Coatings, formulations, applications, coating methods

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to coatings, formulations, and coating compositions, methods for using the coatings and coating compositions, and methods for applying the coatings to substrates or articles. The coatings disclosed herein are long-lasting and suitable for application to a wide variety of substrates or articles, which may include substrates or articles formed from natural and / or man-made materials, including plastics, metals, textiles, and / or other man-made materials, and are also suitable for application to biological substrates.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to anti-microbial coatings, anti-microbial formulations and coating compositions, methods of using the anti-microbial coatings and coating compositions, and methods of applying the anti-microbial coatings to substrates or articles. The coatings disclosed herein are effective in providing long-lasting anti-microbial surface activity and infection prevention. The coating compositions may be suitable for application to a wide variety of substrates or articles, which may include substrates or articles formed from natural and / or man-made materials, including plastics, metals, textiles, and / or other man-made materials; and are suitable for use in the healthcare field, particularly in clinical environments such as hospitals, to impart anti-microbial activity, including biocidal and / or bacteriostatic activity, to surfaces of medical devices, tools, instruments, and / or porous and / or non-porous surfaces, including meshes and fabrics such as masks and bandages, thereby reducing the microbial load on these surfaces, inhibiting the spread of infection, and preventing biofilm formation. The coatings may be deployed on medical devices, including implantable devices, personal protective equipment, and surfaces in medical, veterinary, dental, industrial, military, transportation, public, commercial, and civilian environments. The coating compositions disclosed herein are also suitable for application to parts of the body, particularly the skin of living human and animal subjects, and may be useful as effective and durable skin disinfectants, for personal protection, and to reduce the backward spread of infection, including through the "touch clean" effect as disclosed herein. [Background technology]

[0002] Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative), viruses (enveloped and non-enveloped), yeasts and fungi, can cause severe, debilitating and sometimes life-threatening diseases. Escherichia coli is the cause of many common bacterial infections, such as cholecystitis, bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infections, and diarrhea, and is also involved in other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis and pneumonia. Gastroenteritis due to norovirus infection is estimated to result in an estimated 70,000 deaths in children under the age of 5 years worldwide each year, and is estimated to result in direct health system costs of US$4.2 billion and societal costs of US$60.3 billion each year worldwide (Bartsch et al, Global Economic BurdENof Norovirus Gastroenteritis, PLoS One: 2016; 11(4)). More than 70 million cases of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have been recorded worldwide in 2020, and the ongoing pandemic is estimated to have caused more than 4 million deaths worldwide. These deaths include both patients and healthcare workers. In January 2021, the WHO Regional Office for Pan America reported that at that time, 570,000 healthcare workers had been infected and 2,500 had died from COVD-19, as reported in Erdem et al Int J Infect Dis 2021 Jan: 102:239-241.

[0003] Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), also called hospital-associated or nosocomial infections, are a major concern and significant clinical burden, often with high morbidity and mortality, as discussed, for example, in Khan et al., Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017;7(5);478-482; Haque et al., Infec Drug Res 2018:11 2321-2333; and Aljamali et al., IJAER 2020(20) 7-20. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1.7 million hospitalized patients develop HCAIs annually while being treated for other health problems, and more than 98,000 patients (1 in 17) die from these infections. HCAIs are classified as infections acquired or spread in a healthcare setting that first appear more than 48 hours after hospitalization or within 30 days of receiving healthcare. HCAIs include catheter-associated urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, central venous line-associated bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Clostridium difficile infections. Other hospital-acquired pathogens include viral pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2, and fungal pathogens such as C. albicans. Such infections are particularly problematic because they are easily spread in clinical settings and because many patients are vulnerable to infection due to illness or immunocompromise. Combating the transmission of HCAIs in healthcare settings is therefore an important clinical priority.

[0004] Contact transmission is responsible for the spread of many infectious and contagious diseases. This includes both direct transmission, where microorganisms are transmitted directly from an infected individual to another by close contact, including direct exposure to bodily fluids, for example, by breathing or sneezing, and indirect transmission, where microorganisms present on contaminated surfaces, such as surfaces of medical devices or instruments in a healthcare setting, are picked up by contact. Many microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses, do not cause disease when they remain on the skin, but contact between contaminated skin and mucous membranes such as the eyes, mouth, or nose can provide a route for pathogens to enter the body. Infections can also be spread during intimate bodily contact with contaminated medical devices, such as implants, catheters, and endoscopes. In busy healthcare environments, disinfected surfaces, including personal protective equipment (PPE), are constantly recontaminated. Therefore, continuous and repeated disinfection of frequently touched or contaminated surfaces is essential to prevent cross-contamination and spread of infection as healthcare workers move from patient to patient.

[0005] Biofilm formation also plays a prominent role in the spread of healthcare-associated infections. Implantable medical devices are prone to bacterial colonization, resulting in device-associated infections, which are associated with high mortality and morbidity (Li et al. Coatings 2021,11,294). Bacterial adhesion to implantable medical devices or to proteins already attached to the device can provide a suitable breeding ground for bacterial colonization, leading to the formation of biofilms. Device-associated biofilms are a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. According to Li et al. (2021), approximately 2 million cases of hospital-acquired infections occurred annually in the United States in the early 21st century, of which 50%-70% of hospital-acquired infections were associated with the placement of medical devices. Combating biofilm formation on medical devices in healthcare settings is therefore a significant clinical priority.

[0006] Thus, there is a continuing need for effective surface-active antimicrobial compositions to help reduce or prevent contact transmission of microorganisms and the spread of infectious and infectious diseases.In particular, there is a need for antimicrobial compositions suitable and effective for use as germicides or germicide coatings on inanimate surfaces to reduce and / or inactivate and / or prevent life or growth and / or prevent the formation of surface biofilms and / or destroy and / or remove them.This can help limit indirect (object-to-person) contact infections via contaminated surfaces and / or improve the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) by reducing or eliminating microbial contamination during use, which can also limit direct (person-to-person) infections during close contact. There is a need for antimicrobial compositions that are suitable and effective for use on the body as antiseptics or skin disinfectants, and that reduce the microbial load and / or inactivate and / or prevent the life or growth of microorganisms present on body surfaces, thereby providing personal protection against infection and / or limiting the backward transmission of infection, including both direct (person-to-person or animal / person-to-person / animal) and indirect (object-to-person) contact transmission.

[0007] There is a continuing need for long-lasting, effective antimicrobial compositions that can be applied to substrates, including body parts and skin, as germicides or preservatives, including germicide or preservative surface coatings, and that are expected to be active against microorganisms for extended periods of time after application, and / or that can withstand harsh conditions including wet and dry abrasion and washing with water, and / or that can be removed from the skin by washing with soap and warm water.

[0008] The provision of antimicrobial compositions and coatings that exhibit antimicrobial efficacy, stability, and other favorable properties, particularly durability without loss of efficacy, and enhanced antiviral activity, is a desirable objective in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The present disclosure provides improved antimicrobial compositions and coatings, which may be suitable for application to a wide variety of substrates, including inert (i.e., non-living) surfaces that are natural and / or artificial, porous and / or non-porous, biodegradable and / or non-biodegradable; and / or living surfaces such as skin and body parts of living humans and animals. The compositions and coatings may be effective in providing antimicrobial action, including biocidal and / or bacteriostatic action, against various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, yeasts and fungi; thereby aiding in the prevention of infection and reducing the spread and / or acquisition of infectious pathogens and / or infectious diseases. The compositions and coatings may be effective in preventing and / or disrupting and / or removing the formation of surface biofilms on substrates or articles.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an antimicrobial coating is provided that comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise one or more additional cationic polymers, such as a polyalkyleneimine polymer, for example, an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer. Additionally or alternatively, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise a guanidine compound.

[0011] As described in more detail below, the inventors have surprisingly found that such surface coatings can provide electrostatic and / or biocidal effects that are potently and persistently effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria (gram positive and gram negative), viruses (enveloped and non-enveloped), yeasts and fungi, and can inhibit biofilm formation or disrupt existing biofilms. The coatings may be deployed as bactericidal layers to reduce microorganisms on inert (i.e., non-living) surfaces, including, but not limited to, plastics, metals, textiles (natural and synthetic woven and non-woven), glass, ceramics, wood, rubber, textiles, and other manmade and natural substrates, including biodegradable and non-biodegradable substrates. Additionally, the coatings may be suitable for use in primary, secondary, and / or tertiary care environments, such as in health care, including dentistry, including the application of medical devices and equipment, including implantable devices and personal protective equipment, or in the veterinary field. The coatings are also effective and useful in transportation environments, including industrial and public transportation, such as coating contact surfaces on trains and aircraft. The coatings are effective and useful in public and / or commercial environments, such as schools, bars, restaurants, hotels, gyms, spas, stadiums, offices, and other locations where individuals may come into close contact and where infection may spread. The coatings are also effective and useful in personal environments, including the home. The coatings are effective on porous and / or non-porous substrates, including nets, gauze, filters, and fabrics. The coatings may be used on any surface susceptible to microbial contamination, such as walls, counters, handles, tables, doors, floors, curtains, banisters, chairs, beds, or on consumer items such as toys and phones. The coatings are also effective in reducing microorganisms on other surfaces by contact, including biological and / or non-biological, natural and / or non-natural surfaces, and exhibit a "touch-clean" effect as described herein. The coatings may also be deployed as antiseptics or disinfectants to reduce microorganisms on living human or animal bodies.

[0012] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a substrate or article, such as a medical device or implant, coated with the antimicrobial coating of the present disclosure; the substrate or article is not part of a living human or animal body. Substrates and articles coated according to the present disclosure include medical devices and implants used in the health care (including dentistry) and veterinary fields; catheters, endoscopes, cardiac implants such as stents, heart valves, and biodegradable, non-biodegradable, natural and / or synthetic scaffolds and grafts, bone and joint implants, surgical instruments, and other types of diagnostic, surgical and therapeutic equipment.

[0013] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure is provided, the liquid coating composition comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. Optionally, the composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the composition or blend may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and one or more additional cationic polymers, such as a polyalkyleneimine polymer, for example, an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer, including an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer or an unsubstituted polypropyleneimine polymer. This includes embodiments in which the composition comprises a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, and one or more additional cationic polymers. Additionally or alternatively, the composition or blend may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and a guanidine compound. This includes embodiments in which the composition comprises a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, and a guanidine compound; embodiments in which the composition comprises a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, one or more additional cationic polymers, and a guanidine compound; and embodiments in which the composition comprises a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, one or more additional cationic polymers, and a guanidine compound.

[0014] According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of coating a substrate or article with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure. Optionally, the substrate or article may not be part of a living human or animal body. The substrate or article may be formed from a porous material and / or a non-porous material.

[0015] Optionally, a method of coating a substrate or article may include applying a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to the substrate or article. The step of applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article may optionally include (i) incubating the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and / or (ii) immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and / or (iii) washing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, and / or (iv) dipping the substrate or article into the liquid coating composition one or more times, and / or (v) flowing the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (vi) spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (vii) spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article. and / or (viii) wiping the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (ix) brushing the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (x) padding the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (xi) rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (xii) applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article by physical deposition, and / or (xiii) applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article by electrophoretic deposition; or any combination or sequence of these application methods, which may be performed or repeated one or more times. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying the coated substrate or article, or drying the coated substrate or article.

[0016] Alternatively, a method for coating a substrate or article with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure may comprise the following sequential steps: (a) applying a first liquid composition comprising one or more of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component such as an anionic polymer as defined herein, an additional cationic polymer as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein to the substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer; then (b) applying a second liquid composition different from the first liquid composition, the second liquid composition comprising one or more of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component such as an anionic polymer as defined herein, an additional cationic polymer as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein to the substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer; then (c) optionally repeating step (a) and / or step (b) to form an antimicrobial surface coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer according to the present disclosure.

[0017] The method may optionally include a subsequent step (d) of applying a third, and optionally subsequent, liquid composition, different from the first liquid composition and / or the second liquid composition, to the substrate or article one or more times to form a third, and optionally subsequent, layer(s).

[0018] The present disclosure further includes substrates and articles coated with antimicrobial coatings according to the present disclosure, which substrates or articles are not part of a living (or living, or living, or active; living) human or animal body. The substrates or articles may be inert (non-living) and / or formed from natural and / or man-made materials, including but not limited to natural and synthetic polymers / plastics, metals, glass, silica / silicone, ceramics, marble / stone, composites, wood, rubber, fabrics, and textiles such as natural and / or synthetic fibers. The substrates or articles may be formed from porous materials. The substrates or articles may be formed from non-porous materials. The substrates or articles may be partially porous and partially non-porous. Such substrates and articles may include medical devices or equipment. Such substrates and articles may include personal protective equipment and / or implements used to clean other surfaces, such as cloths, wipes, or brushes.

[0019] The present disclosure further provides a method for preventing or reducing the growth or spread, or load or amount, of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or for preventing the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, and / or for disrupting and / or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising applying a coating to the substrate or article according to the present disclosure. The substrate may be an inert (non-living) substrate. The substrate may be a body part of a living human or animal, such as skin, for example, a human hand or face or foot.

[0020] The present disclosure further encompasses the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to prevent or reduce the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a substrate, and / or to inactivate one or more microorganisms on a substrate, and / or to prevent and / or disrupt and / or remove the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, whereby a liquid coating composition is applied to a substrate according to the present disclosure. The substrate may be an inert (non-living) substrate, or may be a body part of a living human or animal, for example the skin of a human hand or face or foot.

[0021] The present disclosure further provides a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and / or inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, the method comprising applying the liquid coating composition to the body part; optionally by washing or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition, and / or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. The body part may be, for example, the skin of a human hand or face or foot.

[0022] The present disclosure further provides a method for preventing or reducing the growth or spread, or load or amount, of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or for preventing the formation of, and / or for destroying, and / or for removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising contacting the surface with a substrate or article comprising a coating according to the present disclosure, and / or a substrate or article coated according to the present disclosure. The coated substrate or article may be a cleaning implement, such as a cloth or sponge. The coated substrate or article may be personal protective equipment, such as gloves, masks, face shields, medical scrubs, surgical gowns, eye protection, and the like. The coated substrate or article may be a living human body part, such as skin, for example, of a human hand, face, or foot. The surface may be any surface that is or may be contaminated or may be contaminated with a microorganism, including surfaces in a healthcare environment, including primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare environments, public environments, or private environments; and surfaces of medical devices and equipment; and parts of the human or animal body, including skin.

[0023] The present disclosure further provides an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer for use in preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and / or yeast. The present disclosure provides the use of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and / or yeast. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0024] Antimicrobial coatings of the present disclosure, including coloring, are shown in Figures 1-6 applied to the fingers and / or hands of volunteers as follows: [Figure 1]Figure 1 shows the stained index finger of a volunteer before rinsing with water, where the dye (indicating the presence of a coating) is clearly visible and evenly distributed; [Diagram 2] Figure 2 shows the stained fingers of a volunteer: (a) Unstained finger after washing with water. There is minimal dye deposition; (b) Stained finger after washing with water and abrasion. The dye is clearly visible and evenly distributed; [Diagram 3] Figure 3 shows the stained index finger soaked in artificial sweat after washing and abrasion; [Figure 4] Figure 4 shows the stained hand of a volunteer who had left the gloves on for 18 hours before rinsing with water, with the dye clearly visible and evenly distributed; [Diagram 5] Figure 5 shows the stained hand of a volunteer who was left in the gloves for 18 hours after rinsing with water, with the dye clearly visible and evenly distributed; [Figure 6] Figure 6 shows the coated hands of a volunteer who was left wearing the gloves for 18 hours after washing with soap and warm water; [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a graph showing measured dynamic CoF values ​​for coatings with and without alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, measured over 20 cycles. The coatings are applied using a layer-by-layer coating method onto TPU strips; [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a graph showing measured Dynamic CoF values ​​for coatings with and without alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, measured over 20 cycles. The coatings are applied as blended formulations onto TPU strips. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows the durability and abrasion resistance of the coating of composition D1 when applied to a surgical mask and TPU by comparing the dye uptake of the coated substrate after abrasion (visible and uniform distribution of dye) with that of the uncoated substrate (minimal adhesion of dye); [Figure 10]Figure 10 shows the non-elution characteristics of the coating of Composition D1 when applied to TPU by comparing the zone of inhibition of E. coli produced by the coated TPU strips versus the positive control catheter coated with chlorhexidine / silver. The figure shows no zone of inhibition for the coated TPU and a zone of inhibition for the coated catheter (chlorhexidine / silver), indicating no elution and elution, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0025] The present disclosure provides an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise one or more additional cationic polymers different from the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, for example, a polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer. Additionally or alternatively, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise a guanidine compound. The antimicrobial coating may further comprise one or more additional active agents, excipients and / or additives, including additional antimicrobial agents, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and / or binders, as disclosed herein.

[0026] Polyalkyleneimine polymers are well known in the art. They are linear or branched polymers having a backbone formed from repeating units of amine groups and alkyl spacer groups, e.g., C 1-10 For example, polyethyleneimine polymers have a backbone formed from repeating units of amine groups and ethylene spacer groups, as shown in Structure 1 below: [ka]

[0027] As defined and utilized herein, an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer is an N-derivatized polyalkylenimine polymer having at least one alkyl group attached to the polyalkylenimine polymer backbone by at least one urea linkage that includes a nitrogen heteroatom on the polyalkylenimine polymer backbone. The urea linkage is shown below in Structure 2: [ka]

[0028] Some exemplary alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymers as defined herein are shown below in Structure 3. This exemplary polymer is a branched alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer comprising multiple alkyl groups R, each of which is linked by a urea linkage that includes a nitrogen heteroatom on the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone. Each alkyl group R is attached to the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone at a single point, thereby forming a pendant alkylurea side group: [ka]

[0029] Some further exemplary alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymers as defined herein are shown below in Structure 4. This exemplary polymer is a linear alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer comprising multiple alkyl groups R, where each alkyl group R is linked by two urea linkages each involving a nitrogen heteroatom on the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone to crosslink the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone to form a bridged alkylurea group: [ka]

[0030] Polyethylenimine has been described in the art as an antimicrobial agent with selective activity (Gibney et al, Macromol Biosci 2012 12(9) 1279-1289). Also, the art has suggested that glass slides coated with the hydrophobic long-chain polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine (N,N-dodecyl,methyl-PEI) are highly effective against waterborne influenza A virus (Haldar et al, Biotechnol Lett 2008 30:475-479). However, the inventors have identified that alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymers having alkyl substituents linked to the polyalkylenimine polymer backbone via urea linkages as disclosed herein are more hydrophilic than the corresponding alkylated polyalkylenimine polymers due to the presence of hydrophilic urea functional groups. The inventors herein have identified and experimentally demonstrated that coatings comprising alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers exhibit particularly effective antimicrobial properties whilst also exhibiting improved surface adhesion, stability, durability and / or mechanical properties and / or surprising functional properties as disclosed herein.

[0031] The alkyl groups in the alkylurea polyalkyleneimines according to the present disclosure may comprise or consist of linear or branched free alkyl chains, e.g., alkyl chains terminating in one or more -CH groups; and / or cyclic alkyl groups cyclized themselves, i.e., cycloalkyl groups.

[0032] In particular, each alkyl group may comprise a linear or branched alkyl chain and / or a cycloalkyl group. Typically, each alkyl group may comprise a branched or linear saturated chain containing up to 15 carbon atoms, advantageously up to 10 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms. For example, each alkyl group may comprise a linear or branched methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decyl; and / or cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or cyclodecyl.

[0033] In some preferred embodiments, each alkyl group may be selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl, and each alkyl group may be attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by a single urea linkage to form an alkylurea side group pendant to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone. In such embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may be a polyalkyleneimine having one or more R-NH-C(O)- groups attached to a nitrogen heteroatom in the polyalkyleneimine chain, where R is an alkyl group as defined herein. In other preferred embodiments, each alkyl group may be selected from propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl, and each alkyl group may be attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by two or more urea linkages to form a bridged alkylurea group. In such embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may be a polyalkyleneimine having a -C(O)-NH-(CR'2)n-NH-C(O)- bond between two nitrogen heteroatoms in the polyalkyleneimine chain, where each R' is hydrogen or a substituent such as an alkyl or halide on the alkylene chain. Some embodiments of the present disclosure may include both pendant and bridging alkylurea groups, as defined herein.

[0034] In some preferred embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a polyethyleneimine containing one or more pendant ethylurea, propylurea, butylurea or pentylurea groups. In particular, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a butylurea polyethyleneimine. Optionally, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a polyalkyleneimine containing one or more bridged alkyl groups each consisting of an alkyl group bonded to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea linkages; where the alkyl group may contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms, advantageously 3 to 7 carbon atoms. In particular, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a hexamethylenediurea polyethyleneimine. Each alkyl group of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer is preferably ... 2 Contains 10 or less carbon atoms, preferably urea-linked sp 2 Contains 8 or fewer carbon atoms, none of which are carbon.

[0035] Alkyl urea polyalkylenimines may be obtained, for example, by reacting polyalkylenimines with isocyanates or diisocyanates to form carbamide / urea derivatives (Jager et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 4755-4767, p. 4760, shows this reaction diagrammatically). Primary and secondary amines such as polyalkylenimines react with isocyanates to produce substituted ureas in the reaction RN=C=O+R'R''NH→R-NH-(C=O)-NR'R''.

[0036] The alkylurea polyalkylenimine according to the present disclosure may be, for example, an alkylurea polyethyleneimine polymer and / or an alkylurea polypropyleneimine polymer. The alkylurea polyalkylenimine may be a branched or linear polyalkylenimine polymer; in particular a highly branched polyalkylenimine polymer. The alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer may be optionally further substituted with one or more inert substituents, such as halogen substituents. The alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer may have, for example, a molecular weight of up to 2 MDa, or up to 1 MDa, or up to 750 kDa, or up to 500 kDa, or up to 250 kDa, or up to 100 kDa. The alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer may have a molecular weight of at least 500 Da, or at least 800 Da, or at least 1 kDa, or at least 2 kDa, or at least 5 kDa, or at least 10 kDa, or at least 25 kDa. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may have a molecular weight in the range of 800Da to 2MDa, or 1 kDa to 1MDa; or 1 kDa to 500 kDa, or 1 kDa to 100 kDa, or 10 kDa to 100 kDa.

[0037] As reported below and demonstrated in the experimental examples, the inventors have shown that compositions and coatings according to the present disclosure have strong and durable antimicrobial efficacy against a wide range of different microorganisms. As illustrated in the examples, the compositions and coatings can have long-term antimicrobial activity (antibacterial, antiviral, yeasticidal, and / or fungicidal; biocidal and / or bacteriostatic) and have long-term efficacy (180-365 days for surfaces, 48 ​​hours for skin) when applied to a wide range of non-porous and porous surfaces, as well as to skin. More specifically, the germicide compositions within the present disclosure are capable of producing stable, durable, lubricious coatings with excellent mechanical properties and high levels of adhesion and durability when applied to non-porous surfaces such as TPU, as shown. The coated surfaces can withstand harsh conditions such as dry and wet abrasion (water and chemical resistance) on non-porous surfaces without significant degradation in quality or performance, as shown. More specifically, the germicidal compositions within the present disclosure, as shown, can produce stable and durable coatings when applied to porous surfaces such as masks. Moreover, in the examples, the coatings are shown to be non-leaching, which is an important advantage, at least not for environmental reasons.

[0038] The compositions within the present disclosure are biocompatible and can produce antimicrobial coatings that are effective and useful as disinfectants on skin, and when used on skin, they exhibit water resistance that improves durability, including abrasion resistance, but can still be removed from the skin by washing with soap and warm water. This is an important advantage, especially for skin disinfectant compositions. This property is also demonstrated in the experimental examples. These compositions also exhibit excellent levels of antimicrobial activity, as demonstrated in the examples.

[0039] As described and exemplified herein, the disclosed compositions are capable of providing antimicrobial coatings that can be effective in reducing microorganisms and pathogens on other surfaces upon contact with a "touch clean" effect, a surprising attribute not previously described in the art.

[0040] The coating of the present disclosure comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. In some embodiments, the anionic polymer may be an anionic polyelectrolyte. This allows electrostatic interactions between the components of the coating, specifically between the anionic component and the cationic component, including the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, which may help improve the stability and performance of the coating. Suitable anionic components, polymers and polyelectrolytes are known in the art. The anionic polymer may be an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or a polycarboxylic acid polymer, such as a polyacrylic acid polymer or a salt thereof. Preferably, the anionic polymer is a polyacrylic acid polymer.

[0041] The coating according to the present disclosure may optionally include one or more additional cationic polymers different from the alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer. The or each additional cationic polymer may be any positively charged polymer, such as a polyamine or polyamidoamine polymer. Examples of cationic polymers include cationic peptides and their derivatives (e.g., polylysine, polyornithine), linear or branched synthetic polymers (e.g., hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene), or polyalkylenimines such as polyethyleneimine), polysaccharide-based delivery molecules (e.g., cyclodextrin, chitosan) and natural polymers (e.g., histones, collagen). The additional cationic polymer may be or may include polydiallyldialkylammonium salts, poly(acrylamide-co-diallylalkylammonium halides), acryloxyalkyltrialkylammonium salts such as acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium halide or methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium halide, vinylphenyltrialkylammonium salts such as vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide, acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium salts such as 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutyltrimethylammonium halide, and / or poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldialkylammonium salts) such as poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride. The additional cationic polymer may be or may include polyalkyleneimine polymers, particularly polyalkyleneimine polymers that are not alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers; for example, unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers, or alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymers, for example, polyalkyleneimine polymers substituted with C1-C8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyls. The additional cationic polymer may suitably be or comprise an unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted polyethyleneimine or polypropyleneimine polymer. Suitably, the additional cationic polymer may be or comprise an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer.The additional cationic polymer may be or may include a polyalkyleneimine polymer having a molecular weight of up to 2 MDa, or up to 1 MDa, or up to 750 kDa, or up to 500 kDa, or up to 250 kDa, or up to 100 kDa. The polyalkyleneimine polymer may have a molecular weight of at least 500 Da, or at least 800 Da, or at least 1 kDa, or at least 2 kDa, or at least 5 kDa, or at least 10 kDa, or at least 25 kDa. The polyalkyleneimine polymer may have a molecular weight in the range of 800 Da to 2 MDa, or 1 kDa to 1 MDa; or 1 kDa to 500 kDa, or 1 kDa to 100 kDa, or 10 kDa to 100 kDa.

[0042] In some preferred embodiments, the coating or composition comprises a butylurea polyethyleneimine polymer and / or a hexamethylenediurea polyethyleneimine polymer, alone or in combination with an unsubstituted or substituted polyethyleneimine polymer, particularly an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating or composition may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer as disclosed herein; e.g., a polyacrylic acid polymer.

[0043] The coating according to the present disclosure may additionally or alternatively further comprise a guanidine compound. This may be particularly advantageous for coatings on inert (non-living) substrates. Guanidine compounds and polymers have been identified in the art as promising antimicrobial agents. Guanidine compounds contain a characteristic guanide group with strong cationicity: -N(R1)-C(=NR2)-N(R3)- where R1, R2, and R3 may be H, alkyl, or other substituents.

[0044] A well-known example is polyhexamethyleneguanidine, which is used as a biocide: [ka]

[0045] Another example is polyhexanide, or PHMB: [ka]

[0046] Thus, guanidine compounds according to the present disclosure contain one or more guanide groups: -N(R1)-C(=NR2)-N(R3)- where each of R1, R2, R3 can be, for example, H or alkyl, or another substituent. An example of a guanide group is a biguanide group: -N(R1)-C(=NR2)-N(R3)-C(=NR4)-N(R5)- where each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 may be, for example, H or alkyl.

[0047] In some embodiments, the guanidine compound may contain one or more pairs of guanide groups, for example, the guanidine compound may contain one or more bisbiguanide groups.

[0048] The guanidine compound may contain one or more bis-biguanide groups, such as, for example, a chlorhexidine group: [ka] may also include

[0049] Guanidine compounds contain one or more alexidine groups: [ka] may also include

[0050] The guanidine compound may include one or more polyguanide segments, each of which contains multiple guanide groups. Each polyguanide segment may contain a guanide group or a guanide group and an alkyl group, particularly C 1-10 It may contain repeat units of a linking group such as an alkyl group.

[0051] In particular, each polyguanide segment comprises one or more poly(hexamethylene) guanide segments: [ka] may include.

[0052] Each polyguanide segment may comprise one or more poly(hexamethylene) biguanide (PHMB) segments, as exemplified below or above: [ka] It may also, or alternatively, include

[0053] The guanidine compound may comprise a polymer having a polymer backbone with one or more pendant guanide groups, for example, one or more biguanide groups and / or one or more bisbiguanide groups and / or one or more polyguanide segments.Pendant groups include groups attached to the polymer backbone.Such attachment can be achieved by copolymerizing moieties (suitable species, such as monomers, oligomers, etc.) directly to obtain a longer chain polymer structure with pendant groups, or in a stepwise manner, such as by first forming a polymer, which may itself be a copolymer, from suitable species, and then attaching pendant functional groups.

[0054] In the guanidine compounds according to the present disclosure, some or all of the guanide groups or groups may be covalently attached to the polymer backbone directly or via a linking group. In some embodiments, the linking group may comprise an alkyl group, a polyethylene oxide group, an amine group, an ether group, or a combination thereof.

[0055] The polymer may include a vinyl polymer with an alkyl polymer backbone. Alternatively, the polymer backbone may include suitable heteroatoms, such as sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, or nitrogen heteroatoms. The pendant groups may include hydroxyl groups (-OH), carboxyl groups (-COOH), anhydride groups (-CO-O-CO-), isocyanate groups (-NCO), allyl groups, vinyl groups, acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, epoxide groups, sulfonic acid groups (-SO3 - ) or sulfate group (-SO4 - The linkage can be to the polymer backbone by any suitable functionality, including

[0056] The polymer may contain further functional pendant groups, which may suitably contain one or more pendant crosslinkable groups. The crosslinkable groups may, for example, contain crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups. The polymer may contain additional functional pendant groups having desirable functionality, such as lubricant groups or antifouling groups. The polymer may contain pendant hydrophobic groups, for example pendant C 1-10 The polymer may include pendant hydrophilic groups, such as pendant polyethylene glycol groups.

[0057] In some embodiments, the guanidine compound can include antimicrobial guanidine polymers, such as antimicrobial polymers of the type disclosed and / or exemplified in WO00 / 65915 or WO2014 / 174237. WO00 / 65915 discloses infection-resistant guanidine polymers that can be used to coat medical devices. These polymers contain infection-resistant biguanide groups, such as polyhexanide groups, pendant to the polymer backbone. In a specific embodiment, the guanidine polymer is dissolved in a mixture of isopropanol and tetrahydrofuran to form a coating solution. PVC or polyurethane tubing is then dip-coated into the coating solution to provide an antimicrobial coating. WO2014 / 174237 also discloses antimicrobial guanidine coating polymers. These polymers also have biguanide (polyhexanide) pendant groups. Devices coated with the disclosed guanidine polymers have been tested and shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. faecalis, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In the present disclosure, the level of antimicrobial activity imparted to the coating can be adjusted by varying the amount of antimicrobial polymer included in the coating.

[0058] In some preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides an antimicrobial coating as defined in any of the following numbered recitations 1-14: 1. An antimicrobial coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer. 2. The antimicrobial coating of claim 1, wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte and / or the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide such as dextran sulfate; or a polycarboxylic acid polymer such as a polyacrylic acid polymer. 3. The antimicrobial coating of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the cationic polymer is a polyalkyleneimine, such as polyethyleneimine or polypropyleneimine; and / or the alkyl alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine is an alkyl urea polyethyleneimine or alkyl urea polypropyleneimine. 4. The antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is a polyalkyleneimine substituted with one or more alkylurea groups; in particular one or more methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentylhexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decylurea groups; preferably one or more ethyl, propylbutyl, or pentylurea groups; and the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is a polyalkyleneimine substituted with an alkylene chain linked to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea bonds, in particular one or more methylene groups, in particular one or more alkyl groups containing 1 to 10 methylene groups, preferably 3 to 7 methylene groups, at both ends of the alkylene chain via urea bonds. 5. An antimicrobial coating comprising a guanidine compound, an alkylurea, a polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally a further cationic polymer. 6. The antimicrobial coating of claim 5, wherein the polyalkyleneimine polymer is an alkylurea substituted polyethyleneimine or an alkylurea substituted polypropyleneimine. 7. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 5 or 6, which is a polyalkyleneimine, substituted with one or more linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups and selected urea linkages, preferably one or more ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl groups; or an alkylene chain linked to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea linkages; in particular substituted at either end of the alkylene chain by one or more alkyl groups containing 1 to 10 methylene groups, preferably 3 to 7 methylene groups, via urea linkages: 8. An antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the guanidine compound is a compound containing one or more guanidine or biguanidine groups, such as a bisbiguanide compound. 9. An antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the guanidine compound is a polymeric compound having one or more pendant guanidine or biguanidine groups, such as bisbiguanide groups. 10. The antimicrobial coating of claim 9, wherein the polymeric compound comprises a vinyl polymer that can be synthesized by polymerization of multiple vinyl monomers, including multiple vinyl polymers that contain one or more guanidine or biguanidine groups, such as one or more bisbiguanide groups. 11. The antimicrobial coating of claim 10, wherein the plurality of vinyl monomers optionally comprises one or more crosslinkable monomers having crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups; and / or crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups; and / or one or more monomers having hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups, such as polyethylene glycol groups or alkyl groups. 12. An antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the guanidine or biguanidine groups comprise one or more chlorhexidine groups, and / or one or more polyhexanide groups, and / or one or more alexidine groups. 13. An antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 5 to 12, wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte and / or the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or a polycarboxylic acid polymer, such as a polyacrylic acid polymer. 14. The antimicrobial coating of any of statements 5-13, wherein the optional additional cationic polymer is a further polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine.

[0059] The present disclosure further encompasses liquid coating compositions suitable for forming antimicrobial coatings as disclosed herein. The liquid coating compositions include alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymers in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0060] Optionally, the liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer according to the present disclosure. The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer and one or more additional cationic polymers as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer according to the present disclosure, and one or more additional cationic polymers according to the present disclosure.

[0061] The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkylenimine polymer and a guanidine compound as disclosed herein. Such coating compositions may be particularly suitable for application to inert (non-biological) substrates. In these embodiments, the blend may also comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer as disclosed herein, and / or the blend may also comprise one or more additional cationic polymers as disclosed herein. In embodiments in which the guanidine compound comprises a polymer having one or more crosslinkable groups, the liquid coating composition may suitably further comprise a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the polymer. Any suitable crosslinking agent may be used, including, for example, a polyfunctional aziridine crosslinking agent, such as a polyaziridine crosslinking agent; or a polycarbodiimide crosslinking agent, such as EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) or DCC (N',N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide).

[0062] The liquid coating composition may further comprise one or more solvents, carriers, activators, excipients, binders, surfactants and / or other additives; including those described in more detail below.

[0063] The liquid coating composition may optionally be formulated in a liquid medium as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion. The liquid medium may be aqueous, alcoholic, or aqueous / alcoholic. The liquid medium may include an organic solvent, such as a polar organic solvent. In some embodiments, the liquid medium includes methanol, ethanol, propanol and / or isopropanol, and / or water, and / or tetrahydrofuran. In some preferred embodiments, the liquid coating composition is formulated as a solution.

[0064] Liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.005% w / v, or at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.03% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.08% w / v, or at least about 0.10% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer described above. Liquid coating compositions may typically comprise at least 0.1% w / v, such as at least 0.15% w / v, or at least 0.2% w / v of the total cationic polymer, including the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer (if included). Thus, in the case of compositions that do not include an additional cationic polymer, the composition may optionally include at least 0.1% w / v, such as at least 0.15% w / v, in particular at least 0.2% w / v, of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. Compositions that include an additional cationic polymer, such as an additional polyalkyleneimine as disclosed herein, may optionally include at least about 0.005% w / v, or at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.03% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.08% w / v, or at least about 0.10% w / v of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. Such compositions may comprise the additional cationic polymer in an amount such that the total content of cationic polymer in the composition comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and the additional cationic polymer as disclosed herein is at least 0.1% w / v, or at least 0.15% w / v, or at least 0.2% w / v.

[0065] Liquid coating compositions within the present disclosure may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w / v, or no more than about 20% w / v, or no more than about 15% w / v, or no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6.5% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v of the above alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymers. Alternatively, particularly when the composition comprises one or more additional cationic polymers, the composition may suitably comprise no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6.5% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v, or no more than about 3% w / v, or no more than about 2% w / v, or no more than about 1% w / v, or no more than about 0.9% w / v, or no more than about 0.75% w / v, or no more than about 0.7% w / v, or no more than about 0.6% w / v, or no more than about 0.5% w / v of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine.

[0066] Liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.04% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v, or at least about 0.3% w / v, or at least about 0.5% w / v of additional cationic polymer. The compositions may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w / v, or no more than about 20% w / v, or no more than about 15% w / v, or no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v of additional cationic polymer. In particular, the coating composition may comprise about 0.1-10% w / v of additional cationic polymer; or between about 0.15-7% w / v, or about 0.3-8% w / v, or about 0.2-5% w / v, or about 0.1-1% w / v of additional cationic polymer.

[0067] A composition comprising at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v of an additional cationic polymer may optionally comprise no more than about 0.9% w / v, or no more than about 0.75% w / v, or no more than about 0.7% w / v, or no more than about 0.6% w / v, or no more than about 0.5% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. A liquid coating composition may comprise, for example, a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an additional cationic polymer such as a polyalkyleneimine, and optionally an anionic component such as an anionic polymer, the composition comprising about 0.02-0.9% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and about 0.2-5% w / v of the additional cationic polymer. Such compositions are particularly useful and adaptable for use on biological substrates, for example as skin disinfectants or antiseptics.

[0068] The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an additional cationic polymer, such as a polyalkyleneimine, where the composition comprises about 0.01-2% w / v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and about 0.1-1% w / v of said additional cationic polymer; and where the composition optionally also comprises an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, optionally in an amount of about 0.005-0.3% w / v. Such compositions are particularly useful and applicable for use on biological substrates, and may be useful, for example, as skin disinfectants or preservatives.

[0069] The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an additional cationic polymer such as a polyalkyleneimine, and optionally an anionic component such as an anionic polymer, the composition may comprise about 0.05-7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and about 0.3-8% w / v of the additional cationic polymer. The additional cationic polymer may comprise a polyalkyleneimine, typically an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. The composition may optionally further comprise 0.005-0.3% w / v of an anionic component such as an anionic polymer. The composition may optionally further comprise one or more binders as disclosed herein. Such compositions may be particularly useful and applicable for use on porous and / or non-porous surfaces.

[0070] Suitably, the total cationic polymer content of a composition comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer may be about 25% w / v or less, or about 23% w / v or less, or about 20% w / v or less, or about 18% w / v or less, or about 15% w / v or less, or about 12% w / v or less, or about 10% w / v or less, or about 8% w / v or less, or about 7% w / v or less, or about 6.5% w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less, or about 5% w / v or less.

[0071] The coating composition may advantageously comprise about 0.01-7.0% w / v, or about 0.02-5% w / v, or about 0.03-3.5% w / v, or about 0.1-6% w / v, or about 0.01-2% w / v, or about 0.05-7% w / v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer described above. The coating composition may advantageously further comprise about 0.02-6% w / v, or about 0.05-4% w / v, or about 0.04-5.0% w / v, or about 0.06-4.0% w / v, or about 0.1-1% w / v, or about 0.3-8% w / v of an additional cationic polymer. The liquid coating composition may comprise, for example, a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, comprising about 0.02-5% w / v, particularly about 0.1-5% w / v, of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. Alternatively, the liquid coating composition may comprise, for example, a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, and one or more additional cationic polymers, such as polyalkyleneimines, comprising about 0.02-0.9% w / v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine.

[0072] In some embodiments where the coating composition comprises both an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as a butylurea polyethyleneimine polymer, and an additional polyalkyleneimine polymer, particularly an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer, the liquid coating composition may suitably comprise at least about 0.005% w / v, or at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.03% w / v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer; and / or suitably no more than about 25% w / v, or no more than about 20% w / v, or no more than about 15% w / v, or no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. The liquid coating composition may also suitably comprise at least about 0.03% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.3% w / v, or at least about 0.5% w / v of said additional polyalkyleneimine polymer; and / or suitably no more than about 25% w / v, or no more than about 20% w / v, or no more than about 15% w / v, or no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v, or no more than about 3.5% w / v of said substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer. In particular, the composition may comprise between about 0.01-7% w / v, advantageously about 0.03-3.5% w / v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, and may comprise between about 0.01-10% w / v, or between about 0.04-5% w / v, advantageously about 0.06-4% w / v of an additional polyalkyleneimine polymer.

[0073] In some embodiments, the coating or liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may comprise the alkyl urea polyalkylenimine and the additional cationic polymer(s) in a w / w ratio ranging from 1:50 to 5:1; preferably in a w / w ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:1. Preferably, the w / w ratio of alkyl urea polyalkylenimine:additional cationic polymer(s) may be 1:50 or less, or 1:40 or less, or 1:30 or less, or 1:25 or less, or 1:20 or less, or 1:15 or less, or 1:10 or less; and / or preferably, 5:1 or less, or 4:1 or less, or 3:1 or less, or 2:1 or less, or 1:1 or less, or 1:2 or less, or 1:3 or less, or 1:4 or less, or 1:5 or less. Preferably, the w / w ratio may be in the range of 1:1 to 1:10.

[0074] Liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.001% w / v, or at least about 0.002% w / v, or at least about 0.003% w / v, or at least about 0.004% w / v, or at least about 0.005% w / v of the anionic component. The composition may suitably contain about 0.5% w / v or less, or about 0.3% w / v or less, or about 0.25% w / v or less, or about 0.2% w / v or less, or about 0.18% w / v or less, or about 0.15% w / v or less, or about 0.12% w / v or less, or about 0.10% w / v or less, or about 0.09% w / v or less, or about 0.08% w / v or less, or about 0.07% w / v or less, or about 0.06% w / v or less, or about 0.05% w / v or less, or about 0.02% w / v or less of such anionic component. In particular, the coating composition may advantageously comprise about 0.001-0.20% w / v, or about 0.001-0.06% w / v of said anionic component; or about 0.005-0.10% w / v, or about 0.005-0.03% w / v, or about 0.005-0.3% w / v of said anionic component.

[0075] In some embodiments of the liquid coating composition and / or coating, the w / w ratio of the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer to the amount of anionic component is in the range of 500:1 to 15:1, preferably in the range of 500:1 to 30:1. Preferably, the w / w ratio of the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer to the amount of anionic component may be 500:1 or less, or 400. or 300:1, or 250:1, or 200:1, or 100:1, or 95:1, or 90:1, or 85:1, or 80:1, or 75:1; and / or preferably 15:1, or 20:1, or 25:1, or 30:1, or 40:1, or 50:1, or 60:1, or 65:1 or less. Suitably, this w / w ratio may range from 30:1 to 70:1.

[0076] In embodiments including a guanidine compound, the liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may suitably include at least about 0.2% w / v, or at least about 0.3% w / v, or at least about 0.4% w / v, or at least about 0.5% w / v, or at least about 0.8% w / v, or at least about 1% w / v, or at least about 1.5% w / v of the guanidine compound. The composition may suitably include no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v, or no more than about 3.5% w / v, or no more than about 3% w / v of the guanidine compound. In particular, the liquid coating composition or coating may comprise between about 0.5-3.5% w / v, or about 0.5-3% w / v, of said guanidine compound; or about 1-5.5% w / v, of said guanidine compound.

[0077] In liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure that do not contain a guanidine compound, the total amount of alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component and additional cationic polymer (if present) in the composition may optionally be about 25% w / v or less of the composition, or about 20% w / v or less, or about 15% w / v or less, or about 10% w / v or less; preferably about 9% w / v or less of the composition, or about 8% w / v or less of the composition, or about 7% w / v or less of the composition, or about 6% w / v or less of the composition, or about 5% w / v or less of the composition.

[0078] In liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure that do not contain guanidine compounds, the total amount of alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component and additional cationic polymer (if present) in the composition may be preferably at least about 0.05% w / v of the composition; preferably at least about 0.1% w / v of the composition, or about 0.2% w / v of the composition; for example at least about 0.25% w / v of the composition, or about 0.5% w / v of the composition; or preferably at least about 1% w / v of the composition, or about 2% w / v of the composition, or about 3% w / v of the composition.

[0079] In liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure that include a guanidine compound, the total amount of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, the guanidine compound, the anionic component, and the additional cationic polymer (if present) may optionally be about 25% w / v or less of the composition, or about 20% w / v or less of the composition, or about 15% w / v or less of the composition; preferably about 12% w / v or less of the composition, or about 10% w / v or less of the composition, or about 9% w / v or less of the composition, or about 8% w / v or less of the composition. The total amount of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, the guanidine compound, the anionic component, and the additional cationic polymer (if present) may optionally be at least about 0.5% w / v of the composition; preferably at least about 1% w / v of the composition, or about 1.5% w / v of the composition, or about 2% w / v of the composition.

[0080] The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally include: 0.02-4.5% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.001-0.20% w / v of an anionic component, e.g., an anionic polymer such as polyacrylic acid, and Optionally 0.1-5% w / v of a cationic polymer, such as polyethyleneimine.

[0081] For example, a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally include: 0.01-0.9% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.001-0.20% w / v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer; and 0.1-5% w / v additional cationic polymer.

[0082] The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally include: 0.03 to 4.5% w / v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and An anionic component such as an anionic polymer at 0.001-0.20% w / v.

[0083] The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally include: 0.05-3.5% w / v guanidine compounds; 0.01-7.0% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.002-0.1% w / v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer; and Optionally, 0.05-4% w / v of additional cationic polymer.

[0084] Alternatively, the liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally include: 0.1-3.0% w / v guanidine compounds; 0.3 to 4.5% w / v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and Anionic components such as anionic polymers at 0.009-0.05% w / v.

[0085] A liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure, which may be particularly suitable for application to biological substrates such as skin, and may be suitable for use as a skin disinfectant product, may suitably comprise: 0.01-2% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; an anionic component such as an anionic polymer like polyacrylic acid at 0.005-0.3% w / v; 0.1-1% w / v of a cationic polymer such as polyethyleneimine; and optionally 0.001-0.2% w / v benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride; Here, the total amount of these ingredients is 0.1-4% w / v of the composition.

[0086] Liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure, which may be particularly suitable for application to porous or non-porous surfaces, and may be suitable for use on inert (non-living) surfaces, may suitably comprise: 0.05-7% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.3-8% w / v additional cationic polymer such as polyethyleneimine; 0.5 to 3.5% w / w of a guanidine compound; and optionally an anionic component such as 0.001-0.2% w / v benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride, and / or 0.005-0.3% w / v anionic polymer such as polyacrylic acid; Here, the total amount of these ingredients is 1-19% w / v of the composition.

[0087] These components may be blended in a liquid medium, such as an aqueous / alcoholic medium, optionally with one or more additional components, such as a crosslinker as defined herein. For example, one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as additional antimicrobial cationic components, such as quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride, may be included in the blended composition, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w / v, optionally about 0.005-1.0% w / v, such as about 0.01-0.05% w / v.

[0088] Optionally, the liquid coating composition may further comprise one or more binders effective to improve adhesion of the coating composition to the coating surface. The binder may be, for example, a polyamine, polyacrylate and / or polyurethane binder, as disclosed in US2021 / 0156080. The binder may include, inter alia, polyurethane, and / or acrylic copolymer emulsion, and / or polyurethane dispersion, and / or polyfunctional acrylate. The binder may be mixed or formulated into the liquid coating composition. The binder may be included in the composition in an amount of about 0.1-30% w / v, optionally 1-20% w / v, or 2-10% w / v, optionally 3-8% w / v, or 0.1-2.5% w / v. Including a binder in the liquid coating composition can be particularly advantageous when the composition is or will be used for coating fabrics or textiles, or coating other porous surfaces; as discussed in Wang et al., Coatings 2020(10) 520.

[0089] The liquid coating composition may further comprise one or more surfactants such as anionic surfactants including sulfates, sulfonates or gluconates, including sodium dodecyl sulfate; nonionic surfactants including cocamides, ethoxylates or alkoxylates; cationic surfactants including alkyl ammonium chlorides; amphoteric surfactants including betaines and amino oxides; and surfactants that also have antimicrobial activity; surfactants that also have antimicrobial activity, for example, but are not limited to, cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide;

[0090] In some embodiments, the liquid coating composition may be a liquid disinfectant suitable for application to a substrate formed from an inert (non-living) material, including porous and non-porous surfaces. In other embodiments, the liquid coating composition may be a liquid preservative or disinfectant suitable for application to a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin or hair of a living human or animal. The liquid preservative or disinfectant according to the present disclosure may further comprise additional components suitable for application to the body, particularly the skin or hair; for example, glycerol and / or ceramides and / or hyaluronic acid and / or moisturizers and / or fragrances. The liquid preservative or skin disinfectant according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more natural emollients; for example, triglycerides or short / medium chain fatty acids, including but not limited to stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and lauric acid; hydrocarbons, including but not limited to mineral oil, petrolatum and paraffin; and natural esters, including but not limited to lanolin. The liquid preservative or skin disinfectant according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more synthetic emollients, including but not limited to esters and alcohols. The liquid preservative or skin disinfectant according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more moisturizers, including but not limited to glycerin, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, urea and sorbitol. The liquid preservative or disinfectant or sanitizer according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise isopropyl alcohol, ethanol or propanol, and / or water, in particular alcohol and water. The liquid preservative or disinfectant or sanitizer according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise one or more additional antimicrobial agents, for example one or more additional antimicrobial cationic components, such as quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w / v, optionally about 0.005-1.0% w / v, such as about 0.01% w / v to about 0.05% w / v.

[0091] In some preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides liquid coating compositions according to any of the following numbered descriptions 1-17: 1. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer; the liquid coating composition comprises a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer. 2. The liquid coating composition of claim 1, wherein the blend is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion in a liquid medium that is aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous / alcoholic, or organic solvent. 3. The liquid coating composition of claim 2, wherein the liquid medium comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol and / or isopropanol. 4. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-3, comprising at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.03% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.08% w / v, or at least about 0.10% w / v of alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. 5. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-4, comprising less than about 10% w / v, or less than about 8% w / v, or less than about 7% w / v, or less than about 6% w / v, or less than about 5% w / v, or less than about 0.9% w / v, or less than about 0.75% w / v, or less than about 0.7% w / v, or less than about 0.6% w / v, or less than about 0.5% w / v of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. 6. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 5, comprising about 0.01-0.9% w / v, or about 0.1-5% w / v, of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. 7. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-6, comprising at least about 0.001% w / v, or at least about 0.002% w / v, or at least about 0.003% w / v, or at least about 0.004% w / v, or at least about 0.005% w / v of anionic polymer. 8. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-7, comprising about 0.3% w / v or less, or about 0.25% w / v or less, or about 0.2% w / v or less, or about 0.18% w / v or less, or about 0.15% w / v or less, or about 0.12% w / v or less, or about 0.10% w / v or less of anionic polymer. 9. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising about 0.001 to 0.20% w / v of anionic polymer; preferably about 0.005 to 0.10% w / v of anionic polymer. 10. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-9, comprising at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v of cationic polymer. 11. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-10, comprising no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v, or no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v of any cationic polymer. 12. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising about 0.1-10% w / v of any cationic polymer; preferably about 0.15-7% w / v or about 0.2-5% w / v of cationic polymer. 13. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the w / w ratio of cationic polymer:alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is in the range of 50:1 to 1:1; preferably 50:1 or less, or 40:1 or less, or 30:1 or less, or 25:1 or less, or 20:1 or less, or 15:1 or less, or 10:1 or less; preferably 1:1 or less, or 2:1 or less, or 3:1 or less, or 4:1 or less, or 5:1 or less. 14. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the w / w ratio of the total amount of optional cationic polymer and alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine to the amount of anionic polymer is in the range of 100:1 to 30:1; preferably 100:1 or less, or 95:1 or less, or 90:1 or less, or 85:1 or less, or 80:1 or less, or 75:1 or less; preferably 30:1 or less, or 40:1 or less, or 50:1 or less, or 60:1 or less, or 65:1 or less. 15. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the total amount of any cationic polymer, alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, and anionic polymer in the composition is about 10% w / v or less of the composition; preferably about 9% w / v or less of the composition, or about 8% w / v or less of the composition, or about 7% w / v or less of the composition, or about 6% w / v or less of the composition, or about 5% w / v or less of the composition. 16. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 15, wherein the total amount of any cationic polymer, alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, and anionic polymer in the composition is at least about 0.05% w / v of the composition, preferably at least about 0.1% w / v of the composition, or about 0.2% w / v of the composition. 17. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the composition comprises: 0.03-4.5% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.001 to 0.1% w / v of an anionic polymer; and Optionally 0.1-5% w / v cationic polymer.

[0092] In other preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides liquid coating compositions according to any of the following numbered descriptions 1-25: 1. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating comprising a guanidine compound, an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally an additional cationic polymer; the liquid coating composition comprises a blend of a guanidine compound, an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally an additional cationic polymer. 2. The liquid coating composition of claim 1, wherein the blend is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion in a liquid medium that is aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous / alcoholic, or organic. 3. The liquid coating composition of claim 2, wherein the liquid medium comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol and / or isopropanol. 4. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer is polyethyleneimine or polypropyleneimine. 5. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is any of the following: substituted, via a urea bond, with one or more linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decyl groups, advantageously with one or more ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl groups; or Polyalkyleneimines substituted with one or more alkyl groups containing an alkylene chain linked by two or more urea bonds; in particular, alkylene chains having 1 to 10 methylene groups, preferably 3 to 7 methylene groups, at either end of which a urea bond is connected. 6. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer having one or more guanidine or biguanidine groups, and the liquid coating composition further comprises a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the polymer. 7. The liquid coating composition of claim 6, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer having one or more crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups. 8. The liquid coating composition of claim 6 or 7, wherein the crosslinking agent is an aziridine compound, such as a polyaziridine compound. 9. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-8, comprising at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. 10. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising about 10% w / v or less, or about 8% w / v or less, or about 7% w / v or less, or about 6.5% w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. 11. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 10, comprising about 0.01 to 7% w / v, or about 0.1 to 6% w / v, of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. 12. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 11, comprising at least about 0.001% w / v, or at least about 0.002% w / v, or at least about 0.003% w / v, or at least about 0.004% w / v, or at least about 0.005% w / v of the anionic polymer. 13. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, comprising about 0.03% w / v or less, or about 0.025% w / v or less, or about 0.018% w / v or less, or about 0.015% w / v or less, or about 0.012% w / v or less, or about 0.01% w / v or less of the anionic polymer. 14. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising about 0.001 to 0.03% w / v of said anionic polymer; preferably about 0.005 to 0.015% w / v of said anionic polymer. 15. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising at least about 0.5% w / v, or at least about 0.8% w / v, or at least about 1% w / v, or at least about 1.5% w / v, or at least about 2% w / v of the guanidine compound. 16. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15, comprising about 10% w / v or less, or about 8% w / v or less, or about 7% w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less, or about 5% w / v or less, or about 4% w / v or less, or about 3% w / v or less of the guanidine compound. 17. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, comprising about 0.5 to 10% w / v of said guanidine compound, preferably about 1 to 3% w / v of said guanidine compound. 18. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the optional cationic polymer is a further polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer. 19. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1-18, comprising at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.04% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v of any additional cationic polymer. 20. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 1 to 19, comprising no more than about 6% w / v, or no more than about 5% w / v, or no more than about 4% w / v, or no more than about 3.5% w / v, or no more than about 3% w / v of any additional cationic polymer. 21. A liquid coating composition according to any of claims 1 to 20, comprising about 0.02 to 6% w / v of said further polyalkyleneimine; preferably about 0.05 to 4% w / v of said optional further cationic polymer. 22. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein the total amount of the guanidine compound, the optional further cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, and the anionic polymer in the composition is about 15% w / v or less of the composition; preferably about 12% w / v or less of the composition, or about 10% w / v or less of the composition, or about 9% w / v or less of the composition, or about 8% w / v or less of the composition. 23. The liquid coating composition of any of claims 1 to 22, wherein the total amount of the guanidine compound, the optional further cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, and the anionic polymer in the composition is at least about 0.7% w / v of the composition; preferably at least about 1% w / v of the composition, or about 1.5% w / v of the composition, or about 2% w / v of the composition. 24. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the composition comprises: 0.05 to 3.5% w / v of the above guanidine compound; 0.01 to 7.0% w / v of said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer; 0.002 to 0.1% w / v of the anionic polymer; and 0.05-4% w / v of any additional cationic polymer. 25. A liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the composition comprises: 0.1 to 3.0% w / v of the above guanidine compound; 0.3 to 4.5% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer; and 0.009 to 0.05% w / v of said anionic polymer.

[0093] The present disclosure encompasses methods of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article, which may also be understood to be methods of coating a substrate or article with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure.

[0094] In some embodiments, the substrate or article may be formed from one or more inert (non-living) materials. The inert material or materials may include natural materials such as wood or stone; or man-made materials such as plastic materials. The inert material may include porous materials such as porous fabrics or cloths. The inert material or materials may include non-porous materials such as metals or glass. The substrate or article may include a combination of inert materials that are porous and / or non-porous, such as a metal substrate coated with a porous fabric. It will be understood that when a porous article or substrate, such as a cloth or cloth, is coated according to the present disclosure, the coating or coating composition may penetrate or infiltrate to some extent through and / or into the porous structure of the article or substrate; i.e., it may not remain solely on the surface of the article or substrate. Thus, a porous article or substrate coated according to the present disclosure may be substantially impregnated and / or fully or partially saturated with a coating according to the present disclosure.

[0095] The inert material or materials may include one or more of the following: plastic materials, elastomeric materials such as Spandex® or Lycra®, or synthetic rubber, and / or polymeric materials, among others. The inert material or materials may include, for example, polyurethanes such as carbutane polyurethane; silica or silicone materials such as polydimethylsiloxane and / or polyester-polysiloxane; polyethylenes such as polyethylene terephthalate and / or polytetrafluoroethylene, and / or polyesters such as polypropylene; polycarbonates; polyamides including nylon, polyamines and / or polyimines and / or polyimides; latex; nitrile; polyisoprene; polyacrylates, polymethacrylates such as polymethylmethacrylate and / or hydroxyethylmethacrylate polymers, polyvinyl polymers including polyacrylamides, polymethacrylamides, polyvinyl chloride and / or polyvinylidene fluoride; and / or polyimide polymers.

[0096] The inert substance or material may include natural and / or synthetic biopolymers. Natural biopolymers include collagen, silk fibroin, starch, cellulose and chitosan. Synthetic biopolymers include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polyethylene glycol. The inert substance or material may include bioabsorbable materials such as polyglycolic acid and / or poly-L-lactic acid, polycaprolactone, poly-DL-lactic acid, poly(trimethylene carbonate), and / or poly(para-dioxanone).

[0097] The inert material or materials may include metals and / or metal alloys such as titanium, nickel, titanium-nickel alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, gold, platinum, silver, iridium, tantalum, tungsten, and / or steel, including stainless steel. The inert material or materials may include ceramic materials; and / or glass; and / or organic materials, including collagen and / or animal-derived materials such as decellularized grafts; or mixtures and combinations thereof, including, for example, organic matrices with metal scaffolds.

[0098] The inert material or materials include fabrics or textiles such as woven or nonwoven fabrics, natural or synthetic fabric or textile materials; meltblown polymer materials, or nylon, or rayon, or polyester, or polyester cellulose, or polyethylene, or polypropylene, or leather, or silk, or cotton.

[0099] The article formed of one or more inert materials and coated according to the present disclosure may be an object that is used or typically present in a clinical environment, or an object that is used or useful for any clinical purpose, including diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.Thus, for example, the article coated according to the present disclosure may be a medical device such as a catheter or implant; or a medical implement such as a dish, tray, operating table or spatula; or a personal protective equipment (PPE) such as a mask, gown, apron, glove, or a face shield, or a medical scrub, or a surgical gown, or an article such as eye protection, or a patient article such as a table, chair, bed, or toilet, or an article for use in cleaning, cleaning, or sterilization, such as a cloth, sponge, filter, or wipe. Substrates and articles coated according to the present disclosure include medical devices and implants used in the healthcare (including dental) and veterinary fields; cardiac implants such as catheters, endoscopes, stents, heart valves, and biodegradable, non-biodegradable, natural and / or synthetic scaffolds and / or grafts, bone and joint implants, surgical instruments, and other types of diagnostic, surgical and therapeutic instruments. Articles coated according to the present disclosure may be, in particular, surgical masks (type IIR, type FFP1) or surgical gowns. Articles coated according to the present disclosure may be any surface in a clinical environment, such as a wall, door handle, or screen; or an item of equipment used in a clinical environment, such as a baby incubator or an item of therapeutic or diagnostic equipment; or a plastic film shaped and configured for application and attachment to a surface in a clinical environment as defined herein.

[0100] In accordance with the present disclosure, the substrate formed and coated from one or more inert materials may be, but is not limited to, a wall, a door or window, or a door or window handle, or a seating fabric or other surface, or a curtain, fabric, article of clothing, or a bed sheet, or a support or a guard rail or handrail, or an object or surface that is regularly touched or handled by humans, such as a counter, table, desk, floor, chair or bed; or a public or semi-public place, including public transportation, including trains and airplanes, or an institution, including an educational institution, such as a school, college, university, or a hospital, medical center, dental, veterinary, outpatient care facility, or a medical facility. or on any surface of an object, including furniture and / or fixtures, in a medical facility, such as a medical department, or in a government or local council centre, courthouse, or prison, or in a private or semi-private place, such as a shop, entertainment centre, restaurant or private home; or in a commercial or military environment, such as a vehicle, including a ship or submarine, or on a consumer article, such as a telephone, telephone cover, telephone screen, toy, crockery or cutlery, or a covering or plastic film, such as a label, that is shaped and / or configured for application and / or affixing to an object or surface regularly touched or handled by humans, as defined herein.

[0101] In some embodiments, the substrate may be a part of a human or animal body, in particular the skin of a human or animal, such as the hand or face or foot of a human. Thus, the present disclosure provides a method for applying an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure to a body, including the skin, of a human or animal.

[0102] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of providing an antimicrobial coating to a substrate or article according to the present disclosure can include applying a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to a surface of the substrate or article. The liquid coating composition can be applied to the surface either in one application or in multiple applications, such as two or more than two applications.

[0103] In this embodiment, a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article may include, for example, incubating the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and / or immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and / or washing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, and / or dipping the substrate or article one or more times in the liquid coating composition, and / or flowing the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or painting the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or wiping the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or brushing and / or padding and / or rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article using any other application technique including physical deposition and / or electrophoretic deposition, where these application techniques may optionally be used in any order or combination and may optionally be performed or repeated one or more times. The method may be used to provide an antimicrobial coating on any substrate or article, including substrates that are part of a human or animal body, such as human or animal skin; and substrates and articles that are not part of a human or animal body, including substrates and articles formed from natural and / or man-made materials, and / or porous and / or non-porous materials.

[0104] The method of this aspect of the disclosure may further include the step of drying and / or curing the coating on the substrate or article. In particular, the coating may be dried and / or cured on the substrate or article during application of the liquid coating composition or after or after all applications of the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article, or may be dried and / or cured.

[0105] Optionally, therefore, the method of this aspect of the disclosure may include thermally curing the coating on the substrate or article, optionally by placing the substrate or article in a heated environment to a temperature of at least about 35° C., or at least about 50° C., for example, at a temperature of about 140° C., preferably at a temperature of about 60-100° C. This may be particularly suitable when the substrate or article is not part of a human or animal body and / or is not formed from a natural material or a material that is heat sensitive. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further include a step of UV curing the coating on the substrate or article using methods known in the art. For example, the UV version of Guanidine GC (Example 1b) can be cured using UV.

[0106] The method of this aspect of the disclosure may further include applying a binder composition to the substrate or article. The binder composition may include, for example, a polyamine, polyacrylate, and / or polyurethane binder, as disclosed in US2021 / 0156080; where the binder or binder may be effective in improving adhesion of the coating to the coating surface. The binder composition may be applied to the substrate or article in liquid form, for example as a solution, suspension, emulsion, or dispersion. The binder composition may include, inter alia, a polyurethane, and / or an acrylic copolymer emulsion, and / or a polyurethane dispersion, and / or a multifunctional acrylate. The method of this aspect of the disclosure may accordingly include applying a binder composition as disclosed to the substrate or article before or after applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article. In some embodiments, the method may include applying a liquid coating composition to the substrate or article, then applying the binder composition to the substrate or article, then applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article. The step of applying the binder composition to the substrate or article may include incubating the substrate or article in the binder composition, and / or immersing the substrate or article in the binder composition, and / or washing the substrate or article with the binder composition, and / or dipping the substrate or article one or more times in the binder composition, and / or flowing the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or spraying the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or painting the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or wiping the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or brushing, padding, and / or rolling the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or applying the binder composition to the substrate or article using any other suitable application technique or any combination of application techniques, including physical deposition and / or electrophoretic deposition.Optionally, the method includes the step of drying or allowing the coated article or substrate to dry after the binder composition has been applied.

[0107] This aspect of the disclosure thus provides a method of coating an article that is a medical device, such as an implantable medical device, where the step of applying the liquid coating composition may include dipping the medical device into the liquid coating composition, washing and / or rinsing the medical device with the liquid coating composition, and / or spraying, painting, rubbing, padding, rolling, and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the medical device, and / or applying the liquid coating composition to the medical device by physical deposition and / or electrophoretic deposition. Optionally, the method may further include drying the coated medical device, or drying the coated medical device, optionally at room temperature or in a heated oven, and / or curing the coating on the medical device, for example, using heat or by exposure to UV radiation. Optionally, the method may further include applying a binder composition to the medical device before and / or after applying the liquid coating composition to the medical device.

[0108] This aspect of the disclosure further provides a method of coating a porous substrate, such as a textile or fabric substrate, wherein the step of applying the liquid coating composition includes dipping the porous substrate into the liquid coating composition, washing and / or rinsing the porous substrate with the liquid coating composition, and / or spraying, painting, rubbing, padding, rolling and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the porous substrate, and / or depositing the liquid coating composition onto the porous substrate, wherein these applying steps can optionally be performed in any combination or order, and can optionally be performed or repeated one or more times. Optionally, the method may further include drying the coated porous substrate, or drying the coated porous substrate, optionally at room temperature or in a thermal oven, and / or curing the coating of the medical device, for example, using heat or by exposure to UV radiation. Optionally, the method may further include applying a binder composition to the porous substrate before and / or after applying the liquid coating composition to the porous substrate.

[0109] This aspect of the disclosure also provides a method of coating a substrate that is a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin of a living human or animal, where the step of applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate comprises washing and / or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition; and / or spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying the coated body part, or allowing the coated body part to dry, optionally at room temperature.

[0110] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article using a "layering" approach that includes sequentially applying separate liquid compositions, each comprising one or more of the components of the antimicrobial coating described herein, optionally in the amounts disclosed herein. This is particularly suitable for applying coatings to substrates or articles that are not part of the human or animal body. This may be particularly suitable for applying coatings to substrates or articles that are formed from non-living or artificial materials.

[0111] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article, the method comprising the following successive steps: (a) applying a first liquid composition comprising one or more of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component such as an anionic polymer as defined herein, an additional cationic polymer as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein to a substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer; then (b) applying a second liquid composition different from the first liquid composition, the second liquid composition comprising one or more of an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component such as an anionic polymer as defined herein, an additional cationic polymer as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein to the substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer; and then (c) optionally repeating step (a) and / or step (b); such as to produce a coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer according to the present disclosure.

[0112] The method may further comprise the step of: (d) applying a third and optionally subsequent liquid composition, different from the first and / or second liquid composition, comprising one or more of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer as defined herein, an additional cationic polymer as defined herein, and / or a guanidine compound as defined herein, to the substrate or article one or more times to form a third layer and optionally one or more subsequent layers.

[0113] To obtain a coating according to the present disclosure, at least one of the first, second and (optionally) third or subsequent liquid compositions typically contains at least about 0.005% w / v, or at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.03% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.08% w / v, or at least about 0.10% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v. and / or should contain said alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer in an amount of about 25% w / v or less, or about 20% w / v or less, or about 15% w / v or less, or about 10% w / v or less, or about 8% w / v or less, or about 7% w / v or less, or about 6.5% w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less, or about 5% w / v or less; preferably between about 0.01-20% w / v; preferably between about 0.01-10% w / v, or between about 0.05-10% w / v, or between about 0.5-7% w / v. In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second, and (optionally) third or subsequent liquid compositions optionally has a concentration of at least about 0.001% w / v, or at least about 0.002% w / v, or at least about 0.003% w / v, or at least about 0.004% w / v, or at least about 0.005% w / v; and / or about 0.5% w / v or less, or about 0.3% w / v or less, or about 0.25% w / v or less, or about 0.2% w / v or less, or about 0.18% w / v or less, or about 0.15% w / v or less, about 0.12% w / v or less, about 0.10% w / v or less, about 0.09% w / v or less, about 0.08% w / v or less, about 0.07% w / v or less, about 0.06% w / v or less, about 0.05% w / v or less, about 0.02% w / v; optionally in an amount between about 0.001-0.5% w / v, or between about 0.001-0.3% w / v, or between about 0.005-0.1% w / v; an anionic component such as an anionic polymer as disclosed herein in an amount to provide an antimicrobial coating comprising an anionic component such as an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an anionic polymer as disclosed herein.In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second and (optionally) third or subsequent liquid compositions comprises an additional cationic polymer as disclosed herein, optionally at least about 0.01% w / v, or at least about 0.02% w / v, or at least about 0.04% w / v, or at least about 0.05% w / v, or at least about 0.1% w / v, or at least about 0.15% w / v, or at least about 0.2% w / v, or at least about 0.3% w / v, or at least about 0.5% w / v; and / or about 25% w / v or less. , or about 20% w / v or less, or about 15% w / v or less, or about 10% w / v or less, or about 8% w / v or less, or about 7% w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less, or about 5% w / v or less, or about 4% w / v or less; optionally between about 0.01-20% w / v, or between about 0.1-10% w / v, or between about 0.3-8% w / v, or between about 0.15-7% w / v, or between about 0.2-5% w / v; in an amount to provide an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and an additional cationic polymer as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second and (optionally) third or subsequent liquid compositions optionally comprises a guanidine compound as disclosed herein in an amount of at least about 0.2% w / v, or at least about 0.3% w / v, or at least about 0.4% w / v, or at least about 0.5% w / v, or at least about 0.8% w / v, or at least about 1% w / v, or at least about 1.5% w / v; and / or no more than about 10% w / v, or no more than about 8% w / v, or no more than about 7% w / v. % w / v or less, or about 6% w / v or less, or about 5% w / v or less, or about 4% w / v or less, or about 3.5% w / v or less, or about 3% w / v or less; preferably between about 0. about 1-10% w / v, or about 0.1-5% w / v, or about 0.5-3.5% w / v, or about 0.5-3% w / v of the guanidine compound; or in an amount to provide an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and a guanidine compound as disclosed herein,

[0114] In some embodiments, the first coating solution comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer; the second coating solution comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an additional cationic polymer such as a polyalkyleneimine polymer, and a guanidine compound. Optionally, the second coating solution may further comprise an anionic component as disclosed herein. Optionally, the first coating solution and / or the second coating solution may comprise one or more binders as disclosed herein.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, the first coating solution comprises 0.05-7% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and the second coating solution comprises 0.05-7% w / v alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, 0.3-8% w / v of an additional cationic polymer, such as polyethyleneimine, and 0.5-3.5% w / w of a guanidine compound.

[0116] In some preferred embodiments of this aspect of the disclosure, step (a) may include applying a first liquid composition comprising an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer to the substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer. Step (b) may include applying a second liquid composition comprising an alkylurea polyalkylenimine polymer and an additional cationic polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkylenimine polymer, to the substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer. Optionally, the second liquid composition may further comprise an anionic component, such as a guanidine compound and / or an anionic polymer.

[0117] Each of the first, second, and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions may be formulated in a liquid medium as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion. The liquid medium may be aqueous, alcoholic, or aqueous / alcoholic. The liquid medium may include an organic solvent, such as a polar organic solvent. In some embodiments, the liquid medium may include methanol, ethanol, propanol and / or isopropanol, and / or water, and / or tetrahydrofuran. In some preferred embodiments, the first, second, and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions are formulated as a solution. The first, second, and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally contain additional components, including additional active agents, additives, or excipients. The first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally include one or more binders, such as polyamine, polyacrylate and / or polyurethane binders, for example as disclosed in US2021 / 0156080; where the binders may be effective in improving adhesion of the coating to the coating surface. The one or more binders may include polyurethane and / or acrylic copolymer emulsions and / or polyurethane dispersions and / or multifunctional acrylates, which are mixed or blended into the first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions. The first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally include a crosslinker, as defined herein. The first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally include one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as one or more additional cationic components, such as a quaternary ammonium salt, such as benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w / v, optionally about 0.005-1% w / v, for example about 0.01-0.05% w / v.

[0118] The step of applying the first liquid composition, the second liquid composition, and / or the third and / or subsequent liquid compositions to a substrate or article may include, for example, (i) incubating the substrate or article in the respective liquid composition, and / or (ii) immersing the substrate or article in the respective liquid composition, and / or (iii) washing the substrate or article with the respective liquid composition, and / or (iv) dipping the substrate or article into the respective liquid composition one or more times, and / or (v) flowing the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (vi) spraying the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (vii) applying the respective liquid composition to the substrate or article. and / or (viii) wiping the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (ix) brushing the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (x) padding the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article; and / or (xi) rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and / or (xii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article by physical deposition, and / or (xiii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article by electrophoretic deposition; or any combination or sequence of these application methods, which may be performed or repeated one or more times.

[0119] Optionally, the method may further comprise the additional step of applying a binder composition to the substrate or molded article. The binder composition may comprise, for example, a polyamine, polyacrylate and / or polyurethane binder, as disclosed in US2021 / 0156080; where the binder or binders may be effective in improving adhesion of the coating to the coating surface. The binder composition may be applied to the substrate or article in liquid form, for example as a solution, suspension, emulsion or dispersion. The binder composition may comprise, inter alia, a polyurethane, and / or an acrylic copolymer emulsion, and / or a polyurethane dispersion, and / or a multifunctional acrylate. The method of this aspect of the disclosure may accordingly comprise, before or after any one of steps (a)-(d), a step of applying a binder composition as disclosed to the substrate or article. The step of applying the binder composition to the substrate or article may include incubating the substrate or article in the binder composition, and / or immersing the substrate or article in the binder composition, and / or washing the substrate or article with the binder composition, and / or dipping the substrate or article one or more times in the binder composition, and / or flowing the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or spraying the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or painting the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or wiping the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or brushing and / or padding and / or rolling the binder composition onto the substrate or article, and / or applying the binder composition to the substrate or article using any other suitable application technique or any combination of application techniques, including physical vapor deposition and / or electrophoretic deposition.

[0120] Optionally, the method may further comprise drying the coated substrate or article after application of each layer and / or any one of the layers and / or binder compositions, or after application of all layers and / or binder compositions. Optionally, the method may further comprise the step of thermally curing the coating by placing the substrate or article in a heated environment at a temperature of at least about 35° C. or at least about 50° C., such as a temperature of about 140° C., preferably at a temperature of about 60-100° C. This may be particularly suitable when the substrate or article is not part of a human or animal body and / or is not formed from a natural material or a material that is heat sensitive. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further comprise the step of UV curing the coating according to methods known in the art. For example, the UV version of Guanidine GC (Example 1b) can be cured using UV.

[0121] The present disclosure further encompasses a substrate or article formed from an inert (non-living) material as defined herein, which substrate or article is coated with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure.

[0122] An article or substrate coated with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure can be prepared by coating an article or substrate with an antimicrobial coating according to the methods of the present disclosure. As explained above, these methods include applying the liquid coating composition of the present disclosure to the surface of the article or substrate, either in multiple applications, such as two or more applications. The coating can be dried or cured between applications of the liquid coating composition or after all applications of the liquid coating composition. Alternatively, the coated substrate or molded article can be prepared using a "lamination" approach, as explained above.

[0123] The present disclosure further includes methods for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or for preventing the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, and / or for disrupting a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, and / or for removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising applying a coating to the substrate or article according to the methods of the present disclosure. The substrate or article may be formed from inert (non-living) materials, including porous and / or non-porous materials, and natural or man-made materials; or may be a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin of a living human or animal.

[0124] The present disclosure further encompasses the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to prevent or reduce the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or to inactivate one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and / or to prevent and / or destroy and / or remove the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, whereby the liquid coating composition is applied to a substrate or article according to the present disclosure. The substrate or article may be an inert (non-living) substrate or article, including porous and / or non-porous substrates or articles, or a substrate or article made from natural or artificial materials; or may be part of a living human or animal body.

[0122] The present disclosure further encompasses the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure in the manufacture of a composition suitable and effective for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and / or for use in and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal.

[0125] The present disclosure further comprises: Provided is a liquid coating composition as defined herein for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a living human or animal body part and / or a method of inactivating one or more microorganisms on a living human or animal body part, such as the skin or hair of a human or animal; the method comprises applying the liquid coating composition to the body part; optionally applying the liquid coating composition to the body part by washing and / or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition and / or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. The liquid coating composition may suitably be an antiseptic or disinfectant as defined herein. The method may suitably comprise applying the liquid coating composition to a human hand.

[0126] Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure provides an antimicrobial skin disinfectant product, such as a hand disinfectant product or a facial disinfectant product, comprising a liquid coating composition according to the disclosure, optionally formulated with one or more additional ingredients, such as glycerol, a moisturizer, a fragrance, and / or one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as one or more additional cationic components, such as quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzalkonium chloride and / or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w / v, optionally about 0.005-1% w / v, or about 0.01-0.05% w / v, for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on human skin and / or a method of inactivating one or more microorganisms on human skin; the method comprising applying the liquid coating composition to the skin, such as the human face or hands, by spraying or dispensing the composition onto the skin, such as the human face or hands. Suitably, in these embodiments, the liquid coating composition may be free of a guanidine compound. Suitably, in these embodiments, the total amount of cationic polymer, including the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymers, may not exceed 5% w / v.

[0127] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or reducing the growth or spread, or load or amount, of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or for preventing and / or disrupting and / or removing the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising contacting the surface with a substrate or article comprising a coating according to the present disclosure or coated according to the present disclosure. The coated substrate or article may be a cleaning implement, such as a cloth or sponge. The coated substrate or article may be personal protective equipment, such as a glove or mask. The coated substrate or article may be a part of a living human body, such as a human hand. The contact surface may be any surface that is or may become contaminated with microorganisms, including surfaces in a medical, veterinary, dental, public, or private environment, as well as surfaces of medical devices and instruments, including personal protective equipment. The contact surface may be an inert (i.e., non-living) surface. In some embodiments, the contact surface may be a biological surface, such as a part of a human or animal body, including human skin. This aspect of the present disclosure is described herein as the "touch clean" effect and is described and demonstrated in the examples where it is seen that coated substrates and articles according to the present disclosure are capable of disinfecting contaminated surfaces on contact.

[0128] In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as disclosed herein for use in preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and / or yeast. The disclosure further encompasses the use of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as disclosed herein for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and / or yeast.

[0129] Inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms according to any embodiment of the present disclosure The method may include inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of bacteria. The bacteria may be bacteria associated with or responsible for causing healthcare associated infections (HCAI). In particular, the bacteria may be bacteria capable of forming biofilms, particularly on medical devices or implants. The bacteria may be multi-drug resistant bacteria. In particular, the bacteria may be gram positive or gram negative bacteria and may include one or more strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria include antibiotic resistant bacteria including MRSA and / or C. difficile.

[0130] According to any embodiment of the present disclosure, the method of inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms may include inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of a virus. The virus may be a virus associated with or responsible for causing a healthcare-associated infection (HCAI). The virus may be an enveloped virus and / or a non-enveloped virus, and may include adenovirus, norovirus, influenza virus, vaccinia virus, and coronavirus strains, including but not limited to SARS-CoV-2.

[0131] According to any embodiment of the present disclosure, the method of inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of one or more microorganisms may include inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of yeasts and fungi, and / or inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or amount of fungi or yeasts, including but not limited to C. albicans strains. The yeast or fungus may be a yeast or fungus associated with or responsible for causing a healthcare-associated infection (HCAI).

[0132] The method of preventing and / or disrupting and / or removing the formation of surface biofilms on substrates or articles according to any embodiment of the present disclosure may include disrupting, disrupting, removing, or preventing or inhibiting the surface formation or spread of any type of biofilm, particularly bacterial biofilms. The coatings and compositions of the present disclosure have proven effective against several microorganisms known to be involved in the formation of pathogenic biofilms (Li et al., ibid.). The cationic properties of the disclosed coatings also help resist microbial attachment, thus inhibiting the accumulation of the microbial matrix structure of biofilms.

[0133] As demonstrated in the examples below, the inventors have shown that the disclosed compositions can have strong and durable antimicrobial effects against a wide range of different microorganisms. The compositions have long-term antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral, yeasticidal, and / or fungicidal) properties when applied to non-porous and porous surfaces, as well as to the skin, and have long-term efficacy (180-365 days for surfaces, 48 ​​hours for skin). The compositions have been shown to have strong (at least log4-99.99%) reduction effects against known hospital-acquired pathogens, including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Enterococcus, as well as influenza virus, norovirus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus, and coronavirus strains such as SARS-CoV-2. This supports the utility of the disclosed compositions for combating HCAI and common infectious diseases. The disclosed compositions have also been shown to be effective against MS2 bacteriophage, which is believed to be a surrogate for non-enveloped viruses, and Phi6 bacteriophage, which is believed to be a surrogate for enveloped viruses, further demonstrating the utility and effectiveness of the disclosed compositions. The coatings have been shown to have excellent properties, such as stability, durability, lubricity, and are effective in preventing biofilm formation and in disrupting or removing biofilms. The coatings disclosed herein have been shown to be non-eluting and able to withstand abrasion when applied to a variety of surfaces or substrates, including porous (fabric) and non-porous (TPU) surfaces or substrates, and as such are highly suitable for use on a wide range of substrates and applications. The coatings have also been shown to be removable from skin by washing with soap and warm water, enhancing their suitability for use as skin disinfectants. The "touch clean" ability of the disclosed coatings shown in the examples provides further distinct utility.The inventors have found that the disclosed coating compositions are capable of disinfecting any surface or skin to which they are applied; and, due to their unique "touch-clean" effect, are capable of decontaminating any surface or person the technology comes into contact with. EXAMPLES

[0134] Example 1: Synthesis of Guanidine Compounds (GC) In a round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermometer, and a Pasteur pipette attached to a nitrogen inlet, 11.67 g of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate poly(hexanide) was compounded and dissolved in 140.7 mL of water. To 81 g (solid) of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, MW 2000, purified with charcoal and diluted to 20% (w / v), was added 16.21 g of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, MW 350, 11.22 mL of methacrylic acid, 37.33 g of butyl methacrylate, and 84.8 mL of isopropanol. The reflux condenser was turned on, nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer mixture, and the heat was increased to warm the monomer mixture.

[0135] In a separate vial, 905 mg of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 24 mL of water and degassed with nitrogen.

[0136] When the temperature of the mixture in the round-bottom flask reached 70° C., the aqueous potassium persulfate solution was added to the mixture of monomers in the round-bottom flask to initiate polymerization.

[0137] The polymerization was allowed to proceed to the desired viscosity and was quenched by adding 100 mL of ice-cold water. After cooling to room temperature, the polymerization solution was dialyzed overnight against water with a molecular weight of 12-14 KDa.

[0138] Example 1a: Synthesis of guanidine compounds (GC1 and GC2) The polymer of Example 1 where poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate poly(hexanide) was replaced with poly(hexanide) methacrylate during the synthesis. The amount of poly(hexanide) methacrylate in the reaction is increased by 2-fold (GC1) or 3-fold (GC2). The reaction and workup are carried out using the same procedure as in Example 1.

[0139] Example 1b: Synthesis of Guanidine Compounds (UV Active) The polymer of Example 1 where methacrylic acid was replaced with 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate (900 mg) during synthesis, or both methacrylic acid and 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate were used in combination.

[0140] Example 2: Synthesis of alkyl(butyl, hexamethylene)urea polyethyleneimine (bPEI) Derivatization of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to alkylurea polyethyleneimine is carried out using an acylation reaction. PEI is reacted with n-butyl isocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate. The alkyl isocyanate is added dropwise to the PEI. Butylurea polyethyleneimine and hexamethyleneurea polyalkyleneimine derivatives are commercially available from BioInteractions Ltd, Reading, United Kingdom.

[0141] Example 3a: Preparation of a liquid coating composition containing PEI Butylurea PEI (bPEI) prepared according to Example 2 was blended with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in a mixture of IPA and water (approximately 70:30, IPA:water) in the following amounts:

[0142] [Table 1]

[0143] Benzalkonium chloride (0.005-0.05%) and glycerol (0.1-1%) were optionally added to the formulation.

[0144] Compositions of different strengths were prepared: C1, total concentration 0.25%, C2, total concentration 2.1%, and C3, total concentration 4.2%.

[0145] Example 3b: Preparation of a liquid coating composition lacking PEI Butylurea PEI (bPEI) was blended with polyacrylic acid (PAA) in a mixture of IPA and water (approximately 70:30, IPA:water) in the following amounts:

[0146] [Table 2]

[0147] Benzalkonium chloride and glycerol were optionally added to the above formulation. Compositions of different strengths were prepared with a total concentration of C4 of 0.25%, C5 of 2.1%, and C6 of 4.3%.

[0148] Example 4: Preparation of a liquid coating composition containing guanidine The composition blends contain three or four components, the concentration ranges of each component being shown in the table below.

[0149] (i) a blend composition comprising component a (one of the guanidine compounds - GC or GC1 or GC2), component b (butylurea polyalkyleneimine - bPEI), component c (polyacrylic acid - PAA) and component d (polyethyleneimine - PEI);

[0150] [Table 3]

[0151] A crosslinker and benzalkonium chloride were optionally added to the composition.

[0152] The D1 composition contained bPEI, PAA, PEI, and GC at a total concentration of 4%. The D2 composition contains bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC at a total concentration of 1.25%. The D3 composition contains bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC1 at a total concentration of 5%. The D4 composition contains bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC2 at a total concentration of 8%.

[0153] (ii) a blend composition comprising component a (one of the guanidine compounds - GC1 or GC2), component b (butylurea polyalkyleneimine - bPEI) and component c (polyacrylic acid - PAA);

[0154] [Table 4]

[0155] A crosslinker and benzalkonium chloride were optionally added to the composition.

[0156] The D5 composition contains bPEI, PAA and GC1 at a total concentration of 4.0%. The D6 composition contains bPEI, PAA and GC2 at a total concentration of 4.5%.

[0157] Example 5: Coating Method The compositions of Examples 3 and 4 were used to coat various types of substrates, including TPU strips, fabrics, gloves and hands, by spraying, brushing, painting or dipping the substrate into the composition. The substrates were allowed to dry.

[0158] Surfaces including TPU strips and fabrics were also coated by a layer-by-layer technique. A first layer was applied to the surface by applying an aqueous-alcoholic coating solution containing 0.05-7% w / v of butylurea polyalkyleneimine and / or PAA (0.002-0.1%). After the first layer was dried, a second layer was applied. This second layer was performed by applying an aqueous-alcoholic coating solution containing 0.05-7% w / v of butylurea polyalkyleneimine, 0.3-8% w / v of polyethyleneimine (PEI), 0.5-3.5% w / w of guanidine compounds and / or PAA (0.002-0.1%).

[0159] Example 6: Antimicrobial Testing Methodology The formulations of the present disclosure have been tested for efficacy in the following studies:

[0160] EN14476 Virucidal Suspension Test This antiviral test is performed using a method based on EN14476 (Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Virucidal Activity; Pass Criteria 4-log), where the hand sanitizer is tested against a virus suspension. For this test, the hand sanitizer is diluted during the addition of the virus inoculum and interfering substances, so that it is 1.25 times the concentration of the desired formulation. Antiviral activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control. The virus inoculum is diluted 10 8 A concentration of PFU / ml was prepared. A virus suspension was prepared by adding 1 ml of virus inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) under clean conditions, or 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. This suspension was added to 8 ml of 1.25x hand sanitizer and vortexed. The mixture was left under temperature controlled conditions (e.g. 20°C) for the desired contact time (e.g. 1 min, 2 min). After the contact time, serial dilutions were made and both the hand sanitizer and the negative control were quantified.

[0161] EN13727 Antibacterial Suspension Test This antibacterial test uses a method based on EN13727 (Quantitative Suspension Test for Evaluation of Bacterial Activity; 5-log Pass Criteria) in which hand sanitizer solutions are tested against bacterial suspensions. For this test, hand sanitizers are diluted between the addition of bacterial inoculum and interfering substances to bring them to 1.25x the concentration of the desired formulation. Antibacterial activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control. Bacterial inoculum is diluted 10x on a medium relevant to the specific bacteria. 8 Concentration of PFU / ml. Bacterial suspension is made by adding 1ml of virus inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3g / L) under clean conditions or 3ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. Add this suspension to 8ml of 1.25x hand sanitizer and vortex mix. Leave this mixture under temperature controlled conditions (e.g. 20°C) for the desired contact time (e.g. 1 min, 2 min). After the contact time, serial dilutions are made and quantified for both the hand sanitizer and the negative control.

[0162] EN13624 Yeast killing suspension test The yeasticidal test was carried out using a method based on EN13624 (Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Yeasticidal Activity; Pass Criteria 4-log). In this test, the hand sanitizer is diluted during the addition of the yeast inoculum and interfering substances, resulting in a concentration of 1.25 times that of the desired formulation. The yeasticidal activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control. The yeast inoculum is diluted at 10 7 A concentration of PFU / ml was achieved. A yeast suspension was made by adding 1 ml of yeast inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) for clean conditions or 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells for dirty conditions. This suspension was added to 8 ml of 1.25x hand sanitizer and vortex mixed. The mixture was left under temperature controlled conditions (e.g. 20°C) for the desired contact time (e.g. 1 min, 2 min). After the contact time, serial dilutions were made and both the hand sanitizer and the negative control were quantified.

[0163] ISO20743 General Method (Antibacterial Activity on Porous Materials) The antimicrobial test for porous materials is based on ISO 20743 (Textiles - Determination of antibacterial activity of textiles) and uses the absorption method in which a bacterial inoculum is placed directly on the test surface. The bacterial species is inoculated with tryptone soya broth (TSB) for 10 5 It is given as a concentration of CFU / ml and applied to non-antimicrobial textiles (uncoated) and treated textiles (coated). After inoculation, treated and control samples are incubated at 37°C for the desired contact time. Bacterial cells are then harvested from the porous surface using saline. After the contact time, serial dilutions are made and bacteria are quantified. Log reduction is determined by comparing uncoated and coated surfaces.

[0164] ISO22196 General Method (Antibacterial Activity in Non-Porous Materials) Antimicrobial testing of non-porous materials is based on ISO 22196 (Determination of antibacterial activity of plastics and other non-porous surfaces). Samples are placed in petri dishes and diluted with 10 mL of 0.2% nutrient broth. 6 A bacterial inoculum with a CFU / ml concentration is placed directly on the surface and a known surface area is covered with a slip. After inoculation, treated and control samples are incubated at 37°C for the desired contact time. TSB is used to recover bacterial cells from the material. After the contact time, serial dilutions are made and bacteria are quantified. Log reduction is determined by comparing uncoated to coated surfaces.

[0165] ISO18184 General Method (Antiviral Activity in Porous Materials) Antiviral testing of porous materials is carried out using the absorption method according to ISO 18184 (Textile products - Determination of antiviral activity of textile products). 7A virus inoculum at a concentration of PFU / ml is placed directly on the surfaces to be tested (uncoated and coated textiles). Treated and control samples are incubated at controlled temperature for the desired contact time. The virus is then recovered from the porous surface of the material using the relevant medium. After the contact time, serial dilutions are made and the virus is quantified. The log reduction is determined by comparing the uncoated and coated surfaces.

[0166] ISO21702 General Method (Antiviral Activity in Non-Porous Materials) Antiviral testing for non-porous materials is based on ISO 21702 (Determination of antiviral activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces). Samples are placed in petri dishes and diluted with 10% ethanol in the relevant medium. 7 A virus inoculum of PFU / ml is placed directly on the surface and covered with a slip of known surface area. Treated and control samples are incubated for the desired contact time at controlled temperature. Virus is then recovered from the sample surface using the relevant medium, serial dilutions are performed, and the virus is quantified. Log reduction is determined by comparing uncoated to coated surfaces.

[0167] Bacterial sneeze test This test was designed to measure the antimicrobial activity of treated surfaces (non-porous and porous) when sprayed with a bacterial suspension to mimic a sneeze from an individual onto the surface. In this test, sample preparation, cell harvesting and quantification of antimicrobial activity were performed in the same manner as in the antimicrobial test of non-porous and porous surfaces (ISO20743+ISO22196). The difference in this test is that both treated and untreated samples were sprayed with a bacterial suspension to mimic a sneeze. The non-porous samples were not covered with a cover slip as this would cause the bacterial suspension to adhere to the surface.

[0168] EN1500 method The EN1500 test determines the effectiveness of a hand disinfectant formulation when applied to the hands of volunteers. The EN1500 method consists of a washing regimen performed before each inoculation step. Inoculation is performed on untreated hands, hands treated with a reference product (i.e. IPA), and hands treated with the test product. Antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing the number of bacteria recovered from untreated and treated hands. The product must have equal or greater antimicrobial activity than the reference product used.

[0169] (i) Hand-washing instructions The EN1500 cleaning method involves first rubbing volunteers' hands with 5ml of diluted soap for one minute to disinfect them, then rinsing the hands with water and drying them with a paper towel for 30 seconds to remove the diluted soap.

[0170] (ii) Inoculation Process The inoculation method consisted of the following steps: Bacteria (Escherichia coli: 10 8 cfu / ml) into a container and immerse both hands up to the metacarpals with fingers spread for 5 seconds. Then remove the hands from the inoculum and allow excess liquid to fall back into the container for 30 seconds. Then, hold the hands horizontally to avoid droplet formation and allow the hands to dry in air with fingers spread for 3 minutes. Next, place each hand into a separate sterile dish containing 10 ml of TSB and scrub the bottom of the dish for 1 minute. Then wash the hands again in the same way as above.

[0171] (iii) Hands treated with reference or test products: Prior to inoculation, hands are treated with a reference product (IPA) or a test product (e.g., hand sanitizer). This involves pouring 3 ml of product onto dry cupped hands and rubbing vigorously for 30 seconds using the standard hand disinfection procedure. This step is performed twice, resulting in a total rubbing time of 1 minute using 6 ml of product. After product application, hands are inoculated using the inoculation procedure described above. Treated hands underwent the same inoculation procedure, except that instead of rubbing the fingers with 10 ml of TSB, the hands were rubbed with 10 ml of neutralizing solution. Serial dilutions of the sampled fluid from untreated and treated hands are quantified. Antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing the results from the volunteer's untreated and treated hands.

[0172] 48 hour pig skin test The efficacy of hand sanitizers on pig skin was tested over several days (days 0, 1, and 2) against bacteriophage Phi6. The study compared untreated pig skin samples with pig skin samples treated with various hand sanitizer formulations. The pig skin was cut into sample sizes and a number of pig skin samples were sprayed with various hand sanitizer formulations. After application of the hand sanitizer formulations, the untreated and treated samples were tested on days 0, 1, and 2. To test for antiviral activity, both the untreated and treated pig skin samples were sprayed with 10 mL of water. 7 PFU / ml of bacteriophage Phi6 was sprayed and left for contact times of 5 and 60 minutes. After the desired contact time, the pig skin samples were transferred to TSB and vortexed. The number of bacteriophages on the pig skin samples was quantified. Antiviral activity was determined by comparing the number of bacteriophages in untreated and treated pig samples.

[0173] EN13697: Non-porous solution test with bacteria and yeasts The test is a surface solution test based on EN13697 (Quantitative non-porous surface test for the evaluation of bactericidal and fungicidal activity; pass criterion 4-log) and tests hand solutions against pathogens dried onto stainless steel discs. Antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control (hard water). Bacteria / yeast inoculation is performed at 10 7 -10 8 The concentration was adjusted to 100 CFU / ml. The bacterial / yeast suspension was prepared by adding 1 ml of inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) under clean conditions or 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. A stainless steel disk was placed in a sterile petri dish and 50 μl of the microbial test suspension was pipetted onto it. The suspension was dried at 37°C until the inoculum was visibly dry. After drying, 100 μl of hand solution was pipetted onto the dried inoculum and left for the desired contact time (1 min to 60 min). After the contact time, the stainless steel disk was transferred to 10 ml of neutralizing medium and serial dilutions were made to quantify the number of microorganisms remaining on the stainless steel disk surface.

[0174] EN16777: Antiviral activity non-porous solution test The test is a surface solution test based on EN16777 (Quantitative non-porous surface test for the evaluation of virucidal activity; pass criterion 4-log), in which hand solutions are tested against a virus suspension dried onto a stainless steel disk. Antiviral activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control (hard water). The virus inoculum is diluted 10 8The concentration was adjusted to 100 PFU / ml. The virus suspension was prepared by adding 1 ml of inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) under clean conditions, or 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. A stainless steel disk was placed in a sterile petri dish and 50 μl of the virus test suspension was pipetted onto it. This suspension was allowed to dry at 37°C. After drying, 100 μl of hand solution was pipetted onto the dried inoculum and left for the desired contact time (1 min to 60 min). After the contact time, the stainless steel disk was transferred to 10 ml of neutralizing medium and serial dilutions were made to quantify the number of microorganisms remaining on the stainless steel disk surface.

[0175] EN14561: Bactericidal solution carrier test for medical devices. The test is a surface solution test based on EN14561 (Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of instruments used in the medical field; 5-log), in which the hand solution is tested against a bacterial suspension dried on a glass carrier. The antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control (hard water). The medium for bacterial inoculation is a 10% concentration of a medium associated with a specific pathogen. 9 A concentration of 100 CFU / ml is produced. A bacterial suspension is prepared by adding 9 ml of inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) under clean conditions and 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. The bacterial suspension is mixed and 50 μl is evenly distributed with a pipette tip onto the "inoculation square" of the carrier. This suspension is allowed to dry at 37°C. After drying, the contaminated glass surface is immersed in the sample of hand solution / hard water and left for the desired contact time. After the contact time, the carrier is transferred to neutralizing medium and vortex mixed to remove the bacteria from the surface. This sampling is serially diluted and the bacterial count quantified.

[0176] EN14562: Yeasticidal solution carrier test for medical devices. The test is a surface solution test based on EN14562 (Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of yeasticidal activity of instruments used in the medical field; pass criterion 5-log), where hand solutions are tested against yeast suspensions dried on glass carriers. Antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing the log reduction against a negative control (hard water). Yeasts are cultured at 10 9 Inoculate to a concentration of CFU / ml. Bacterial suspensions are made by adding 9 ml of inoculum to 1 ml of bovine serum (0.3 g / L) under clean conditions and 3 ml / L of sheep red blood cells under dirty conditions. The bacterial suspension is mixed and 50 μl is evenly distributed with a pipette tip onto the "inoculation square" of the carrier. This suspension is allowed to dry at 37°C. After drying, the contaminated glass surface is immersed in the sample of hand solution / hard water and left for the desired contact time. After the contact time, the carrier is transferred to neutralizing medium and vortex mixed to remove the bacteria from the surface. This sampling is serially diluted and the bacterial count quantified.

[0177] EN13697 amended by EN1500 (disinfecting surfaces with treated hands) EN13697 (surface disinfectant test), modified from the EN1500 procedure, was used to determine the effectiveness of hand sanitizers when treated hands touched the inoculated stainless steel discs (i.e., demonstrated that treated hands disinfected a contaminated surface).

[0178] The procedure quantified the bacterial counts on the stainless steel disks and on the volunteers' hands after touching the surfaces. To determine the ability of treated hands to disinfect contaminated surfaces, the bacterial counts on the inoculated surfaces and untreated / treated hands were compared.

[0179] Modified EN13697 (bacteria) + Modified EN16777 (virus) with treated gloves Using modified procedures from EN13697 (Antibacterial Surface Disinfectants Test) and EN16777 (Antiviral Surface Disinfectants Test), we measured the effectiveness of coated gloves when touching inoculated stainless steel discs (i.e., demonstrating that the treated gloves disinfected contaminated surfaces).

[0180] This procedure quantified the number of microorganisms (bacteria / bacteriophages) on the stainless steel disks and on the treated gloves after contact with the surfaces. To determine the ability of the treated gloves to disinfect the contaminated surfaces, the microbial counts on the inoculated surfaces and on the untreated / treated gloves were compared.

[0181] (i) EN13697 Stainless Steel Disc Inoculation The disks were inoculated as follows: One stainless steel disk was used per hand or glove. Each stainless steel disk was inoculated with 10 8 The cells were inoculated with CFU / ml of bacteria and placed in an oven to dry. (ii) EN1500 Hand Washing Method Volunteers' hands were first scrubbed with 5 ml of diluted soap for 1 minute to disinfect them. After scrubbing with the diluted soap, the hands were rinsed with water and dried with a paper towel for 30 seconds to remove any residual soap. (iii) Test product applied to hands: The formula was sprayed onto the hands and allowed to air dry so that no liquid remained on the surface of the hands. (iv) Steps during which hands or gloves come into contact with contaminated surfaces

[0182] This method was performed on both untreated and treated hands and gloves. Each hand or glove was pressed onto the inoculated disk. The hand or glove was then placed into a separate sterile petri dish containing the relevant medium and the bottom of the dish was scraped. The contact-inoculated stainless steel disk was transferred to a vial containing the relevant medium and vortexed. Serial dilutions of the stainless steel disk sampling fluid and the hand or glove sampling fluid were prepared and quantified. The only difference with the treated hand or glove was that the sampling fluid used was neutralizing fluid rather than medium.

[0183] Example 7: Antimicrobial Test Results EN14476: Antiviral Suspension Test Hand sanitizers were subjected to EN14476 testing against bacteriophage Phi6. Compositions C1-C6 were tested and showed high levels of antiviral activity against bacteriophage Phi6.

[0184] [Table 5]

[0185] [Table 6]

[0186] EN14476 testing has been performed on compositions according to the present disclosure against a number of viruses, such as those listed below, and the results show that the disclosed compositions exhibit high levels of antimicrobial activity against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, including surrogates of SARS-CoV-2 (human coronavirus 229e).

[0187] [Table 7]

[0188] EN13727: Antibacterial Suspension Test Compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN13727 testing against a number of bacteria, including those listed below, and the results showed high antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0189] [Table 8]

[0190] EN13624: Yeast killing suspension test EN13624 testing was performed on compositions according to the present disclosure against Candida albicans for hand sanitizers according to the present disclosure.

[0191] High levels of yeast-killing activity were obtained.

[0192] [Table 9]

[0193] EN13697: Non-porous solution test with bacteria and yeasts The disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN13697 testing against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. High levels of antimicrobial activity were achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e. stainless steel discs).

[0194] [Table 10]

[0195] EN16777: Antiviral activity non-porous solution test EN16777 testing was performed on disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses. High levels of antiviral activity were achieved against both types of viruses on non-porous surfaces (i.e., stainless steel disks).

[0196] [Table 11]

[0197] EN14561: Bactericidal solution carrier test for medical devices. The germicidal compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN14561 testing against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. High levels of antimicrobial activity were achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e. glass).

[0198] [Table 12]

[0199] EN14562: Yeasticidal solution carrier test for medical devices. The fungicidal compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN14562 testing against Candida albicans. Fungicidal activity was achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e. glass).

[0200] [Table 13]

[0201] Germicidal EN1500: Hygienic hand sanitizer EN1500 testing was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the disclosed hand sanitizer formulation when applied to the hands of volunteers. The results of the testing showed that the sanitizer formulation was effective and passed the criteria of the standard.

[0202] [Table 14]

[0203] 48-hour pig skin test results for bacteriophage Phi6: The efficacy of the hand sanitizer formulation on porcine skin was tested against bacteriophage Phi6 over a two-day period (days 0, 1, and 2). The results showed that the sanitizer formulation of the present disclosure was present and maintained its efficacy after 48 hours.

[0204] [Table 15]

[0205] surface results ISO20743: Antibacterial activity of porous materials Formulations C1 to C6 were applied to polyester cellulose. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli is shown below. The results show that various compositions at similar concentrations have similar antibacterial activity.

[0206] [Table 16]

[0207] ISO22196: Antibacterial activity in non-porous materials Formulations C1-C6 were applied to polyurethane squares. The antibacterial activity against E. coli is shown below.

[0208] [Table 17]

[0209] ISO18184: Antiviral activity in porous materials Formulations C1-C6 were applied to polyester cellulose. The antiviral activity against bacteriophage Phi6 is shown below. Antiviral activity was achieved at all concentrations.

[0210] [Table 18]

[0211] ISO21702: Antiviral activity in non-porous materials Formulations C1, C2, C4-C5 were applied to polyurethane squares. Antiviral activity against bacteriophage Phi6 is shown in Table 15.

[0212] [Table 19]

[0213] ISO 20743: Antibacterial activity of porous surfaces after exposure to bacterial sneeze about 10 6 Antibacterial activity of formulation C2 on polyester cellulose sheets when exposed to a sneeze with bacterial loads of cfu / ml. Samples were coated and tested the same day or left for several days before being subjected to the bacterial sneeze test. The results showed that the coating was effective on porous surfaces exposed to bacterial sneeze and had antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0214] [Table 20]

[0215] ISO 22196: Antimicrobial activity on non-porous surfaces following bacterial sneeze exposure about 10 6 Antibacterial activity of formulation C2 on polyurethane squares when exposed to a sneeze with a bacterial load of cfu / ml. Samples were coated and tested the same day or left for several days and then subjected to a bacterial sneeze test. The results showed that the coating was effective on non-porous surfaces exposed to bacterial sneeze and had antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0216] [Table 21]

[0217] Antibacterial activity against porous and non-porous materials (ISO20743 / 22196) The antibacterial activity of composition D1 against E. coli on porous (e.g. polyester cellulose sheets, masks) and non-porous (e.g. thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)) surfaces is shown in Table 18. The results show that high antibacterial activity was obtained on different porous and non-porous materials.

[0218] [Table 22]

[0219] Antibacterial activity against porous and non-porous materials (ISO20743 / 22196) The antimicrobial activity of composition D6 against E. coli on porous (e.g. polyester cellulose) and non-porous (e.g. TPU) is shown in Table 19. The results show that high levels of antimicrobial activity were obtained on both porous and non-porous materials.

[0220] [Table 23]

[0221] Antibacterial activity of aged porous materials (ISO20743) The antibacterial activity of polyester cellulose sheet samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is shown in Table 20. Samples were coated with Composition D1, aged, and then tested for antibacterial activity. The results showed that the coated samples maintained high levels of antibacterial activity over 12 months on porous surfaces. Furthermore, the coating was effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0222] [Table 24]

[0223] Antibacterial activity of porous surfaces after exposure to bacterial sneeze (ISO 20743) The test measures antibacterial activity when a bacterial suspension (E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) is sprayed onto a coated porous surface, simulating a sneeze.

[0224] about 10 4 -10 6 Antibacterial activity of composition D1 on polyester cellulose sheets when exposed to a sneeze with a bacterial load of cfu / ml. Samples were coated, exposed to a sneeze and tested on the same day.

[0225] The results in Table 21 show that the coating is effective on porous surfaces exposed to bacterial bombardment and has antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0226] [Table 25]

[0227] Antibacterial activity against aged non-porous materials (ISO22196) The antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus on polyurethane squares is shown in Table 22. Samples were coated with composition D1 and aged before being tested for antibacterial activity.

[0228] The coated samples maintained high levels of antibacterial activity over 12 months on non-porous surfaces, and the coating was effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0229] [Table 26]

[0230] Antibacterial activity on non-porous surfaces following bacterial sneeze exposure (ISO 22196) The test measures antibacterial activity when a bacterial suspension (E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) is sprayed onto a coated, non-porous surface, simulating a sneeze.

[0231] The antibacterial activity of composition D1 on the polyurethane squares was approximately 10 4 -10 6 The samples were tested when exposed to a sneeze with a bacterial load of cfu / ml. Samples were coated and either tested the same day or left for several days before being subjected to the bacterial sneeze test.

[0232] The results in Table 23 show that the coating is effective on non-porous surfaces exposed to bacterial sneeze and has antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

[0233] [Table 27]

[0234] Fungicidal activity of composition D1 on TPU (ISO 22196) The yeasticidal activity of composition D1 against Candida albicans on TPU samples was measured. The samples were coated and inoculated with Candida albicans. The results are shown in Table 24, which shows that yeasticidal activity was achieved.

[0235] [Table 28]

[0236] Antiviral activity in porous materials (ISO18184) The antiviral activity of various compositions against bacteriophage Phi6 (enveloped) and MS2 (non-enveloped) on a porous surface (e.g., polyester cellulose) was measured using the ISO18184 test. The results are shown in Table 25. Also, as shown in Table 26, the antiviral activity against vaccinia virus (enveloped), adenovirus (non-enveloped), and influenza virus (enveloped) on a mask was measured. As a result, antiviral activity was obtained on the porous surface against non-enveloped and enveloped bacteriophages, and non-enveloped and enveloped viruses.

[0237] [Table 29]

[0238] [Table 30]

[0239] ISO21702: Antiviral activity in non-porous materials The antiviral activity of different compositions against bacteriophages Phi6 and MS2 on non-porous surfaces (e.g., TPU) was measured using the ISO21702 test. The results are shown in Table 27. The antiviral activity of the compositions against influenza on TPU is shown in Table 28. Antiviral activity was achieved on non-porous surfaces against non-enveloped bacteriophages and enveloped viruses.

[0240] [Table 31]

[0241] [Table 32]

[0242] Example 8: Coverage, stability, and durability of coatings on volunteers' hands The coverage evaluation of the hand sanitizer was carried out on the hands of volunteers. The method involves spraying the sanitizer composition according to the present disclosure on the hands and allowing them to air dry. After sufficient air drying, a staining test was carried out to show the coverage of the formulation. An example of the staining of the index finger of a volunteer is shown in Figure 1. A deep red coloration is observed, indicating the presence of the formulation.

[0243] The stability of the hand sanitizer formulation was tested by rinsing the treated index finger with water and applying abrasion by rubbing the index finger. The stability of the coating is indicated by the red hue that remains on the index finger surface after rinsing and abrasion. A comparison of a treated finger and an untreated finger after rinsing and abrasion is shown in Figure 2.

[0244] The stability of the coating was also demonstrated in tests using artificial sweat. The index finger was immersed in the artificial sweat solution for 2 minutes before the dyeing test, followed by rinsing and abrasion. Examples of stained untreated and treated fingers after rinsing and abrasion are shown in Figure 3.

[0245] The durability of the hand sanitizer formulation was tested by applying the formulation to one hand. The hand was then placed in a glove and left for 18 hours. After 18 hours, the hand was subjected to a staining test as shown in Figure 4. The stability of the coating was also tested by washing the hand with water and subjecting it to abrasion as shown in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 6, the stability of the formulation was strong and could only be removed after washing with soap and warm water.

[0246] Example 9: Coverage, stability and durability of coatings on TPU squares and surgical masks: To evaluate the coverage of the coating on any substrate, a dye test is performed. This test involves the use of a dye that binds to positively charged ions, thereby leaving a deep red coloration on the surface of the material. Substrates (TPU strips, surgical masks) coated with composition D1 in the manner disclosed herein are immersed in Ponceau Red dye and then washed with Millipore water. In the case of TPU strips, the samples are subjected to abrasion. Alternatively, coated TPU samples are first subjected to wet abrasion and then to dyeing. The coating coverage after abrasion of the dyed surgical mask and the dyed TPU strips is shown in comparison to the dye coverage of the uncoated substrate (see Figure 9). As shown in Figure 9, the uncoated substrate takes up very little dye. This indicates that the coating remains after abrasion.

[0247] Example 10: PAS2424 Abrasion Test PAS 2424 specifies a method for testing the residual bactericidal and / or yeasticidal activity of liquid chemical disinfectant products applied to hard, non-porous surfaces that may be subject to abrasive action. The PAS 2424 abrasion test involves three cycles of dry abrasion followed by three cycles of wet abrasion in the following order:

[0248] One wear cycle (1 dry wear + 1 wet wear): Dry wear: i. Wrap the wipe smoothly around the lid of a 50 mL Falcon tube (210.0 g ± 2 g) and secure. ii. The sample is clamped and abraded by passing a Falcon tube with a wrapped weight forwards and then backwards over the surface of the sample, which counts as one dry abrasion. b. Wet wear: i. From a distance (~75 cm), spray the wrapped, weighted Falcon tube twice with sterile water. ii. Abrasion is performed using the same process used for dry wiping. The above process is repeated for the second and third cycles.

[0249] Abrasion of polyurethane squares according to ISO 22196 and PAS 2424 The test was designed to determine whether the coating would remain stable and effective on TPU after abrasion cycles according to the PAS 2424 procedure, which mimics the "rubbing" of the surface.

[0250] The antimicrobial activity of composition D1 on polyurethane squares after abrasion was measured in the ISO 22196 test against E. coli. After the samples were coated, they were subjected to three consecutive dry and wet abrasion cycles according to the procedure of PAS 2424. The antimicrobial activity was then measured according to the procedure of ISO 22196. The results are shown in Table 29.

[0251] The results showed that the antibacterial activity remained on the surface even after abrasion, demonstrating the stability of the coating.

[0252] [Table 33]

[0253] Example 11: Touch-clean effect Modified EN13697 (bacteria) + Modified EN16777 (virus) treated gloves This test was conducted to demonstrate that gloves with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure can disinfect contaminated surfaces. The antimicrobial activity results (Tables 30 and 31) show that the treated gloves disinfect the inoculated stainless steel discs, thereby disinfecting the surface.

[0254] [Table 34]

[0255] [Table 35]

[0256] Amendment of EN13697 to EN1500 (Touch Clean Hand Test) This test was conducted to demonstrate that treated hands can disinfect surfaces contaminated with E. coli. The results below show that treated hands disinfect the inoculated stainless steel disks, thereby disinfecting the contaminated surface. This is a significant and unique advantage of applying an antimicrobial formulation to hand surfaces, demonstrating that treated hands can disinfect surfaces by contact.

[0257] [Table 36]

[0258] Example 12: Lifetime Test Long-life sneeze tests on porous and non-porous materials against Escherichia coli and bacteriophage phi6 The test was based on modified ISO 22196 (bacteria non-porous) / ISO 21702 (virus non-porous) and ISO 20743 (bacteria porous) / ISO 18184 (virus non-porous), where sections of uncoated and coated TPU film and surgical masks were cut into 15x15 cm sections. The TPU film and surgical masks were coated with composition D5 according to the present disclosure. The test was conducted to demonstrate the continued antimicrobial activity of the coating when sprayed with pathogens over a period of 2, 3, 4, and 8 days. Each sample (coated and uncoated) was inoculated with 10 of either bacteria or bacteriophage for a period of 2, 3, 4, and 8 days. 9 The plates were sprayed with successive inocula of 100% ethanol. After inoculation, each sample was cut, placed in a sampling of bacteria and bacteriophage related medium, and vortexed. Serial dilutions of the sampling of uncoated and coated samples were made and quantified. Antimicrobial activity was determined by comparing the number of pathogens in uncoated and coated samples.

[0259] Surgical mask sections and TPU films were inoculated with associated pathogens and the antimicrobial activity was quantified over 2, 3, 4, and 8 days, and the results are shown in Table 33 for E. coli and Table 34 for bacteriophage Phi6, respectively.

[0260] The results showed that the antimicrobial effect persisted even after prolonged exposure to both E. coli and bacteriophage Phi6, demonstrating that the coating has a sustained antimicrobial effect even when exposed to pathogens for several consecutive days.

[0261] [Table 37]

[0262] [Table 38]

[0263] Example 13: Measurement of the coefficient of friction The test was to measure the dynamic coefficient of friction (CoF) of surfaces that were coated and uncoated with the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers disclosed herein. The test was performed using a coefficient of friction measuring device, where a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) strip was either coated or left uncoated and then subjected to 20 measurement cycles with a lateral force of 1 Newton. The TPU strip was secured to the coefficient of friction measuring machine and two clamps were used to apply an equal force of 1 Newton to both sides of the TPU strip surface. The strip was then immersed in water and mechanically pulled through the clamps to provide a value for the dynamic coefficient of friction at a given area on the strip.

[0264] The results show the lubricity, stability and durability of the coating on surfaces with and without alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, coated as a layer and as a blend, according to the present disclosure. The measurements indicate how much friction occurs on the surface of the TPU when equal amounts of force are applied to both sides of the TPU. A lower measurement means a lower amount of friction occurs in that given area. This indicates the lubricity of the coating. A constant dynamic modulus value through 20 cycles indicates the durability and stability of the coating.

[0265] This test was performed on TPUs that were coated using either the layered or blended coating methods disclosed herein and compared to uncoated strips. In the layered coating method, layers of coating solutions containing either alkylurea polyalkylenimine or unsubstituted polyalkylenimine were applied, with the alkylurea polyalkylenimine or unsubstituted polyalkylenimine being present in all layers applied. In the blend coating method, either an alkylurea polyalkylenimine composition (composition D4) or an unsubstituted polyalkylenimine composition (composition equivalent to D4 with the alkylurea polyalkylenimine replaced by unsubstituted polyalkylenimine) was applied as a blend. The results of both coating methods are shown in Figures 7 and 8.

[0266] FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of TPU strips coated with and without layered formulations containing alkylurea polyalkylenimine. In this graph, the top line shows the dynamic CoF value of the uncoated strip. The uncoated strip showed the highest dynamic CoF value (1.4-1.7) through 20 cycles and was used as a control. The lowest line in the graph shows the CoF value of the strip layer coated with alkylurea polyalkylenimine, and the middle line in the graph shows the CoF value of the strip layer coated with unsubstituted polyalkylenimine. The formulation with the lowest dynamic CoF was the layered formulation with alkylurea polyalkylenimine, which remained nearly constant through 20 cycles. The dynamic CoF of the surfaces coated with alkylurea polyalkylenimine was 0.2-0.6, whereas the dynamic CoF of the surfaces coated with unsubstituted polyalkylenimine was 0.7-1.3. A dynamic CoF value of 1 or greater is not considered to be very lubricious, even though this value is still lower than that measured on uncoated strips.

[0267] The data show that coatings containing alkylurea polyalkyleneimine are more lubricious than those containing unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. The addition of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine clearly has a significant effect on the lubricity of the coating, lowering the CoF by 0.5-0.7. The graph also shows that the measured dynamic CoF values ​​are more consistent between coatings containing alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and those containing unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine, indicating that the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating is able to maintain lubricity against a constant abrasive force. In contrast, the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine coating shows a larger range of values, indicating that the coating is not able to withstand the abrasive forces of the surface as well as the alkylurea PAI coated surface. This is especially seen after 10 cycles, where the values ​​continue to increase and the variability is greater for the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. These results indicate that the alkylurea polyalkylenimine coatings are more stable and durable than unsubstituted polyalkylenimine coatings and can withstand constant pressure applied to the surface, with the coating remaining intact on the surface.

[0268] Figure 8 is a graph showing the results of TPU strips coated with blend formulations with and without alkylurea polyalkylenimine. In this graph, the top line shows the dynamic CoF value of the uncoated strip. The uncoated strip was used as a control. The bottom line of the graph shows the CoF value of the strip coated with the blend formulation with alkylurea polyalkylenimine, and the middle line of the graph shows the CoF value of the strip coated with the blend formulation with unsubstituted polyalkylenimine. Similar to the layered formulation, the CoF value of the strip coated with the blend formulation with alkylurea polyalkylenimine was the lowest, which was significantly lower than the CoF value of the strip coated with the blend formulation with unsubstituted polyalkylenimine. The dynamic CoF value of the strip coated with alkylurea polyalkylenimine was constant at about 0.4 over 20 cycles, whereas the dynamic CoF value of the strip coated with unsubstituted polyalkylenimine ranged from 0.4 to 0.8. The results indicate that the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine blends provide more lubricious coatings than the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine blends. The blended alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coatings showed a constant linear value of 0.4 over the entire cycle, whereas measurements of the unblended polyalkyleneimine coatings showed more variability. These measurements indicate that the blended alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coatings are more stable and durable than the unblended polyalkyleneimine coatings.

[0269] Example 14: Competitive Test; EN14476 Viral Bacteriophage MS2 Suspension Test, Comparison with Competitive Quaternary Ammonium Compound Hand Sanitizer (Competitor 1) Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the antiviral activity of a hand sanitizer formulation according to the present disclosure with a competitive quaternary ammonium compound product. Bovine serum (3 g / l) and bacteriophage MS2 (10 8A virus suspension of 1000 pfu / ml is made in Medium 271. This inoculum suspension is added to both products. Immediately after addition of both products, the test mixtures are vortexed and allowed to stand for a contact time of 2 minutes. After the contact time, both test mixtures are serially diluted and plated on Medium 271 plates. The agar plates are incubated at 37°C for approximately 12-24 hours.

[0270] [Table 39]

[0271] In this test, the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure showed strong antiviral activity against the non-enveloped virus bacteriophage MS2 in as little as 2 minutes, as shown in Table 35. Comparing the two products, the hand sanitizer showed a significant log reduction, while Competitor 1 showed little activity against non-enveloped viruses, which is reflected in the reduction rate. This indicates that the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure can kill non-enveloped viruses, while Competitor 1 cannot, and the log and percentage reductions are likely due to variability in the test itself, rather than the product, meaning that the hand sanitizer is effective against non-enveloped viruses, while Competitor 1 is not.

[0272] Example 15: Competitive Testing; 24-Hour Pig Skin Test (Unwashed and Washed) Against E. coli and MS2, Comparison with a Competitive Quaternary Ammonium Compound Hand Sanitizer (Competitor 1) Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of both formulations after 24 hours of application to pig skin and water rinsing. The samples taken from the pig skin were placed over the desired area (2.25 cm 2) were cut into pieces. They were then immersed in Millipore water and IPA to remove excess salt and sterilize the samples for antimicrobial testing. Next, both Competitor 1 and the hand sanitizer formulation were applied to the pig skin samples, and the pig skin was immersed in 100 ml volumes of each formulation for 1 minute. After 1 minute of dip coating, the uncoated and coated samples were placed in petri dishes and sealed with tape. After 24 hours, half of the coated samples were washed and tested for the residual activity of each formulation when applied to the skin. Once all samples were ready, they were sprayed with a bacterial (E. coli) / viral (bacteriophage MS2) suspension, respectively. The samples were left for the desired contact time and the pig skin samples were transferred to 10 ml of recovery medium and quantified by plating serial dilutions of this medium.

[0273] [Table 40]

[0274] [Table 41]

[0275] In this test, the hand sanitizer showed strong antimicrobial activity against both non-developing viruses (bacteriophage MS2) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) after 24 hours on the skin, as shown in Tables 36 and 37. Additionally, the log reduction against both organisms did not change significantly, indicating that the hand sanitizer has residual activity even after the washing procedure. This proves that the protection provided by the hand sanitizer was maintained for 24 hours and was able to withstand the washing regime. In comparison with Competitor 1, little activity was observed against both organisms, proving that the product has no antimicrobial activity after 24 hours and does not withstand the washing regime. This is reflected in the log reduction, but is likely due to variability in the test itself and not the product.

[0276] Example 16: Competitive Test; EN1500 Hand Test with Wash for E. coli Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of both formulations when applied to the hands of volunteers and following a water rinsing procedure.

[0277] The study will compare untreated hands with hands treated with Competitor 1 and hand sanitizer, followed by a washing procedure. 1) Inoculation First, volunteers washed their hands with soap to remove any remaining bacterial flora, then, once washed and dried, they sprayed them with a bacteria (E. coli) / virus (bacteriophage MS2) suspension and left it to dry for 1 minute. 2) Sampling After a 1 min drying period, the amount of inoculum present was quantified by dipping the fingertip into 10 ml of the relevant medium and plating serial dilutions of this sampling fluid. 3) Apply product before washing Before applying each product, the volunteers' hands underwent an inoculation process. After inoculation, a fixed amount of each formula was applied and rubbed onto the volunteers' hands. Sampling was then carried out. 4) Product testing after washing with water In this manufacturing step, each formulation was applied to the volunteer's hands using the same amount as the previous one, and then allowed to dry for 5 minutes. The volunteers were then washed, inoculated, and sampled.

[0278] [Table 42]

[0279] [Table 43]

[0280] In this test, the hand sanitizer showed strong antimicrobial activity against bacteriophage MS2 and E. coli, as shown in Tables 38 and 39. It also shows that the antimicrobial activity was still significant to provide protection against both microorganisms even after a cleaning procedure was performed. In comparison to Competitor 1, activity was seen against E. coli. This antimicrobial activity against E. coli was not seen after the cleaning step was performed, suggesting that the product was likely rubbed off during this step. Again, Competitor 1 showed little activity against bacteriophage MS2, even when applied immediately after inoculation.

[0281] Conclusions from Examples 14-16 All of the above tests were performed on both Competitor 1 (quaternary ammonium compound) and hand sanitizer formulations according to the present disclosure. Each product claims to have long-lasting protection on the skin while having broad spectrum activity. The suspension tests only indicate the strength of antimicrobial activity of each formulation, but do not reflect the protection each product can provide when applied to the skin. In the EN14476 test, the hand sanitizer showed strong antimicrobial activity against non-enveloped viruses. Competitor 1 showed no antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses in the EN14476 test.

[0282] In the pig skin test mentioned above, antimicrobial activity was tested after 24 hours, while a water rinse procedure was used to test for residual antimicrobial activity. These tests simulate the real-life application of these products to demonstrate the protection of the hand sanitizer over an extended period of time, while also demonstrating that this protection persists in the harsh environments in which they will be used.

[0283] The 24-hour pig skin test showed the disclosed formulation's ability to provide 24-hour protection while also showing residual activity. In this test, Competitor 1 was unable to show significant antimicrobial activity against bacteriophage MS2. Against bacteria, Competitor 1 was able to show some antimicrobial activity, but this was lost after a washing regime, so this product cannot provide 24-hour protection. The hand sanitizer of the present disclosure showed a significant log reduction after 24 hours even under washing, which was at least a 5-fold log reduction compared to Competitor 1, indicating that the product has long-term protection and can withstand washing procedures.

[0284] The EN1500 hand test involves applying each product to a volunteer and showing the remaining antimicrobial activity. When tested against E. coli, both products showed antibacterial activity when unwashed, but the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer showed an average of 4-fold log reduction on both hands compared to Competitor 1. After washing, the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure was able to maintain strong antibacterial activity, while Competitor 1 showed no reduction, indicating that the product would not function if it were washed off and tested in real-life applications. When tested against bacteriophage MS2, the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure was able to demonstrate retention of antiviral activity in pre-wash and post-wash comparisons, while Competitor 1 showed little activity.

[0285] Example 17: Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) coating surface test combining PAS2424 + ISO22196 / ISO21702 Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of a surface coating according to the present disclosure and a Competitive 1 surface spray (a quaternary ammonium compound) when applied to a non-porous surface. For this test, both products were applied to a TPU surface by dip coating method. After application, each product was subjected to three cycles of dry and wet abrasion with a polyester wipe wrapped around a weight. Both unabraded and abraded samples were inoculated with a bacterial (E. coli) / viral (bacteriophage MS2) suspension and covered with a thin film to ensure the same surface area was inoculated on all samples. These samples were then left for the desired contact time before being transferred to 10 ml of the relevant medium and serial dilutions of this sampling fluid were plated to quantify the amount of inoculum remaining on each sample.

[0286] [Table 44]

[0287] [Table 45]

[0288] In this test, the surface coating of the present disclosure exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against bacteriophage MS2 and E. coli, as shown in Tables 40 and 41. This antimicrobial activity of the surface coating of the present disclosure remained on the TPU surface after wet and dry abrasion cycles, indicating the strong durability and stability of the coating. In comparison to Competitor 1, this coating showed little activity against both microorganisms in both the non-abraded and abraded samples. This suggests that Competitor 1 is unable to kill microorganisms on non-porous surfaces and therefore does not provide long-term protection.

[0289] Example 18: Coating surface testing of surgical masks with cleaning procedures ISO20743 / ISO18184 Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of a surface coating according to the present disclosure and a surface spray from Competitive 1 when applied to a porous surface after a water washing procedure.

[0290] For this test, both products were applied to porous surgical mask samples using a dip-coating method. After application to the porous surface, each product underwent a water rinsing procedure and was allowed to dry before testing. Both the unwashed and washed samples were inoculated with a bacterial (E. coli) / viral (bacteriophage MS2) suspension. These samples were left for the desired contact time and then transferred to 20 ml of the relevant medium, and serial dilutions of this sampling fluid were plated to quantify the amount of inoculum remaining in each sample.

[0291] [Table 46]

[0292] [Table 47]

[0293] In this test, both Competitor 1 and the surface coating of the present disclosure (unwashed sample) showed strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli, as shown in Table 42. This reduction was the same for the surface coating of the present disclosure after the washing procedure, thereby indicating that the coating remained on the mask. However, Competitor 1's antimicrobial activity was reduced by 2 logs, indicating that the product was removed during washing and is not as durable or stable as the surface coating when applied to a porous surface. The results in Table 43 show that the surface coating of the present disclosure has strong antiviral activity against bacteriophage MS2, a non-developing virus, while Competitor 1 showed no activity. The log reduction with Competitor 1 was negligible, most of which was due to testing variability and not the product. The log reduction proved that the coating was present on the mask and remained active, as there was no change in the surface coating of the disclosure after the washing procedure.

[0294] Example 19: Coating surface test for surgical masks ISO 18184 Objective: The objective of this study is to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of the surface coating of the present disclosure compared to Competitive Product 2 (silver technology).

[0295] In this study, surgical masks were given a surface coating and compared to Competitor 2 masks treated with silver technology. Both untreated and washed samples were inoculated with a virus (bacteriophage MS2) suspension. After leaving the samples for the desired contact time, they were transferred to 20 ml of the relevant medium and serial dilutions of the sampling fluid were plated to quantify the amount of inoculum remaining in each sample.

[0296] [Table 48]

[0297] The results in Table 44 show that the surface coating of the present disclosure has strong antiviral activity against the non-enveloped virus bacteriophage MS2, while Competitor 2 showed no activity. The log reduction with Competitor 2 was very small, most of which is due to test variability rather than product.

[0298] Example 20: Touch clean test with nitrile gloves Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the unique advantages of surface coating touch clean technology by demonstrating the antimicrobial contact efficacy of a disinfectant composition according to the present disclosure compared to a surface spray of Competitor 1 (a quaternary ammonium compound).

[0299] In this test, both products were coated onto nitrile gloves using a spray coating method to ensure complete glove coverage. In this test, a bacterial (E. coli) / viral (bacteriophage MS2) suspension was prepared in bovine serum, inoculated onto a stainless steel disk, and placed in an incubator at 370°C to dry. After drying, volunteers donned uncoated and coated gloves and placed their fingertips on the dried inoculum on each hand for the desired contact time. To quantify the amount of inoculum remaining on each surface, the stainless steel disk was placed into 10 ml of the relevant medium. At the same time, volunteers rubbed their fingertips into 10 ml of the same medium. Serial dilutions of both samples were prepared and plated on the appropriate agar plates.

[0300] [Table 49]

[0301] [Table 50]

[0302] This testing demonstrates the unique advantages of the surface coating touch clean technology. The surface coating of the present disclosure demonstrated antiviral activity against bacteriophage MS2 and E. coli on both the gloves and the stainless steel disks. Competitor 1 did not demonstrate any reduction when tested against E. coli and demonstrated only a slight reduction against bacteriophage MS2 on both surfaces. This indicates that a surface coating on a glove can disinfect a contaminated stainless steel surface while also reducing the transmission of microorganisms to the glove itself. Competitor 1 was unable to sterilize the stainless steel surface or prevent the transmission of bacteriophage MS2 and E. coli to the gloves.

[0303] Conclusions from Examples 17-20 All of the above tests were performed on surface coatings against competitive products 1 (quaternary ammonium product) or 2 (chlorhexidine silver product). Each product claims to provide long-term protection for surfaces while having broad spectrum activity. These surfaces will undergo a lot of wear throughout their functional life, so PAS2424 abrasion was used to simulate high contact areas. The water wash procedure used on the masks was to demonstrate that the products will withstand cleaning procedures, thus allowing for re-use of the masks. These tests demonstrate that these products will withstand the harsh environments in which they are used, protecting non-porous and porous surfaces for extended periods of time, simulating the real-life applications of these products.

[0304] When PAS2424 testing was performed on non-porous surfaces, Competitor 1 failed to demonstrate antimicrobial activity either before or after abrasion, indicating that the product failed to provide long-term protection. Overall, the surface coatings demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against both microorganisms, demonstrating an average of 14-fold log reduction against E. coli and 6-fold log reduction against bacteriophage MS2 over Competitor 1 on both non-abraded and abraded surfaces.

[0305] The first porous antimicrobial test involved applying both the surface coating and Competitor 1 to surgical masks and testing them against E. coli and bacteriophage MS2. Both unwashed and washed samples were tested to demonstrate long-term antimicrobial protection on reusable porous surfaces (surgical masks, gowns, tabletops, etc.). These products need to withstand washing as the surface may decay during use. Both the surface coating and Competitor 1 showed strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli in unwashed samples, but Competitor 1 reduced this activity by 2 logs in washed samples and showed no significant activity against MS2. The surface coating was able to maintain its antimicrobial activity against both microorganisms after washing, demonstrating a 2-fold higher log reduction than Competitor 2 when tested against E. coli. The results indicate that the surface coating is more durable and stable than Competitor 1, providing longer-lasting protection on porous surfaces.

[0306] A second porous antimicrobial test was performed on both the surface coating and Competitor 2. This silver technology is known to kill many viruses and was therefore compared to the surface coating. Competitor 2 showed no antiviral activity against bacteriophage MS2, demonstrating an inability to kill non-enveloped viruses, whereas the surface coating showed strong antiviral activity.

[0307] Touch Clean technology is a unique advantage of the disclosed antimicrobial formulation. This technology was demonstrated on nitrile gloves and compared to a competitor, showing that this technology is specific to the surface coating and cannot be seen in other products. This unique ability allows the surface coating to sterilize the surface it comes into contact with, i.e. the contaminated surface. In these tests, the surface coating was not only able to sterilize the contaminated surface, but also reduce the transmission of microorganisms to the nitrile gloves. This technology is particularly suitable for highly contaminated locations such as healthcare facilities, where staff can maintain a healthy environment while reducing infections to patients and vice versa.

[0308] Example 21: Zone of inhibition assay demonstrates non-elution properties of the coating. The test included 5mmx5mm uncoated TPU (negative control), coated TPU (test sample), and positive control catheters (chlorhexidine / silver). In the test, TPU strips were coated with Composition C2 or Composition D1 or left uncoated (control). E. coli was grown overnight at 370°C in TSB broth. After overnight incubation, the turbidity of the bacterial culture was measured and 1x10 7 CFU / ml was adjusted. 500 μl of bacterial suspension was transferred to a TSA plate and the suspension was spread evenly over the surface using a blue loop. The TSA plate was allowed to dry for 30 minutes to allow the bacterial lawn to "settle" and draw excess liquid into the agar. Once the TSA plate was dry, a 5 mm x 5 mm sample was pressed into the TSA plate using sterile tweezers, ensuring that the sample reached the bottom of the dish and made full contact with the bacterial lawn. The TSA plate was incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The next day, the plate was removed from the incubator and the zone of inhibition was measured.

[0309] The results of the zone of inhibition test are shown in Table 47. Figure 10(a) shows that the TPU strips coated with composition D1 show no zone of inhibition and therefore no elution; and the positive control chlorhexidine / silver coated catheter shows a zone of inhibition evidence of elution.

[0310] [Table 51]

Claims

1. An antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer and an anionic polymer, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a polyalkyleneimine polymer having at least one alkyl group bonded to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone via at least one urea bond containing a nitrogen heteroatom in the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone.

2. wherein the alkyl group comprises or consists of a linear or branched-free alkyl chain such as an alkyl chain terminated with one or more —CH ３ groups, and / or a cyclic alkyl group that is cyclized by itself, i.e., a cycloalkyl group, and comprises or consists of the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1.

3. The alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is substituted with one or more methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl urea groups, or substituted with one or more cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or cyclodecyl urea groups, or the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a polyalkyleneimine polymer substituted with one or more alkyl groups containing an alkylene chain linked to the polyalkyleneimine polymer by two or more urea bonds, or the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a butyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer or a hexamethylenediurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1.

4. The anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte, or the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, or a polycarboxylic acid polymer, the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1.

5. The anionic polymer is dextran sulfate or a polyacrylic acid polymer or a salt thereof, the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1.

6. further comprising one or more additional cationic polymers, wherein the one or more additional cationic polymers are polyalkyleneimine polymers that are not alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymers, such as unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers or alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymers, or include the same, the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1.

7. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 1, further comprising a guanidine compound containing one or more guanidine groups or biguanidine groups or bisbiguanide groups. **Claim 8**: The guanidine compound is a polymer compound having one or more pendant guanidine groups, biguanide groups or bisbiguanide groups, The polymer compound includes a vinyl polymer that can be synthesized by polymerization of vinyl monomers including a plurality of vinyl monomers containing one or more guanidine groups, biguanide groups or bisbiguanide groups. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 7. **Claim 9** The plurality of vinyl monomers include one or more crosslinkable monomers having a carboxylic acid group that can be optionally crosslinked; and / or one or more monomers having a hydrophobic group or a hydrophilic group such as polyethylene glycol or an alkyl group. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 8. **Claim 10** The guanidine group or biguanide group includes one or more chlorhexidine groups, and / or one or more polyhexanide groups, and / or one or more alexidine groups. The antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 7 to 9. **Claim 11** The antimicrobial coating according to claim 1, comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and one or more additional cationic polymers in a w / w ratio in the range of 1:50 to 5:

1. **Claim 12**: The w / w ratio of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer: anionic polymer is in the range of 500:1 to 15:

1. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 1. **Claim 13** Comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and one or more additional cationic polymers; the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and the additional cationic polymer: the w / w ratio of the anionic polymer is in the range of 500:1 to 15:

1. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 1. **Claim 14** A liquid coating composition suitable for forming the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1, comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and an anionic polymer, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer has at least one alkyl group bonded to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone via at least one urea bond containing a nitrogen heteroatom on the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone. **Claim 15** The liquid coating composition according to claim 14, further comprising one or more additional cationic polymers or further comprising a guanidine compound.

16. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or claim 15, formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion in a liquid medium that is aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous / alcoholic, or an organic solvent.

17. Further comprising a guanidine compound, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer, and the liquid coating composition further comprises a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the polymer, the liquid coating composition according to claim 15.

18. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, comprising at least about 0.005% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and / or at least about 0.1% w / v of the total cationic polymers comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and any additional cationic polymers.

19. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, comprising about 25% w / v or less of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer or about 25% w / v or less of the total cationic polymers comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and any additional cationic polymers.

20. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, comprising about 0.01 to 7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine or further comprising 0.01 to 10% w / v of an additional cationic polymer.

21. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and one or more additional cationic polymers in a w / w ratio in the range of 1:50 to 5:

1.

22. At least about 0.001% w / v of the anionic polymer, or about 0.5% w / v or less of the anionic polymer, or The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, comprising about 0.001 to 0.3% w / v of the anionic polymer.

23. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the w / w ratio of the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymers to the anionic polymer is in the range of 500:1 to 15:

1.

24. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the composition comprises the following: (A) 0.02 to 4.5% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and 0.001 to 0.2% w / v of the anionic polymer; or (B) 0.02 to 4.5% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.001 to 0.2% w / v of the anionic polymer; and 0.1 to 5% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; or (C) 0.05 to 3.5% w / v of the guanidine compound; 0.01 to 7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and 0.002 to 0.1% w / v of the anionic polymer; or (D) 0.05 to 3.5% w / v of the guanidine compound; 0.01 to 7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.002 to 0.1% w / v of the anionic polymer; and 0.05 to 4% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; or (E) 0.01 to 2% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.005 to 0.3% w / v of the anionic polymer; and 0.1 to 1% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; wherein the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, the anionic polymer, and the additional cationic polymer is 0.1 to 4% w / v; or (F) 0.01 to 2% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.005 to 0.3% w / v of the anionic polymer; 0.1 to 1% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; and 0.001 to 0.2% w / v of benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride; wherein the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, the anionic polymer, the additional cationic polymer, and benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride is 0.1 to 4% w / v; or (G) 0.05 to 7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.3 to 8% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; and 0.5 to 3.5% w / v of the guanidine compound; wherein the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, the anionic polymer, the additional cationic polymer, and the guanidine compound is 1 to 19% w / v; or (H) 0.05 to 7% w / v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; 0.3 to 8% w / v of an additional cationic polymer; and 0.5 to 3.5% w / v of the guanidine compound; 0.001 to 0.2% w / v of benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride; and 0.005 to 0.3% w / v of the anionic polymer; wherein the total amount of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer, guanidine compound, and benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride is 1 to 19% w / v.

25. The liquid coating composition according to claim 14 or 15, further comprising one or more binders selected from one or more binders optionally selected from polyamines, polyacrylates, and polyurethane binders in an amount of 0.1 to 30% w / v, or further comprising a surfactant.

26. A method of applying the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1 to a substrate or article, comprising incubating the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, or dipping the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, or washing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, or dipping the substrate or article one or more times in the liquid coating composition, or flowing the liquid coating composition over the substrate or article, or spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, or coating the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, or wiping the liquid coating composition off the substrate or article, or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, or padding the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, or rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, or applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article using any other application technique or combination or sequence or application technique including physical vapor deposition or electrophoretic deposition, step (a) of applying the liquid coating composition according to claim 14 to the substrate or article; then, any step (b) of drying or curing the coated substrate or article, or drying or curing the coated substrate or article, wherein the substrate or article is an inert (abiotic) substrate or article, or a part of the body of a living animal (other than human), method.

27. A method of applying the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1 to a substrate or an article, the method comprising the following consecutive steps: forming the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1 on the substrate or the article, (a) applying one or more of the first liquid composition comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic polymer, one or more additional cationic polymers and the guanidine compound to the substrate or the article one or more times to form a first layer; then (b) a second liquid composition different from the first liquid composition, the second liquid composition comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic polymer, one or more cationic polymers and the guanidine compound, applying the second liquid composition to the substrate or the article one or more times to form a second layer; then (c) optionally repeating step (a) and / or step (b), wherein the substrate or the article is an inert (abiotic) substrate or article, or a part of the body of a living animal (other than human). [

28. ] The method according to claim 27, further comprising the following: (d) different from the first and second liquid compositions, applying a third or subsequent liquid composition comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic polymer, one or more additional cationic polymers and the guanidine compound to the substrate or the article one or more times to form a third or subsequent layer. [

29. ] each of the first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion, optionally in an aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous-alcoholic or organic liquid medium; or one or more of the first, second and / or third and / or subsequent liquid compositions comprises one or more binders, the method according to claim 27 or claim 28. [

30. ] The method according to claim 27 or claim 28, further comprising the step of applying a binder composition to the substrate or the article. [

31. ] The method according to claim 26 or 27, wherein the substrate or the article is inert (abiotic) and is formed from a porous material and / or a non-porous material, and / or a natural material and / or an artificial material, and / or a biodegradable material and / or a non-biodegradable material.

32. wherein the substrate or article comprises one or more of: a plastic material, an elastomeric material, elastane, spandex (registered trademark) or lycra (registered trademark), or a synthetic rubber, or a polymeric material, polyurethane or silicone or silica material, or a natural or synthetic biopolymer or bioabsorbable material; or marble, stone, composite material, wood, or rubber; or a metal or metal alloy or stainless steel; or a ceramic material; or glass; or an organic material, an animal-derived material, collagen, or a decellularized graft; or a mixture and combination thereof; or wherein the substrate or article comprises: a fabric or textile, or a woven or non-woven fabric, or a natural or synthetic fiber or fabric or textile material; or a meltblown polymer material, or nylon or rayon or polyester or polyester cellulose or polyethylene or polypropylene, or wherein the substrate or article comprises: a medical device, catheter or implant, heart valve, stent, graft or scaffold, or endoscope; or a medical tool, dish, spatula, or surgical instrument; or a diagnostic device; or personal protective equipment (PPE), mask, gown, surgical gown, face shield, medical scrub, eye protection, or gloves; or an article, cloth, sponge, filter, or wipe for use in cleaning, purifying, sterilizing; or the method of claim 31, wherein the substrate is the surface of an object that a person regularly touches or handles, such as a doorknob or window handle, a support or guardrail, or in a public or semi-public place including public transportation, or in a facility including a school, university, hospital, medical center, government or local council center, courthouse or prison, or in a private or semi-private place including a store, entertainment center, restaurant, private residence.

33. A method for preventing or reducing the growth, spread or amount of one or more microorganisms of a substrate or article, and / or for inactivating one or more microorganisms of a substrate or article, and / or for preventing, destroying and / or removing the formation of a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, the method comprising applying the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating of claim 1 to the substrate or article. Here, the substrate or article is an inert (abiotic) substrate or article, or a part of the body of a living animal (other than human), method. **Claim 34**: C. difficile including gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria; including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, C. difficile including nosocomial pathogens; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, E. hirae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, any one or more of these but not limited to these, bacteria and / or including enveloped viruses and non-enveloped viruses; including adenoviruses, noroviruses, vaccinia viruses and coronavirus strains but not limited to these, viruses and / or The method according to claim 33 for inactivating, preventing or reducing the growth, spread, load or amount of yeast, fungi, or C. albicans strains. **Claim 35** A liquid coating composition according to claim 14 for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth, spread or amount of one or more microorganisms on a part of the body of a living human or animal, and / or inactivating one or more microorganisms on a part of the body of a living human or animal, wherein the method comprises applying the liquid coating composition to a part of the body by washing or rinsing the part of the body with the liquid coating composition, or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and / or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the part of the body. **Claim 36** The liquid coating composition according to claim 35, wherein the part of the body is skin, a human hand or face or foot. **Claim 37** The liquid coating composition according to claim 35, wherein the liquid coating composition further comprises glycerol or benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride in an amount optionally from about 0.005 to 1.0% w / v, or is formulated for administration to the skin of a human or animal. **Claim 38** A method for preventing or reducing the growth, spread, or load or amount of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and / or preventing and / or destroying and / or removing the formation of a surface biofilm on a surface, comprising the step of contacting a substrate or article comprising the coating according to claim 1 with the surface. Here, the substrate or article is an inert (abiotic) substrate or article, or a part of the body of a living animal (other than human), method.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the surface is a surface susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, a surface in a primary, secondary or tertiary medical, public, commercial or private environment, or a surface of a medical device or medical equipment, or a surface frequently contacted in a public space.

40. Including Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria; including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, C. difficile, including nosocomial pathogens; including any one or more of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, E. hirae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, but not limited thereto, bacteria and / or Including enveloped viruses and non-enveloped viruses; including, but not limited to, adenovirus, norovirus, vaccinia virus and coronavirus strains, viruses and / or The method according to claim 38 for inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of yeast, fungi, or C. albicans strains.

41. An antimicrobial skin disinfectant product, a hand disinfectant product or a facial disinfectant product comprising the liquid coating composition according to claim 14, optionally formulated with glycerol or benzethonium chloride or benzalkonium chloride in an amount of 0.001 to 1.0% w / v.

42. Including Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria; including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, C. difficile, including nosocomial pathogens; including any one or more of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, E. hirae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, but not limited thereto, bacteria and / or Including enveloped viruses and non-enveloped viruses; including, but not limited to, adenovirus, norovirus, vaccinia virus and coronavirus strains, viruses and / or The antimicrobial skin disinfectant product according to claim 41 for use in inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or amount of yeast, fungi, or C. albicans strains.

43. A substrate or article comprising the antimicrobial coating according to claim 1, wherein the substrate or article is not a part of the body of a living human or animal. Claim 44 The substrate or article according to claim 43, wherein the substrate or article is a medical device, catheter or implant, heart valve, stent or scaffold, or endoscope, or medical tool, dish or spatula or surgical instrument, or diagnostic instrument, or an article of personal protective equipment (PPE), mask, gown, or gloves, or an item used for washing, purification or sterilization, cloth, sponge, filter or wipe.

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