the decorative floor panel to facilitate the connection and make the connection more hydrophobic, which is beneficial for achieving a waterproof connection between the connection portions.

[0014] Further preferred embodiments of the panel according to the present invention are given below.

[0015] As described above, preferably, the passive bottom surface is at least partially flat or flattened, which is easily achieved during production and ensures the existence of the intermediate space. It is conceivable that the preferably flat passive bottom surface is at least partially inclined relative to the plane of the panel in the direction toward the front region. Here, the inclined top surface of the lateral tenon and the inclined passive bottom surface preferably converge in a direction away from the rear region of the lateral tenon. The inclination angle formed between the inclined top surface of the lateral tenon and the inclined passive bottom surface is preferably less than 15 degrees, more preferably less than 10 degrees, and can be, for example, 5 degrees. This results in a relatively inclined nose of the lateral tenon while allowing the rear region of the lateral tenon to remain relatively firm, thus resulting in a strong tenon that can be inserted into the recess relatively easily. For completeness, it should be noted that the passive bottom surface does not necessarily have to be a flat surface, but can also be, for example, a concave and / or convex and / or irregularly shaped surface, provided that the intermediate space is formed in the joined state of the two panels.

[0016] Preferably, the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, and in the joined state of the two panels, the deepest point is positioned at a distance from and facing the passive bottom surface. This means that during the connection toward its final locked position, if the nose of the lateral tenon slides on the top surface of the lower lip, the nose initially moves downward (slides) and then upward, making it easier to correctly position the nose of the lateral tenon and allowing the lower surface of the upper lip and the upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon to abut against each other.

[0017] Preferably, the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, while the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth (LLD), and the first and second contact portions are located entirely at more than half (i.e., 50%) of the lower lip depth. It is generally preferred that the contact portions be set as high as possible to allow the contact portions to efficiently transfer the clamping force between the contact portions to the substantially vertical contact surfaces of the two panels, wherein the substantially vertical contact surfaces define the seam formed between the panels.

[0018] In a preferred embodiment, the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, while the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth (LLD), and wherein the minimum thickness (STD) of the lateral tenon—measured between the at least partially inclined upper surface and the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon—exceeds the lower lip depth. This means that the thickness of the lateral tenon is relatively thick compared to the lower lip depth, which also means that a portion of the lateral tenon lies above the shoulder (horizontal) of the lower lip. Typically, this results in a more robust and therefore less fragile connection portion of the panel according to the invention.

[0019] Preferably, the first contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the front region of the lateral tenon, wherein the inclined first contact portion and the plane of the panel preferably form an angle of at least 45 degrees, and wherein the second contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the upper lip, wherein the inclined second contact portion and the plane of the panel preferably form an angle of at least 45 degrees. These inclination angles generally have a sufficiently large horizontal component (parallel to the plane of the panel) to achieve sufficient tension, thereby achieving a (waterproof) tight connection between the panels. Although the first and second contact portions may extend in (slightly) different directions, it is generally preferred that the first and second contact portions extend in substantially parallel directions. This parallel inclination generally facilitates the sliding of the second contact portion on the first contact portion during the installation of the panel.

[0020] Preferably, the bottom and / or side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon are configured to interact with the lower lip in the joined state of the two panels and together define a bottom front contact surface. This bottom front contact surface typically provides (additional) stability and (additional) locking of the joined portion in the joined state. Preferably, the entire bottom front contact surface is located below the level of the first and second contact portions. This results in the lateral tenon having an inclined orientation (inclined heartline) in both the joined and unjoined states, which is efficient for clamping the lateral tenon between the lower and upper lip. Furthermore, this positioning of the bottom front contact surface increases the clamping force between the contact portions and thus increases the clamping force between the substantially vertical contact surfaces at or near the top surfaces of adjacent panels. Preferably, the bottom front contact surface on one side and the contact surfaces defined by the first and second contact portions on the other side form an angle between 70 and 110 degrees, preferably between 80 and 100 degrees, more preferably approximately 90 degrees (+ / - 2 to 3 degrees). Larger angles typically affect the clamping effect of lateral tenons, while smaller angles often hinder the connection of the joints.

[0021] Typically, the (upper) joint formed by two panels in a connected state (or between them) defines a vertical plane (VP). This vertical plane is perpendicular to the plane of the panels. Preferably, the vertical plane subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion. Preferably, at least a portion, more preferably the entire bottom front contact surface, as well as the first and second contact portions, are located on the same side of the vertical plane. This results in a relatively large distance and / or inclined orientation between the second contact portion on one side (defined by the abutting portion of the top surface of the upper lip and the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel) and the bottom contact surface on the other side, which facilitates the connection and locking of adjacent panels. Typically, the upper lip is entirely located on the same side of the vertical plane. The upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon preferably intersects the vertical plane (VP). Here, the largest portion of the upper surface is located below (and more preferably in contact with) the lower surface of the upper lip. The entire top surface (a portion) of the lower lip extending between the vertical plane (VP) and the second contact portion is preferably formed by a smooth curved surface, which is more preferably configured to act as a sliding surface to facilitate engagement.

[0022] Preferably, the joint formed by the two panels in the joined state defines a vertical plane (VP), which subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion, wherein, in the joined state, the entire bottom surface and the entire side surface (if these surfaces are different surfaces) of the inner lower lip portion are positioned at a distance from the second joining portion, particularly the lateral tenon. The upper surface of the lower lip is more preferably provided with an interlacing portion and / or a cut-out portion (and / or a stepped portion), which is at least partially located below the upper lip and configured to accommodate the end portion of the lateral tenon of the other panel. This interlacing portion and / or cut-out portion can create a desired space between the nose of the lateral tenon and the upper surface of the lower lip, which not only facilitates the joining but also allows the lateral tenon to expand slightly during normal use due to, for example, moisture absorption and / or heating. Preferably, the intersecting portion and / or cut portion of the upper and lower lips are configured to clamp the end portion (i.e., the nose) of the lateral tenon. This can further enhance the locking effect between the connecting portions. Preferably, the intersecting portion and / or cut portion and / or stepped portion are positioned completely below the upper lip, as this is typically where the nose of the lateral tenon will be positioned in the connected state.

[0023] Preferably, the top surface of the lower lip comprises a curved rear top surface and a curved front top surface, wherein the rear top surface and the front top surface are staggered, and preferably, the front top surface is deeper than the rear top surface. The curvatures of the rear top surface and the front top surface may differ from each other, but are preferably substantially the same. Due to the staggered orientation, the virtual centers of curvature of the front top surface and the rear top surface do not coincide, but are spaced apart. Since the rear top surface and the front top surface are preferably deeper than the rear top surface, this is typically achieved by cutting (milling away) extra material during the manufacturing process, thus creating slightly more space to accommodate the outer end (tip) of the lateral tenon. As mentioned above, the transition between the front top surface and the rear top surface is preferably achieved by a stepped (resembling portion).

[0024] Preferably, the panel defines a top surface and a bottom surface, which together define the thickness (PT) of the panel. The thickness (or height) (ST) of the shoulder, measured from the bottom surface of the panel to the highest point of the shoulder, exceeds 30% of the panel thickness (PT), preferably exceeding 50%. As described above, by applying a relatively thick (or high) shoulder, the contact portion can be positioned at a higher level, which facilitates the efficient transfer of clamping force from the contact portion to the upper seam formed between the panels, thus resulting in a relatively tight connection between the panels at the upper seam.

[0025] In the joined state of the panels, the top surface of the shoulder is preferably positioned at a distance from the opposing lower surface of the first connecting portion. This prevents the top surface of the shoulder and the opposing, facing lower surface of the first connecting portion from interacting with each other, which could affect the desired tension between the panels. Therefore, this means the contact portion is surrounded by two spaces: the aforementioned intermediate space and the space above the shoulder. Preferably, the top surface of the shoulder is substantially parallel to the plane of the panel. Preferably, the opposing lower surface of the second connecting portion is also substantially parallel to the plane of the panel. In this way, the two components can be implemented in a relatively robust manner without creating weak areas in the opposing lower surfaces of the shoulder and / or the second connecting portion.

[0026] The lower lip is preferably located entirely below the upper lip (i.e., at a lower level compared to the upper lip). This facilitates the insertion of the lateral tenon into the recess.

[0027] Preferably, the upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon and the side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon are connected by a transition convex surface, and / or the lower surface of the upper lip and the side surface of the upper lip are connected by a transition convex surface. These one or more convex surfaces can serve as sliding surfaces during the engagement of the connecting parts, especially during lateral snap-fit ​​movements.

[0028] In the decorative panel according to the invention, the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion may also be located at at least a second pair of opposing edges. This means that all panel edges are configured to connect according to a downward tilting movement. The design of these different first connecting portions at different panel edges can be the same or different; the same applies to different second connecting portions. For example, in the case of a rectangular panel, it is conceivable that the shoulder thickness at the short edge is lower or higher than the shoulder thickness at the long edge, and this can be applied to other parts of the connecting portion. Such a panel is also called a beveled panel; it can work, but may not be easy to install. Therefore, it is generally preferred that the panel includes a third and a fourth connecting portion at least at another pair, particularly the second pair, of opposing edges, thereby allowing multiple such panels to be interconnected by a descending or vertical movement. In the connected state of two such panels, these connecting portions provide locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the panel plane and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edges and parallel to the panel plane. The third connecting portion includes an upward tenon, at least one upward flank located at a distance from the upward tenon, and an upward groove formed between the upward tenon and the upward flank, wherein the upward groove is suitable for… At least a portion of the downward tenon of the fourth connecting portion of the other panel is received, wherein the side of the upward tenon facing the upward wing is the inner side of the upward tenon, and the side of the upward tenon away from the upward wing is the outer side of the upward tenon. The fourth connecting portion includes a downward tenon, at least one downward wing located at a distance from the downward tenon, and a downward groove formed between the downward tenon and the downward wing. The downward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the upward tenon of the third connecting portion of the other panel, wherein the side of the downward tenon facing the downward wing is the inner side of the downward tenon, and the side of the downward tenon away from the downward wing is the outer side of the downward tenon. Preferably, in the connected state of the panels, the inner side of the upward tenon and the inner side are configured to work together with the inner side of the downward tenon of the other panel, such that the panels are pressed at least laterally toward each other under tension (T2). Tension (T2) helps to achieve a strong and preferably waterproof connection between the third and fourth connecting portions.

[0029] Preferably, at least a portion of the inner side of the upward tenon is inclined toward the upper wing, and at least a portion of the inner side of the downward tenon is inclined toward the lower wing. This "closed-slot" connection mechanism allows the two panels to lock in a first direction (R1). In an alternative embodiment, at least a portion of the inner side of the upward tenon is inclined away from the upper wing, and at least a portion of the inner side of the downward tenon is inclined away from the downward wing. This "slotted" connection mechanism typically allows for easier connection of the third and fourth connection portions.

[0030] Preferably, a first locking element is provided on the outer side of the upward tenon, and a second locking element is provided on the downward flank, the second locking element being configured to cooperate with the first locking element of the other panel. This allows the two panels to be locked in a first direction (R1). The first locking element preferably includes an outward protrusion, and the second locking element preferably includes a recess, wherein the outer side of the outward protrusion includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes an inclined locking surface, and the upper portion includes a preferably curved guide surface, wherein the recess includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes an inclined locking surface, wherein in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the inclined locking surface of the lower portion of the outward protrusion and the inclined locking surface of the lower portion of the recess contact to achieve the locking effect between the panels, and / or in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the upper portion of the first locking element and the upper portion of the second locking element are preferably at least partially spaced apart. Preferably, the length of the inclined locking surface of the lower portion of the outward protrusion is greater than the length of the inclined locking surface of the lower portion of the recess, preferably at least 1.5 times greater. Preferably, the upper part extends in a larger vertical cross section compared to the lower part, wherein preferably, the height of the upper part is at least three times the height of the lower part.

[0031] During the joining process, the first locking element, located outside the upward tenon, will encounter the downward flank of the other panel, as it is the protruding part of the panel and is typically the outermost part of the panel on one side, requiring forces to be overcome during joining to press one panel into the other. By providing a (curved) guide surface on the upper portion to guide the other panel downwards, the joining can occur gradually and large material deformation and / or peak stresses can be prevented. Therefore, the lower portion can be inclined and form a protrusion returning from the outermost part of the protrusion towards the upward tenon. This inclined surface also provides a guiding function, guiding the panel towards its final stage. The inclination of the locking surface also allows potential upward forces or movements of the panel to result in vertical and horizontal force components. The horizontal component can be used to hold the panels together, forcing them toward each other to improve the connection between the panels and the waterproofing of the joint. The second locking element can be a recess comprising an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes an inclined locking surface to work in conjunction with the first locking element. Inclined surfaces also have advantages over circular surfaces, such as being relatively easy to manufacture or mill, and relatively easy to allow a relatively large contact surface between two inclined surfaces to distribute locking forces in the joined panels.

[0032] Compared to the lower part, the upper part can extend over a larger vertical cross section to gradually guide the panel into place. The upper part typically does not provide a vertical locking effect, and therefore its horizontal portion is less relevant compared to the lower part, which usually provides a vertical locking effect. The portions of the first and second locking elements that contact each other in the joined state of the panel are typically formed by the inclined locking surfaces of the locking elements, and thus formed by the lower part. In the joined state of the panel, the upper portions of the first and second locking elements can be at least partially spaced apart. This spacing allows the upper tenon to move upward without obstruction by the lower flank, and this upward movement can be transmitted and converted into a closed horizontal movement to improve the connection or locking of the panel, forcing the panel together.

[0033] The outer side of the upward tenon may include an upper outer portion and a lower outer portion, wherein a first locking element is arranged between the upper outer portion and the lower outer portion, with the lower outer portion positioned closer to the inner side of the upward tenon compared to the upper outer portion. The upper outer portion may preferably be substantially vertical and define an outer vertical plane, wherein the first locking element protrudes at least partially from the outer vertical plane, preferably by a maximum of 2 mm. For example, the upper outer portion above the first locking element defines a vertical plane, while the lower outer portion below the first locking element defines another parallel but offset vertical plane, wherein the vertical plane of the lower outer portion is closer to the upward flank. This difference creates a relatively large distance between the panels at the intersection between the inclined locking surface of the upward tenon and the lower outer portion, allowing for greater upward tilting or rotational movement of the upward tenon, and thus allowing potentially greater closing force or tension applied by the locking element to improve the panel's connection and waterproofing.

[0034] The lower outer portion can be substantially vertical, and the inclined locking surface or lower portion forms an angle between 100 and 175 degrees with the lower outer portion, particularly between 100 and 150 degrees, and even more particularly between 110 and 135 degrees. Such an angle has proven to provide an optimal combination of locking and guiding characteristics. The angle formed by the upper contact surface and the inclined contact surface can differ from the angle formed by the lower outer portion and the inclined locking surface or lower portion within 20 degrees, and is preferably the same. This allows for relatively easy manufacturing, where both elements can be milled from the panel using the same or similar tools.

[0035] The outermost portion of the first locking element can be positioned on a lower horizontal plane compared to the upward groove. This way, during the downward movement of the panels in the connection process, the widest or outermost portion of the first locking element is encountered relatively late, which facilitates the connection of the two panels.

[0036] An inclined contact surface may be present, adjacent to the upper contact surface, typically directly adjacent to or directly below it. Panels contact at the inclined surface to form a connection or seal between the panels. This inclination preferably results in the inclined surface extending outwards when viewed from the downward tenon and inwards when viewed from the upward flank. The inclination angle causes the downward tenon to have a protruding portion, while the upward flank has a recessed portion; the protruding and recessed portions contact in the engaged state, providing a vertical locking effect. The inclination also creates a slight labyrinth, thereby improving the waterproofing of the connection.

[0037] The downward tenon may include an outer surface that abuts the inclined contact surface, typically directly abutting or directly below it. This outer surface may be, for example, the outermost surface of the downward tenon, or the surface of the outer tenon furthest from the downward flank. Similarly, the upward flank includes an inner surface that abuts the inclined contact surface, typically directly abutting or directly below it. A space exists between the inner and outer surfaces. This space is intended to prevent any force applied to or exerted by the panel from causing the panel to be pushed together anywhere except the upper contact surface and / or the inclined contact surface. If the inner and outer surfaces were in contact, they would prevent the upper contact surface from contacting, which would be detrimental to the waterproofing of the joint. Therefore, the purpose at the top, at the upper contact surface, and at the inclined contact surface is to establish a connection between the panels, while below these contact surfaces, the purpose is to prevent such a connection.

[0038] The upper contact surface may be at least partially vertical and defines an inner vertical plane, wherein the inclined contact surface of the downward tenon extends horizontally beyond the inner vertical plane, preferably by a maximum of 1 mm, and wherein the inclined contact surface of the upward flank is inward relative to the inner vertical plane. This configuration allows the downward tenon to partially protrude from the inner vertical plane and partially recess into the upward flank, wherein, in the engaged state, the inclined contact surfaces can clamp together to create a vertical locking effect. By limiting the horizontal extent of the protrusion, the downward tenon can still be engaged by downward or vertical movement while providing a vertical locking effect. Therefore, a portion of the downward tenon can extend beyond the inner vertical plane; this portion can be elongated, wherein its vertical portion is larger than the horizontal portion, preferably at least three times the length of the horizontal portion. This allows for a relatively small horizontal portion, so that the panel can still be engaged by vertical or downward movement.

[0039] Therefore, a portion of the downward tenon can extend beyond the inner vertical plane, and this portion can be generally trapezoidal or wedge-shaped. This shape allows the portion to wedge into the space provided in the upward flank when subjected to any locking, engaging, or other forces in the plane of the panel, while also providing a robust portion capable of withstanding forces to form a tight connection between the panels. This, in turn, improves the waterproofing of the connection between the panels.

[0040] The inclined contact surfaces can be arranged outside and / or adjacent to the inner vertical plane, and preferably completely outside or entirely on one side of the inner vertical plane. This allows for a relatively simple structure to provide a tight connection between the two panels. Preferably, the upper contact surface defining the vertical plane transitions directly to the inclined contact surface. In this configuration, the connection of the contact surfaces continues from the upper contact surface to the inclined contact surface, thereby increasing the uninterrupted surface and thus improving the connection between the panels and the waterproofing of the connection. In the joined state, the bottom of the downward tenon can contact the upper side of the upward groove at the groove contact surface, and wherein a gap exists between the first and second joining portions, extending from the inclined contact surface to the groove contact surface. This gap can be used to collect, for example, dust or chips from the panels—which may be generated during the joining of the two panels. Furthermore, this gap is designed to prevent any force applied to or exerted by the panels from causing the panels to be pushed together anywhere other than the upper contact surface and / or the inclined contact surface. Preferably, the grooved contact surface is primarily horizontal, and allows the force exerted on the panel by stepping on it, typically in a downward direction, particularly at the junction between two panels, to be transmitted to the underlying floor or surface beneath the panel.

[0041] In the joined state, the upper surface of the upward tenon and the upper surface of the downward recess can be spaced apart from each other, creating a gap between the two surfaces. This gap is designed to prevent any force applied to or exerted by the panel from causing the panel to be pushed together anywhere except the upper contact surface and / or the inclined contact surface. For example, upward movement of the upward tenon can result in a horizontal force that tightens or strengthens the connection between the two panels; more specifically, this is a so-called closed-slot locking connection. To allow this upward movement, a gap is provided between the upward tenon and the downward recess. The upper surface of the downward recess can be formed, for example, by the bottom surface of the bridging portion that connects the downward tenon to the rest of the panel.

[0042] The upper contact surfaces and inclined contact surfaces of the upward-facing flank can form a first angle with each other, and the upper contact surface and inclined contact surface of the downward-facing tenon can form a second angle with each other, wherein the difference between the first and second angles is within 20 degrees. For example, the inclined contact surfaces of the upward-facing flank can form a first angle of 120 degrees with each other, while the upper contact surface and inclined contact surface of the downward-facing tenon can form a second angle of 125 degrees with each other. The difference between these two angles is 5 degrees—less than 20 degrees, therefore within 20 degrees. By creating the angle difference, a configuration can be provided in which a wedging action can be achieved to increase the locking force and waterproof performance of the connection. Pushing or wedging the locking elements into each other can result in an increase in the locking force or connection in the panel.

[0043] Preferably, the outer sides of the upward wing and the downward tenon define a substantially vertical upper contact surface of the panel, and both the downward tenon and the upward wing include an inclined contact surface adjacent to the upper contact surface, wherein the inclined contact surface of the downward tenon of the panel is configured to engage the inclined contact surface of the upward wing of the adjacent panel in the joined state, wherein each substantially vertical upper contact surface and each adjacent inclined surface form an angle (α) between 100 and 175 degrees with each other. Preferably, a third locking element, such as a protrusion or recess, is provided on the outer side of the downward tenon, and a fourth locking element, such as a recess or protrusion, is provided on the upward wing, the fourth locking element being configured to cooperate with the third locking element of the other panel, thereby allowing the two panels to be locked in a first direction (R1). More preferably, the third locking element is at least partially defined by the upper contact surface of the downward tenon, and the fourth locking element is at least partially defined by the upper contact surface of the upward wing.

[0044] Preferably, at least a portion of each connecting portion forms part of the core layer of the panel. In other words, the side surfaces of the core layer can be shaped / outlined such that these outlined edges at least partially form the connecting portions. Preferably, the panel includes at least one core layer and at least one decorative top structure or top directly or indirectly attached to the core layer, wherein the top structure or top defines the top surface of the panel. Typically, the top structure (or top) is waterproof and thus protects the core layer from water (and other liquids), wherein the core layer may or may not be composed of a moisture-sensitive material composition. Preferably, the top includes a printed decorative layer and at least one abrasion-resistant layer covering the printed decorative layer. Due to the increased water resistance of the connecting portions, including the first and second connecting portions, one or more core layers can be at least partially composed of moisture-sensitive materials, such as wood, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), or high-density fiberboard (HDF).

[0045] The panel may include a layered structure, such as a central core (or core layer) and at least one decorative top, the top being directly or indirectly attached to the core layer, or integral with the core layer, wherein the top defines the top surface of the panel. The top preferably includes at least one decorative layer directly or indirectly attached to the upper surface of the core layer. The decorative layer may be a printed layer, such as a printed PVC layer, a printed PU layer, or a printed paper layer, and / or may be covered by at least one protective (top) layer covering the decorative layer. The protective layer also forms part of the decorative top. The presence of the printed layer and / or the protective layer prevents the panel from being damaged by scratches and / or by environmental factors such as UV radiation / moisture and / or abrasion and tearing. The printed layer may be formed from a film on which decorative printing has been applied, wherein the film is fixed to a base layer and / or an intermediate layer (e.g., a primer layer) located between the base layer and the decorative layer. The printed layer may also be formed from at least one ink layer applied directly to the top surface of the core layer, or applied to a primer layer applied to the base layer. Panels may include at least one abrasion-resistant layer, which is directly or indirectly attached to the upper surface of the decorative layer. The abrasion-resistant layer also forms part of the decorative top. Each panel may include at least one lacquer layer, which is directly or indirectly attached to the upper surface of the decorative layer, preferably to the upper surface of the abrasion-resistant layer.

[0046] The underside (backside) of the core (core layer) can also constitute the underside (backside) of the panel itself. However, it is conceivable, and perhaps even preferred, that the panel includes a backing layer directly or indirectly attached to said underside of the core. Typically, the backing layer acts as a balancing layer to stabilize the shape of the panel itself, particularly its flatness. Furthermore, the backing layer generally contributes to the sound damping characteristics of the panel itself. Since the backing layer is typically a closed layer, applying the backing layer to the underside of the core will at least partially, preferably completely, cover the core groove. Here, the length of each core groove is preferably less than the length of the backing layer. The backing layer may be provided with cutouts, at least a portion of which overlaps with at least one core groove. The at least one backing layer is preferably at least partially made of a flexible material, preferably an elastomer. The thickness of the backing layer typically varies between about 0.1 mm and about 2.5 mm. Non-limiting examples of materials that can at least partially constitute the backing layer are polyethylene, cork, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and ethylene-vinyl acetate. Optionally, the backing layer comprises one or more additives, such as fillers (e.g., chalk), dyes, resins, and / or one or more plasticizers. In a particular embodiment, the backing layer is at least partially made of a composite material of resin-bonded ground (or planed) cork particles. Other tree-related products, such as wood, can be used instead of cork. The thickness of the polyethylene backing layer is typically 2 mm or less, for example. The backing layer can be solid or foamed. Foamed backing layers can further improve sound damping characteristics. Solid backing layers can improve the desired balance and stability of the panel.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, at least one core layer comprises: at least one host polymer; and at least one plasticizer composition, preferably comprising polyvinyl butyral (PVB), with the PVB content more preferably being 35% to 65% (by weight) of the plasticizer composition. This plasticizer composition has advantages over classic plasticizers used in flooring panels, namely, it is relatively safe and less toxic. Therefore, a plasticizer composition is proposed that is highly suitable for incorporation into decorative panels, particularly into the core layer (and / or another layer) of decorative panels. Simultaneously, due to the inclusion of the plasticizer composition in the material layers, the panel is inherently elastically deformable. Furthermore, it has been found that in said panel, the components contained in the plasticizer composition do not have a tendency to migrate through the host polymer matrix. Therefore, by incorporating the plasticizer composition as described above, undesirable leaching of the plasticizer components from the matrix is ​​avoided. Moreover, the plasticizer composition used in the panel according to the invention is a polymer-based plasticizer composition, preferably phthalate-free, and thus differs from conventional plasticizers. Therefore, the polymer-based plasticizer composition used in the paneling according to the invention can also be considered a toughening agent composition, or more simply, a toughening agent. The presence of this plasticizer composition (or toughening agent) provides the necessary flexibility (elasticity) to the material layer of the paneling and thus to the paneling itself, making it less prone to breakage and therefore less susceptible to damage. Furthermore, this also facilitates the proper installation of the paneling onto, for example, (slightly) uneven floors, and additionally improves the acoustic properties (sound transmission and sound reflection) of the paneling itself. The paneling according to the invention can even provide sufficient flexibility for winding the paneling, which can facilitate the storage and / or transportation of the paneling prior to installation. Thus, it is conceivable that the paneling is formed from strips (or sheets) provided as rolls for laying by unwinding from said rolls. The length of such strips is typically between 1 m and 30 m. The paneling can, for example, be elongated and have a width between 10 cm and 100 cm and a length between 50 cm and 250 cm. Polymer blends used in at least one material layer of the core primarily function as fully non-migrating plasticizers for use in flexible polymer-based panels and / or for impact modification of other polymers, where both elastic and acoustic (sound damping) properties are improved. If PVB is used as the sole plasticizer additive in, for example, a PVC-based core, the compatibility between PVB and PVC is generally poor, resulting in limited plasticizing effect and brittleness in the blend. Here, a less successful microstructure (the embedding of micro-volume PVB within a PVC-based matrix) can also lead to undesirable defects such as reduced tear strength, the risk of partial degradation over time, and the risk of uneven freeze-thaw cracking.According to the present invention, by incorporating PVB into a solid non-migratory plasticizer—by blending (mixing) PVB with one or more alloyed copolymers—the aforementioned disadvantages of using PVB as a plasticizer, particularly in PVC, are avoided. Furthermore, the benefits of PVB can be maximized, and the properties of the final polymer matrix can be enhanced. Here, improved changes in elongation at break, flexural modulus, and tensile modulus, improved strength, and maintained surface tension are generally considered the most important improvements in performance. This provides new design possibilities for panel designs, especially because this polymer-based plasticizer composition is scalable, and the microstructure of the blend is reproducible and homogeneous.

[0048] The panel according to the invention can also be made at least partially of magnesium oxide. More particularly, the panel according to the invention may include: at least one core layer having an upper side and a lower side; a decorative top structure (or top) directly or indirectly fixed to the upper side of the core layer, wherein the at least one core layer includes at least one composite layer comprising: at least one composition based on magnesium oxide (magnesia) and / or magnesium hydroxide, particularly a magnesium binder. Particles, particularly cellulose and / or silicon-based particles, may be dispersed in the magnesium binder. Optionally, one or more reinforcing layers (e.g., a glass fiber layer) may be embedded in the composite layer. The core composition may also contain magnesium chloride leading to a magnesium oxychloride (MOC) binder and / or magnesium sulfate leading to a magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) binder. It has been found that the application of compositions based on magnesium oxide and / or magnesium hydroxide, particularly magnesium binders containing MOS and MOC, significantly improves the non-flammability (non-combustible properties) of the decorative panel itself. Furthermore, the relatively fire-resistant panel also exhibits significantly improved dimensional stability when subjected to temperature fluctuations during normal use. Magnesia-based binders are binders based on magnesia (magnesia oxide), where the binder is a reaction product of a chemical reaction in which magnesium oxide is one of the reactants. In magnesia binders, magnesia may still be present and / or has undergone a chemical reaction forming another type of chemical bond, which will be discussed in more detail below. Other advantages of magnesia binders compared to other binder types are explained below. The first additional advantage is that magnesia binders can be manufactured in a relatively energy-efficient and therefore cost-effective manner. Furthermore, magnesia binders have relatively high compressive and tensile strengths. Another advantage of magnesia binders is their natural affinity for typically inexpensive cellulosic materials (e.g., plant fibers, wood flour (wood dust), and / or sawdust); this not only improves the adhesion of the magnesia binder but also reduces weight and increases sound insulation (damping). Magnesium oxide, when combined with cellulose and optionally clay, produces a magnesium binder that breathes water vapor; this binder does not deteriorate (rot) because it efficiently expels moisture. Furthermore, magnesium binders are relatively good thermal and electrical insulators, making paneling particularly suitable for radar stations and hospital operating room floors. Another advantage of magnesium binders is their relatively low pH value compared to other types of binders, which contributes to the important durability of glass fibers, whether as dispersed particles in the binder matrix and / or (as glass fibers) as a reinforcing layer, and also allows for the durable use of other types of fibers. Additionally, decorative paneling is suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. As mentioned above, magnesium binders are based on magnesium oxide and / or magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium binders themselves may not contain magnesium oxide, depending on the other reactants used in their production.Here, for example, it is easy to imagine that in the production process of magnesium cementitious agents, magnesia, as a reactant, is converted into magnesium hydroxide. Therefore, the magnesium cementitious agent itself can contain magnesium hydroxide. Typically, magnesium cementitious agents contain water, especially hydrated water. Water is generally used as a binder to form a strong and cohesive cementitious matrix. Magnesia-based compositions, especially magnesium cementitious agents, can contain magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Typically, when magnesia (MgO) is mixed with magnesium chloride in an aqueous solution, a magnesium cementitious agent containing magnesium oxychloride (MOC) is formed. The bonding phases are Mg(OH)2, 5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O (type 5), 3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O (type 3), and Mg2(OH)ClCO3·3H2O. Type 5 is the preferred phase because it has excellent mechanical properties. MOC has excellent properties in relation to other cementitious agent types (such as Portland cementitious agents). MOC does not require wet curing and exhibits high refractoriness, low thermal conductivity, and good abrasion resistance. MOC binders can be used with various aggregates (additives) and fibers with good anti-adhesion properties. It also accepts different types of surface treatments. MOC gradually develops high compressive strength (e.g., 8,000-10,000 psi) over 48 hours. The increase in compressive strength occurs in the early stages of curing, with the strength reaching at least 80% of the final strength after 48 hours. The compressive strength of MOC is preferably around 40 N / mm². 2 Up to 100 N / mm 2 Between. The preferred bending tensile strength is 10 N / mm. 2 Up to 17 N / mm 2 The preferred surface hardness of MOC is 50 N / mm. 2 Up to 250 N / mm 2 The preferred elastic modulus is (1-3)×10⁻⁶. 4 N / mm 2MOC has relatively low flexural strength, but this can be significantly improved by adding fibers, particularly cellulose-based fibers. MOC is compatible with a variety of plastic fibers, mineral fibers (such as basalt fibers), and organic fibers (such as bagasse, wood fibers, and hemp). The MOC used in the panels according to the invention can be enriched with one or more of these fiber types. MOC is non-shrinking, abrasion-resistant, and acceptablely durable, and is resistant to impact, indentation, and scratches. MOC resists thermal cycling and freeze-thaw cycles and does not require air entrapments for improved durability. Furthermore, MOC exhibits excellent thermal conductivity, low electrical conductivity, and excellent compatibility with a variety of substrates and additives, and possesses acceptable refractoriness. MOC is less preferred if the panel is exposed to relatively extreme weather conditions (temperature and humidity) as it can affect solidification properties and the formation of the magnesium oxychloride phase. After a period of time, atmospheric carbon dioxide will react with magnesium oxychloride to form a Mg2(OH)ClCO3·3H2O surface layer. This layer serves to slow down the leaching process. Ultimately, the additional leaching results in the formation of hydromagnesia, 4MgO·3CO3·4H2O, which is insoluble and allows the binder to maintain structural integrity. Magnesium-based compositions, particularly magnesium binders, can be based on magnesium sulfate, especially the heptahydrate sulfate mineral Epsom salt (MgSO4·7H2O). The latter salt is also known as Epsom salt. In aqueous solution, MgO reacts with MgSO4 to form magnesium oxysulfate binder (MOS), which has very good binding properties. In MOS, 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·8H2O is the most common chemical phase. Although MOS is not as robust as MOC, it is better suited for fire-retardant applications because MOS begins to decompose at temperatures more than twice as high as MOC, thus providing longer-lasting fire protection. Furthermore, their decomposition products at high temperatures (sulfur dioxide) are less toxic and less corrosive than the decomposition products of chlorine oxides (hydrochloric acid). In addition, weather conditions (humidity, temperature, and wind) during application are not as critical for MOS as they are for MOC. The mechanical strength of MOS binders depends primarily on the type and relative content of the crystalline phases within the binder. Four basic magnesium salts have been found to contribute to the mechanical strength of MOS binders in the ternary system MgO-MgSO4-H2O at different temperatures between 30°C and 120°C: 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·3H2O (513 phase), 3Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·8H2O (318 phase), Mg(OH)2·2MgSO4·3H2O (123 phase), and Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·5H2O (115 phase). Typically, the 513 and 318 phases can only be obtained by curing the binder under saturated vapor conditions when the molar ratio of MgO to MgSO4 is fixed at (approximately) 5:1. The 318 phase has been found to significantly contribute to the mechanical strength and is stable at room temperature, thus it is preferred to be present in the applied MOS.This also applies to the 513 phase. The 513 phase typically has a (micro)structure including needle-like structures. This can be verified by SEM analysis. Magnesium oxysulfate (5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·3H₂O) needles can be formed substantially uniformly and typically have a length of 10 μm to 15 μm and a diameter of 0.4 μm to 1.0 μm. When referring to needle-like structures, it can also refer to lamellar structures and / or whisker-like structures. In practice, obtaining a MOS containing more than 50% 513 or 318 phases seems impractical, but the mechanical strength of the MOS can be improved by adjusting the crystal phase composition. Preferably, the magnesium binder contains at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30% of 5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·3H₂O (513 phase). This preferred embodiment will provide a magnesium binder with sufficient mechanical strength for use as the core layer of a floor panel. The crystal phase of MOS can be adjusted by modifying it with organic acids, preferably citric acid and / or phosphoric acid and / or phosphates. During this modification process, new MOS phases can be obtained, which can be represented as 5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·5H₂O (phase 515) and Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O (phase 517). Phase 515 can be obtained by modifying MOS with citric acid. Phase 517 can be obtained by modifying MOS with phosphoric acid and / or phosphates (H₃PO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₃PO₄, and K₂HPO₄). These 515 and 517 phases can be determined by elemental chemical analysis, with SEM analysis demonstrating that both phases have needle-like crystal structures and are insoluble in water. In particular, the addition of citric acid can improve the compressive strength and water resistance of MOS. Therefore, it is preferred if the MOS used in the panel according to the invention comprises 5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·5H₂O (515 phase) and / or Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O (517 phase). As mentioned above, the addition of phosphoric acid and phosphate can prolong the solidification time and improve the compressive strength and water resistance of the MOS binder by changing the hydration process and phase composition of MgO. Here, phosphoric acid or phosphate ionizes in solution to form H₂PO₄. - HPO4 2- and / or PO4 3- These anions are adsorbed onto [Mg(OH)(H2O)]. x ] +The above methods inhibit the formation of Mg(OH)₂ and further promote the formation of a new magnesium sulfate phase, resulting in a dense structure, high mechanical strength, and good water resistance in the MOS binder. The improvement brought about by adding phosphoric acid or phosphates to the MOS binder follows the order H₃PO₄=KH₂PO₄>>K₂HPO₄>>K₃PO₄. Compared to MOC, MOS exhibits better volume stability, less shrinkage, better bonding properties, and lower corrosivity under a wider range of weather conditions, and therefore may be superior to MOC. The density of MOS is typically around 350 kg / m³. 3 Up to 650kg / m 3 The variation is within a certain range. The preferred bending tensile strength is 1 N / mm². 2 Up to 7N / mm 2 .

[0049] The magnesium binder composition preferably comprises one or more silicone-based additives. Various silicone-based additives can be used, including but not limited to silicone oils, neutral-curing silicones, silanols, silanol fluids, silicone (micro)spheres, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. Silicone oils include liquid polymeric siloxanes having organic side chains, said siloxanes including but not limited to polymethylsiloxanes and their derivatives. Neutral-curing silicones include silicones that release ethanol or other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon curing. Other silicone-based additives and / or siloxanes (e.g., siloxane polymers) can also be used, including but not limited to: hydroxyl (or hydroxyl)-terminated siloxanes and / or siloxanes terminated with other reactive groups, acrylic siloxanes, urethane siloxanes, epoxy siloxanes, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. As detailed below, one or more crosslinking agents (e.g., silicone-based crosslinking agents) can also be used. The viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) may be about 100 cSt (at 25°C), which is referred to as low viscosity. In alternative embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 20 cSt (25°C) and about 2000 cSt (25°C). In other embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 100 cSt (25°C) and about 1250 cSt (25°C). In other embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 250 cSt (25°C) and 1000 cSt (25°C). In some other embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 400 cSt (25°C) and 800 cSt (25°C). And in certain embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 800 cSt (25°C) and about 1250 cSt (25°C). One or more silicone-based additives with higher and / or lower viscosities may also be used. For example, in another embodiment, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 20 cSt (25°C) and about 200,000 cSt (25°C), between about 1,000 cSt (25°C) and about 100,000 cSt (25°C), or between about 80,000 cSt (25°C) and about 150,000 cSt (25°C).In other embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 1,000 cSt (25°C) and about 20,000 cSt (25°C), between about 1,000 cSt (25°C) and about 10,000 cSt (25°C), between about 1,000 cSt (25°C) and about 2,000 cSt (25°C), or between about 10,000 cSt (25°C) and about 20,000 cSt (25°C). In other embodiments, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 1,000 cSt (25°C) and about 80,000 cSt (25°C), between about 50,000 cSt (25°C) and about 100,000 cSt (25°C), or between about 80,000 cSt (25°C) and about 200,000 cSt (25°C). And in a further embodiment, the viscosity of the one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silicone oil, neutral-curing silicone, silanol fluid, siloxane polymer, etc.) is between about 20 cSt (25°C) and about 100 cSt (25°C). Other viscosities may also be used as needed. In a preferred embodiment, the magnesium binder composition, particularly the magnesium oxychloride binder composition, comprises a single type of silicone-based additive. In other embodiments, a mixture of two or more types of silicone-based additives is used. For example, in some embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride binder composition may comprise a mixture of one or more silicone oils and neutral-curing silicones. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone oil to neutral-curing silicone may be between about 1:5 and about 5:1. In other such embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone oil to neutral-curing silicone may be between about 1:4 and about 4:1. In still other such embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone oil to neutral-curing silicone may be between about 1:3 and about 3:1. In yet still other such embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone oil to neutral-curing silicone may be between about 1:2 and about 2:1. In further such embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone oil to neutral-curing silicone may be about 1:1. It is conceivable to use one or more crosslinking agents in the magnesium binder. In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent is a silicone-based crosslinking agent. Exemplary crosslinking agents include, but are not limited to, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltris(methylethyl ketoxime)silane, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. Other crosslinking agents (including other silicone-based crosslinking agents) may also be used. In some embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride binder composition comprises one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., one or more silanols and / or silanol fluids) and one or more crosslinking agents.The weight ratio of one or more silicone-based additives (e.g., silanols and / or silanol fluids) to the crosslinking agent may be between about 1:20 and about 20:1, between about 1:10 and about 10:1, or between about 1:1 and about 10:1.

[0050] Compared to conventional magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can exhibit reduced sensitivity to water. Furthermore, in some embodiments, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can exhibit very low or no sensitivity to water. Magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can further exhibit hydrophobic and water-repellent properties.

[0051] Furthermore, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can exhibit improved curing properties. For example, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions cure to form various reaction products, including 3Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (3-phase) and 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structures. In some cases, a higher percentage of the 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure is preferred. In this case, adding one or more silicone-based additives to the magnesium oxychloride binder composition can stabilize the curing process, which can increase the percentage yield of the 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure. For example, in some embodiments, magnesium oxychloride compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can cure to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure of greater than 80%. In other embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride composition containing one or more silicone-based additives can be cured to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure with a content greater than 85%. In still other embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride composition containing one or more silicone-based additives can be cured to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure with a content greater than 90%. In still other embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride composition containing one or more silicone-based additives can be cured to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure with a content greater than 95%. In still other embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride composition containing one or more silicone-based additives can be cured to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure with a content greater than 98%. In still other embodiments, the magnesium oxychloride composition containing one or more silicone-based additives can be cured to form a 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O (5-phase) crystal structure with a content of about 100%.

[0052] Furthermore, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can also exhibit increased strength and bonding properties. If desired, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can also be used to manufacture relatively thin magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder or concrete structures. For example, magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives can be used to manufacture binder or concrete structures or layers with a thickness of less than 8 mm, preferably less than 6 mm. To achieve bonding between joints, temporary deformation of the joints may be desired and / or even required; therefore, it is advantageous to mix magnesium oxide and / or magnesium hydroxide and / or magnesium chloride and / or magnesium sulfate with one or more silicone-based additives, as this results in increased flexibility and / or elasticity. For example, in some embodiments, binder and concrete structures formed using magnesium oxychloride binder compositions are able to bend or flex without cracking or breaking. Magnesium (magnesium oxychloride) binder compositions containing one or more silicone-based additives may further contain one or more additional additives. These additional additives can be used to enhance specific properties of the composition. For example, in some embodiments, the additional additives enable structures formed using the disclosed magnesium oxychloride binder composition to resemble stone (e.g., granite, marble, sandstone, etc.). In certain embodiments, the additional additives may comprise one or more pigments or colorants. In other embodiments, the additional additives may comprise fibers, including but not limited to paper fibers, wood fibers, polymer fibers, organic fibers, and glass fibers. The magnesium oxychloride binder composition can also form a UV-stable structure, such that the color and / or appearance do not significantly fade over time due to UV exposure. Other additives may also be included in the composition, including but not limited to plasticizers (e.g., polycarboxylate plasticizers, polycarboxylate ether-based plasticizers, etc.), surfactants, water, and mixtures and combinations thereof. As described above, if applied, the magnesium oxychloride binder composition may comprise magnesium oxide (MgO), hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)), and one or more silicone-based additives. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) powder may also be used instead of aqueous magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution. For example, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) powder can be used in combination with a certain amount of water, equivalent to or similar to the addition of hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)). In some embodiments, if applied, the ratio of magnesium oxide (MgO) to hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) in the magnesium oxychloride binder composition can vary. In some such embodiments, the weight ratio of magnesium oxide (MgO) to hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) is between about 0.3:1 and about 1.2:1. In other embodiments, the weight ratio of magnesium oxide (MgO) to hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) is between about 0.4:1 and about 1.2:1.In other embodiments, the weight ratio of magnesium oxide (MgO) to hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) is between about 0.5:1 and about 1.2:1. The hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) can be described as (or derived from) an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride salt. The hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(aq)) (or magnesium chloride brine) may also contain relatively small amounts of other compounds or substances, including but not limited to magnesium sulfate, magnesium phosphate, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, etc. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of one or more (liquid) silicone-based additives in the magnesium oxychloride binder composition can be defined as the ratio of silicone-based additives to magnesium oxide (MgO). For example, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of silicone-based additives to magnesium oxide (MgO) is between 0.06 and 0.6.

[0053] Preferably, the addition of at least one oil, such as linseed oil or silicone oil, to the core layer is conceivable, and even advantageous. This makes magnesium-based and / or thermoplastic-based core layers more flexible and reduces the risk of breakage. Instead of oil, or in addition to oil, the addition of one or more water-soluble polymers or condensation (synthetic) resins, such as polycarboxylic acids, to the core layer is also conceivable. This provides the advantage that the panel does not shrink during drying / curing / solidification, thus preventing crack formation, and further results in a more hydrophobic core layer after drying / curing / solidification, preventing water (moisture) seepage during subsequent storage and use.

[0054] It is conceivable that the core layer comprises polycaprolactone (PCL). This biodegradable polymer is particularly preferred because it has been found that it can be melted through an exothermic reaction of the reaction mixture. Its melting point is approximately 60°C. PCL can be low-density or high-density. High-density PCL is particularly preferred because it produces a stronger core layer. As an alternative or supplement, other polymers can be used, preferably selected from the following: other poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polyesteramide (PEA), poly(lactic acid-co-caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), poly(sebacic acid-co-ricinoleic acid), and combinations thereof.

[0055] Alternatively, the panel (particularly the core layer) can be made at least partially of PVC, PET, PP, PS, or (thermoplastic) polyurethane (PUR). PS can be in the form of expanded polystyrene (EPS) to further reduce the panel's density, thereby saving costs and facilitating panel handling. Preferably, at least a portion of the polymer used can be formed from recycled thermoplastics, such as recycled PVC or recycled PUR. Recycled PUR can be made from recyclable polymers, such as recycled PET. PET can be chemically recycled by glycolysis or depolymerization of PET into monomers or oligomers, ultimately forming polyurethane polyols. It is also conceivable that rubber and / or elastomer portions (granules) are dispersed within at least one composite layer to at least partially improve flexibility and / or impact resistance. It is conceivable that a mixture of virgin and recycled thermoplastic materials is used to constitute at least a portion of the core. Preferably, in this mixture, the virgin and recycled thermoplastic materials are substantially identical. For example, such a mixture can be entirely based on PVC or entirely based on PUR. When the core consists of multiple parts / layers, the core (core layer) can be solid or foamed, or both.

[0056] It may be advantageous for the core layer to comprise porous fine particles, particularly porous ceramic particles. Preferably, the fine particles have a plurality of micropores with an average diameter of 1 to 10 micrometers, more preferably 4 to 5 micrometers. That is, each fine particle preferably has micropores. Preferably, the micropores are interconnected. The micropores are preferably not limited to the surface of the fine particles, but rather substantially distributed throughout the cross-section of the fine particles. Preferably, the size of the fine particles is 200 to 900 micrometers, more preferably 250 to 850 micrometers, particularly 250 to 500 micrometers or 500 to 850 micrometers. Preferably, at least two different sizes of fine particles are used, most preferably two. Preferably, small and / or large fine particles are used. Small fine particles can have a size range of 250 to 500 micrometers. Preferably, large fine particles have a diameter of 500 to 850 micrometers. The fine particles can each have substantially the same size or two or more predetermined sizes. Alternatively, two or more different size ranges can be used, with multiple different particle sizes present in each range. Two different sizes or size ranges are preferably used. Preferably, each fine particle comprises multiple microparticles, each substantially partially fused to one or more adjacent microparticles to define a lattice that defines micropores. Each microparticle preferably has an average size of 1 to 10 micrometers, with an average of 4 to 5 micrometers. Preferably, the average size of the micropores is 2 to 8 micrometers, most preferably 4 to 6 micrometers. The shape of the micropores can be irregular. Therefore, the size of the micropores—actually the midi-pores mentioned below—is determined by adding the widest diameter of the pore to the narrowest diameter and dividing by 2. Preferably, the ceramic material is uniformly distributed in the cross-section of the core layer, i.e., substantially no ceramic material blocks are formed. Preferably, the average size of the microparticles is at least 2 or 4 micrometers and / or less than 10 or less than 6 micrometers, most preferably 5 to 6 micrometers. This particle size range has been found to allow for the controlled formation of micropores.

[0057] The fine particles may also contain multiple generally spherical mesopores with an average diameter of 10 to 100 micrometers. These significantly increase the total porosity of the ceramic material without compromising its mechanical strength. The mesopores are preferably interconnected through multiple micropores. That is, the mesopores can be fluidly connected to each other through the micropores. The average porosity of the ceramic material itself is preferably at least 50%, more preferably greater than 60%, and most preferably 70% to 75%. The ceramic material used to produce the fine particles can be any (non-toxic) ceramic known in the art, such as calcium phosphate and glass ceramics. The ceramic can be a silicate, but is preferably calcium phosphate, especially α- or β-tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite, or mixtures thereof. Most preferably, the mixture is hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate, especially β-tricalcium phosphate with a weight percentage exceeding 50%, most preferably 85% β-tricalcium phosphate and 15% hydroxyapatite. The most preferred material is 100% hydroxyapatite. Preferably, the binder composition or premix contains fine particles accounting for 15% to 30% by weight of the total dry weight of the composition or premix.

[0058] Porous particles result in a lower average density in the core layer, leading to weight reduction, which is advantageous from an economic and handling perspective. Furthermore, the presence of porous particles in the core layer typically increases the porosity of the porous top and bottom surfaces of the core layer, which facilitates the attachment of additional layers to the top and / or bottom surfaces of the core layer. These additional layers may be, for example, a primer layer, an adhesive layer (initially liquid), or another decorative or functional layer. Typically, these layers are initially applied in a liquid state, where the aforementioned pores allow liquid substances to be drawn into (penetrate) into these pores, increasing the contact surface area between the layers and thus improving the bond strength between them.

[0059] Although most decorative panels according to the invention will have a square or rectangular shape, it is also conceivable that panels according to the invention will have another shape (viewed from a top view), such as hexagonal, octagonal, rhomboid, or parallelogram. Preferably, the panel thickness is in the range of 3.0 mm to 20.0 mm, more preferably in the range of 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm. Panels according to the invention can be rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible. Typically, the panel will have at least a portion of elasticity to allow the connection of the connecting parts and to achieve (and retain) the required tension.

[0060] The present invention also relates to a decorative covering for floors, ceilings or walls, comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to the invention.

[0061] Further embodiments of the invention will be described in a set of non-limiting provisions given below.

[0062] Terms and Conditions

[0063] 1. A decorative panel, particularly a floor panel, wall panel, or ceiling panel, said decorative panel comprising at least a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion at a first pair of opposing edges, the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion allowing a plurality of said panels to be connected to each other; thereby, in the connected state of two said panels, the connecting portion provides locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the plane of said panel and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edge and parallel to the plane of said panel;

[0064] The first connecting portion includes a lateral tenon, wherein the lateral tenon includes a front region and a rear region, wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the front region is at least partially circular, wherein the top surface of the front region is at least partially inclined downward in a direction away from the rear region, and wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the rear region of the lateral tenon defines a first contact portion, and wherein the lateral tenon includes a passive bottom surface adjacent to the first contact portion, wherein the passive bottom surface is defined by a cut-out portion at the lower side of the lateral tenon;

[0065] The second connecting portion includes a recess for receiving at least a portion of the lateral tenon of another panel, the recess being defined by an upper lip and a lower lip, wherein the lower lip extends beyond the upper lip and wherein the lower lip is provided with an upwardly projecting shoulder defining a second contact portion, the second contact portion being configured to actively interact with the first contact portion of the other panel in the connected state, such that the panels are pressed at least laterally toward each other under tension (T1), wherein the top surface of the lower lip is at least partially smoothly curved and constitutes... The sliding surface is configured to be at least partially circular on the bottom and / or side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel during connection, wherein the at least partially curved top surface of the lower lip and the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon are positioned relative to each other such that, in the connected state of the two panels, there is an intermediate space near the first and second contact portions that actively interact, and wherein the lower surface of the upper lip is at least partially inclined and configured to abut against at least a portion of the top surface of the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel.

[0066] 2. The panel according to Clause 1, wherein the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon is substantially flat.

[0067] 3. The panel according to clause 1 or 2, wherein the passive bottom surface is at least partially inclined downward in the direction toward the front region.

[0068] 4. The panel according to Clause 3, wherein the inclined top surface of the lateral tenon and the inclined passive bottom surface converge in a direction away from the rear region of the lateral tenon.

[0069] 5. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, and wherein, in the joined state of the two panels, the deepest point is located at a distance from the passive bottom surface.

[0070] 6. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, wherein the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point of the lower lip, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth (LLD), and wherein the first contact portion and the second contact portion are located entirely at more than half of the lower lip depth.

[0071] 7. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, wherein the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point of the lower lip, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth (LLD), and wherein the minimum thickness (STD) of the lateral tenon, measured between its at least partially inclined upper surface and the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon, exceeds the lower lip depth.

[0072] 8. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the first contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the front region of the lateral tenon, wherein the inclined first contact portion and the plane of the panel preferably form an angle of at least 45 degrees, and wherein the second contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the upper lip, wherein the inclined second contact portion and the plane of the panel preferably form an angle of at least 45 degrees.

[0073] 9. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the first contact portion and the second contact portion extend in substantially parallel directions.

[0074] 10. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon are configured to interact with the lower lip in the joined state of the two panels and together define the bottom front contact surface.

[0075] 11. The panel according to Clause 10, wherein the entire bottom front contact surface is located below the level of the first contact portion and the second contact portion.

[0076] 12. The panel according to clause 10 or 11, wherein the bottom front contact surface on one side and the contact surfaces defined by the first contact portion and the second contact portion on the other side form an angle between 70 degrees and 110 degrees, preferably an angle between 80 degrees and 100 degrees.

[0077] 13. A panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein a seam formed by two panels in a connected state defines a vertical plane (VP), wherein the vertical plane subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion.

[0078] 14. The panel according to any one of clauses 10 to 12 and clause 13, wherein at least a portion, and preferably the entire bottom front contact surface, of the bottom front contact surface is located on the same side of the vertical plane as the first contact portion and the second contact portion.

[0079] 15. The panel according to clause 13 or 14, wherein the upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon intersects the vertical plane (VP).

[0080] 16. The panel according to any one of clauses 13 to 15, wherein the entire top surface of the lower lip extending between the vertical plane (VP) and the second contact portion is a smooth curved surface.

[0081] 17. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the upper surface of the lower lip is provided with staggered cutouts, the cutouts being at least partially located below the upper lip and configured to accommodate the end portion of the lateral tenon of another panel.

[0082] 18. The panel according to Clause 17, wherein the intersecting cut portions of the upper lip and the lower lip are configured to clamp the end portions of the lateral tenon.

[0083] 19. The panel according to any one of clauses 17 to 18, wherein the staggered cut portions are located entirely below the upper lip.

[0084] 20. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the panel defines a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface and the bottom surface defining the thickness (PT) of the panel, and wherein the thickness (ST) of the shoulder, measured from the bottom surface of the panel to the highest point of the shoulder, exceeds 30% of the thickness (PT) of the panel, preferably exceeding 50%.

[0085] 21. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein, in the joined state of the panel, the top surface of the shoulder is positioned at a distance from the lower surface opposite to the first joined portion.

[0086] 22. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the top surface of the shoulder is substantially parallel to the plane of the panel.

[0087] 23. A panel according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein a vertical plane (VP) is defined by a seam formed by two panels in a connected state or between two panels in a connected state, wherein the vertical plane subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion, and wherein, in the connected state, the entire bottom surface and the entire side surface of the inner lower lip portion are positioned at a distance from the second connected portion.

[0088] 24. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the lower lip is completely located below the upper lip.

[0089] 25. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon and the side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon are connected by a transition convex surface.

[0090] 26. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the lower surface of the upper lip and the side surface of the upper lip are connected by a transitional convex surface.

[0091] 27. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion are further disposed at at least a second pair of opposing edges.

[0092] 28. A panel according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the panel includes a third and a fourth connecting portion at at least one other pair, particularly the second pair, of opposing edges, thereby allowing a plurality of the panels to be interconnected by a descending or vertical movement, whereby, in the connected state of two of the panels, these connecting portions provide locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the plane of the panel and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edge and parallel to the plane of the panel;

[0093] The third connecting portion includes an upward tenon, at least one upward wing located at a certain distance from the upward tenon, and an upward groove formed between the upward tenon and the upward wing, wherein the upward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of a downward tenon of a fourth connecting portion of another panel, wherein the side of the upward tenon facing the upward wing is the inner side of the upward tenon, and the side of the upward tenon away from the upward wing is the outer side of the upward tenon;

[0094] The fourth connecting portion includes a downward tenon, at least one downward wing located at a distance from the downward tenon, and a downward groove formed between the downward tenon and the downward wing, wherein the downward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the upward tenon of the third connecting portion of another panel, wherein the side of the downward tenon facing the downward wing is the inner side of the downward tenon, and the side of the downward tenon away from the downward wing is the outer side of the downward tenon.

[0095] 29. The panel according to Clause 28, wherein the inner side of the upward tenon and the inner side are configured to act together with the inner side of the downward tenon of the other panel in the joined state of the panel, such that the panels are pressed toward each other at least laterally under tension (T2).

[0096] 30. The panel according to clause 28 or 29, wherein at least a portion of the inner side of the upward tenon is inclined toward the upward flank, and wherein at least a portion of the inner side of the downward tenon is inclined toward the downward flank, thereby allowing the two panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

[0097] 31. A panel according to any one of clauses 28 to 30, wherein a first locking element is provided on the outer side of the upward tenon and a second locking element is provided on the downward flank, the second locking element being configured to cooperate with the first locking element of the other panel to allow both panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

[0098] 32. The panel according to clause 31, wherein the first locking element includes an outwardly projecting portion, the second locking element includes a recess, wherein the outer side of the outwardly projecting portion includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes a sloped locking surface, the upper portion includes a preferably curved guide surface, wherein the recess includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes a sloped locking surface, wherein in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the sloped locking surface of the lower portion of the outwardly projecting portion and the sloped locking surface of the lower portion of the recess contact to achieve the locking effect between the panels, and / or in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the upper portions of the first locking element and the upper portions of the second locking element are preferably at least partially spaced apart.

[0099] 33. The panel according to clause 32, wherein the length of the inclined locking surface of the outwardly protruding lower portion is greater than the length of the inclined locking surface of the recessed lower portion, preferably at least 1.5 times greater.

[0100] 34. The panel according to clause 32 or 33, wherein the upper portion extends in a larger vertical cross section compared to the lower portion, wherein preferably, the height of the upper portion is at least three times the height of the lower portion.

[0101] 35. A panel according to any one of clauses 28 to 34, wherein the outer side of the upward wing and the downward tenon defines a substantially vertical upper contact surface of the panel, and both the downward tenon and the upward wing include an inclined contact surface adjacent to the upper contact surface, wherein the inclined contact surface of the downward tenon of the panel is configured to engage the inclined contact surface of the upward wing of an adjacent panel in the joined state of the panel, wherein each substantially vertical upper contact surface and each adjacent inclined surface form an angle (α) between 100 degrees and 175 degrees with each other.

[0102] 36. A panel according to any one of clauses 28 to 35, wherein a third locking element is provided on the outer side of the downward tenon and a fourth locking element is provided on the upward wing, the fourth locking element being configured to cooperate with the third locking element of the other panel to allow both panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

[0103] 37. The panel according to clauses 35 and 36, wherein the third locking element is defined at least partially by the upper contact surface of the downward tenon, and the fourth locking element is defined at least partially by the upper contact surface of the upward flank.

[0104] 38. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein at least a portion of each of the connecting portions constitutes part of the core layer of the panel.

[0105] 39. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the panel comprises at least one core layer and at least one decorative top, the top being directly or indirectly attached to the core layer, wherein the top defines the top surface of the panel.

[0106] 40. The panel according to clause 39, wherein the top comprises a printed decorative layer and at least one abrasion-resistant layer covering the printed decorative layer.

[0107] 41. The panel as described in clause 39 or 40, wherein at least one core layer comprises a moisture-sensitive material, such as wood.

[0108] 42. The panel according to any one of clauses 39 to 41, wherein at least one core layer is composed at least partially of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or high-density fiberboard (HDF).

[0109] 43. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the panel is rectangular or hexagonal.

[0110] 44. The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the vertical thickness of the panel is in the range of 3.0 mm to 20.0 mm, preferably in the range of 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm.

[0111] 45. The panel according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein almost the entire top surface of the lower lip is smoothly curved according to a substantially constant radius.

[0112] 46. ​​The panel according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the top surface of the lower lip includes a curved rear top surface and a curved front top surface, wherein the rear top surface and the front top surface are interleaved relative to each other, and wherein, preferably, the front top surface is deeper relative to the rear top surface.

[0113] 47. The panel according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the facing portions of the side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip are substantially complementary in shape and preferably substantially complementary in curvature.

[0114] 48. The panel according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the maximum distance a between the side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon and the facing portion of the top surface of the lower lip is less than the maximum distance b between the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon and the facing portion of the top surface of the lower lip.

[0115] 49. A decorative covering for a floor, ceiling, or wall, said decorative covering comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to any one of the preceding clauses. Attached Figure Description

[0116] The invention will be described based on the non-limiting exemplary embodiments shown in the following figures, wherein:

[0117] Figure 1 A rectangular floor panel according to the invention is shown;

[0118] Figure 2 The following is shown along each side edge. Figure 1 A cross-sectional view of line AA in the diagram;

[0119] Figure 3 It shows Figure 2 The method of connecting the side edges is shown;

[0120] Figure 4 A cross-sectional view is shown. Figure 2 The side edges are in a connected state;

[0121] Figure 5 The following is shown along each side edge. Figure 1 Longitudinal cross-sectional view of the BB line in the diagram;

[0122] Figure 6 It shows Figure 5 The method of connecting the side edges is shown;

[0123] Figure 7 Further details of the various side edges in the connected state are shown in longitudinal cross-sectional view;

[0124] Figure 8 It shows Figure 2 An alternative embodiment of the side edge, which allows for another connection method;

[0125] Figure 9 It shows Figure 2 Another alternative embodiment of the side edge. Detailed Implementation

[0126] Figure 1 A decorative panel 1 is shown, which has a decorative top layer 12 on its upper side 2. The panel is rectangular in shape, having a length extending longitudinally along line BB and a width extending laterally along line AA. Therefore, the plane of the panel is defined by the combination of lines AA and BB. At opposite side edges 3 and 4, a first connecting portion in the form of profile 5 and a second connecting portion in the form of profile 6 are respectively provided. At opposite side edges 9 and 10, a third connecting portion in the form of profile 7 and a fourth connecting portion in the form of profile 8 are respectively provided.

[0127] Figure 2A cross-sectional view of the first connecting portion 5 at side edge 3 is shown. The first connecting portion 5 includes a lateral tenon 20 comprising a front region 21 and a rear region 22, wherein the bottom surface 23 and / or side surface 23 of the front region 21 is at least partially circular, wherein the top surface 24 of the front region 21 slopes at least partially downward in a direction away from the rear region 22, and wherein the bottom surface 26 and / or side surface 26 of the rear region 22 of the lateral tenon 20 defines a first contact portion 26, and wherein the lateral tenon 20 includes a passive bottom surface 27 adjacent to the first contact portion 26, wherein the passive bottom surface 27 is defined by a cut-out portion at the lower side of the lateral tenon 20. Here, the passive bottom surface 27 extends over an intermediate region 28 between the rear region 22 and the front region 21 and is substantially flat. The passive bottom surface 27 slopes downward toward the front region 21, such that the sloped top surface 24 of the lateral tenon and the sloped passive bottom surface 27 converge in a direction away from the rear region of the lateral tenon. Furthermore, the second connecting portion 6 includes a recess 30 for receiving at least a portion of the lateral tenon 20 of another panel; the recess 30 is defined by an upper lip 31 and a lower lip 32, wherein the lower lip 32 extends beyond the upper lip 31, and wherein the lower lip 32 is provided with an upwardly projecting shoulder 33 defining a second contact portion 34 configured to, when a reference is made... Figure 4 In the joined state discussed, these panels actively interact with the first contact portion 26 of another panel. The top surface 35 of the lower lip 32 is at least partially smoothly curved and configured as a sliding surface that serves the at least partially circular bottom surface 23 and / or side surface 23 of the front region 21 of the lateral tenon 20 of the other panel during the engagement of the first and second joining portions. The upper surface 35 of the lower lip is provided with staggered cutout portions 35s, which are at least partially located below the upper lip 31 and configured to receive the end portion of the lateral tenon 20 of the other panel.

[0128] Figure 3 The method of joining two panels 1 and 1' is shown, wherein each panel is provided with, as shown in the figure Figure 2 The first connecting part 5 and the second connecting part 6 are shown. These two panels are connected to each other by a tilting motion indicated by arrow MA. Figure 3 As is evident, the curvature of the top surface 35 of the lower lip 32 serves as a sliding surface for the at least partially circular bottom surface 23 and / or side surface 23 of the tenon 20.

[0129] Figure 4 It shows that once the tilting motion is completed Figure 3The connecting portions 5 and 6 of the two panels 1 and 1' after connection are shown. In the connected state shown, the corresponding contact portions 26 and 34 generate tension (T1) together, which forces the side edges 3 and 4 toward each other. Furthermore, in the connected state shown, the at least partially curved top surface 35 of the lower lip 32 and the passive bottom surface 27 of the lateral tenon 20 are positioned to create an intermediate space S adjacent to the first contact portion 26 and the second contact portion 34 that actively interact. The passive bottom surface 27 is depicted as a substantially flat surface, but alternatively, it may have a concave or convex surface, as long as a certain amount of intermediate space S is maintained between the tenon and the concave portion in the connected state. The lower surface 36 of the upper lip 31 is at least partially inclined and configured to abut at least a portion of the top surface 24 of the front region of the lateral tenon 20. The top surface 35 of the lower lip defines the deepest point 38 of the recess, while the shoulder 33 of the lower lip defines the highest point 39 of the lower lip, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth (LLD). On the upper side of the panels 1 and 1', which are pressed together by tension from contact portions 26 and 34, there is a seam 40 that defines a vertical plane VP that subdivides the lower lip 32 into an inner lower lip portion 32i and an outer lower lip portion 32o. Here, the top surface of the shoulder 33 is located at a distance from the first connecting portion 5, such that an intermediate space also exists at this portion.

[0130] Figure 5 It shows Figure 1 The diagram shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of panel 1 along line BB. At side edges 9 and 10, a third connecting portion in the form of profile 7 and a fourth connecting profile in the form of profile 8 are respectively provided. The third connecting portion 7 includes an upward tenon 71, an upward wing 72 located at a distance from the upward tenon, and an upward groove 73 formed between the upward tenon 71 and the upward wing 72, wherein the upward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the downward tenon 81 of the fourth connecting portion 8 of the other panel. The side of the upward tenon 71 facing the upward wing 72 is the inner side 77 of the upward tenon, while the side of the upward tenon 71 facing away from the upward wing 72 is the outer side 76 of the upward tenon. A first locking element 75 is provided on the outer side of the upward tenon 71 facing away from the upward wing 72. The fourth connecting portion 8 includes a downward tenon 81, a downward wing 82 located at a certain distance from the downward tenon, and a downward groove 83 formed between the downward tenon 81 and the downward wing 82, wherein the downward groove 83 is adapted to receive at least a portion of the upward tenon 71 of the third connecting portion 7 of the other panel. The side of the downward tenon 81 facing the downward wing 82 is the inner side 87 of the downward tenon, while the side of the downward tenon 81 facing away from the downward wing 82 is the outer side 86 of the downward tenon 81. A second locking element 85 adapted to cooperate with a first locking element 75 of the other panel is provided at the downward wing 82.

[0131] Figure 6 This illustrates when panel 1 and panel 1' are connected to each other. Figure 5 The third connecting profile 7 and the fourth connecting profile 8 are connected to each other in the following manner. Here, the panel 1' moves vertically downward along the arrow, wherein profiles 7 and 8 are engaged with each other by receiving the upward tenon 71 in the downward groove 83 and the downward tenon 81 in the upward groove 73.

[0132] Figure 7 A more detailed explanation is provided on completing, such as Figure 6 The vertical motion connection shown depicts side edges 7 and 8 in a connected state. It should be noted that... Figure 7 The side edges 7 and 8 of the embodiment with Figure 5 and Figure 6 The illustrated embodiment includes some minor modifications, which can be directly seen from the figures and will be explained further below. Figures 5 to 7 With regard to the same common features, these features are indicated by the same reference numerals. The inner side 77 of the upward tenon 71 contacts the inner side 87 of the downward tenon 81 of the other panel, causing the panels to generate tension (T2) that presses the side edges 7 and 8 toward each other. A portion of the inner side 77 of the upward tenon is inclined toward the upper wing 72, while a portion of the inner side 87 of the downward tenon 81 is inclined toward the lower wing 82, such that the two joined panels interlock in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the panels (i.e., in the vertical direction). Furthermore, the first locking element 75 and the second locking element 85 interlock with each other, thereby further contributing to the vertical interlocking of the joined panels. The first locking element is a protrusion 75, and the second locking element is a recess 85. The protrusion 75 has an upper portion 90 and an adjacent lower portion 88, wherein the lower portion 88 includes an inclined locking surface, and the upper portion 90 includes a preferably curved guiding surface. The recess 85 includes an upper portion 94 and an adjacent lower portion 92, wherein the lower portion 92 includes an inclined locking surface. The corresponding upper portions 90 and 94 are spaced apart, allowing for an intermediate space. On the upper sides of the connecting side edges 7 and 8, the upper contact surfaces 95 and 96 are forced together due to the interaction of the inner sides 77 and 87. Furthermore, the corresponding upper contact surfaces 95 and 96 are provided with a protrusion 98 and a recess 97, which interlock with each other in the connected state. Above the protrusion 98 and the recess 97, respectively, inclined contact surfaces 99a and 99b are provided that engage with each other.

[0133] Figure 8 It shows according to Figure 2Alternative embodiments of side edges 3 and 4, wherein the upper surface 24 and the side surface 23 of the front region 21 of the lateral tenon are connected by a transition convex surface 100, and the lower surface 36 and the side surface 102 of the upper lip 31 are connected by a transition convex surface 104. All other features of side edges 3 and 4 are similar. Figure 2 The illustrated embodiment allows for connecting movements by moving the panels toward each other in a planar direction, as indicated by the arrow "Snap In".

[0134] Figure 9 It shows according to Figure 2 Alternative embodiments of side edges 3 and 4, wherein the upper surface 35 of the lower lip 32 has staggered cutouts 35s that are dimensionally complementary to the end portion 23 of the tenon 20, such that the cutouts 35s clamp around the end portion 23. All other features of side edges 3 and 4 are similar. Figure 2 .

[0135] The above-described inventive concepts have been illustrated by several exemplary embodiments. It is conceivable that the various inventive concepts can be applied without applying other details of the described examples. It is not necessary to elaborate on all conceivable combinations of the above-described inventive concepts, as those skilled in the art will understand that numerous inventive concepts can be (re)combined to achieve a particular application.

[0136] Obviously, the present invention is not limited to the working examples shown and described herein, but various modifications that will be obvious to those skilled in the art can exist within the scope of the appended claims.

[0137] The verb “include” and its variations used in this patent should be understood not only to mean “include”, but also to mean the phrases “contain”, “substantially constitute”, “formed by” and their variations.

Claims

1. A decorative panel, particularly a floor panel, wall panel, or ceiling panel, said decorative panel comprising at least a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion at a first pair of opposing edges, the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion allowing a plurality of said panels to be connected to each other; thereby, in the connected state of two said panels, the connecting portion provides locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the plane of said panel and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edge and parallel to the plane of said panel; in, The first connecting portion includes a lateral tenon, wherein the lateral tenon includes a front region and a rear region, wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the front region is at least partially circular, wherein the top surface of the front region is at least partially downwardly inclined in a direction away from the rear region, and wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the rear region of the lateral tenon defines a first contact portion, and wherein the lateral tenon includes a passive bottom surface adjacent to the first contact portion, wherein the passive bottom surface is defined by a cut-out portion at the underside of the lateral tenon; The second connecting portion includes a recess for receiving at least a portion of the lateral tenon of another panel, the recess being defined by an upper lip and a lower lip, wherein the lower lip extends beyond the upper lip and wherein the lower lip is provided with an upwardly projecting shoulder defining a second contact portion, the second contact portion being configured to actively interact with the first contact portion of the other panel in the connected state of the panels, such that the panels are pressed at least laterally toward each other under tension (T1), wherein the top surface of the lower lip is at least partially smoothly curved and configured as a sliding surface, the sliding surface serving, during connection, at least partially circularly spaced bottom and / or side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel, and wherein the at least partially curved top surface of the lower lip and the lateral tenon... The passive bottom surfaces are positioned relative to each other such that, in the joined state of the two panels, there is an intermediate space near the first and second contact portions that actively interact, and wherein the lower surface of the upper lip is at least partially inclined and configured to abut against at least a portion of the top surface of the front region of the lateral tenon of the other panel; wherein the bottom surface and / or side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon is configured to interact with the lower lip in the joined state of the two panels and together define a bottom front contact surface, wherein the joint formed by the two panels in the joined state defines a vertical plane (VP), wherein the vertical plane subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion, and wherein the entire bottom front contact surface is located on the same side of the vertical plane as the first and second contact portions.

2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon is substantially flat.

3. The panel according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The passive bottom surface is at least partially inclined downward in the direction toward the front region.

4. The panel according to claim 3, wherein, The inclined top surface of the lateral tenon and the inclined passive bottom surface converge in a direction away from the rear region of the lateral tenon.

5. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, and wherein, in the joined state of the two panels, the deepest point is located at a distance from the passive bottom surface.

6. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, wherein the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point of the lower lip, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth, and wherein the first contact portion and the second contact portion are located entirely at more than half of the lower lip depth.

7. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The top surface of the lower lip defines the deepest point of the recess, wherein the shoulder of the lower lip defines the highest point of the lower lip, wherein the deepest point and the highest point define the lower lip depth, and wherein the minimum thickness of the lateral tenon, measured between its at least partially inclined upper surface and its passive bottom surface, exceeds the lower lip depth.

8. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The first contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the front region of the lateral tenon, wherein the inclined first contact portion and the plane of the panel form an angle of at least 45 degrees, and wherein the second contact portion is inclined upward in a direction away from the upper lip, wherein the inclined second contact portion and the plane of the panel form an angle of at least 45 degrees.

9. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The first contact portion and the second contact portion extend in substantially parallel directions.

10. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The almost entire top surface of the lower lip is smoothly curved according to a substantially constant radius.

11. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The top surface of the lower lip includes a curved rear top surface and a curved front top surface, wherein the rear top surface and the front top surface are intersected relative to each other, and wherein the front top surface is deeper relative to the rear top surface.

12. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The entire bottom front contact surface is located below the level of the first contact portion and the second contact portion.

13. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The bottom front contact surface on one side and the contact surfaces defined by the first contact portion and the second contact portion on the other side form an angle between 70 degrees and 110 degrees.

14. The panel according to claim 13, wherein, The bottom front contact surface on one side and the contact surfaces defined by the first contact portion and the second contact portion on the other side form an angle between 80 degrees and 100 degrees with each other.

15. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The facing portions of the side surfaces of the front region of the lateral tenon and the top surface of the lower lip are substantially complementary in shape and are substantially complementary in curvature.

16. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon intersects the vertical plane (VP).

17. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The entire top surface of the lower lip, extending between the vertical plane (VP) and the second contact portion, is a smooth, curved surface.

18. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The upper surface of the lower lip is provided with staggered cutouts, which are at least partially located below the upper lip and configured to accommodate the end portion of the lateral tenon of another panel.

19. The panel according to claim 18, wherein, The intersecting cut portions of the upper lip and the lower lip are configured to clamp the end portion of the lateral tenon.

20. The panel according to claim 18, wherein, The staggered cuts are located entirely below the upper lip.

21. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The panel defines a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface and the bottom surface defining the thickness of the panel, and wherein the thickness of the shoulder, measured from the bottom surface of the panel to the highest point of the shoulder, exceeds 30% of the thickness of the panel.

22. The panel according to claim 21, wherein, The thickness of the shoulder, measured from the bottom surface of the panel to the highest point of the shoulder, exceeds 50% of the thickness of the panel.

23. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, In the connected state of the panel, the top surface of the shoulder is positioned at a certain distance from the lower surface facing the first connecting portion.

24. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The top surface of the shoulder is substantially parallel to the plane of the panel.

25. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, A vertical plane (VP) is defined by a seam formed by two panels in a connected state or by a seam formed between two panels in a connected state, wherein the vertical plane subdivides the lower lip into an inner lower lip portion and an outer lower lip portion, and wherein, in the connected state, the entire bottom surface and the entire side surface of the inner lower lip portion are positioned at a distance from the second connected portion.

26. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The lower lip is located completely below the upper lip.

27. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The upper surface of the front region of the lateral tenon and the side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon are connected by a transition convex surface.

28. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The lower surface of the upper lip and the side surface of the upper lip are connected by a transition convex surface.

29. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The first connecting portion and the second connecting portion are also disposed at at least a second pair of opposite edges.

30. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The panel includes a third and a fourth connecting portion at at least one other pair, particularly the second pair, of opposing edges. The third and fourth connecting portions allow multiple panels to be interconnected by a descending or vertical movement, thereby providing locking in a first direction (R1) perpendicular to the panel plane and in a second direction (R2) perpendicular to the respective edge and parallel to the panel plane when two panels are connected. The third connecting portion includes an upward tenon, at least one upward wing located at a certain distance from the upward tenon, and an upward groove formed between the upward tenon and the upward wing, wherein the upward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the downward tenon of the fourth connecting portion of another panel, wherein the side of the upward tenon facing the upward wing is the inner side of the upward tenon, and the side of the upward tenon away from the upward wing is the outer side of the upward tenon; The fourth connecting portion includes a downward tenon, at least one downward wing located at a certain distance from the downward tenon, and a downward groove formed between the downward tenon and the downward wing, wherein the downward groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the upward tenon of the third connecting portion of another panel, wherein the side of the downward tenon facing the downward wing is the inner side of the downward tenon, and the side of the downward tenon away from the downward wing is the outer side of the downward tenon.

31. The panel according to claim 30, wherein, The inner side of the upward tenon and the inner side are configured to work together with the inner side of the downward tenon of the other panel in the connected state of the panel, such that the panels are pressed towards each other at least laterally under tension (T2).

32. The panel according to claim 30, wherein, At least a portion of the inner side of the upward tenon is inclined toward the upward wing, and at least a portion of the inner side of the downward tenon is inclined toward the downward wing, thereby allowing the two panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

33. The panel according to claim 30, wherein, A first locking element is provided on the outer side of the upward tenon, and a second locking element is provided on the downward wing. The second locking element is configured to work in conjunction with the first locking element of the other panel, thereby allowing the two panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

34. The panel according to claim 33, wherein, The first locking element includes an outward protrusion, and the second locking element includes a recess, wherein the outer side of the outward protrusion includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes a sloped locking surface, and the upper portion includes a curved guide surface, wherein the recess includes an upper portion and an adjacent lower portion, wherein the lower portion includes a sloped locking surface, wherein in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the sloped locking surface of the lower portion of the outward protrusion and the sloped locking surface of the lower portion of the recess contact to achieve a locking effect between the panels, and / or in the coupled state of adjacent panels, the upper portions of the first locking element and the upper portions of the second locking element are at least partially spaced apart.

35. The panel according to claim 34, wherein, The length of the outwardly protruding lower inclined locking surface is greater than the length of the lower inclined locking surface of the recess, by at least 1.5 times.

36. The panel according to claim 34, wherein, Compared to the lower portion, the upper portion extends over a larger vertical cross section, wherein the height of the upper portion is at least three times the height of the lower portion.

37. The panel according to claim 30, wherein, The outer sides of the upward wing and the downward tenon define a generally vertical upper contact surface of the panel, and both the downward tenon and the upward wing include an inclined contact surface adjacent to the upper contact surface, wherein the inclined contact surface of the downward tenon of the panel is configured to engage the inclined contact surface of the upward wing of the adjacent panel in the joined state of the panel, wherein each generally vertical upper contact surface and each adjacent inclined surface form an angle (α) between 100 degrees and 175 degrees with each other.

38. The panel according to claim 30, wherein, A third locking element is provided on the outer side of the downward tenon, and a fourth locking element is provided on the upward wing. The fourth locking element is configured to work in conjunction with the third locking element of the other panel, thereby allowing the two panels to be locked in the first direction (R1).

39. The panel according to claim 38, wherein, The third locking element is defined at least partially by the upper contact surface of the downward tenon, and the fourth locking element is defined at least partially by the upper contact surface of the upward wing.

40. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, At least a portion of each of the connecting portions forms part of the core layer of the panel as a whole.

41. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The panel includes at least one core layer and at least one decorative top, the top being directly or indirectly attached to the core layer, wherein the top defines the top surface of the panel.

42. The panel according to claim 41, wherein, The top includes a printed decorative layer and at least one wear-resistant layer covering the printed decorative layer.

43. The panel according to claim 41, wherein, At least one core layer contains a moisture-sensitive material.

44. The panel according to claim 41, wherein, At least one core layer is composed at least partially of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or high-density fiberboard (HDF).

45. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The panel is rectangular or hexagonal.

46. ​​The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The vertical thickness of the panel is in the range of 3.0 mm to 20.0 mm.

47. The panel according to claim 46, wherein, The vertical thickness of the panel is in the range of 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm.

48. The panel according to claim 1, wherein, The maximum distance 'a' between the side surface of the front region of the lateral tenon and the facing portion of the top surface of the lower lip is less than the maximum distance 'b' between the passive bottom surface of the lateral tenon and the facing portion of the top surface of the lower lip.

49. A decorative covering for a floor, ceiling, or wall, said decorative covering comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to any one of claims 1-48.

Images