Genetic combinations improve yields

Abstract

The present invention relates to plant breeding and cultivation. In particular, the present invention relates to materials and methods for improving the yield of plants, preferably such improvement being visible under fungal pathogen stress.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to plant breeding and cultivation. In particular, the present invention relates to materials and methods for improving the yield of plants, preferably such improvement being visible under fungal pathogen stress. [Background technology]

[0002] Plant pathogenic organisms, specifically fungi, have caused serious declines in agricultural yields in the past, leading to poor harvests at worst. Monocultures, in particular, are highly susceptible to epidemic spread of disease. To date, pathogenic organisms have been controlled primarily by the use of pesticides. Today, humans also have the possibility to directly modify the genetic predisposition of plants or pathogens. Alternatively, natural fungicides produced by plants after fungal infection can be synthesized and applied to plants.

[0003] Yield is influenced by various factors such as the number and size of plant organs, plant architecture (e.g. number of branches), number of filled seeds or kernels, plant vigor, growth rate, root development, water and nutrient utilization, and especially abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.

[0004] In the past, efforts have been made to produce plants resistant to biotic stresses, such as fungal pathogens. As used herein, the term "resistance" refers to the absence or reduction of one or more disease symptoms in a plant caused by a plant pathogen. Resistance generally describes the ability of a plant to prevent or at least suppress invasion and colonization by a harmful pathogen. Various mechanisms of naturally occurring resistance can be identified by which plants avoid colonization by plant pathogenic organisms (Schopfer and Brennicke (1999) Pflanzenphysiologie, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany). However, in practice, this resistance is often overcome due to the rapid evolutionary emergence of new highly virulent species of pathogens, including fungi (Neu et al. 2003) American Cytopathol. Society, MPMI 16 No. 7: 626-633).

[0005] Fungi are distributed worldwide. About 100,000 different fungal species are known so far. Among them, rust fungi are very important. They can have a complex development cycle that includes up to five different sporulation stages (immobile spermatozoa, rust spores, uredospores, teliospores and basidiospores). Specific infection structures develop for plant invasion. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi depend for their nutrition on the metabolism of living plant cells. Examples of biotrophic fungi include many rust fungi, powdery mildew fungi or oomycota pathogens such as Phytophthora or Peronospora genera. Necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi depend for their nutrition on dead plant cells (e.g. species from the Fusarium, Rhizoctonia or Mycosphaerella genera). Soybean rust occupies an intermediate position: when it penetrates directly into the epidermis, it causes necrosis of the invaded cells. However, after penetration, the fungus changes to an obligate biotrophic lifestyle. A subgroup of biotrophic fungal pathogens that essentially follow this infection strategy are heminecrotrophic.

[0006] The soybean rust fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi invades the plant epidermis directly. After growing through the epidermal cells, the fungus reaches the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll where it starts to spread throughout the leaf. To obtain nutrients, the fungus invades the mesophyll cells and develops haustoria inside them. A particularly troublesome feature of Phakopsora pachyrhizi is that these pathogens show immense variability, thereby overcoming novel plant resistance mechanisms and novel fungicidal activities within a few years, in some cases already during one growing season in Brazil.

[0007] Despite the scientific importance of resistance, resistance only has economic value if it results in increased crop yield or crop quality (compared to susceptible varieties) when the disease is present.

[0008] Progress in increasing resistance in crop plants has revealed that improved fungal resistance does not correlate with improved yield, especially under natural arable growing conditions rather than protected greenhouse environments. Even genes that reliably confer strong fungal resistance may not increase or even decrease yield. Contrary to common sense and assumptions and assertions in the literature, fungal resistance and yield traits are independent of each other in the best cases, but may even cancel each other out in many cases (for a review on this topic, see Ning et al. Balancing Immunity and Yield in Crop Plants Trends in Plant Science 22(12),1069-1079). However, farmers are primarily interested in yield. The extent to which a plant is affected by fungal infection is not of concern unless yield is also affected.

[0009] In the past, several genes have been identified that increase soybean resistance to soybean rust, examples of such publications are WO2014118018, WO2013001435, WO2014076614, WO2014024079, and WO2012023099.

[0010] However, as shown in the examples, it is not possible to predict yield advances with any significant degree of confidence by the expression of genes responsible for resistance to fungal pathogens. Thus, the trait of yield improvement is independent of the trait of fungal resistance and cannot be predicted by the trait of fungal resistance. Moreover, as also shown herein, combinations of genes individually involved in yield increase do not generally result in superadditive yield improvement and often even result in yield increases that are lower than the theoretical additive yield increase effect expected from the individual genes. In fact, the simultaneous expression of genes individually involved in yield increase and fungal resistance can even result in yield losses. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0011] It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide materials and methods for improving plant yield, especially in agricultural crops, and preferably for providing increased yield despite potential fungal pathogen stress. In particular, a preferred object of the present invention was to provide materials and methods that result in genetically improved yields of plant material, even under conditions of infection with a fungal pathogen, preferably a rust fungus, most preferably a rust fungus of the genus Phakopsora, but also in the absence of significant infection pressure. [Means for solving the problem]

[0012] [Summary of the Invention] The present inventors have discovered that certain genes confer improved yield in plants, particularly in crop plants. In particular, it is shown herein that the simultaneous presence of Pti5 protein and SAR8.2 protein in cells of plants, preferably crop plants, more preferably crop plants other than the taxonomic sub-family Solanoidae, surprisingly improves seed yield under natural fungal pathogen stress conditions.

[0013] This disclosure therefore encompasses the following teachings of the present invention.

[0014] The present invention relates to a method for increasing the yield produced by a plant compared to a control plant, comprising the steps of: i) providing a plant comprising a Pti5 and SAR8.2 gene, and / or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, preferably wherein the Pti5 and / or SAR8.2 gene are provided in a corresponding heterologous expression cassette; ii) cultivating the plant.

[0015] The present invention also provides a plant cell, plant part, or whole plant comprising a Pti5 and a SAR8.2 gene, and / or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, wherein the plant preferably comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette.

[0016] According to the present invention there is provided a method for producing a hybrid plant having improved yield compared to a control plant, comprising the steps of: i) ia) a first plant material comprising Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes and / or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and a second plant material not comprising both Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, or ib) providing a first plant material comprising a Pti5 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette, and a second plant material comprising a SAR8.2 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette; ii) producing an F1 generation from a cross of the first and second plant material; and iii) selecting one or more members of the F1 generation capable of expressing Pti5 and SAR8.2.

[0017] The present invention further provides a use of at least a Pti5 gene and a SAR8.2 gene, a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, or a combination of a plant, a plant part, or a plant cell of the present invention for improving the yield of a plant, preferably under natural arable conditions, more preferably under pathogen pressure, more preferably under pathogen pressure having an average diseased leaf area of ​​2-100%, more preferably 5-50%, more preferably 10-50% at at least one plant growth stage, Here, the yield is Biomass per area, Grain volume per area, One or more of the following: seed volume per area; Preferably it is the amount of seeds per area.

[0018] The present invention also provides a method for synergistically improving yield, comprising expressing at least a Pti5 protein and a SAR8.2 protein in a plant cell, plant part, or plant. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0019] [Figure 1]Figure 1 shows the relative disease resistance provided by expressing Pti5, SAR8.2, and the combination of SAR8.2 and Pti5 under two different treatments. To compare disease progression over the whole period in plants expressing single genes or the combination of SAR8.2 and Pti5 compared to wild type, the relative disease resistance (mean relative disease resistance = (AUDPC(control) / AUDPC(event))-1)*100% averaged over locations was calculated. It can be clearly seen that both single genes increase resistance in both treatments (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)). By comparing the relative disease resistance of mutants expressing single genes to mutants expressing both genes, it becomes clear that the disease resistances do not combine additively (or superadditively). [Diagram 2] The Colby formula, which is commonly used to predict the total trait efficacy of two factors that act additively on the same trait, is shown below. [Figure 3a-b]Figure 3a shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes Pti5 or SAR8.2, or a combination of both genes (SAR8.2+Pti5), compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans (mean yield increase = (yield(control) / yield(event)-1)*100%) with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (approximately 35-40 days after planting)). The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. Since the dotted bars are lower than the diagonal striped bars (which show the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of Pti5 and SAR8.2), the results can be considered as superadditive. The graph shows the results measured at position 1. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and SAR8.2 is greater than the additive yield increase predicted by Colby's formula based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of SAR8.2 and Pti5 results in a greater than additive yield. Figure 3b shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing the single genes Pti5 or SAR8.2, or a combination of both genes (SAR8.2+Pti5), compared to non-transgenic wild-type soybeans, with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)). The dotted bars show the relative yield increase predicted based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) when using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. The dotted bars are lower than the diagonal striped bars, which show the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of Pti5 and SAR8.2, so the results can be considered as super-additive. The graph shows the results measured at position 2. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and SAR8.2 is greater than the additive yield increase predicted by the Colby formula based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of SAR8.2 with Pti5 results in a super-additive yield. [Figure 4a-b] Figure 4a shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes Pti5 or ADR1, or a combination of both genes (ADR1+Pti5), with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)) compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans. The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's equation (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonally striped bars showing the measured yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and ADR1 (stacked), the results can be considered as superadditive. The graph shows the results measured at position 1. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and ADR1 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by Colby's equation based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of ADR1 and Pti5 results in less than additive yields. Figure 4b shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing the single genes Pti5 or ADR1, or the combination of both genes (ADR1+Pti5), with and without fungicide treatment compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)). The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonally striped bars, which show the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of Pti5 and ADR1, the results can be considered as more than additive. The graph shows the results measured at position 2. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and ADR1 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by the Colby formula based on the performance of the single genes, so the combination of ADR1 and Pti5 results in less than additive yield. [Figure 5a-b]Figure 5a shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes Pti5 or RLK2, or a combination of both genes (RLK2+Pti5), with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (approximately 35-40 days after planting)) compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans. The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's equation (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonally striped bars showing the measured yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and RLK2 (stacked), the results can be considered as superadditive. The graph shows the results measured at position 1. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and RLK2 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by Colby's equation based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of RLK2 and Pti5 results in less than additive yields. Figure 5b shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes Pti5 or RLK2, or a combination of both genes (RLK2+Pti5), with and without fungicide treatment compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)). The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonally striped bars, which show the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of Pti5 and RLK2, the results can be considered as more than additive. The graph shows the results measured at position 2. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and RLK2 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by the Colby formula based on the performance of a single gene, and therefore the combination of RLK2 and Pti5 results in less than additive yield. [Figure 6a-b]Figure 6a shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes SAR8.2 or RLK2, or a combination of both genes (RLK2+SAR8.2), with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (approximately 35-40 days after planting)) compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans. The dotted bars show the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonally striped bars, which show the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of SAR8.2 and RLK2, the results can be considered as superadditive. The graph shows the results measured at position 1. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of SAR8.2 and RLK2 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by Colby's formula based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of RLK2 and SAR8.2 results in less than additive yield. Figure 6b shows the relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes SAR8.2 or RLK2, or a combination of both genes (RLK2+SAR8.2), compared to non-transgenic wild-type soybeans, with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (at about 35-40 days after planting)). The dotted bars show the relative yield increase predicted based on Colby's formula (see Figure 2) when using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bar is lower than the diagonal striped bar, which indicates the measured yield increase mediated by the combination (stack) of SAR8.2 and RLK2, the results can be considered as super-additive. This graph shows the results measured at position 2. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of SAR8.2 and RLK2 is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by the Colby formula based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of RLK2 and SAR8.2 results in less than additive yield. [Figure 7]Relative yield increase (%) of soybeans expressing single genes Pti5 or Ein2Cterm, or a combination of both genes (Ein2Cterm+Pti5), with and without fungicide treatment (untreated: no fungicide treatment, treated: one fungicide treatment at the onset of ASR disease (approximately 35-40 days after planting)) compared to non-transgenic wild type soybeans. The dotted bars indicate the predicted relative yield increase based on Colby's equation (see Figure 2) using the yield increase mediated by both single genes. If the dotted bars are lower than the diagonal striped bars, which indicate the observed yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and Ein2Cterm (stacked), the results can be considered as superadditive. It can be clearly seen that the yield increase mediated by the combination of Pti5 and Ein2Cterm is much lower than the additive yield increase predicted by Colby's equation based on the performance of the single genes. Therefore, the combination of Ein2Cterm and Pti5 results in less than additive yields. [Figure 8-1] FIG. 8 shows a scheme for substituting amino acids in the sequence of the Pti5 protein. The amino acid positions are given in chunks of up to 100 amino acids (herein 1-100 and 101-161). For each position, the number of asterisks indicates the degree of conservation, with asterisks in higher columns indicating positions more preferred to maintain the corresponding most preferred amino acid. The amino acid sequence under the row of asterisks is the sequence of the most preferred amino acid. The second amino acid sequence under the row of asterisks is the sequence of amino acids in SEQ ID NO:1. For each position, the column of amino acids in a lower position than the most preferred sequence refer to substitutions that are preferred in the present invention, where the substitutions are sorted in descending order of priority. Substitutions are indicated by their standard one-letter amino acid abbreviations, where "-" indicates a missing amino acid such that a gap appears in the aligned sequence after alignment with the top sequence. [Figure 8-2] This is a continuation of Figure 8. [Figure 9]FIG. 1 shows a scheme for substituting amino acids in the sequence of the SAR8.2 protein. The amino acid positions are given in chunks of up to 100 amino acids (herein 1-86). For each position, the number of asterisks indicates the degree of conservation, with asterisks in higher columns indicating positions more preferred to maintain the corresponding most preferred amino acid. The amino acid sequence under the row of asterisks is the sequence of the most preferred amino acid. The second amino acid sequence under the row of asterisks is the sequence of amino acids in SEQ ID NO:2. For each position, the column of amino acids in a lower position than the most preferred sequence refer to substitutions that are preferred in the present invention, where the substitutions are sorted in descending order of priority. Substitutions are indicated by their standard one-letter amino acid abbreviations, where "-" indicates a missing amino acid such that a gap appears in the aligned sequence after alignment with the top sequence. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0020] [Table 1-1]

[0021] [Detailed Description of the Invention] The technical teachings of the present invention are expressed herein using linguistic means, in particular by using scientific and technical terms. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the linguistic means, however detailed and precise they may be, may only approximate the complete content of the technical teachings, if only because there are multiple ways of expressing the teachings, each of which is necessarily impossible to fully express all conceptual connections, since each expression must necessarily be complete. With this in mind, those skilled in the art will understand that the subject matter of the present invention is the sum of the individual technical concepts shown herein or necessarily expressed in a pulse-prototype manner by the inherent constraints of the present specification. In particular, those skilled in the art will understand that the expression of the individual technical concepts is made herein as a shorthand for detailing each possible combination of the concepts as far as technically practical, so that, for example, the disclosure of three concepts or embodiments A, B and C is a shorthand for the concepts A+B, A+C, B+C, A+B+C. In particular, alternatives regarding features are described herein with reference to a list that aggregates the alternatives or examples. Unless otherwise stated, the invention described herein includes any combination of such alternatives. Selection of more or less preferred elements from such lists is part of the invention and is subject to the preference of one skilled in the art to realize to the minimum extent the advantages conveyed by each feature. Such multiple combined embodiments represent suitably preferred forms of the invention.

[0022] To the extent that reliance is placed herein on entries in public databases, such as Uniprot and PFAM, the content of these entries is current as of May 20, 2020. Unless otherwise indicated, where an entry contains nucleic acid or amino acid sequence information, such sequence information is incorporated herein.

[0023] As used herein, singular terms and singular forms such as "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, use of the term "nucleic acid" actually includes, optionally, many copies of that nucleic acid molecule. Similarly, the term "probe" encompasses, optionally (and typically), many similar or identical probe molecules. It is also understood that, as used herein, the word "comprising" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" include the recited elements, integers, or steps or groups of elements, integers, or steps, but do not exclude any other elements, integers, or steps or groups of elements, integers, or steps.

[0024] As used herein, the term "and / or" refers to and includes any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted as an alternative ("or"). The term "comprising" also encompasses the term "consisting of."

[0025] The term "about" when used in reference to a measurable value, such as the magnitude of mass, dose, time, temperature, sequence identity, and the like, refers to ±0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15% or even 20% variation of the particular value and that particular value. Thus, when a given composition is described as comprising "about 50% X," it will be understood that in some embodiments the composition comprises 50% X, while in other embodiments the composition may comprise 40%-60% X (i.e., 50% ±10%).

[0026] As used herein, the term "gene" refers to biochemical information that, when embodied in a nucleic acid, can be transcribed into a gene product, i.e., into a further nucleic acid, preferably RNA, and can also be translated, preferably, into a peptide or polypeptide. For this reason, the term is also used to indicate portions of nucleic acids that are analogous to said information, and the sequences of such nucleic acids (also referred to herein as "gene sequences").

[0027] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "allele" refers to a genetic variant characterized by one or more specific differences in the genetic sequence compared to the wild-type genetic sequence, regardless of the presence of other sequence differences. The alleles or nucleotide sequence variants of the present invention have, in order of increasing preference, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%-84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% nucleotide "sequence identity" to the nucleotide sequence of the wild-type gene. Correspondingly, when "allele" refers to the biochemical information for expressing a peptide or polypeptide, the nucleic acid sequence of each of the alleles has, in order of increasing priority, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%-84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid "sequence identity" to the respective wild-type peptide or polypeptide.

[0028] A protein or nucleic acid variant can be defined by its sequence identity when compared to a parent protein or nucleic acid. Sequence identity is usually provided as "% sequence identity" or "% identity". In a first step, to determine the percent identity between two amino acid sequences, a pairwise sequence alignment is made between these two sequences, and the two sequences are aligned over their entire length (i.e., pairwise global alignment). The alignment is generated by a program that implements the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm (J. Mol. Biol. (1979) 48, p. 443-453), preferably by using the program "NEEDLE" (The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS)) with the program's default parameters (gapopen=10.0, gapextend=0.5, and matrix=EBLOSUM62). The preferred alignment for the purposes of the present invention is the alignment in which the maximum sequence identity can be determined.

[0029] The following examples are intended to illustrate two types of nucleotide sequences, but the same calculations apply to protein sequences: Sequence A: AAGATACTG Length: 9 bases Sequence B: GATCTGA Length: 7 bases Therefore, the shorter sequence is sequence B.

[0030] Generating a pairwise global alignment showing both sequences over their full length gives rise to the following:

[0031] [ka]

[0032] The symbol "I" in the alignment indicates an identical residue (meaning a base in the case of DNA or an amino acid in the case of a protein). The number of identical residues is 6.

[0033] The symbol "-" in the alignment indicates a gap. The number of gaps introduced by the alignment in sequence B is 1. The number of gaps introduced by the alignment at the edge of sequence B is 2 and at the edge of sequence A is 1.

[0034] The alignment length is 10, showing sequences aligned over their entire length.

[0035] According to the present invention, the generation of a pairwise alignment showing a shorter sequence over its entire length results in:

[0036] [ka]

[0037] According to the present invention, the generation of a pairwise alignment showing sequence A over its entire length results in:

[0038] [ka]

[0039] According to the present invention, the generation of a pairwise alignment showing sequence B over its entire length results in:

[0040] [ka]

[0041] The alignment length showing the shorter sequence over its entire length is 8 (there is one gap included in the alignment length of the shorter sequence).

[0042] Thus, the alignment length showing sequence A over its entire length is 9 (i.e. sequence A is a sequence of the invention) and the alignment length showing sequence B over its entire length is 8 (i.e. sequence B is a sequence of the invention).

[0043] After aligning the two sequences, in a second step an identity value is determined from the alignment. Therefore, according to the present description, the following percent identity calculation is applied: % identity = (identical residues / length of the alignment region showing each sequence of the invention over its entire length) * 100. Thus, sequence identity relating to the comparison of two amino acid sequences according to the invention is calculated by dividing the number of identical residues by the length of the alignment region showing each sequence of the invention over its entire length. Multiplying this value by 100 gives the "% identity". According to the example provided above, the % identity is (6 / 9) * 100 = 66.7% if sequence A is a sequence of the invention, and (6 / 8) * 100 = 75% if sequence B is a sequence of the invention.

[0044] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid construct" refers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single-stranded or double-stranded, that has been isolated from a naturally occurring gene or that has been modified or synthesized to contain segments of nucleic acid in a manner that is not otherwise naturally occurring.

[0045] The term "nucleic acid construct" is synonymous with the term "expression cassette" when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a polynucleotide.

[0046] The term "control sequence" or "genetic regulatory element" is defined herein to include all sequences that affect expression of a polynucleotide, including but not limited to expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the polynucleotide, or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, 5'-UTR (also called leader sequence), ribosome binding site (RBS), 3'-UTR, and transcription start and stop sites.

[0047] The term "functional linkage" or "operably linked" with respect to regulatory elements should be understood as meaning the linked arrangement of regulatory elements (including but not limited to promoters) with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed and, where appropriate, further regulatory elements (including but not limited to terminators) in such a way that each regulatory element can perform its intended function to enable, modify, promote or otherwise affect the expression of said nucleic acid sequence. For example, the control sequences are appropriately positioned relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequence so that the control sequences can direct the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide.

[0048] A "promoter" or "promoter sequence" is a nucleotide sequence located upstream of a gene, on the same strand as the gene, that enables transcription of that gene. A promoter is generally followed by the transcription initiation site of the gene. A promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase (along with any required transcription factors) that initiates transcription. A functional fragment or functional variant of a promoter is a nucleotide sequence that can be recognized by RNA polymerase and initiate transcription.

[0049] As used herein, the term "isolated DNA molecule" refers to a DNA molecule that is at least partially separated from other molecules that are normally associated with it in the natural or natural state. The term "isolated" preferably refers to a DNA molecule that is at least partially separated from a portion of the nucleic acid that is normally adjacent to the DNA molecule in the natural or natural state. Thus, a DNA molecule that is fused to a regulatory or coding sequence with which it is not normally associated, for example as a result of recombinant techniques, is considered to be isolated herein. Such molecules are considered to be isolated in that they are not in a natural state when they are integrated into the chromosome of a host cell or are present in a nucleic acid solution containing other DNA molecules.

[0050] Any number of methods well known to those of skill in the art can be used to isolate and manipulate polynucleotides, or fragments thereof, as disclosed herein. For example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can be used to amplify a particular starting polynucleotide molecule and / or generate variants of the original molecule. Polynucleotide molecules, or fragments thereof, can also be obtained by other techniques, for example by directly synthesizing fragments by chemical means, as is commonly practiced using automated oligonucleotide synthesizers. Polynucleotides can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded" generally refers to base pairing that occurs between antiparallel nucleic acid strands that are sufficiently complementary to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of this method include those in which the polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), double-stranded DNA / RNA hybrid, antisense ssDNA, or antisense ssRNA, although mixtures of any of these types of polynucleotides may also be used.

[0051] As used herein, "recombinant" when referring to a nucleic acid or polypeptide indicates that such material has been altered as a result of the application of recombinant techniques in humans, for example, by polynucleotide restriction and ligation, by polynucleotide overlap extension, or by genomic insertion or transformation. An open reading frame of a gene sequence is recombinant if (a) its nucleotide sequence is present in a context other than its natural context, for example, by (i) cloning into any type of artificial nucleic acid vector, or (ii) moving or copying to another location in the original genome, or (b) the nucleotide sequence is mutagenized so that it differs from the wild-type sequence. The term recombinant can also refer to an organism that has a recombinant material, for example, a plant that contains a recombinant nucleic acid is a recombinant plant.

[0052] The term "transgenic" refers to an organism, preferably a plant or part thereof, or a nucleic acid, that contains a heterologous polynucleotide. Preferably, the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated into the genome so that the polynucleotide is passed on from generation to generation. The heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette. "Transgenic" is used herein to refer to any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part, or plant (including transgenic organisms or cells originally so altered, as well as those produced by mating or asexual propagation from an original transgenic organism or cell) whose genotype has been altered by the presence of a heterologous nucleic acid. A "recombinant" organism is preferably a "transgenic" organism. As used herein, the term "transgenic" is not intended to encompass alterations of the genome (chromosomal or extrachromosomal) by traditional plant breeding methods (e.g., mating) or by natural events, such as, for example, self-fertilization, random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.

[0053] As used herein, "mutagenized" refers to an organism or its nucleic acid having changes in the biomolecular sequence of its native genetic material compared to the sequence of the genetic material of a corresponding wild-type organism or nucleic acid in which the changes in the genetic material have been induced and / or selected by human action. Examples of human actions that may be used to generate mutagenized organisms or DNA include, but are not limited to, by treatment with a chemical mutagen such as EMS followed by selection with a herbicide, or by treatment of plant cells with X-rays followed by selection with a herbicide. Mutations can be induced using any method known in the art. The method of inducing mutations may induce mutations at random positions in the genetic material, or may induce mutations at specific positions in the genetic material, such as by using genoplasty techniques (i.e., directed mutagenesis techniques). In addition to non-specific mutations, according to the present invention, nucleic acids may be mutagenized using mutagenesis means with selectivity or even specificity for specific sites, thereby producing the artificially derived heritable alleles of the present invention. Such tools, for example site-specific nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), meganucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS) (Malzahn et al., Cell Biosci, 2017, 7:21), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats / CRISPR-associated nucleases (CRISPR / Cas) using modified crRNA / tracr RNA (e.g. as a single guide RNA or as modified crRNA and tracrRNA molecules forming a dual molecular guide), and methods for using said nucleases to target known gene locations, are well known in the art (see reviews by Bortesi and Fischer, 2015, Biotechnology Advances 33:41-52, and Chen and Gao, 2014, Plant Cell Rep 33:575-583, and references therein).

[0054] As used herein, a "genetically modified organism" (GMO) is an organism whose genetic characteristics contain changes brought about by human effort resulting in transfection that results in transformation of the target organism with genetic material derived from another or "source" organism, or synthetic or modified natural genetic material, or an organism that is a descendant thereof that retains the inserted genetic material. The source organism may be a different type of organism (e.g., a GMO plant may contain bacterial genetic material) or may be derived from the same type of organism (e.g., a GMO plant may contain genetic material from another plant).

[0055] As used herein, "wild type" or "corresponding wild type plant" refers to a typical form of an organism or its genetic material, as it usually occurs, e.g., as distinguished from mutant and / or recombinant forms. Similarly, "control cell", "wild type", "control plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or host cell" contemplates a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or host cell, respectively, that does not have a particular polynucleotide of the invention disclosed herein. Thus, the use of the term "wild type" is not intended to suggest that a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or other host cell does not contain recombinant DNA in its genome and / or does not have fungal resistance different from that disclosed herein.

[0056] As used herein, "progeny" refers to a plant of any generation. Progeny or descendant plants may be derived from any hybrid generation, for example, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, etc. In some embodiments, progeny or descendant plants are first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth generation plants.

[0057] The term "plant" is used herein in its broadest sense as it relates to organic matter and is intended to encompass eukaryotic organisms that are members of the taxonomic kingdom Plantae, including, but not limited to, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, vascular plants, vegetables, cereals, flowers, trees, herbs, shrubs, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, fungi, algae, etc., as well as clones, offshoots, and plant parts used for asexual propagation (e.g., cuttings, tubers, shoots, rhizomes, rhizomes, clumps, crowns, bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, plants / tissues produced in tissue culture, etc.). Unless otherwise stated, the term "plant" refers to the entire plant, any part thereof, or cell or tissue culture derived from the plant, including any of the whole plant, plant components or organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), plant tissues, seeds, plant cells, and / or their progeny. A plant cell is a biological cell of a plant that is taken from a plant or obtained through the culture of a cell taken from a plant.

[0058] The invention relates to a method for the preparation of plants from the superfamily of the subkingdom Chlorophyta, in particular maple spp., Actinidia spp., Abelmoschus spp., Agave sisalana, Agropyron spp., Agrostis stolonifera, Allium spp., Amaranthus spp., Ammophila arenaria, Ananas comosus, Annona spp., Apium graveolens, Arachis spp., Artocarpus spp., Asparagus spp., among others. officinalis, Avena spp. (e.g. Avena sativa, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var.sativa, Avena hybrida), Averrhoa carambola, Bambusa sp., Benincasa hispida, Brazil nut, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp. (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, ssp. [canola, rapeseed, turnip rape], Cadaba farinosa, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis sativa, Carex elata, Carica papaya, Carissa macrocarpa, Carya spp.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), chestnut species (Castanea spp.), bread tree (Ceiba pentandra), endive (Cichorium endivia), cinnamon species (Cinnamomum spp.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), citrus species (Citrus spp.), coconut species (Cocos spp.), coffee species (Coffea spp.), taro (Colocasia esculenta), cola species (Cola spp.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), hazel species (Corylus spp.), Crataegus spp., saffron (Crocus sativus, Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., Cynara spp., Daucus carota, Desmodium spp., Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea spp., Diospyros spp., Echinochloa spp., Elaeis (e.g. Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera), Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis tef, Erianthus sp., Eriobotrya japonica), Eucalyptus spp., Pitanga spp., Buckwheat spp., Beech spp., Festuca arundinacea, Fig spp., Fortunella spp., Fragaria spp., Ginkgo spp., Glycine spp.) (e.g. Glycine max, Soja hispida or Soja max), upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Helianthus spp. (e.g. Helianthus annuus), Hemerocallis fulva, Hibiscus spp., Hordeum spp. (e.g. Hordeum vulgare), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Juglans spp., lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Lathyrus spp., lentil (Lens culinaris), flax (Linum usitatissimum, Litchi chinensis, Lotus spp., Luffa acutangula, Lupinus spp., Luzula sylvatica, Lycopersicon spp. (e.g. Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Lycopersicon pyriforme), Macrotyloma spp., Malus spp., Acerola (Malpighia emarginata), Mammea americana, Mangifera indica, Cassava spp. spp.), Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Medicago sativa, Melilotus spp., Mentha spp., Miscanthus sinensis, Momordica spp., Morus nigra, Musa spp., Nicotiana spp., Olea spp.), Opuntia spp., Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp. (e.g. Oryza sativa, Oryza latifolia), Panicum miliaceum, Panicum virgatum, Passiflora edulis, Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), Pennisetum sp., Persea spp., Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Phaseolus spp., Timothy hay (Phleum pratense), Phoenix spp. spp.), Common reed (Phragmites australis), Pinus spp., Pistacia vera, Pisum spp., Poa spp., Populus spp., Prosopis spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Radish (Raphanus sativus), Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), Ribes spp., Castor bean (Ricinus communis, Rubus spp., Saccharum spp., Salix spp., Sambucus spp., Secale cereale, Sesamum spp., Sinapis spp., Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Myrtles spp., Tagetes spp.), Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Trifolium spp., Tripsacum dactyloides, Triticosecale rimpaui, Triticum spp. (e.g. Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum hybernum, Triticum macha, Triticum sativum, Triticum monococcum or Triticum vulgare), Tropaeolum minus), nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), vaccinium spp., broad bean (Vicia spp.), cowpea (Vigna spp.), sweet violet (Viola odorata), grape (Vitis spp.), corn (Zea mays), wild rice (Zizania palustris), jujube (Ziziphus spp.)This is particularly true for plants belonging to the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, including livestock or feed legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubs, selected from the list comprising: cereals, amaranth, artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, collard greens, flax, kale, lentil, rapeseed, okra, onion, potato, rice, soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, tomato, pumpkin, tea and algae. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant is a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include, inter alia, soybean, sunflower, canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato or tobacco. The plant is preferably not of the taxonomic family Solanaceae, more preferably not of the subfamily Solanaceae. More preferably, the plant is of the genus Glycine as described herein. .

[0059] According to the invention, plants are cultivated to obtain plant material. The cultivation conditions are selected taking into account the plant and may include, for example, greenhouse growth, field growth, hydroponics and water culture.

[0060] The plant, also referred to herein below as "yield-enhancing plant", preferably comprises the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes, each preferably present in its own expression cassette as described below. Surprisingly, it has now been found that these genes, when combined in one plant cell, can result in yield enhancement, preferably even superadditive yield enhancement (herein "synergistic" yield enhancement). It is noteworthy that the preferably synergistic yield enhancement is both under standard growing conditions established in the respective farm area and under growing conditions under pathogen attack, especially in areas where the plants are grown in arable fields, where fungal pathogens are prevalent. According to the present invention, it is preferred that the pathogen pressure is determined based on the average diseased leaf area of ​​the plant, preferably expressed as the area under the disease progression curve.

[0061] Because plants grow by cell division, any reference herein to a plant comprising one or more Pti5 genes and one or more SAR8.2 genes, and / or at least one Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene (collectively referred to hereinafter as a "Pti5-SAR8.2 combination" or "stack") always also refers to (1) one or more cells comprising a nucleic acid encoding a Pti5-SAR8.2 stack, and (2) plant parts of such a plant comprising such cells, in particular organs, preferably leaves.

[0062] Plants containing either the Pti5 or SAR8.2 genes have been described previously, particularly in WO2013001435 and WO2014076614. However, these documents do not show any yield improvement. Instead, they focus on obtaining fungal resistance. However, as shown herein, fungal resistance is not a predictor of yield improvement. Therefore, these documents only provide a general technical background on the particular plants containing the above-mentioned genes, but do not suggest or even indicate the possibility that any yield improvement described by the present invention is achievable.

[0063] For the purposes of the present invention, the Pti5 gene encodes a protein that contains, in particular, the apetala 2 domain, which binds to the Pti5 GCC box, as described in PFAM entry PF00847 and by Gu et al 2002 The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 817-831. Preferably, the Pti5 gene encodes a protein whose amino acid sequence has at least 40%, more preferably at least 43%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 58%, more preferably at least 67%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 71% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and preferably up to 80%, more preferably up to 79% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, particularly preferred are plants expressing a Pti5 gene whose corresponding polypeptide sequence has 58-80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably 67-79% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. SEQ ID NO: 1 is to be understood as an artificial amino acid sequence specifically constructed as a template for amino acid sequence annealing purposes. This sequence can therefore be used to identify the Pti5 gene, regardless of the fact that Pti5 activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 is not demonstrated herein.Particularly preferred as Pti5 genes in the methods or plants according to the invention are any of the amino acid sequences defined by the following Uniprot identifiers: PTI5_SOLLC, M1AQ94_SOLTU, A0A2G3A6U8_CAPAN, A0A2G2XEI7_CAPBA, A0A2G3D5K5_CAPCH, A0A1S4BF73_TOBAC, A0A1U7WC00_NICSY, A0A1S4A5G9_TOBAC, A0A1J6J1M1_NICAT, A0A1S2X9U7_CICAR, A0A2G3D5K5_MEDTR ... K3KXT4_TRIPR, V7BQ20_PHAVU, A0A1S3VIX3_VIGRR, A0A0L9VF85_PHAAN, A0A445GQU3_GLYSO, A0A0R0G4Q5_SOYBN, A0A061GM02_THECC, A0A445I8U7_GLY SO, A0A0D2S2G5_GOSRA, A0A4P1QVV4_LUPAN, A0A151SAR8.21_CAJCA, A0A2J6MBZ7_LACSA, A0A2K3LDZ4_TRIPR, A0A2U1QDE9_ARTAN, A0A444WYK6_ARAHY. Particularly preferred according to the invention are Pti5 genes encoding a polypeptide having at least 60%, more preferably at least 71%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 79%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence indicated by the Uniprot identifier PTI5_SOLLC, and preferably differing from this sequence by 0-20 amino acids, more preferably by 1-15 amino acids, even more preferably by 1-10 amino acids, even more preferably by 1-5 amino acids, and plants expressing them. Preferably, deviations from the Pti5 protein sequence are in accordance with the constraints of FIG. 8. If the Pti5 sequence, when aligned with the sequence of the Uniprot identifier PTI5_SOLLC, is longer than the above-mentioned sequence, each C- or N-terminal extension is preferably not more than 10 amino acids, more preferably by 0-5 amino acids.

[0064] For the purposes of the present invention, a SAR8.2 gene encodes a protein comprising or consisting of a SAR8.2 domain as described in PFAM entry PF03058. Preferably, a SAR8.2 gene encodes a protein whose amino acid sequence has at least 35%, more preferably at least 45%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 72%, more preferably at least 77%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 84%, more preferably at least 86%, more preferably at least 88%, more preferably at least 89% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, preferably at most 98%, more preferably at most 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2. Thus, particularly preferred are plants expressing a SAR8.2 gene whose corresponding polypeptide sequence has 72-98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, more preferably 74-92% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2. SEQ ID NO:2 is to be understood as an artificial amino acid sequence specifically constructed as a template for amino acid sequence annealing purposes. This sequence can therefore be used to identify SAR8.2 genes, regardless of the fact that the SAR8.2 activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 is not shown herein. Particularly preferred as SAR8.2 genes in the methods or plants according to the invention are any of the amino acid sequences defined by the following Uniprot identifiers: Q8W2C1_CAPAN, Q9SEM2_CAPAN, A0A2G2X990_CAPBA, Q947G6_CAPAN, Q947G5_CAPAN, A0A2G2X9U8_CAPBA, A0A2G3CEJ1_CAPCH, A0A2G2X931_CAPBA, M1BEK 3_SOLTU, A0A3Q7J4M2_SOLLC, A0A2G2ZTB6_CAPAN, A0A2G3CRF6_CAPCH, A0A2G2W296_CAPBA, A0A2G2WZ87_CAPBA, M1BIQ9_ SOLTU, M1D489_SOLTU, M1D488_SOLTU, A0A2G2ZQ02_CAPAN, A0A1S4AM24_TOBAC, A0A1U7XJ42_NICSY, A0A1S4CJX7_TOBAC.Particularly preferred according to the invention are SAR8.2 genes encoding a polypeptide having at least 60%, more preferably at least 68%, more preferably at least 88%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence given by the Uniprot identifier Q8W2C1_CAPAN, and preferably differing from this sequence by 0-20 amino acids, more preferably by 1-15 amino acids, even more preferably by 1-10 amino acids, even more preferably by 1-5 amino acids, and plants expressing them. Preferably, deviations from the Pti5 protein sequence are in accordance with the constraints of FIG. 9. If the SAR8.2 sequence, when aligned with the sequence of the Uniprot identifier Q8W2C1_CAPAN, is longer than the above-mentioned sequence, each C- or N-terminal extension is preferably not more than 10 amino acids, more preferably by 0-5 amino acids.

[0065] Preferred according to the invention are cells, in particular plant cells, or a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having a sequence identity of at least 60%, more preferably at least 71%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 79%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably at least 95% to the amino acid sequence represented by the Uniprot identifier PTI5_SOLLC, and which differs from this sequence by 0 to 20 amino acids, more preferably by 1 to 15 amino acids, even more preferably by 1 to 10 amino acids, and even more preferably by 1 to 5 amino acids, preferably according to the constraints shown in FIG. 8; and b) A plant cell containing a plant part or a whole plant that contains a gene encoding a polypeptide having at least 60%, more preferably at least 68%, more preferably at least 88%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence shown by the Uniprot identifier Q8W2C1_CAPAN, and that differs from this sequence by 0 to 20 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 15 amino acids, even more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids, and even more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids, preferably according to the constraints shown in Figure 9.

[0066] Even more preferred according to the invention are cells, in particular plant cells, or a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having a sequence identity of at least 79%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% to the amino acid sequence represented by the Uniprot identifier PTI5_SOLLC, and which differs from this sequence by 0 to 20 amino acids, more preferably by 1 to 15 amino acids, even more preferably by 1 to 10 amino acids, even more preferably by 1 to 5 amino acids, preferably according to the constraints shown in FIG. 8; and b) A plant cell containing a plant part or a whole plant that contains a gene encoding a polypeptide having at least 88%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence represented by the Uniprot identifier Q8W2C1_CAPAN, and that differs from this sequence by 0 to 20 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 15 amino acids, even more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids, and even more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids, preferably according to the constraints shown in Figure 9.

[0067] Expression of Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins can be achieved in a cell by transcribing and translating from the Pti5 gene and the SAR8.2 gene at least one stop codon away from the Pti5 gene. The Pti5 gene and the SAR8.2 gene can be contained in a single expression cassette. Preferably, the genes encoding Pti5 and SAR8.2 are contained in separate expression cassettes in a cell, as described herein.

[0068] Furthermore, expression of Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins can be achieved by transcription and translation from a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene encoding a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion protein. In such a fusion protein, the section encoding the Pti5 portion and the section encoding the SAR8.2 portion are linked by a linker sequence. Preferably, the linker sequence encodes a linker consisting of 1 to 30 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 20 amino acids. Preferably, the linker sequence comprises a protease cleavage site operable in the cell. Thus, during expression of the fusion gene in the cell of the plant of the present invention, the preprotein resulting from the transcription and translation of the fusion gene is cleaved to release the mature Pti5 protein and the mature SAR8.2 protein. In the case of such a fusion protein, the degree of sequence identity described above is determined based on the mature Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins, respectively. In the fusion protein, the sequence of the Pti5 and SAR8.2 portions on the corresponding mRNA is not particularly important. Thus, a fusion protein can comprise, in a C to N direction, a Pti5 portion adjacent to a linker adjacent to a SAR8.2 portion, or a SAR8.2 portion adjacent to a linker adjacent to a Pti5 portion, in a C to N direction. Because the mode of production of the Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins does not matter, any reference herein to a combination of Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes or proteins also implicitly encompasses a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, and any reference herein to a set of Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins also implicitly encompasses the set of mature Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins generated by cleavage of the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion protein.

[0069] According to the invention, the cell, plant part or plant preferably comprises an expression cassette of the Pti5 gene and an expression cassette of the SAR8.2 gene. According to the invention, the expression cassette comprises the corresponding gene (or fusion gene) and the necessary regulatory sequences for the expression of the gene. Preferably, the expression cassette comprises at least a promoter and, operably linked thereto, a corresponding gene selected from Pti5 and SAR8.2. More preferably, the expression cassette also comprises a terminator downstream in the 3' direction of the corresponding gene. Exemplary expression cassettes for the individual Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes are disclosed, for example, in the above-mentioned documents WO2013001435 and WO2014076614, in particular those comprising the sequences SEQ ID NO: 6 and 3, respectively. These expression cassettes and the corresponding descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.

[0070] Each of the Pti5 and SAR8.2 expression cassettes is preferably a heterologous expression cassette. According to the present invention, an expression cassette is "heterologous" if one or more of the following conditions are met: (1) the gene encodes a polypeptide (Pti5 or SAR8.2, respectively) of a different sequence than in the wild-type plant; (2) the gene is under the control of a promoter that is not present in the wild-type plant or is not connected to the gene in the wild-type plant; (3) the expression cassette is integrated at a different locus in the plant genome compared to the wild-type plant, where the wild-type expression cassette may be in an inactivated form or the heterologously integrated expression cassette is added to the wild-type expression cassette. Thus, the yield-improved plants used according to the present invention are preferably transgenic plants. Furthermore, the method of the present invention preferably excludes plants obtained exclusively by essentially biological processes (e.g. the mating of gametes found in nature). There is no technical justification for this preferred exclusion, but it is solely intended to form a basis for the amendment of the claims in countries where the exclusion is mandatory. However, preferably, plants obtained by crossing and selecting at least one transgenic plant with another plant are not excluded, as long as the progeny contain both the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes (and / or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene), wherein preferably the Pti5 or SAR8.2 gene is present in the progeny in the form of a heterologous expression cassette, regardless of whether the progeny also contain a wild-type Pti5 or SAR8.2 expression cassette. More preferably, the progeny contain a heterologous Pti5 and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and even more preferably, do not contain the wild-type Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes.

[0071] According to the present invention, the cell, plant part or plant preferably comprises a wild-type Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, regardless of the presence of a wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette. Alternatively, but at the same time preferably, the plant comprises a wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette and a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette, regardless of the presence of a wild-type Pti5 expression cassette. More preferably, the plant comprises a wild-type Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and does not comprise a functional wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette, or the plant comprises a wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette and a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette, and does not comprise a functional wild-type Pti5 expression cassette. Even more preferably, the plant comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, regardless of the presence of a wild-type Pti5 expression cassette and regardless of the presence of a wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette. More preferably, the plant contains (1) a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and / or (2) a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene expression cassette, and neither a functional wild-type Pti5 expression cassette nor a functional wild-type SAR8.2 expression cassette.

[0072] Heterologous Pti5, SAR8.2, or Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion expression cassettes can be introduced into plant cells using vectors that contain only one of the above expression cassettes, two of the above expression cassettes, or even three of the above expression cassettes, respectively.Preferably, the vector contains one expression cassette for the expression of Pti5 protein and one expression cassette for the expression of SAR8.2 gene.Preferably, Pti5 and SAR8.2 proteins are encoded by separate expression cassettes.When these separate expression cassettes are located on a single vector, they are oriented in a head-to-tail, head-to-head, or tail-to-tail direction.

[0073] Heterologous Pti5 and SAR8.2 expression cassettes can also be introduced by transforming plant cells with two separate vectors, one of which does not contain the SAR8.2 expression cassette and the other does not contain the Pti5 expression cassette. Transformation with separate vectors can be performed by co-transformation or super-transformation. In co-transformation, both genes are located on two different T-DNAs in one or different Agrobacterium strains used for transformation. With super-transformation, plant cells that already contain one of the genes are subsequently transformed with the second gene.

[0074] Plant cells capable of expressing both Pti5 and SAR8.2 can also be prepared by crossing parent plants, where one parent contains at least a Pti5 expression cassette and the other parent contains at least a SAR8.2 expression cassette, and selection of their progeny contains both Pti5 and SAR8.2 expression cassettes. The resulting F1 generation will contain both genes hemizygously. Further selfing results in plants that contain both expression cassettes homozygously, from which subsequent generations can be derived.

[0075] According to the present invention, such plants (crossed, homozygous, heterozygous or hemizygous) for Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes or fusion genes are grown under suitable conditions. Growing plants according to the present invention results in improved yields, especially under arable growing conditions, as opposed to protected greenhouse conditions. As shown in the examples, it is particularly notable that yield improvements can be obtained in a synergistic superadditive manner under pathogen pressure, even with minimal or no pesticide treatment. A particular advantage of the present invention is that the plants can be grown using any suitable cultivation technique established in the art. Thus, the present invention advantageously provides a method that can be applied under a wide variety of cultivation conditions, including arable and greenhouse growth. Thus, the use of the combination of Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes to improve yields under all pathogen pressure conditions is surprisingly versatile.

[0076] According to the present invention, the yield is preferably Biomass per unit area of ​​farm; grain volume per farm area; One or more of the following: seed volume per area of ​​farm; The last option is the most preferred definition of yield.

[0077] As used herein, "yield" refers to the amount of agricultural production harvested per unit of land. Yield can be total biomass harvested per area, total grain harvested per area, or total seed harvested per area. Yield is measured in any unit, such as metric tons per hectare or bushels per acre. Yield is adjusted for moisture of harvested material, with moisture measured in biomass, grain, or seed harvested at harvest, respectively. For example, soybean seed moisture is preferably 15%.

[0078] As mentioned above, the yield improvement is measured in comparison to the yield obtained by a control plant, which is a plant lacking the expression cassette referred to above, but otherwise grown under identical conditions. The yield improvement is determined by the yield of a "yield-improved plant" containing said heterologous expression cassette compared to a control plant of the same species, or, if applicable, variety, that does not contain said heterologous expression cassette.

[0079] When referring to the yield or growth or cultivation or treatment of a "plant", it is understood that it is preferred not to determine the yield or to carry out the treatment on a single plant compared to a single control plant. Instead, the yield is determined by the yield obtained from a population of plants, preferably a population of at least 1000 plants, preferably grown in an arable field or, less preferably, in a greenhouse. Most preferably, the yield is determined on a monoculture of at least 1 hectare of plants and on a monoculture of at least 1 hectare of control plants, respectively. Correspondingly, the treatment is preferably carried out on such a population of plants. It is a particular advantage that the use of a combination of at least one Pti5 and at least one SAR8.2 gene ensures a yield improvement of at least 10% compared to a non-transgenic wild-type control plant. More preferably, the yield increase is synergistic, i.e., the yield increase is greater than the additive yield change caused by each of the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes, where the change in yield (preferably seed yield) induced by each of the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes is measured in comparison to a corresponding control plant that does not have the corresponding Pti5 or SAR8.2 expression cassette. A particular advantage of the present invention, particularly as shown in the examples below, is that a yield increase of at least 10%, more preferably a synergistic yield increase, can be obtained even without a pesticide treatment, preferably a fungicide treatment, but also when the plant is treated intermittently with one or more pesticides, preferably one or more fungicides, during the growing season from sowing to harvesting.

[0080] Considering the above advantages, the present invention also provides a cultivation method for improving the yield produced by a plant compared to a control plant, comprising cultivating a plant comprising Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes, wherein the number of pesticide treatments per growing season during the cultivation of the plant is reduced by at least one, preferably at least two, compared to the control plant.Preferably, the cultivation method comprises cultivating a plant that (a) overexpresses Pti5 and SAR8.2, and / or (b) comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and / or (c) expresses a heterologous Pti5 and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 gene, and / or expresses a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene. The scheme of pesticide treatment is generally established in the standard agricultural practice of each plant growing region. For example, in Brazil, it may be customary to apply a first fungicide treatment to soybean plants 8 days after sowing and a second spray 18 days after sowing. In other regions, the scheme may be implemented not only according to the growing season, but primarily taking into account, for example, the occurrence of pests or the exceedance of a threshold for pest occurrence. It is a particular and unexpected advantage of the present invention that the number of pesticide treatments per growing season can be reduced compared to control plants. It was particularly surprising that such a reduction in treatments is not only possible without reducing the yield, but that the cultivation method according to the invention advantageously allows the yield to be maintained or even increased despite the reduction in treatments. This greatly improves the cost-effectiveness of plant cultivation provided by the present invention. That is, the present invention provides a cultivation method or a method for improving yield as described herein, in which preferably at most two fungicide treatments are applied during the growing season, i.e. in the period between sowing and harvesting, and more preferably at most one fungicide treatment is applied during the growing season. In suitable conditions, the method is carried out without fungicide treatment during the growing season. Of course, it is preferred that the pesticide is applied in a pesticidal effective amount.

[0081] According to the present invention, the method provided herein preferably provides an increased yield compared to a control plant in the absence or, more preferably, in the presence of pathogens (also referred to herein as "pests"). It is a particular advantage that the yield increase according to the present invention is not only achievable in various climatic conditions, particularly conducive to plant cultivation, but also consistently observed under most conditions. Thus, according to the present invention, the trait of "improved yield" is remarkably resilient under pest stress conditions. According to the present invention, stress factors other than pest-induced stress are preferably treated by established cultivation techniques. For example, nitrogen starvation stress is preferably removed by fertilization, and water limitation stress is preferably alleviated by irrigation.

[0082] According to the present invention, the pest is preferably at least a fungal pest, preferably a biotrophic or semi-necrotrophic fungus, more preferably a rust fungus. If during cultivation the plant is also under the threat of stress from other pathogens, such as nematodes and insects, these other pests are preferably treated by the respective pesticide treatment. Therefore, according to the present invention, the number of fungicide treatments is preferably reduced as described above, regardless of the other pesticide treatments. The fungicide is preferably applied in a fungicidally effective amount. The fungicide may be mixed with other pesticides and preferably with components selected from insecticides, nematicides and acaricides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, fertilizers. Preferred mixing partners are insecticides, nematicides and fungicides. It is particularly preferred to reduce the number of fungicide treatments per growing season during the cultivation of the plant by at least one time, preferably at least two times, compared to the control plant. Fungicides include 2-(thiocyanatomethylthio)-benzothiazole, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, amethoctrazine, amisulbrom, antimycin, Ampelomyces quisqualis, azaconazole, azoxystrobin, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis strain QST713, benalaxyl, benomyl, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, benzylaminobenzenesulfonate (BABS) salt, bicarbonate, biphenyl, bismerthiazol, bitertanol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boscalid, bromuconazole, bupirimate, calcium polysulfide, captafol, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, carvone, chlazafenone, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chlozolinate, Coniothyrium minitans, copper hydroxide, copper octanoate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, copper sulfate (tribasic), cuprous oxide, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dazomet,Debacarb, diammonium ethylene bis-(dithiocarbamate), dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, diclocymet, diclomedine, dicloran, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, difenzoquat ion, diflumetrim, dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole M, dinobuton, dinocap, diphenylamine, dithianon, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodine, dodine free base, edifenphos, enestrobin, enestrobulin stroburin, epoxiconazole, ethaboxam, ethoxyquin, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, ferimzone, fluazinam, fludioxonil, fluoxamer Indapyr, flumorph, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluoroimide, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, fuberidazole, furaxyl, furametpyr, guazatine, guazatine acetate, GY-81, hexachlorobenzene, hexaconazole, hymexazole mexazol), imazalil, imazalil sulfate, imibenconazole, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesilate), iodocarb, ipconazole, ipfenpyrazolone, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isoprothiolane, isofetamide, isopyrazam, isotianil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, kresoxim-methyl, laminarin,mancopper, mancozeb, mandipropamid, maneb, mefenoxam, mepanipyrim, mepronil, meptyl-dinocap, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metam, metam-ammonium, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metconazole, methasulfocarb, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, mildiomycin, myclobutanil, nabam, nitrothal-isopropyl, nuarimol, octhilinone, ofurace, oleic acid (fatty acid), orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiproline, oxine-copper, oxpoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, pefurazoate, penconazole , Pencycuron, Penflufen, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenyl Laurate, Penthiopyrad, Phenylmercuric Acetate, Phosphonic Acid, Phthalide, Picoxystrobin, Polyoxin B, Polyoxin, Polyoxorim, Potassium Bicarbonate, Potassium Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate, Probenazole, Prochloraz, Procymidone, Propamocarb, Propamocarb Hydrochloride, Propiconazole, Propineb, Proquinazid, Pydiflumetofen, Prothioconazole, Pyraclostrobin, Pyrametstrobin, Pyraoxystrobin, Pyraziflumid, Pyrazophos, Pyribencarb, Pyributicarb, Pyrifenox, Pyrimethanil, Pyriophenone, Pyroquilon, Quinoclamine, Quinoxyfen, Quintozene, Reynoutria sachalinensis) extract, sedaxane, silthiofam, simeconazole, sodium 2-phenylphenoxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, spiroxamine, sulfur, SYP-Z048, tar oil, tebuconazole, tebufloquine, tecnazene, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thifluzamide, thiophanate-methyl, thiuram, thiadinil, tolclofos-methyl, tolylfluanid, triadimefon, triadimenol, triazoxide, tricyclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, triticonazole, validamycin, valifenalate, valifenal, vinclozolin, zineb,Ziram, Zoxamide, Candida oleophila, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium spp, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma spp. spp), (RS)-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-succinimide, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone hydrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene, 1-chloro-2-nitropropane, 2-(2-heptadecyl-2-imidazolin-1-yl)ethanol, 2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1,4-dithiine 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide, 2-methoxyethylmercuric acetate, 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 2-methoxyethylmercuric silicate, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine, 4-(2-nitroprop-1-enyl)phenylthiocyanateme, aminopyrifen, ampropylphos, anilazine, azithiram, barium polysulfide, Bayer 32394, benodanil, benquinox, bentaluron, benzamacryl, benzamacryl-isobutyl, benzamorph, benzovindiflupyr, binapacryl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, buthiobate, cadmium calcium copper zinc chromate sulfate sulfate), carbamorph, CECA, clobentiazone, chloraniformethane, chlorfenazole, chlorquinox, climbazole, copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate), copper zinc chromate, cumoxystrobin, cufraneb, cupric hydrazinium sulfate, cuprobam, cyclafuramid, cypendazole, cyproflam, decaphentin, diclobentiazox,Dicloron, diclozolin, diclobutrazol, dimethirimol, dinocton, dinosulfon, dinoterbone, dipymetitrone, dipyrithione, ditalimfos, dodicin, drazoxolon, EBP, enoxastrobin, ESBP, etha Conazole (etaconazole), etem, ethirim, phenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, fenapanil, fenitropan, fenpicoxamide, fluindapir, fluopimomide, fluotrimazole, flufenoxystrobin, flucarbanil, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, flumecyclox, furofanate, gliodin, griseofulvin, halacrinate, Hercules 3944, hexylthiofos, ICIA0858, impilfluxam, ipfentrifluconazole, ipflufenoquine, isofetamide, isoflucipram, isopamfos, isovaledion, mandestrobin, mebenil, mecarbinzide, mefentrifluconazole, metazoxolone, metofloxam, methylmercuric dicyandiamide, metsulfovax, methyltetraprole, milneb, mucochloric anhydride, mycozolin, N-3,5-dichlorophenyl succinimide, N-3-nitrophenyl itaconimide, natamycin, N-ethylmercurio-4-tolue phenylsulfonanilide, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), OCH, oxathiapiproline, phenylmercury dimethyldithiocarbamate, phenylmercury nitrate, phosdifen, picarbutrazox, prothiocarb; prothiocarb hydrochloride, pydiflumetofen, pyracarbollide, pyrapropoin, pyraziflumide, pyridaclomethyl, pyridinitrile, pyrisoxazole, piroxchlor, piroxyflu, quinacetol, quinacetol sulfate, quinazamide, quinconazole, quinofumelin, labenzazole, salicylanilide, SSF-109, sultropene, tecoram, thiadifluor, thiciophen,Thiochlorfenfim, thiophanate, thioquinox, tioximide, triamiphos, triarimol, triazbutyl, triclamide, triclopyricarb, triflumezopyrim, urvacid, zaliramide, and any combination thereof.

[0083] The pathogen of the present invention is preferably from among the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota or Oomycota, more preferably from the phylum Basidiomycota, even more preferably from the subphylum Pucciniomycotina, even more preferably from the class Pucciniomycetes, even more preferably from the order Pucciniales, even more preferably from the family Chaconidae. Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Mikronegeriaceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Pucciniosiraceae, Raveneliaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae or Uropyxidaceae, Even more preferably, Rhizoctonia, Maravalia, Ochropsora, Olivea, Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Diaphanopellis, Cronartium, Endocronartium, Peridermium, Melampsora, Chrysocelis, socelis, Mikronegeria, Arthuria, Batistopsora, Cerotelium, Dasturella, Phakopsora, Prospodium, Arthuriomyces, Catenulopsora, Gerwasia, Gymnoconia, Hamaspora, Kuehneola, Phragmidium, Trachyspora, Triphragmium, Atelocauda, ​​Pileolaria, Racospermyces, Uromycladium, Allodus, Ceratocoma, Chrysocyclus, Cumminsiella, Kistoppera, Cystopsora, Endophyllum, Gymnosporangium, Miyagia, Puccinia, Puccorchidium, Roestelia, Sphenorchidium, Stereostratum, Uromyces, Hyalopsora, Melampsorella,Melampsoridium, Milesia, Milesina, Naohidemyces, Pucciniastrum, Thekopsora, Uredinopsis, Chardoniella, Dietelia, Pucciniosira, Diorchidium, Endoraecium, Kerncampella from the genus Kernkampella, Ravenelia, Sphenospora, Austropuccinia, Nyssopsora, Sphaerophragmium, Dasyspora, Leucotelium, Macroropyxis, Porotenus, Tranzschelia, or Uropyxis, Even more preferably, Rhizoctonia alpina, Rhizoctonia bicornis, Rhizoctonia butinii, Rhizoctonia callae, Rhizoctonia carotae, Rhizoctonia endophytica, Rhizoctonia floccosa, Rhizoctonia fragariae, Rhizoctonia fraxini, Rhizoctonia fusispora, Rhizoctonia globularis, Rhizoctonia gossypii, Rhizoctonia gossypii, Rhizoctonia muneratii, Rhizoctonia papayae, Rhizoctonia quercus, Rhizoctonia repens, Rhizoctonia rubi, Rhizoctonia silvestris, Rhizoctonia solani, Phakopsora ampelopsidis, Phakopsora apoda, Phakopsora argentinensis, Phakopsora cherimoliae, Phakopsora tingens cingens, Phakopsora coca, Phakopsora crotonis, Phakopsora euvitis, Phakopsora gossypii, Phakopsora hornotinahornotina, Phakopsora jatrophicola, Phakopsora meibomiae, Phakopsora meliosmae, Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae, Phakopsora montana, Phakopsora muscadiniae, Phakopsora myrtacearum, Phakopsora nishidana, Phakopsora orientalis, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora phyllanthus phyllanthi, Phakopsora tecta, Phakopsora uva, Phakopsora vitis, Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris, Puccinia abrupta, Puccinia acetosae, Puccinia achnatheri-sibirici, Puccinia acroptili, Puccinia actaeae-agropyri, Puccinia actaeae-elymi, Puccinia antirrhini, Puccinia argentata, Puccinia arrhenatheri, Puccinia arrhenathericola, Puccinia artemisiae-keiskeanae, Puccinia artericola arthrocnemi, Puccinia asteris, Puccinia atra, Puccinia aucta, Puccinia ballotiflora, Puccinia bartholomaei, Puccinia bistortae, Puccinia cacabata, Puccinia calcitrapae, Puccinia calthae, Puccinia calthicola, Puccinia calystegiae-soldanellae, Puccinia canaliculata, Puccinia calystegiae-soldanellae caricis-montanae, Puccinia caricis-stipatae, Puccinia carthami, Puccinia serinthes-agropirinacerinthes-agropyrina, Puccinia cesatii, Puccinia chrysanthemi, Puccinia circumdata, Puccinia clavata, Puccinia coleataeniae, Puccinia coronata, Puccinia coronati-agrostidis, Puccinia coronati-brevispora, Puccinia coronati-calamagrostidis, Puccinia coronati-hordei, Puccinia coronati-japonica coronati-japonica, Puccinia coronati-longispora, Puccinia crotonopsidis, Puccinia cynodontis, Puccinia dactylidina, Puccinia dietelii, Puccinia digitata, Puccinia distincta, Puccinia duthiae, Puccinia emaculata, Puccinia erianthi, Puccinia eupatorii-columbiani, Puccinia flavenscentis, Puccinia gastrorobii gastrolobii, Puccinia geitonoplesii, Puccinia giganteagigantea, Puccinia glechomatis, Puccinia helianthi, Puccinia heterogenea, Puccinia heterospora, Puccinia hydrocotyles, Puccinia hysterium, Puccinia impatientis, Puccinia impedita, Puccinia imposita, Puccinia infra-aequatorialis, Puccinia insolita, Puccinia justiciae, Puccinia klugkistiana, Puccinia knellsbrachtensis knersvlaktensis, Puccinia lantanae, Puccinia lateritia, Puccinia latimamma, Puccinia liberta, Puccinia littoralis, Puccinia lobata, Puccinia lophatheri, Puccinia loranthicola, Puccinia menthae, Puccinia mesembryanthemi, Puccinia meyeri-albertii, Puccinia miscanthi, Puccinia miscanthidii, Puccinia mixta, Puccinia montanensismontanensis, Puccinia morata, Puccinia morthieri, Puccinia nitida, Puccinia oenanthes-stoloniferae, Puccinia operta, Puccinia otzeniani, Puccinia patriniae, Puccinia pentstemonis, Puccinia persistens, Puccinia phyllostachydis, Puccinia pittieriana, Puccinia platyspora, Puccinia Puccinia pritzeliana, Puccinia prostii, Puccinia pseudodigitata, Puccinia pseudostriiformis, Puccinia psychotriae, Puccinia punctata, Puccinia punctiformis, Puccinia recondita, Puccinia rhei-undulati, Puccinia rupestris, Puccinia senecionis-acutiformis, Puccinia septentrionalis, Puccinia setariae, Puccinia silvatica, Puccinia stipina, Puccinia stovaeaestobaeae, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia striiformoides, Puccinia stylidii, Puccinia substriata, Puccinia suzutake, Puccinia taeniatheri, Puccinia tageticola, Puccinia tanaceti, Puccinia tatarinovii, Puccinia tetragoniae, Puccinia thaliae, Puccinia thlaspeos, Puccinia tillandsiae tillandsiae, Puccinia tiritea, Puccinia tokyensis, Puccinia trebouxi, Puccinia triticina, Puccinia tubulosa, Puccinia tulipae, Puccinia tumidipes, Puccinia turgida, Puccinia urticae-acutae, Puccinia urticae-acutiformis, Puccinia urticae-caricis, Puccinia urticae-hirtae, Puccinia urticae-inflatae, Puccinia urticata, Puccinia vaginatae, Puccinia virgatavirgata, Puccinia xanthii, Puccinia xanthosiae, and Puccinia zoysiae species. More preferably, it is of the species Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia hordei, or Puccinia recondita. More preferably, it is a fungus or fungus-like organism of the genus Phakopsora, most preferably Phakopsora pachyrhizi. As indicated above, fungi of these taxa are responsible for significant losses in agricultural yields. This is especially true for rust fungi of the genus Phakopsora. Thus, an advantage of the present invention is that the method allows for reduced fungicide treatment against Phakopsora pachyrhizi as described herein.

[0084] According to the invention, the plant is preferably an agricultural plant, preferably a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably not of the Solanaceae subfamily, more preferably not of the Solanaceae family, more preferably a plant of the order Leguminosae, more preferably a plant of the family Fabaceae, more preferably a plant of the tribe tribus Phaseoleae, more preferably a plant of the genus Amphicarpaea, Cajanus, Canavalia, Dioclea, Erythrina, Glycine, Arachis, Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum, Vicia, Vigna, Phaseolus or Psophocarpus, even more preferably a plant of the genus Amphicarpaea. bracteata, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Dioclea grandiflora, Erythrina latissima, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus maculatus, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine albicans, Glycine aphianota aphyonota, Glycine arenaria, Glycine argyrea, Glycine canescens, Glycine clandestina, Glycine culbatacurvata, Glycine cyrtoloba, Glycine dolichocarpa, Glycine falcata, Glycine gracei, Glycine hirticaulis, Glycine lactovirens, Glycine latifolia, Glycine latrobeana, Glycine microphylla, Glycine peratosa, Glycine pindanica, Glycine pullenii, Glycine rubiginosa, Glycine stenophita, Glycine syndetika, Glycine tabacina, Glycine tomentella, Glycine gracilis, soybean (Glycine max), soybean x Glycine max x Glycine soja, Glycine soja species plants, more preferably Glycine gracilis, soybean (Glycine max), soybean x Glycine max x Glycine soja, Glycine soja species plants, most preferably Glycine max species plants. As shown herein, in the case of soybean, particularly good yield improvement is obtained.

[0085] A crop plant may contain one or more further heterologous elements in addition to the heterologous expression cassette, for example transgenic soybean events containing herbicide resistance genes, such as, but not limited to, GTS 40-3-2, MON87705, MON87708, MON87712, MON87769, MON89788, A2704-12, A2704-21, A5547-127, A5547-35, DP356043, DAS44406-6, DAS68416-4, DAS-81419-2, GU262, SYHT0H2, W62, W98, FG72 and CV127, and transgenic soybean events containing genes for insecticidal proteins, such as, but not limited to, MON87701, MON87751, and DAS-81419. Cultivated plants with altered oil content were created using the following transgenes: gm-fad2-1, Pj.D6D, Nc.Fad3, fad2-1A, and fatb1-A. Examples of soybean events that contain at least one of these genes are 260-05, MON87705, and MON87769. Plants that contain such single or stacked traits, as well as the genes and events that confer these traits, are well known in the art. For example, detailed information on the mutagenized or integrated genes and the respective events are available on the website of the organization International Service for the Acquisition of Agrl.biotech Applications (ISAAA) (http: / / www.isaaa.org / gmapprovaldatabase) and the website of the organization Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA) (http: / / cera-qmc.org / GMCropDatabase).For more information on the specific events and methods for detecting them, see soybean events H7-1, MON89788, A2704-12, A5547-127, DP305423, DP356043, MON87701, MON87769, CV127, MON87705, DAS68416-4, MON87708, MON87712, SYHT0H2, DAS81419, DAS81419 x Regarding DAS44406-6 and MON87751, see International Publication Nos. 04 / 074492, 06 / 130436, 06 / 108674, 06 / 108675, 08 / 054747, 08 / 002872, 09 / 064652, and 09 / 102873. These can be found in Brochure Nos. 10 / 080829, 10 / 037016, 11 / 066384, 11 / 034704, 12 / 051199, 12 / 082548, 13 / 016527, 13 / 016516 and 14 / 201235.

[0086] The heterologous expression cassette of the present invention preferably comprises: a) a constitutively active promoter, b) tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters; c) comprising the corresponding Pti5 and / or SAR8.2 genes or a Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene operably linked to any promoter inducible by exposition of said plant to a pest, preferably a fungal pest.

[0087] A constitutively active promoter allows for the provision of a plant that expresses the Pti5 or SAR8.2 gene primarily under all circumstances and environmental conditions and primarily at all stages of plant development (such as germline, mature plant, or during flowering). With regard to tissue-specific expression, the promoter can provide ubiquitous or tissue-specific expression of the Pti5 or SAR8.2 gene, respectively. Ubiquitous expression means that the gene of interest is primarily expressed in all tissues of the plant (such as roots, stems, leaves, or flowers). A promoter with tissue specificity or preference provides such basal expression only or primarily in each tissue. And an inducible promoter allows for rapid upregulation of expression when the plant is exposed to a pest, thereby providing a rapid response. Most preferably, the plant in the method of the invention comprises two copies of the Pti5 and / or SAR8.2 genes, one copy under the control of a constitutively active, tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter and the other copy under the control of an inducible promoter, preferably a promoter inducible by exposure to a fungal pathogen, most preferably Phakopsora pachyrhizi. In this way, a relatively low basal expression of the genes is ensured, conserving metabolic resources, but protection against significant pest exposure is optionally increased, thereby consuming metabolic resources for gene expression, mainly when there is significant exposure to stress.

[0088] The present invention provides a method for producing a hybrid plant having improved yield compared to a control plant, comprising the steps of: i) ia) a first plant material comprising a Pti5 and a SAR8.2 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and a second plant material not comprising both the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes; or ib) providing a first plant material comprising a Pti5 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette, and a second plant material comprising a SAR8.2 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette; and ii) producing an F1 generation from a cross of the first and second plant materials. and iii) selecting one or more members of the F1 generation which contain the heterologous expression cassette.

[0089] As described herein, such breeding makes it possible to realize the advantages offered by the plants of the present invention, in particular the improved yield, preferably seed yield, under normal arable growing conditions, more preferably under at least low pathogen pressure, more preferably under at least low fungal pathogen pressure during the growing season.

[0090] It is a particular advantage of the present invention that the method of the present invention does not require homozygous plants expressing the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes, but is also applicable to hemizygous or heterozygous plants. Correspondingly, the hybrid production method of the present invention advantageously provides a hybrid plant that contains both the advantageous heterologous expression cassette of the present invention and the advantageous traits of the second plant material. Thus, the hybrid production method of the present invention allows hybrids that are adapted to the predicted growth conditions of the next growing season to be constructed with low effort.

[0091] The present invention will be explained in more detail below by examples and selected preferred embodiments, neither of which are intended to limit the scope of the claims. EXAMPLES

[0092] Example 1: Obtaining transformed soybean plants All steps leading up to the generation and first evaluation of transformed soybean plants expressing the single gene constructs described in this document, e.g. - Isolation or synthesis of each gene - Generation of vectors for plant transformation - Transformation of each vector in soybean plants - Evaluation of transgenic plants for resistance to soybean rust fungi is described below. International Publication No. 2014118018 (resistance gene: EIN2), Examples 2, 3, and 6 WO 2013001435 (resistance gene: Pti5), Examples 2, 3, and 6 (here: SEQ ID NO: 3) WO2014076614 (resistance gene: CaSAR=SAR8.2), Examples 2, 3, and 6 (here: SEQ ID NO: 5). International Publication No. 2014024079 (resistance gene: RLK2), Examples 2, 3, and 6 International Publication No. 2012023099 (Resistance gene: ADR1)

[0093] Cloning of dual gene stack constructs a) SAR8.2 and Pti5 b) SAR8.2 and RLK2 c) Pti5 and ADR1 d) Pti5 and EIN2 e) Pti5 and RLK2

[0094] The single gene cassette (promoter gene terminator) was cloned as described in the above patent. Since all components and the entire cassette are flanked by unique 8-base restriction enzymes, the entire expression cassette was excised and transferred into a ternary GATEWAY compatible p-Entry vector (Gateway system, Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California, USA).

[0095] All double gene constructs were generated by using a ternary Gateway reaction. To generate the binary plant transformation vectors containing both single gene cassettes, a triple LR reaction (Gateway system, Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California, USA) was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. a) a first single gene cassette located in a pENTRY vector between the ATT4 and ATT1 recombination sites; b) an empty pENTRY vector containing the ATT1 and ATT2 recombination sites; c) a second single gene cassette located in a pENTRY vector between the ATT2 and ATT3 recombination sites; and d) This was carried out by using a targeting binary pDEST vector containing the ATT4 and ATT3 recombination sites, which further contained (1) a spectinomycin / streptomycin resistance cassette for bacterial selection, (2) a pVS1 origin for replication in Agrobacteria, (3) a ColE1 origin of replication for stable maintenance in E. coli, and (4) an AHAS selection under the control of the AtAHASL promoter between the right and left ends.

[0096] Recombination reactions were transformed into E. coli (DH5alpha), miniprepped, and screened by specific restriction digestion. Positive clones from each vector construct were sequenced and subjected to soybean transformation. Soybean transformation was performed as described in the single gene patents mentioned above.

[0097] Where the above documents refer to more than one transformation method in Example 3, the results regarding yield and resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi were found independent of the transformation method used).

[0098] Based on the results of the evaluation of resistance to soybean rust in the T0 and / or T1 generations, 3 to 5 events that were most resistant and appeared phenotypically best were selected for further analysis.

[0099] Homozygous T2 or T3 seeds were used for field trials. Segregating T1 seeds of 3-5 selected events per construct were sown to obtain homozygous seeds. Individual plants homozygous for the transgene were selected using a TaqMan® PCR assay as described by the manufacturer of the assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA 02451).

[0100] 10–30 homozygous plants per event were grown under standard conditions (12-h day length, 25°C) and inbred (inbred) for 12 days. Mature homozygous seeds were harvested approximately 120 days after planting. All harvested seeds from 10–30 homozygous plants per event were pooled.

[0101] Example 2: Field Testing Homozygous T3 seeds from 3-5 events per construct were field tested for resistance to soybean rust, yield, and agronomic performance.

[0102] Field trials were conducted at two sites in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, respectively. To ensure adequate inoculation with Asian soybean rust, field trials were sown in November or early December (Safra stage) or early February (Safrinha stage), depending on weather conditions.

[0103] Materials were tested in split-plot trials (2 m long, 4 rows per plot) with 3-4 replicates per event and trial site. Field trials testing trait performance were grown using standard cultural practices (e.g., with regard to weed and insect control and fertilization).

[0104] Depending on the test, two different fungicide-related treatments were performed. 1. No fungicide treatment ("untreated") 2. One fungicide application ("treatment") at the time of ASR disease emergence (approximately 35-45 days after planting depending on location, sowing date, and year). The fungicide treatment reduced ASR disease severity early on, allowing testing of trait effectiveness under different ASR pressures in the same location, mimicking years with less disease or late disease emergence.

[0105] Approximately 10% of the plots were used as controls. Depending on the study design, the bulk of seeds harvested from null segregants grown in parallel with untransformed wild-type (WT) maternal plants or transgenic maternal plants (see above) were used as controls.

[0106] Example 3: ASR Scoring Asian soybean rust (ASR) infection was scored by experts using the scheme published by Godoy et al. (2006) (citation Godoy, C., Koga, L., Canteri, M. (2006) Diagrammatic scale for assessment of soybean rust severity, Fitopatologia Brasileira 31(1)).

[0107] To exclude effects of transgene insertion that depend solely on the integration locus, three to five independent transgenic events were evaluated per field trial (events = progeny of a single plant that incorporated a heterologous expression cassette derived from the same vector construct but at a different genomic locus).

[0108] The three community levels (small, medium, and large communities) were scored independently and the average of infections of all three community levels was counted as infection. A total of 4-7 scores were performed starting at the early onset of the disease and repeated every 6-8 days over the course of the entire growing season, with the time between two scores being extended up to 22 days if the weather was not favorable for disease progression.

[0109] To exclude effects of transgene insertion that are solely dependent on the integration locus, three to five independent transgenic events were evaluated per field trial.

[0110] To compare disease progression at different events over time, we calculated the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) based on infection scores (for reference see MJJeger and SLHViljanen-Rollinson(2001) The use of the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease resistance in crop cultivars Theor Appl Genet 102:32-40).

[0111] AUDPC is a quantitative value that describes the intensity of illness over a complete period of time. To calculate AUDPC, a series of illness scores is taken over a period of time. AUDPC represents the sum of all the averages of two consecutive scores multiplied by the time between the scores.

[0112]

number

[0113] Relative disease resistance on a gene (construct) level was calculated by averaging the relative disease resistance (based on the formula above) of 3–5 events expressing the same gene (=same construct).

[0114] [Table 1-2]

[0115] Both the single Pti5 gene and SAR8.2, as well as the molecular stack Pti5+SAR8.2, increased resistance at both locations and under both treatments (untreated and one fungicide treatment ("Treatment A")), but the combination of both genes did not apparently result in an additive or greater than additive increase in resistance.

[0116] Example 4: Yield Determination For yield determination, only the two central rows per plot (see above) were harvested to reduce overestimation due to edge effects. A combine was used that was able to record the total grain weight and grain moisture of the plot. After moisture correction, grain yield was calculated from kg / plot to kg / ha.

[0117] Overexpression of SAR8.2, Pti5, and RLK2 as single gene constructs significantly increased soybean yield when infected with soybean rust. Furthermore, we could show the presence of some yield increase mediated by overexpression of the ADR1 gene (see FIG. 4). To determine the effect of combining effective lead genes in a molecular stack, a comparative study was carried out in a way that allows direct comparison between plants expressing the lead gene stack and plants expressing the corresponding single genes.

[0118] Surprisingly, the combination of Pti5 and SAR8.2 resulted in a strong yield increase of 36% on average (average of both treatments and both locations, see table below for specific values), which was unexpected based on the disease resistance data (see Example 3 and Figure 1), nor on the yield increase of both single gene controls, SAR8.2.

[0119] [Table 2]

[0120] The measured yield of each mutant (construct x treatment x position) was compared to the yield of the non-transgenic wild-type control (WT) and the relative yield increase per construct, treatment, and position was calculated by using the following formula: Relative yield increase [%] = (yield of mutant [kg] / yield of each WT [kg]-1) * 100%

[0121] The predicted yield increase of the combination of the two genes was determined using Colby's formula [RS Colby, "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds 15, 20-22 (1967)] and compared to the observed yield increase. The Colby formula predicts the value of the combination based on the results of both single factors (herein genes) that represents a fully additive interaction of both factors. Values ​​above this value can be considered to have been obtained from a more than additive interaction. Colby's formula:

[0122]

number

[0123] Using the Colby formula, the additive value of the combination of SAR8.2 and Pti5 was calculated, giving the following: a) Position 1, Treatment A: Yield increase predicted by Colby's formula: 24.6% Measured yield increase: 36.1% b) Location 1, untreated: Yield increase predicted by Colby's formula: 51.9% Measured yield increase: 54.8% c) Position 2, Treatment A: Yield increase predicted by Colby's formula: 20.3% Measured yield increase: 25.3% d) Position 2, untreated: Yield increase predicted by Colby's formula: 19.8% Measured yield increase: 29.4%

[0124] As can be clearly seen above and from Figures 3a and 3b, the combination of SAR8.2 and Pti5 results in yield increases that are greater than predicted by Colby's equation and therefore greater than additive, at all locations and treatments.

[0125] This result was highly surprising and unexpected, since the mechanisms of action of Pti5 and SAR8.2 are quite different: the SAR8.2 protein has been described to act as an antifungal protein, whereas Pti5 is a transcription factor that regulates defense responses.

[0126] No other lead gene combinations tested in parallel showed comparable results, suggesting that the increased yields caused by the combined expression of SAR8.2 and Pti5 are a unique advantage of the present invention.

[0127] Further analysis of the results of the comparative field trials revealed that although the majority of the selected individual resistance genes conferred increased yield compared to the non-transgenic wild type at almost all locations or treatments (see Tables 3-6 and Figures 4-7), no combination (stack) of resistance genes showed yield increases that could be considered additive (or greater than additive) based on the results of the single gene constructs.

[0128] [Table 3]

[0129]

Table 4

[0130]

Table 5

[0131]

Table 6

Claims

**Claim 1** A method for improving the yield produced by a plant as compared to a control plant, comprising: i) providing a plant comprising the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes and / or the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, preferably wherein the Pti5 and / or SAR8.2 genes are provided in corresponding heterologous expression cassettes; ii) cultivating said plant. A method comprising the above steps. **Claim 2** A cultivation method for improving the yield produced by a plant as compared to a control plant, comprising cultivating a plant comprising the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes and / or the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, preferably a plant that (a) overexpresses Pti5 and SAR8.2, and / or (b) comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and / or (c) expresses a heterologous Pti5 and / or heterologous SAR8.2 gene, wherein during the cultivation of said plant, the number of pesticide treatments per growth period is reduced by at least one time, preferably at least two times, as compared to the control plant. **Claim 3** The yield is one or more of: biomass per area, grain amount per area, seed amount per area. The method according to claim 1 or 2. **Claim 4** The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yield increases as compared to the control plant in the presence of pests. **Claim 5** The pest is at least a fungal pest, preferably a biotrophic or hemibiotrophic fungus, more preferably a rust fungus, more preferably a fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota, even more preferably a fungus of the subphylum Pucciniomycotina, even more preferably a fungus of the class Pucciniomycetes, even more preferably a fungus of the order Pucciniales, even more preferably a fungus of the family Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Mikronegeriaceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Pucciniosiraceae, Raveneliaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, or Uropyxidaceae, Even more preferably, Rhizoctonia, Maravalia, Ochropsora, Olivea, Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Diaphanopellis, Cronartium, Endocronartium, Peridermium, Melampsora, Chrysoselis, Mikronegeria, Arthuria, Baptisopsora, Cerotelium, Dasturella, Phakopsora, Prospodium, Arthuriomyces, Catenulophora, Gerwasia, Gymnoconia, Hamaspora, Kuehneola, Phragmidium, Trachyspora, Triphragmium, Atelocauda, Pileolaria, Racospermyces, Uromycladium, Allodus, Ceratocoma, Chrysocyclus, Cumminsiella, Cystopsora, Endophyllum, Gymnosporangium, Miyagia, Puccinia, Puccorchidium, Roestelia, Sphenorchidium, Stereostratum, Uromyces, Hyalopsora, Melampsorella,Melampsorium, Milesia, Milesina, Naohidemyces, Pucciniastrum, Thekopsora, Uredinopsis, Chardonniella, Dietelia, Pucciniosira, Diorchidium, Endoraecium, Kernkampella, Ravenelia, Sphenospora, Austropuccinia, Nyssopsora, Sphaerophragmium, Dasyspora, Leucotellium, Macruropyxis, Porotenus, Tranzschelia, or Uropyxis of the Even more preferably, Rhizoctonia alpina, Rhizoctonia bicornis, Rhizoctonia butinii, Rhizoctonia callae, Rhizoctonia carotae, Rhizoctonia endophyt ica, Rhizoctonia floccosa, Rhizoctonia fragariae, Rhizoctonia fraxini, Rhizoctonia fusispora, Rhizoctonia globularis, Rhizoctonia gossypii, Rhizoctonia muneratii, Rhizoctonia papaya e, Rhizoctonia quercus, Rhizoctonia repens, Rhizoctonia rubi, Rhizoctonia silvestris, Rhizoctonia solani, Phakopsora ampelopsidis, Phakopsora apoda, Phakopsora argentensis, Phakopsora cherimolia, Phakopsora cingens, Phakopsora coca, Phakopsora crotonis, Phakopsora euvitis, Phakopsora gossypii, Phakopsora hornotina, Phakopsora jatrophicola, Phakopsora meibomiae, Phakopsora meliosmae, Phakopsora meliosmae - myrianthae, Phakopsora montana, Phakopsora muscadinae, Phakopsora myrtacearum, Phakopsora nishidana, Phakopsora orientalis, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora phyllanthi, Phakopsora tecta, Phakopsora uva, Phakopsora vitis, Phakopsora zizyphi - vulgaris Puccinia abrupta, Puccinia acetosae, Puccinia achnatheri-sibirici, Puccinia acroptili, Puccinia actaea-a-gropyri, Puccinia actaea-e-lymi, Puccinia antirrhinni, Puccinia argentata, Puccinia arrhenatheri, Puccinia arrhenathericola, Puccinia artemisiae-keskeanae, Puccinia arthrocnemis, Puccinia asteris, Puccinia atra, Puccinia aucta, Puccinia ballotiflora, Puccinia bartolomei, Puccinia bistorta, Puccinia cacabata, Puccinia calcitrapae, Puccinia calthe, Puccinia calthicola, Puccinia calystegiae-soldanellae, Puccinia canaliculata, Puccinia caricis-montanae, Puccinia caricis-stipatae, Puccinia cartami, Puccinia cerynthes-a-gropyri-naCerinthus - agropyriana, Puccinia cesatii, Puccinia chrysanthemi, Puccinia circundata, Puccinia clavata, Puccinia coleataeniae, Puccinia coronata, Puccinia coronati - agrostidis, Puccinia coronati - brevissima, Puccinia coronati - calamagrostidis, Puccinia coronati - hordei, Puccinia coronati - japonica, Puccinia coronati - longispora, Puccinia crotopsideidis, Puccinia cynodontis, Puccinia dactylidina, Puccinia dietelii, Puccinia digitata, Puccinia distincta, Puccinia duthiae, Puccinia emaculata, Puccinia erianthi, Puccinia eupatorii - colombiani, Puccinia flavescentis, Puccinia gastrolobii, Puccinia geitonoplesii, Puccinia giganteaGigantea), Puccinia glechomatis, Puccinia helianthi, Puccinia heterogenea, Puccinia heterospora, Puccinia hydrocotyles, Puccinia hysteria, Puccinia impatiens, Puccinia impedita, Puccinia impostata, Puccinia infra-aequatorialis, Puccinia insoliata, Puccinia justiciae, Puccinia klughkistiana, Puccinia knersvlakensis, Puccinia lantanae, Puccinia lateritia, Puccinia latimamma, Puccinia libera, Puccinia littoralis, Puccinia lobata, Puccinia lophatheri, Puccinia loranthicola, Puccinia menthae, Puccinia mesembryanthemi, Puccinia meyeri-albertinii, Puccinia miscanthi, Puccinia miscanthidii, Puccinia mixta, Puccinia montanensis, Pucciniamontanensis), Puccinia morata, Puccinia mortieri, Puccinia nitida, Puccinia oenanthes-stoloniferae, Puccinia operta, Puccinia otzeniani, Puccinia patriniae, Puccinia pentstemonis, Puccinia persistens, Puccinia phyllostachydis, Puccinia pittieriana, Puccinia platyspora, Puccinia pritzeliana, Puccinia prostii, Puccinia pseudodigitata, Puccinia pseudostriiformis, Puccinia psychotriae, Puccinia punctata, Puccinia punctiformis, Puccinia recondita, Puccinia rhei-undulati, Puccinia rupestris, Puccinia senecionis-acutiformis, Puccinia septentrionalis, Puccinia setariae, Puccinia silvatica, Puccinia stipina, Puccinia stobaeaeStobaearaea), Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia striiformoides, Puccinia stylidii, Puccinia substriata, Puccinia suzutaake, Puccinia taeniatheri, Puccinia tageticola, Puccinia tanacet, Puccinia tatarinovii, Puccinia tetragoniae, Puccinia thaliae, Puccinia thlaspeos, Puccinia tillandsiae, Puccinia tiritea, Puccinia tokyensis, Puccinia trebouxii, Puccinia triticina, Puccinia tubulosa, Puccinia tulipae, Puccinia tumidipes, Puccinia turgida, Puccinia urticae - acutae, Puccinia urticae - acutiformis, Puccinia urticae - caricis, Puccinia urticae - hirtae, Puccinia urticae - inflatae, Puccinia urticata, Puccinia vaginatae, Puccinia virgatavirgata), Puccinia xanthii, Puccinia xanthosiae, Puccinia zoyseae species, More preferably, it is a fungus of the species Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia hordei, or Puccinia recondita, more preferably a fungus of the genus Phakopsora, and most preferably a fungus of Phakopsora pachyrhizi The method according to claim 1 or 2, which is or comprises the same

6. The plant is a crop plant, preferably a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably a plant of the order Fabales, more preferably a plant of the family Fabaceae, more preferably a plant of the tribe Phaseoleae, more preferably a plant of the genus Amphicarpaea, Cajanus, Canavalia, Dioclea, Erythrina, Glycine, Arachis, Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum, Vicia, Vigna, Phaseolus, or Psophocarpus, even more preferably, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Dioclea grandiflora, Erythrina latissima, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus maculatus, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine albicans, Glycine aphyonota, Glycine arenaria, Glycine argyrea, Glycine canescens, Glycine clandestina, Glycine curvata, Glycine cyrtolaebaCyrtoloba), Glycine dolichocarpa, Glycine falcata, Glycine gracei, Glycine hirticalulis, Glycine lactovirens, Glycine latifolia, Glycine latrobeana, Glycine microphylla, Glycine peratosa, Glycine pindanica, Glycine pullenii, Glycine rubiginosa, Glycine stenophyta, Glycine syndetika, Glycine tabacina, Glycine tomentella, Glycine gracilis, Glycine max, Glycine max x Glycine soja, Glycine soja species of plants, more preferably, Glycine gracilis, Glycine max, Glycine max x Glycine soja, Glycine soja species of plants, most preferably, Glycine max species of plants. The method according to claim 1 or 2

7. The plant comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and for each expression cassette, the corresponding Pti5 or SAR8.2 gene a) a constitutively active promoter b) a tissue-specific or tissue-preferential promoter c) a promoter that is inducible by exposure of the plant to a pest, preferably a fungal pest The method according to claim 1 or 2, which is operably linked to any one of the foregoing

8. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cultivation is carried out on a population of at least 1000 plants, preferably the plants are cultivated in cultivated land, and / or the increase in seed yield is at least 4%

9. A plant cell, a plant part, or an entire plant comprising the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes and / or the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, wherein the plant preferably comprises a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and / or a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette

10. A method for producing a crossbred plant with improved yield compared to a control plant, comprising i) i-a) A first plant material comprising the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes and / or the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette and a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette, and a second plant material not comprising both the Pti5 and SAR8.2 genes or the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, or i-b) providing a first plant material comprising a Pti5 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous Pti5 expression cassette, and a second plant material comprising a SAR8.2 gene, preferably comprising a heterologous SAR8.2 expression cassette; ii) producing an F1 generation from the cross of said first and second plant materials; iii) selecting one or more members of said F1 generation capable of expressing Pti5 and SAR8.2, a method comprising.

11. Use of at least the Pti5 gene and the SAR8.2 gene, the Pti5-SAR8.2 fusion gene, or a combination of plants, plant parts, or plant cells according to claim 9 for improving the yield of a plant, preferably under natural arable conditions, more preferably under pathogen pressure, more preferably under pathogen pressure where the average diseased leaf area is 2 to 100%, more preferably 5 to 50%, more preferably 10 to 50% at at least one plant growth stage.

12. A synergistic yield improvement method comprising providing at least the Pti5 protein and the SAR8.2 protein in a plant cell, a plant part, or a plant.

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