Compositions and methods for Arundo plant biomass production

Abstract

Disclosed herein are Arundo grass plant compositions and products and methods for making the same.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] cross reference

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 284,311, filed November 30, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this specification. [Background technology]

[0002] background

[0002] Biomass production is important in generating raw materials for a variety of uses, from fuel to construction materials. Substandard soils can be an attractive new source of agricultural land for the production of biomass. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] overview

[0003] Recognized herein is the need for improved methods and crops that can be grown at high densities on substandard soils. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] In one aspect, a method described herein is a method of hydroponically cultivating Arundo grass planting units, the method including contacting a plurality of Arundo grass clone units with a liquid and subjecting the plurality of Arundo grass clone units to hydroponic conditions sufficient to provide a plurality of Arundo grass planting units, the hydroponic conditions including a growing light having an illuminance of about 1,000 foot-candles or less. In some embodiments, the growing light includes sunlight. In some embodiments, the growing light can be any light source of broadband (e.g., including visible light, ultraviolet light, and / or infrared light) sufficient to sustain plant growth. In some embodiments, the growing light is characterized by an illuminance of about 700 or 600 foot-candles or less (e.g., about 300 to about 600 foot-candles). In some embodiments, the contacting includes placing the plurality of Arundo grass clone units in a container including a liquid. In some embodiments, the liquid includes water. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises one or more nutrients.

[0005] In some embodiments, the liquid is stationary. In some embodiments, the liquid is circulated (e.g., using a pump and filtration system). In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions include subjecting the plurality of Arundo grass clone units to a temperature of about 55 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to about 85°F. In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions include subjecting the plurality of Arundo grass clone units to a growing light for a root establishment period (e.g., about 7 to about 21 days). In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions include subjecting the plurality of Arundo grass clone units to a temperature of about 68 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or greater.

[0006] In some embodiments, the Arundo is selected from Arundo collina, Arundo donaciformis, Arundo donax, Arundo formosana, Arundo micrantha (e.g., Arundo micrantha Lam), and Arundo plinii. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of planting units is an Arundo grass plant, an Arundo grass plantlet, or an Arundo grass cultivar, or a part, stem, rhizome, or fragment of any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, at least one planting unit of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprises a root structure. In some embodiments, at least one planting unit of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprises a shoot structure. In some embodiments, at least one planting unit of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprises a root structure and a shoot structure. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the planting units of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprise a root structure. In some embodiments, at least one planting unit of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprises a plurality of shoot structures. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the planting units of the plurality of Arundo grass planting units comprise a shoot structure and a root structure. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are sterilized. In some embodiments, the plurality of planting units are each independently between about 4 centimeters (cm) and about 30 cm in height, in some embodiments, the plurality of planting units are each independently between about 1 node and about 10 nodes.In some embodiments, each of the multiple planting units is independently between about 2 weeks old and about 16 weeks old.

[0007] In another aspect, described herein is a method of cultivating Arundo grass, the method including: (a) providing (e.g., planting) a plurality of Arundo grass planting units in soil; and (b) subjecting the plurality of Arundo grass planting units to conditions sufficient to cultivate the plurality of Arundo grass planting units to produce at least about 1 unit of Arundo grass per square meter (U / m) of soil surface. 2 and providing a plurality of Arundo grass plants having a density of at least about 100 mm (0.5 in) to about 200 mm (0.7 in). In some embodiments, in (a), providing includes planting a plurality of Arundo grass planting units in soil. In some embodiments, in (a), providing includes providing (e.g., planting) the first planting unit and the second planting unit separately and spaced apart from each other by a distance of about 2 meters or less. In some embodiments, in (a), providing includes providing (e.g., planting) the first planting unit and the second planting unit separately and spaced apart from each other by a distance of about 1 meter or less. In some embodiments, in (a), providing includes providing (e.g., planting) the first planting unit and the second planting unit separately and spaced apart from each other by a distance of about 0.5 to about 2 meters. In some embodiments, in (a), providing includes planting the plurality of Arundo grass planting units to a depth of at least about 50 millimeters (mm). In some embodiments, in (b), the subjecting comprises cultivating a plurality of Arundo grass planting units for a period of up to about 300 days. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants are each independently between about 4.5 meters (m) and about 12 m in height.

[0008] In some embodiments, in (a), the soil is potting soil. In some embodiments, the soil is essentially free of peat. In some embodiments, the soil includes peat. In some embodiments, the soil has a soil moisture level of about 10% to about 80% by volume, for example, as determined by a soil moisture meter. In some embodiments, the Arundo is selected from Arundo collina, Arundo donaciformis, Arundo donax, Arundo formosana, Arundo micrantha (e.g., Arundo micrantha Lam), and Arundo plinii. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are derived from a high yield phenotype of Arundo grass. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are derived from a drought tolerance phenotype of Arundo grass. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are derived from a cold tolerance phenotype of Arundo grass. In some embodiments, the cold tolerance phenotype of Arundo grass includes a rootstock that survives below freezing. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are derived from a salt tolerant phenotype of Arundo grass. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the planting units of the plurality of planting units are derived from a low auxotrophy phenotype of Arundo grass.

[0009] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after (b), (c) harvesting the plurality of Arundo grass plants to provide a plurality of harvested Arundo grasses. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprises stems. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprises leaves. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprises stems and leaves. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses each independently comprise stems having a height of about 0.5 to about 12 m. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses have a moisture content of at least about 21%. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprise a sugar content of about 1.5% to about 45% by weight. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprise a cellulose content of about 25% to about 33% by weight. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprises a hemicellulose content of about 25% to about 38% by weight. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses comprises a lignin content of about 17% to about 20% by weight. In some embodiments, the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses are harvested before the plant goes into dormancy / quiescence, such as by harvesting during a new moon.

[0010]

[0010] In some embodiments, the annual yield of Arundo grass stalk is at least about 10 bone dry metric tons per hectare (eg, at least 10, 20, 30, or 40 metric tons per hectare).

[0011]

[0011] In some embodiments, the method is used for bioremediation of soil. In some embodiments, bioremediation is used to reduce the content of one or more elements in soil by at least 0.1 (e.g., at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 100, 1000, or 10,000) μg of element per gram of cultivated Arundo, as measured in fiber produced from the stems of Arundo. In some embodiments, the one or more elements are selected from the group of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, silver, strontium, sulfur, thallium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. In some embodiments, the content of at least five or more elements in soil is reduced. In some embodiments, the soil is contaminated with one or more toxins and becomes safe for food use after one or more Arundo plantings. In some embodiments, the soil is not suitable for the sustained growth of food crops prior to the cultivation of the plurality of Arundo grass plants. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeatedly planting and harvesting the soil with Arundo grass plants until a predetermined target soil composition is obtained.

[0012]

[0012] In another aspect, described herein is a method of processing Arundo grass, the method including: (a) providing a plurality of Arundo grasses having up to 30%, 20%, 10% or 5% leaves by weight (optionally, the plurality of Arundo grasses are substantially free of leaves); and (b) processing the plurality of Arundo grasses to provide a plurality of chips, wherein the chips of the plurality of chips have an ash content of about 8% or less by weight.

[0013]

[0013] In another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing an Arundo-based material, the method including: (a) providing a plurality of Arundo grasses having up to 30%, 20%, 10% or 5% leaves by weight (optionally, the plurality of Arundo grasses is substantially free of leaves); (b) processing the plurality of Arundo grasses to provide a plurality of Arundo grass chips; and (c) processing the plurality of Arundo grass chips to form pellets, weed control mats, or the like. providing a material selected from the group consisting of absorbent pellets, combustion pellets, flooring, structural beams, fiberboard, fiber reinforcement in composites, particle board, bioplastics, fire retardants, animal feed, biochar, aggregates, pulp, paper products (e.g., packaging, toilet paper, paper towels, tissue, or combinations thereof), fabrics, textiles, biofuel materials, biochemical materials, wood substitute materials, bamboo substitute materials, corn substitute materials, oriented strand board (OSB), bioplastics, insulation materials, and reinforcing materials. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grasses comprises stems having a length of about 500, 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 millimeters (mm) or less.

[0014] In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grasses include stems having a length of about 150 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grasses include stems having a length of about 50 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips each have a length of about 150, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 millimeters (mm) or less. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips each have a length of about 150 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips each have a length of about 50 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grasses include stems characterized by a moisture level of about 5% to about 65% by volume or weight as determined by a biomass moisture meter. In some embodiments, the method further comprises washing the plurality of Arundo grass chips with an acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid (HCl). In some embodiments, the Arundo grass stalks have been substantially defoliated mechanically, such as with a sugarcane harvester, using a defoliant, such as ethephon. In some embodiments, the method further comprises orienting the Arundo grass stalks prior to cutting. In some embodiments, the method further comprises sorting the Arundo grass stalks by diameter. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass stalks have been sorted by diameter. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying the Arundo grass chips.

[0015]

[0015] Another aspect described herein is a composition comprising at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight of Arundo fiber, wherein: (i) the Arundo fiber has one or more chlorine contents of about 0.05 to about 0.15% by weight or less; (ii) the Arundo fiber has a sugar content of about 5% to about 32% by weight; (iii) the Arundo fiber has a cellulose content of about 25% to about 49% by weight; and (iv) the Arundo fiber has a cellulose content of about 9% to about and (v) the Arundo fiber has a lignin content of from about 15% to about 22% by weight; (vi) the Arundo fiber has a Young's modulus of from about 5 gigapascals (GPa) to about 30 GPa as determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods; and (vii) the Arundo fiber has a shear modulus of from about 0.8 megapascals (MPa) to about 12 MPa as determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods.

[0016]

[0016] In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by at least two of (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by at least three of (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by at least four of (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by at least five of (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by at least six of (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers are characterized by (i)-(vii). In some embodiments, the Arundo fibers include an ash content of about 8% or less by weight (e.g., dry or wet).

[0017]

[0017] In some embodiments, the Arundo fiber comprises a sodium content of about 300 mg / kg or less by weight. In some embodiments, the composition of any one of claims 81-89, wherein the Arundo fiber comprises a potassium content of about 15,500 mg / kg or less by weight. In some embodiments, the composition is a weed control mat. In some embodiments, the composition is an absorbent pellet. In some embodiments, the composition is a burning pellet. In some embodiments, the composition is a flooring material. In some embodiments, the composition is a structural beam. In some embodiments, the composition is a fiberboard. In some embodiments, the composition is a fiber reinforcement in a composite. In some embodiments, the composition is an oriented strand board (OSB). In some embodiments, the composition is a bioplastic. In some embodiments, the composition is an insulating material. In some embodiments, the composition is a particle board. In some embodiments, the composition is a bioplastic. In some embodiments, the composition is a fire retardant. In some embodiments, the composition is an animal feed. In some embodiments, the composition is a biochar. In some embodiments, the composition is an aggregate. In some embodiments, the composition is a pulp. In some embodiments, the composition is a paper product (e.g., packaging, toilet paper, paper towels, tissue, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, the composition is a fabric.

[0018]

[0018] In some embodiments, the composition is a textile. In some embodiments, the composition is a biofuel material. In some embodiments, the composition is a biochemical material. In some embodiments, the composition is a wood replacement material. In some embodiments, the composition is a bamboo replacement material. In some embodiments, the composition is a corn replacement material. In some embodiments, the composition is a reinforcement material.

[0019]

[0019] Another aspect described herein is an oriented strand board comprising material obtained from an Arundo grass plant. In some embodiments, the oriented strand board comprises randomly oriented, cross-oriented, or parallel oriented strands of the Arundo grass plant. In some embodiments, the oriented strand board comprises a binder, and the oriented strands are bonded together by the binder.

[0020] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant strands are at least 10% of the total composition of the oriented strand board. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant strands are at least 30% of the total composition of the oriented strand board. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant strands are at least 50% of the total composition of the oriented strand board. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant strands are at least 80% of the total composition of the oriented strand board. In some embodiments, the binder is about 10% or less of the total composition of the oriented strand board.

[0021] In some embodiments, the strands are randomly oriented. In some embodiments, the strands are orthogonally oriented. In some embodiments, the strands are parallel oriented. In some embodiments, the strands are oriented according to a predetermined periodic rotation of adjacent strands relative to one another. In some embodiments, the binder is polymeric 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.

[0022]

[0022] Another aspect described herein is a particle board comprising material from an Arundo grass plant. In some embodiments, the particle board comprises a plurality of particles. In some embodiments, the particle board comprises a binder, the binder binding adjacent particles of the plurality of particles together to form the particle board. In some embodiments, the particles comprise at least 10% Arundo grass plant particles.

[0023] In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average internal bond strength of at least 50 psi when tested for core breakage by ASTM D1037-2012. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average internal bond strength of at least 80 psi when tested for core breakage by ASTM D1037-2012. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average internal bond strength of at least 100 psi when tested for core breakage by ASTM D1037-2012. In some embodiments, the particleboard has a moisture content of less than about 50% moisture sorption after 24 hours when tested by ASTM D1037-2012.

[0024] In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average modulus of elasticity of about 200,000-400,000 psi. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average modulus of rupture of at least about 1000 psi. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average modulus of rupture of about 1000-2000 psi. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average strain at break of at least about 0.001%. In some embodiments, the particleboard has an average strain at break of about 0.001-0.01%.

[0025] In some embodiments, the particle board has an average internal bond strength of at least 60 psi. In some embodiments, the particle board has an average internal bond strength of at least 20 lb / ft 2 In some embodiments, the particle board has an average density of about 20 to 100 lb / ft 2 In some embodiments, the particle board has an average density of about 45 lb / ft 2 In some embodiments, the binder is polymeric 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.

[0026]

[0026] Further aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, in which only exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be understood, the present disclosure is capable of other different embodiments, and its several details can be modified in various obvious respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Thus, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not restrictive.

[0027] Incorporation by Reference

[0027] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the event that the publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference conflict with the disclosure contained herein, the specification shall supersede and / or take precedence over such conflicting material.

[0028] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also referred to herein as "Figures" and "FIG."). [Brief description of the drawings]

[0029] [Figure 1]

[0029] Figure 1 shows an exemplary Arundo donax bud structure produced using the methods described herein. [Diagram 2]

[0030] 1 shows an exemplary Arundo donax planting unit having multiple bud structures produced according to the methods described herein. [Diagram 3]

[0031] 1 shows exemplary Arundo donax planting units of various sizes produced according to the methods described herein. [Figure 4]

[0032] An example of a cold-tolerant phenotype of Arundo donax produced according to the methods described herein is shown, which as can be seen survives snow cover. [Diagram 5]

[0033] 1 shows an example of pellets made from Arundo donax and produced according to the methods described herein. [Figure 6a]

[0034] 1 shows an example of a medium density fiberboard made from Arundo donax by the methods described herein. [Figure 6b]

[0034] An example of particleboard made from Arundo donax by the methods described herein is provided. [Figure 7]

[0035] An example of paper-producing pulp made from Arundo donax by the methods described herein is provided. [Figure 8]

[0036] 1 shows an example of a paper sample made from Arundo donax by the methods described herein. [Figure 9]

[0037] An example of oriented strand board made from Arundo donax is shown. [Figure 10a]

[0038] FIG. 1 shows the bending strength of an exemplary Arundo donax (identified in the figure as “Xano fiber”) oriented strand board (OSB) compared to wood and hemp and agricultural waste OSB of various compositions. [Figure 10b]

[0038] The bending test results of OSB made from Arundo donax are shown. [Figure 11a]

[0039] Shown is a chipped dwarf chimney (Arundo donax). [Figure 11b]

[0039] Showing variations in tip length for Arundo donax. [Figure 12]

[0040] 1 shows an example of leafless Arundo donax stems produced by the methods described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0030] Detailed Description

[0041] While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, modifications and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It is understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present invention described herein may be employed.

[0031]

[0042] Whenever the terms "at least", "greater than" or "greater than or equal to" are placed before the first number (or after the last number) of a series of two or more numbers, the terms "at least", "greater than" or "greater than or equal to" apply to every number in the series of numbers. For example, 1, 2 or 3 or more is equivalent to 1 or more, 2 or more, or 3 or more.

[0032]

[0043] When the term "not greater than", "less than" or "less than or equal to" appears before the first number (or after the last number) of a series of two or more numerical values, the term "less than or equal to", "less than" or "less than or equal to" applies to each number in the series. For example, 3, 2 or 1 or less is equivalent to 3 or less, 2 or less, or 1 or less.

[0033]

[0044] Certain inventive embodiments herein contemplate numerical ranges. When a range exists, the range includes the range endpoints. Furthermore, all subranges and values ​​within the range exist as if explicitly stated. The term "about" or "approximately" may mean within an acceptable error range for a particular value, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined, such as the limitations of the measurement system. For example, "about" may mean within one standard deviation or more than one standard deviation, as is customary in the art. Alternatively, "about" may mean within a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. When a particular value is described in this application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the term "about" is assumed to mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value.

[0034]

[0045] As used herein, "publication" is intended to include publications by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) identified by ASTM number (ASTM E1876-22, ASTM D570, or ASTM D1037-2012), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0035]

[0046] The term "plant hormone" as used herein is intended to include natural or synthetic hormones and generally refers to a naturally occurring (endogenous) substance that promotes, inhibits or modifies plant growth and development. The terms "plant hormone" and "phytohormone" are used interchangeably herein.

[0036]

[0047] As used herein, the term "plant growth regulator" generally refers to a synthetic substance that promotes, inhibits or modifies the growth and development of plants.

[0037]

[0048] The term "auxin" as used herein generally refers to a natural or synthetic substance that promotes, inhibits or modifies plant growth and development, particularly plant cell elongation. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the terms "plant hormones and (plant) growth regulators" or "plant hormones or (plant) growth regulators" as used herein are broad enough to include auxins.

[0038]

[0049] The term "solution" as used herein generally refers to a liquid with or without suspended matter. Non-limiting examples of "solutions" with suspended matter may include suspensions (such as colloidal suspensions, cell suspensions, etc.), emulsions, etc.

[0039]

[0050] The term "chips" as used herein may refer to any part of the harvested Arundo plant that has been rendered smaller than the original harvested plant by a processing step such as, but not limited to, cutting, chopping, grinding, milling, crushing, or pulverizing. Examples of chips may include, but are not limited to, powder, dust, strands, pellets, flakes, fines, etc. Chips may have a distribution of sizes, volumes, aspect ratios, or may be of uniform size, volume, aspect ratio.

[0040] Arundo plant explants Some embodiments described herein relate to explants of Arundo plants, for example as seen in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the explants of Arundo plants described herein may include one or more members selected from the group consisting of apical meristem, cotyledons, young leaves, hypocotyls, ovules, stems, mature leaves, flowers, peduncles, roots, bulbs, germinated seeds, rhizomes, and cambium meristem cells (CMCs). In some embodiments, the explants of Arundo plants described herein may include CMCs. In some embodiments, the explants of Arundo plants described herein may include cambium meristem cells (CMCs) and one or more members selected from apical meristem, cotyledons, young leaves, hypocotyls, ovules, stems, mature leaves, flowers, peduncles, roots, bulbs, rhizomes, and germinated seeds. The explants of Arundo plants may be samples of live Arundo plants, such as samples taken from live Arundo plants. In some cases where the Arundo plant explant is a sample taken from a live plant, the surface of the Arundo plant can be sterilized before taking the sample. Optionally, the explant can be sterilized after cutting. The Arundo plant explant can be placed in a medium for preserving, maintaining or culturing the Arundo explant. Optionally, the medium can be a sterile medium. In some embodiments, the medium can be a solid medium, a semi-solid medium, a gel medium or a liquid medium.

[0041] method

[0051] In some embodiments, methods of growing or producing Arundo grass plants are provided herein. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by hydroponics. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced from seeds. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by stem propagation. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by node propagation. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by vegetative propagation. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by rhizome propagation. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by culm node propagation. In some embodiments, Arundo grass plants may be produced by cloning.

[0042]

[0052] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo collina. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo donax. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo formosana. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo mediterranea. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo micrantha. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo micrantha Lam. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo plinii. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo collina. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plant can be Arundo phragmites.

[0043] Hydroponics

[0053] In one aspect provided herein, hydroponic crops can be produced by propagation of hydroponic clone units, which may include rhizomes, nodes, or stems of Arundo grass plants. For example, FIG. 2 shows an Arundo donax planting unit with multiple shoot structures, and FIG. 3 shows Arundo donax planting units of various sizes. The hydroponic clone units can be subjected to growing conditions including one or more growing lights, one or more ambient temperatures, and one or more irrigation systems that provide a liquid source to the rhizomes, nodes, or stems. The growing lights, irrigation systems, and ambient temperatures can each be independently controlled to maintain constant or variable growing conditions. The growing conditions can include one or more individual combinations of growing parameters for operating the growing lights, temperature controls, or irrigation systems.

[0044]

[0054] The liquid source may include water. The liquid source may include one or more nutrient sources. The one or more nutrients may include a source of one or more elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium source, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, and / or manganese. The one or more nutrients may include a carbon source (e.g., carbohydrate, elemental carbon, or carbonate). The one or more nutrients may include a plant and / or cell growth medium. The one or more nutrients may promote the growth of the hydroponic clone units. The grow light may include sunlight. The grow light may include a commercial broadband light source or an ultraviolet light source. The irrigation system may include one or more recirculation pumps. The irrigation system may include placing stationary liquid in the same container as the hydroponic planting units. The irrigation system may include immersing or partially immersing the hydroponic planting units in the liquid. The irrigation system may include a temperature control to maintain the temperature of the liquid at approximately ambient temperature.

[0045]

[0055] The hydroponic clone unit may be subjected to growing conditions for a root establishment period. After being subjected to growing conditions, the hydroponic clone unit may produce an Arundo grass planting unit. The planting unit may include a root structure or a shoot structure. The planting unit may include both a root structure and a shoot structure. The planting unit may be stored for future use. The planting unit may have a life span of about 20 years.

[0046]

[0056] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of between about 30 days and about 1,500 days. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of between about 30 days and about 60 days, between about 30 days and about 90 days, between about 30 days and about 180 days, between about 30 days and about 300 days, between about 30 days and about 400 days, between about 30 days and about 500 days, between about 30 days and about 600 days, between about 30 days and about 700 days, between about 30 days and about 1,000 days, between about 30 days and about 1,200 days, between about 30 days and about 1,500 days, between about 60 days and about 90 days, between about 60 days and about 180 days, between about 60 days and about 300 days, between about 60 days and about 400 days, About 60 days to about 500 days, about 60 days to about 600 days, about 60 days to about 700 days, about 60 days to about 1,000 days, about 60 days to about 1,200 days, about 60 days to about 1,500 days, about 90 days to about 180 days, about 90 days to about 300 days, about 90 days to about 400 days, about 90 days to about 500 days, about 90 days to about 600 days, about 90 days to about 700 days, about 90 days to about 1,000 days, about 90 days to about 1,200 days, about 90 days to about 1,500 days, about 180 days to about 300 days, about 180 days to about 400 days 180 days to about 500 days, 180 days to about 600 days, 180 days to about 700 days, 180 days to about 1,000 days, 180 days to about 1,200 days, 180 days to about 1,500 days, 300 days to about 400 days, 300 days to about 500 days, 300 days to about 600 days, 300 days to about 700 days, 300 days to about 1,000 days, 300 days to about 1,200 days, 300 days to about 1,500 days, 400 days to about 500 days, 400 days to about 600 days, 400 days to about 700 days 00 days, about 400 days to about 1,000 days, about 400 days to about 1,200 days, about 400 days to about 1,500 days, about 500 days to about 600 days, about 500 days to about 700 days, about 500 days to about 1,000 days, about 500 days to about 1,200 days, about 500 days to about 1,500 days, about 600 days to about 700 days, about 600 days to about 1,000 days, about 600 days to about 1,200 days, about 600 days to about 1,500 days, about 700 days to about 1,000 days, about 700 days to about 1,200 days, about 700 days to about 1,The Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of about 500 days, about 1,000 days to about 1,200 days, about 1,000 days to about 1,500 days, or about 1,200 days to about 1,500 days. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of about 30 days, about 60 days, about 90 days, about 180 days, about 300 days, about 400 days, about 500 days, about 600 days, about 700 days, about 1,000 days, about 1,200 days, or about 1,500 days. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of at least about 30 days, about 60 days, about 90 days, about 180 days, about 300 days, about 400 days, about 500 days, about 600 days, about 700 days, about 1,000 days, or about 1,200 days. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are grown for a period of up to about 60 days, about 90 days, about 180 days, about 300 days, about 400 days, about 500 days, about 600 days, about 700 days, about 1,000 days, about 1,200 days, or about 1,500 days.

[0047]

[0057] Hydroponic clonal units can be selected for particularly advantageous phenotypes. In some embodiments, the phenotype can be a high yield phenotype. In some embodiments, the phenotype can be a drought tolerance phenotype. In some embodiments, the phenotype can be a salt tolerance phenotype. In some embodiments, the phenotype can be a low auxotrophy phenotype. In some embodiments, the phenotype can be a cold tolerance phenotype. For example, the phenotype can be the cold tolerance phenotype shown in FIG. 4. The cold tolerance phenotype can include a rootstock that can survive below freezing.

[0048]

[0058] In some embodiments, the grow light may have an illuminance of about 50 foot-candles to about 2,000 foot-candles or less. In some embodiments, the grow light is from about 50 footcandles to about 100 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 200 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 300 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 400 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 500 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 600 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 700 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 800 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 900 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 1,000 footcandles, from about 50 footcandles to about 2,000 footcandles, from about 100 footcandles to about 200 footcandles, from about 100 footcandles to about 300 footcandles, from about 100 footcandles to about 400 footcandles, from about 100 footcandles to about 500 footcandles. 100 footcandles to 600 footcandles, 100 footcandles to 700 footcandles, 100 footcandles to 800 footcandles, 100 footcandles to 900 footcandles, 100 footcandles to 1,000 footcandles, 100 footcandles to 2,000 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 300 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 400 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 500 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 600 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 700 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 800 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 900 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 1,000 footcandles, 200 footcandles to 2,000 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 400 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 500 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 600 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 700 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 800 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 900 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 1,000 footcandles, approx. 300 footcandles to approx. 2,000 footcandles, approx. 400 footcandles to approx. 500 footcandles 400 footcandles to 600 footcandles, 400 footcandles to 700 footcandles, 400 footcandles to 800 footcandles, 400 footcandles to 900 footcandles, 400 footcandles to 1,000 footcandles, 400 footcandles to 2,000 footcandles, 500 footcandles to 600 footcandles, 500 footcandles to 700 footcandles, 500 footcandles to 800 footcandles 500 footcandles to 900 footcandles, 500 footcandles to 1,000 footcandles, 500 footcandles to 2,000 footcandles, 600 footcandles to 700 footcandles, 600 footcandles to 800 footcandles, 600 footcandles to 900 footcandles, 600 footcandles to 1,000 footcandles, 600 footcandles to 2,000 footcandles, 700 footcandles to 800 footcandles , about 700 footcandles to about 900 footcandles, about 700 footcandles to about 1,000 footcandles, about 700 footcandles to about 2,000 footcandles, about 800 footcandles to about 900 footcandles, about 800 footcandles to about 1,000 footcandles, about 800 footcandles to about 2,000 footcandles, about 900 footcandles to about 1,000 footcandles, about 900 footcandles to about 2,000 footcandles or about 1,000 footcandles to about 2,In some embodiments, the grow light may have an illuminance of about 50 footcandles, about 100 footcandles, about 200 footcandles, about 300 footcandles, about 400 footcandles, about 500 footcandles, about 600 footcandles, about 700 footcandles, about 800 footcandles, about 900 footcandles, about 1,000 footcandles, or about 2,000 footcandles. In some embodiments, the grow light may have an illuminance of at least about 50 footcandles, about 100 footcandles, about 200 footcandles, about 300 footcandles, about 400 footcandles, about 500 footcandles, about 600 footcandles, about 700 footcandles, about 800 footcandles, about 900 footcandles, or about 1,000 footcandles. In some embodiments, the grow light may have an illuminance of up to about 100 footcandles, about 200 footcandles, about 300 footcandles, about 400 footcandles, about 500 footcandles, about 600 footcandles, about 700 footcandles, about 800 footcandles, about 900 footcandles, about 1,000 footcandles, or about 2,000 footcandles.

[0049]

[0059] In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions may include subjecting the Arundo grass clone unit to a temperature of about 45° F. to about 95° F. In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions may include subjecting the Arundo grass clone unit to a temperature of about 45° F. to about 50° F., about 45° F. to about 55° F., about 45° F. to about 60° F., about 45° F. to about 65° F., about 45° F. to about 68° F., about 45° F. to about 70° F., about 45° F. to about 75° F., about 45° F. to about 80° F., about 45° F. to about 85° F., about 45° F. to about 90° F., about 45° F. to about 95° F., about 50° F. to about 55° F., about 50° F. to about 60° F., about 50° F. to about 65 ... 0°F to 68°F, 50°F to 70°F, 50°F to 75°F, 50°F to 80°F, 50°F to 85°F, 50°F to 90°F, 50°F to 95°F, 55°F to 60°F, 55°F to 65°F, 55°F to 68°F, 55°F to 70°F, 55°F to 75°F, 55°F to 80°F, 55°F to 85°F, 55°F to 90°F, 55°F to 95°F, 60°F to 65°F, 60°F to 68° F, about 60°F to about 70°F, about 60°F to about 75°F, about 60°F to about 80°F, about 60°F to about 85°F, about 60°F to about 90°F, about 60°F to about 95°F, about 65°F to about 68°F, about 65°F to about 70°F, about 65°F to about 7 5°F, about 65°F to about 80°F, about 65°F to about 85°F, about 65°F to about 90°F, about 65°F to about 95°F, about 68°F to about 70°F, about 68°F to about 75°F, about 68°F to about 80°F, about 68°F to about 85°F, about 68°F F., about 68°F to about 95°F, about 70°F to about 75°F, about 70°F to about 80°F, about 70°F to about 85°F, about 70°F to about 90°F, about 70°F to about 95°F, about 75°F to about 80°F, about 75°F to about 85°F, about 75°F to about 90°F, about 75°F to about 95°F, about 80°F to about 85°F, about 80°F to about 90°F, about 80°F to about 95°F, about 85°F to about 90°F, about 85°F to about 90°F, or about 90°F to about 95°F.In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions may include subjecting the Arundo grass clone unit to a temperature of about 45° F., about 50° F., about 55° F., about 60° F., about 65° F., about 68° F., about 70° F., about 75° F., about 80° F., about 85° F., about 90° F., or about 95° F. In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions may include subjecting the Arundo grass clone unit to a temperature of at least about 45° F., about 50° F., about 55° F., about 60° F., about 65° F., about 68° F., about 70° F., about 75° F., about 80° F., about 85° F., or about 90° F. In some embodiments, the hydroponic conditions may include subjecting the Arundo grass clone units to a temperature of up to about 50°F, about 55°F, about 60°F, about 65°F, about 68°F, about 70°F, about 75°F, about 80°F, about 85°F, about 90°F or about 95°F.

[0050]

[0060] In some embodiments, the root establishment period can be from about 1 day to about 30 days. In some embodiments, the root establishment period can be from about 1 day to about 2 days, from about 1 day to about 3 days, from about 1 day to about 4 days, from about 1 day to about 5 days, from about 1 day to about 6 days, from about 1 day to about 7 days, from about 1 day to about 10 days, from about 1 day to about 14 days, from about 1 day to about 19 days, from about 1 day to about 21 days, from about 1 day to about 30 days, from about 2 days to about 3 days, from about 2 days to about 4 days, from about 2 days to about 5 days, from about 2 days to about 6 days, from about 2 days to about 7 days. , about 2 days to about 10 days, about 2 days to about 14 days, about 2 days to about 19 days, about 2 days to about 21 days, about 2 days to about 30 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about 3 days to about 5 days, about 3 days to about 6 days, about 3 days to about 7 days, about 3 days to about 10 days, about 3 days to about 14 days, about 3 days to about 19 days, about 3 days to about 21 days, about 3 days to about 30 days, about 4 days to about 5 days, about 4 days to about 6 days, about 4 days to about 7 days, about 4 days to about 10 days, about 4 to 14 days, about 4 to 19 days, about 4 to 21 days, about 4 to 30 days, about 5 to 6 days, about 5 to 7 days, about 5 to 10 days, about 5 to 14 days, about 5 to 19 days, about 5 to 21 days, about 5 to 30 days, about 6 to 7 days, about 6 to 10 days, about 6 to 14 days, about 6 to 19 days, about 6 to 21 days, about 6 to 30 days days, about 7 days to about 10 days, about 7 days to about 14 days, about 7 days to about 19 days, about 7 days to about 21 days, about 7 days to about 30 days, about 10 days to about 14 days, about 10 days to about 19 days, about 10 days to about 21 days, about 10 days to about 30 days, about 14 days to about 19 days, about 14 days to about 21 days, about 14 days to about 30 days, about 19 days to about 21 days, about 19 days to about 30 days, or about 21 days to about 30 days. In some embodiments, the root establishment period can be about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 10 days, about 14 days, about 19 days, about 21 days, or about 30 days. In some embodiments, the root establishment period can be at least about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 10 days, about 14 days, about 19 days, or about 21 days. In some embodiments, the root establishment period can be up to about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 10 days, about 14 days, about 19 days, about 21 days, or about 30 days.

[0051]

[0061] In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized. In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 10% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 20% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 9 ... 5% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 5% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 20% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized. about 10% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized. The planting units may be sterilized, about 20% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized,About 40% to about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, About 50% to about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 60% to about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about From about 60% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 60% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 60% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 60% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 70% to about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 70% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 70% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 70% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, From about 0% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 80% to about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 80% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 80% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 90% to about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, from about 90% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized, or from about 95% to about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized. In some embodiments, at least about 5% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, or about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized.At least about 5% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 10% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, or about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized. In some embodiments, at least up to about 10% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 20% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 30% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 40% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 50% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 60% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 70% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 80% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 90% of the planting units may be sterilized, about 95% of the planting units may be sterilized, or about 99% of the planting units may be sterilized.

[0052]

[0062] In some embodiments, the planting unit may include at least about 10% to about 100% of a drought tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may include at least about 10% to about 20% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 30% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 40% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 50% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 60% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 70% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 80% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 90% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 95% of a drought tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 10 ... 00% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 30% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 40% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 50% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 60% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 70% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 40% drought tolerance phenotype, At least about 30% to about 50% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 60% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 70% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 50% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 60% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 70% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 60% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 70% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 70% drought tolerance phenotype,The drought tolerance phenotype may include at least about 60% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 80% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 90% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 90% to about 95% drought tolerance phenotype, at least about 90% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype, or at least about 95% to about 100% drought tolerance phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% drought tolerant phenotype, about 20% drought tolerant phenotype, about 30% drought tolerant phenotype, about 40% drought tolerant phenotype, about 50% drought tolerant phenotype, about 60% drought tolerant phenotype, about 70% drought tolerant phenotype, about 80% drought tolerant phenotype, about 90% drought tolerant phenotype, about 95% drought tolerant phenotype, or about 100% drought tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% drought tolerant phenotype, about 20% drought tolerant phenotype, about 30% drought tolerant phenotype, about 40% drought tolerant phenotype, about 50% drought tolerant phenotype, about 60% drought tolerant phenotype, about 70% drought tolerant phenotype, about 80% drought tolerant phenotype, about 90% drought tolerant phenotype, or about 95% drought tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least up to about 20% drought tolerant phenotype, about 30% drought tolerant phenotype, about 40% drought tolerant phenotype, about 50% drought tolerant phenotype, about 60% drought tolerant phenotype, about 70% drought tolerant phenotype, about 80% drought tolerant phenotype, about 90% drought tolerant phenotype, about 95% drought tolerant phenotype, or about 100% drought tolerant phenotype. ,

[0053]

[0063] In some embodiments, the planting units may include at least about 10% to about 100% of the high yield phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting units may include at least about 10% to about 20% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 30% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 40% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 50% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 60% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 70% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 80% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 90% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 95% of the high yield phenotype, at least about 10% to about 10 ... 00% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 30% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 40% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 50% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 60% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 70% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 20% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 40% high yield phenotype, At least about 30% to about 50% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 60% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 70% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 30% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 50% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 60% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 70% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 40% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 60% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 70% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 50% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 60% to about 70% high yield phenotype,The high yield phenotype may include at least about 60% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 60% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 60% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 60% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 70% to about 80% high yield phenotype, at least about 70% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 70% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 70% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 80% to about 90% high yield phenotype, at least about 80% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 80% to about 100% high yield phenotype, at least about 90% to about 95% high yield phenotype, at least about 90% to about 100% high yield phenotype, or at least about 95% to about 100% high yield phenotype. In some embodiments, a planting unit may comprise at least about 10% of the high yield phenotype, about 20% of the high yield phenotype, about 30% of the high yield phenotype, about 40% of the high yield phenotype, about 50% of the high yield phenotype, about 60% of the high yield phenotype, about 70% of the high yield phenotype, about 80% of the high yield phenotype, about 90% of the high yield phenotype, about 95% of the high yield phenotype, or about 100% of the high yield phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% of the high yield phenotype, about 20% of the high yield phenotype, about 30% of the high yield phenotype, about 40% of the high yield phenotype, about 50% of the high yield phenotype, about 60% of the high yield phenotype, about 70% of the high yield phenotype, about 80% of the high yield phenotype, about 90% of the high yield phenotype, or about 95% of the high yield phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least up to about 20% of the high yield phenotype, about 30% of the high yield phenotype, about 40% of the high yield phenotype, about 50% of the high yield phenotype, about 60% of the high yield phenotype, about 70% of the high yield phenotype, about 80% of the high yield phenotype, about 90% of the high yield phenotype, about 95% of the high yield phenotype, or about 100% of the high yield phenotype. ,

[0054]

[0064] In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% to about 100% of a salt tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% to about 20% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 30% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 40% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 50% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 60% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 70% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 80% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 90% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 95% of a salt tolerant phenotype, at least about 10% to about 10 ... 00% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 30% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 40% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 50% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 60% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 70% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 20% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 40% salt tolerance phenotype, At least about 30% to about 50% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 60% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 70% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 30% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 50% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 60% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 70% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 40% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 60% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 70% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 50% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 70% salt tolerance phenotype,The salt tolerance phenotype may include at least about 60% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 60% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 80% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 70% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 90% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 80% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 90% to about 95% salt tolerance phenotype, at least about 90% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype, or at least about 95% to about 100% salt tolerance phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% salt tolerant phenotype, about 20% salt tolerant phenotype, about 30% salt tolerant phenotype, about 40% salt tolerant phenotype, about 50% salt tolerant phenotype, about 60% salt tolerant phenotype, about 70% salt tolerant phenotype, about 80% salt tolerant phenotype, about 90% salt tolerant phenotype, about 95% salt tolerant phenotype, or about 100% salt tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% salt tolerant phenotype, about 20% salt tolerant phenotype, about 30% salt tolerant phenotype, about 40% salt tolerant phenotype, about 50% salt tolerant phenotype, about 60% salt tolerant phenotype, about 70% salt tolerant phenotype, about 80% salt tolerant phenotype, about 90% salt tolerant phenotype, or about 95% salt tolerant phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least up to about 20% salt tolerant phenotype, about 30% salt tolerant phenotype, about 40% salt tolerant phenotype, about 50% salt tolerant phenotype, about 60% salt tolerant phenotype, about 70% salt tolerant phenotype, about 80% salt tolerant phenotype, about 90% salt tolerant phenotype, about 95% salt tolerant phenotype, or about 100% salt tolerant phenotype. ,

[0055]

[0065] In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% to about 100% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% to about 20% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 30% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 40% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 50% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 60% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 70% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 80% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 90% of a hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 1 ... up to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 10% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 30% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 40% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 50% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 95% Hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 20% to about 100% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 40% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 50% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 60% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 70% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 80% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 90% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 95% hypotrophic phenotype, at least about 30% to about 100% hypotrophic a auxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 50% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 40% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 50% to about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 50% to about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype,at least about 50% to about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 50% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 50% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 50% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 60% to about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 60% to about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 60% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 60% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 60% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 70% to about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype The present invention may comprise an auxotrophic phenotype, at least about 70% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 70% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 70% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 80% to about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 80% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 80% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 90% to about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, at least about 90% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, or at least about 95% to about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 20% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 30% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 40% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 50% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype or about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least about 10% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 20% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 30% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 40% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 50% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, or about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype. In some embodiments, the planting unit may comprise at least up to about 20% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 30% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 40% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 50% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 60% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 70% hypoauxotrophic phenotype,The hypoauxotrophic phenotype may comprise about 80% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 90% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, about 95% hypoauxotrophic phenotype, or about 100% hypoauxotrophic phenotype.

[0056]

[0066] In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. o) the grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 5% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. undo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, and about 10% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. % of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures;About 20% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% to about 99% The Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. o) the grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. between about 40% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 40% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 40% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 50% and about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 50% and about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 50% and about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures;About 50% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about Between 70% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 70% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 70% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 80% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 80% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 80% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 90% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, between about 90% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, or between about 95% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures,About 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, or about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. About 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, or about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures. In some embodiments, at least up to about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 100% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 120% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 140% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 160% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 180% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 190% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 25% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 26% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 27% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 28% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 50 ...6 The Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures, or about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include root structures.

[0057]

[0067] In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% to about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. o) the grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 2 ...0% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 5% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units undo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 30% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 40% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 50% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 60% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 70% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 80% of Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. % of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures,About 20% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. The Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. o) the grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% to about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% to about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. between about 40% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, between about 40% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, between about 40% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, between about 50% and about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, between about 50% and about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, between about 50% and about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures;About 50% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 50% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 50% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% to about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% to about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% to about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% to about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% to about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about Between 70% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 70% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 70% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 80% and about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 80% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 80% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 90% and about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, between about 90% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures, or between about 95% and about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may comprise sprout structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures,About 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, or about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. In some embodiments, at least about 5% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures. The Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures, or about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include sprout structures. In some embodiments, at least up to about 10% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 40% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 50% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 60% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 100% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 120% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 140% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 160% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 180% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 190% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 20% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 25% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 26% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 27% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 28% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 29% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 30% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 35% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 36% of the Arundo grass planting units may include (Arundo) grass planting units may include bud structures, about 70% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 80% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 90% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, about 95% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures, or about 99% of the Arundo grass planting units may include bud structures.

[0058]

[0068] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are each independently between about 1 cm and about 50 cm in height. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are each independently between about 1 cm and about 2 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 3 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 4 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 5 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 6 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 7 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 8 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 9 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 10 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 30 cm in height, between about 1 cm and about 50 cm in height, between about 2 cm and about 3 cm in height, between about 2 cm and about 4 cm in height, between about 2 cm and about 5 cm in height, between about 2 cm and about 2 ... cm to about 6cm, height about 2cm to about 7cm, height about 2cm to about 8cm, height about 2cm to about 9cm, height about 2cm to about 10cm, height about 2cm to about 30cm, height about 2cm to about 50cm, height about 3cm to about 4cm, height about 3cm to about 5cm, height about 3cm to about 6cm, height about 3cm to about 7cm, height about 3cm to about 8cm, height about 3cm to about 9cm, height about 3cm to about 10cm, height about 3cm to about 30cm, height about 3cm to about 50cm, height about 4cm to about 5cm, height about 4cm to about 6cm, Height: approx. 4cm to 7cm, height: approx. 4cm to 8cm, height: approx. 4cm to 9cm, height: approx. 4cm to 10cm, height: approx. 4cm to 30cm, height: approx. 4cm to 50cm, height: approx. 5cm to 6cm, height: approx. 5cm to 7cm, height: approx. 5cm to 8cm, height: approx. 5cm to 9cm, height: approx. 5cm to 10cm, height: approx. 5cm to 30cm, height: approx. 5cm to 50cm, height: approx. 6cm to 7cm, height: approx. 6cm to 8cm, height: approx. 6cm to 9cm, height: approx. 6cm to 10cm, height: approx. 6cm 30cm, about 6cm to about 50cm in height, about 7cm to about 8cm in height, about 7cm to about 9cm in height, about 7cm to about 10cm in height, about 7cm to about 30cm in height, about 7cm to about 50cm in height, about 8cm to about 9cm in height, about 8cm to about 10cm in height, about 8cm to about 30cm in height, about 8cm to about 50cm in height, about 9cm to about 10cm in height, about 9cm to about 30cm in height, about 9cm to about 50cm in height, about 10cm to about 30cm in height, about 10cm to about 50cm in height, or about 30cm to about 50cm in height.In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are each independently about 1 cm tall, about 2 cm tall, about 3 cm tall, about 4 cm tall, about 5 cm tall, about 6 cm tall, about 7 cm tall, about 8 cm tall, about 9 cm tall, about 10 cm tall, about 30 cm tall, or about 50 cm tall. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are each independently at least about 1 cm tall, about 2 cm tall, about 3 cm tall, about 4 cm tall, about 5 cm tall, about 6 cm tall, about 7 cm tall, about 8 cm tall, about 9 cm tall, about 10 cm tall, or about 30 cm tall. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units are each independently up to about 2 cm in height, about 3 cm in height, about 4 cm in height, about 5 cm in height, about 6 cm in height, about 7 cm in height, about 8 cm in height, about 9 cm in height, about 10 cm in height, about 30 cm in height, or about 50 cm in height.

[0059]

[0069] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may independently have about 1 to about 30 nodes. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may independently have about 1 to about 2 nodes, about 1 to about 3 nodes, about 1 to about 4 nodes, about 1 to about 5 nodes, about 1 to about 6 nodes, about 1 to about 7 nodes, about 1 to about 8 nodes, about 1 to about 9 nodes, about 1 to about 10 nodes, about 1 to about 15 nodes, about 1 to about 30 nodes, about 2 to about 3 nodes, about 2 to about 4 nodes, about 2 to about 5 nodes, about 2 to about 6 nodes, about 2 to about 7 nodes, about 2 to about 8 nodes, about 2 to about 9 nodes, about 2 to about 10 nodes, about 2 to about 15 nodes, about 2 to about 30 nodes, about 3 to about 4 nodes, about 3 to about 5 nodes, about 3 to about 6 nodes, about 3 to about 7 nodes, about 3 to about 8 nodes, about 3 to about 9 nodes, about 3 to about 10 nodes, about 3 to about 15 nodes, about 3 to about 30 nodes, about 4 to about 5 nodes, about 4 to about 6 nodes, About 4 to about 7 nodes, about 4 to about 8 nodes, about 4 to about 9 nodes, about 4 to about 10 nodes, about 4 to about 15 nodes, about 4 to about 30 nodes, about 5 to about 6 nodes, about 5 to about 7 nodes, about 5 to about 8 nodes, about 5 to about 9 nodes, about 5 to about 10 nodes, about 5 to about 15 nodes, about 5 to about 30 nodes, about 6 to about 7 nodes, about 6 to about 8 nodes, about 6 to about 9 nodes, about 6 to about 10 nodes, about 6 to about 15 nodes , about 6 to about 30 nodes, about 7 to about 8 nodes, about 7 to about 9 nodes, about 7 to about 10 nodes, about 7 to about 15 nodes, about 7 to about 30 nodes, about 8 to about 9 nodes, about 8 to about 10 nodes, about 8 to about 15 nodes, about 8 to about 30 nodes, about 9 to about 10 nodes, about 9 to about 15 nodes, about 9 to about 30 nodes, about 10 to about 15 nodes, about 10 to about 30 nodes, or about 15 to about 30 nodes. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may independently have about 1 node, about 2 nodes, about 3 nodes, about 4 nodes, about 5 nodes, about 6 nodes, about 7 nodes, about 8 nodes, about 9 nodes, about 10 nodes, about 15 nodes, or about 30 nodes.In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may independently have at least about 1 node, about 2 nodes, about 3 nodes, about 4 nodes, about 5 nodes, about 6 nodes, about 7 nodes, about 8 nodes, about 9 nodes, about 10 nodes, or about 15 nodes. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may independently have at most about 2 nodes, about 3 nodes, about 4 nodes, about 5 nodes, about 6 nodes, about 7 nodes, about 8 nodes, about 9 nodes, about 10 nodes, about 15 nodes, or about 30 nodes.

[0060]

[0070] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may each independently be between about 1 week and about 32 weeks old. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may each independently be between about 1 week and about 2 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 3 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 4 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 5 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 6 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 7 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 8 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 9 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 10 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 16 weeks old, between about 1 week and about 32 weeks old, between about 2 weeks and about 3 weeks old, between about 2 weeks and about 4 weeks old, between about 2 weeks and about 5 weeks old. Age, about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 6 weeks Age, about 4 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 1 The age may be 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 32 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 32 weeks, or about 16 weeks to about 32 weeks. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units can each independently be about 1 week old, about 2 weeks old, about 3 weeks old, about 4 weeks old, about 5 weeks old, about 6 weeks old, about 7 weeks old, about 8 weeks old, about 9 weeks old, about 10 weeks old, about 16 weeks old, or about 32 weeks old.In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may each independently be at least about 1 week old, about 2 weeks old, about 3 weeks old, about 4 weeks old, about 5 weeks old, about 6 weeks old, about 7 weeks old, about 8 weeks old, about 9 weeks old, about 10 weeks old, or about 16 weeks old. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass planting units may each independently be at most about 2 weeks old, about 3 weeks old, about 4 weeks old, about 5 weeks old, about 6 weeks old, about 7 weeks old, about 8 weeks old, about 9 weeks old, about 10 weeks old, about 16 weeks old, or about 32 weeks old.

[0061] Field Production

[0071] In certain aspects, described herein are methods of producing Arundo grass biomass from a planting unit. The production of the biomass can include contacting the planting unit with soil. In some embodiments, the contacting can be manual planting. In some embodiments, the contacting can be accomplished by mechanical planting.

[0062]

[0072] In some embodiments, the distance between planting units can be less than about 0.01 m to about 5 m. In some embodiments, the distance between planting units can be less than about 0.01 m to about 0.05 m, about 0.01 m to about 0.1 m, about 0.01 m to about 0.5 m, about 0.01 m to about 1 m, about 0.01 m to about 1.5 m, about 0.01 m to about 2 m, about 0.01 m to about 2.5 m, about 0.01 m to about 3 m, about 0.01 m to about 3.5 m, about 0.01 m to about 4 m, about 0.01 m to about 5 m, about 0.05 m to about 0.1 m, about 0.05 m to about 0.5 m, about 0.05m to about 1m, about 0.05m to about 1.5m, about 0.05m to about 2m, about 0.05m to about 2.5m, about 0.05m to about 3m, about 0.05m to about 3.5m, about 0.05m to about 4m, about 0.05m Approximately 5m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 0.5m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 1m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 1.5m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 2m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 2.5m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 3m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 3.5m, approximately 0.1m to approximately 4m, approximately 0.1m~5m, 0.5m~1m, 0.5m~1.5m, 0.5m~2m, 0.5m~2.5m, 0.5m~3m, 0.5m~3.5m, 0.5m~4m, 0.5m~4m 5m, about 1m to about 1.5m, about 1m to about 2m, about 1m to about 2.5m, about 1m to about 3m, about 1m to about 3.5m, about 1m to about 4m, about 1m to about 5m, about 1.5m to about 2m, about 1.5m to about 2.5m, about 1.5m ~3m, 1.5m~3.5m, 1.5m~4m, 1.5m~5m, 2m~2.5m, 2m~3m, 2m~3.5m, 2m~4m, 2m~5m, 2.5m~3m, Approx. It can be from 2.5 m to about 3.5 m, from about 2.5 m to about 4 m, from about 2.5 m to about 5 m, from about 3 m to about 3.5 m, from about 3 m to about 4 m, from about 3 m to about 5 m, from about 3.5 m to about 4 m, from about 3.5 m to about 5 m, or from about 4 m to less than about 5 m. In some embodiments, the distance between planting units may be less than about 0.01 m, about 0.05 m, about 0.1 m, about 0.5 m, about 1 m, about 1.5 m, about 2 m, about 2.5 m, about 3 m, about 3.5 m, about 4 m, or about 5 m. In some embodiments, the distance between planting units may be at least about 0.01 m, about 0.05 m, about 0.1 m, about 0.5 m, about 1 m, about 1.5 m, about 2 m, about 2.5 m, about 3 m, about 3.5 m, or less than about 4 m.In some embodiments, the distance between planting units may be less than about 0.05 m, about 0.1 m, about 0.5 m, about 1 m, about 1.5 m, about 2 m, about 2.5 m, about 3 m, about 3.5 m, about 4 m or about 5 m.

[0063]

[0073] In some embodiments, the planting units may be planted at a depth of at least about 5 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the planting units may be planted at a depth of at least about 5 mm to about 10 mm, about 5 mm to about 15 mm, about 5 mm to about 20 mm, about 5 mm to about 25 mm, about 5 mm to about 30 mm, about 5 mm to about 35 mm, about 5 mm to about 40 mm, about 5 mm to about 45 mm, about 5 mm to about 50 mm, about 5 mm to about 100 mm, about 5 mm to about 300 mm, about 10 mm to about 15 mm, about 10 mm to about 20 mm, about 10 mm to about 25 mm, about 10 mm to about 30 mm, about 10 mm to about 35 mm, Approximately 10mm to approximately 40mm, approximately 10mm to approximately 45mm, approximately 10mm to approximately 50mm, approximately 10mm to approximately 100mm, approximately 10mm to approximately 300mm, approximately 15mm to approximately 20mm, approximately 15mm to approximately 25mm, approximately 15mm to approximately 30mm, approximately 15mm to approximately 35mm, about 15mm to about 40mm, about 15mm to about 45mm, about 15mm to about 50mm, about 15mm to about 100mm, about 15mm to about 300mm, about 20mm to about 25mm, about 20mm to about 30mm, about 20mm to about 35mm, about 20 mm~40mm, 20mm~45mm, 20mm~50mm, 20mm~100mm, 20mm~300mm, 25mm~30mm, 25mm~35mm, 25mm~40mm, 25mm~45m m, about 25mm to about 50mm, about 25mm to about 100mm, about 25mm to about 300mm, about 30mm to about 35mm, about 30mm to about 40mm, about 30mm to about 45mm, about 30mm to about 50mm, about 30mm to about 100mm, about 30mm The fibers may be planted at a depth of about 300 mm, about 35 mm to about 40 mm, about 35 mm to about 45 mm, about 35 mm to about 50 mm, about 35 mm to about 100 mm, about 35 mm to about 300 mm, about 40 mm to about 45 mm, about 40 mm to about 50 mm, about 40 mm to about 100 mm, about 40 mm to about 300 mm, about 45 mm to about 50 mm, about 45 mm to about 100 mm, about 45 mm to about 300 mm, about 50 mm to about 100 mm, about 50 mm to about 300 mm, or about 100 mm to about 300 mm.In some embodiments, the planting units may be planted at a depth of at least about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 45 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, or about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the planting units may be planted at a depth of at least about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 45 mm, about 50 mm, or about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the planting units may be planted at a depth of at least up to about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 45 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, or about 300 mm.

[0064]

[0074] In some embodiments, the soil may have a moisture level of about 1% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the soil may have a moisture level of about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 70%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 85%, about 1% to about 90%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5 ...80%, about 1% to about 90%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 90%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 90%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about %, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 80%, about 5% to about 85%, about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 85%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60% , about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 85%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 85%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 85%, about 40% to The soil may have a moisture level of about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, or about 85% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the soil may have a moisture level of about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. In some embodiments, the soil may have a moisture level of at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 85%. In some embodiments, the soil may have a moisture level of up to about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%.

[0065]

[0075] In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants have a density of at least about 1 U / m in the topsoil. 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants have a density in the topsoil of at least about 1 U / m 2 ~about 300U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~about 500U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~about 700U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~about 900U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~Approx. 1,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~Approx. 3,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~Approx. 5,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~about 7,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~9,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 1U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~about 500U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~about 700U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~about 900U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~Approx. 1,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~Approx. 3,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~Approx. 5,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~about 7,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~9,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 300U / m2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 700U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 900U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 1,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 3,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 5,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 900U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 1,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 3,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 5,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 1,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 3,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 5,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2, about 900U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 3,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 5,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 、About 3,000U / m 2 ~About 5,000U / m 2 、About 3,000U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 、About 3,000U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 、About 3,000U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 、About 3,000U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 、About 5,000U / m 2 ~About 7,000U / m 2 、About 5,000U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 、About 5,000U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 、About 5,000U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 、About 7,000U / m 2 ~About 9,000U / m 2 、About 7,000U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 、About 7,000U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 、About 9,000U / m 2 ~About 10,000U / m 2 、About 9,000U / m 2~About 20,000U / m 2 or about 10,000 U / m 2 ~About 20,000U / m 2 In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants have a density in the topsoil of at least about 1 U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 , about 3,000U / m 2 , about 5,000U / m 2 , about 7,000U / m 2 , about 9,000U / m 2 , about 10,000U / m 2 or about 20,000 U / m 2 In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants have a density in the topsoil of at least about 1 U / m 2 , about 300U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 , about 3,000U / m 2 , about 5,000U / m 2 , about 7,000U / m 2 , about 9,000U / m 2 or about 10,000 U / m 2 In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass plants have a density in the topsoil of at least up to about 300 U / m 2 , about 500U / m 2 , about 700U / m 2 , about 900U / m 2 , about 1,000U / m 2 , about 3,000U / m 2 , about 5,000U / m 2 , about 7,000U / m 2 , about 9,000U / m 2 , about 10,000U / m 2 or about 20,000 U / m 2 It is.

[0066] harvest

[0076] In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of harvesting Arundo grass plants. The grass plants may be harvested manually. The grass plants may be harvested mechanically. In some embodiments, harvesting may be accomplished by forage harvesting. In some embodiments, mechanical harvesting may be accomplished using a sugarcane harvester. In some embodiments, mechanical harvesting may be accomplished by using a disk mower, a fell buncher, a boom harvester, or a combination thereof. The stems of the Arundo grass may be separated from the leaves manually or mechanically. The grass stems may be cut to a specific length.

[0067]

[0077] In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plants are each independently allowed to grow to a height of about 3 m to about 12 m. In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plants are each independently allowed to grow to a height of about 3 m to about 3.5 m, about 3 m to about 4 m, about 3 m to about 4.5 m, about 3 m to about 5 m, about 3 m to about 6 m, about 3 m to about 7 m, about 3 m to about 8 m, about 3 m to about 9 m, about 3 m to about 10 m, about 3 m to about 11 m, about 3 m to about 12 m, about 3.5 m to about 4 m, about 3.5 m to about 4.5 m, about 3.5 m to about 5 m, Approximately 3.5m to approximately 6m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 7m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 8m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 9m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 10m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 11m, approximately 3.5m to approximately 12m, approximately 4m to approximately 4.5m , about 4m to about 5m, about 4m to about 6m, about 4m to about 7m, about 4m to about 8m, about 4m to about 9m, about 4m to about 10m, about 4m to about 11m, about 4m to about 12m, about 4.5m to about 5m, about 4.5m ~6m, 4.5m~7m, 4.5m~8m, 4.5m~9m, 4.5m~10m, 4.5m~11m, 4.5m~12m, 5m~6m, 5m~7 m, approximately 5m to approximately 8m, approximately 5m to approximately 9m, approximately 5m to approximately 10m, approximately 5m to approximately 11m, approximately 5m to approximately 12m, approximately 6m to approximately 7m, approximately 6m to approximately 8m, approximately 6m to approximately 9m, approximately 6m to approximately 10m, approximately 6m to approximately In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plants are each independently allowed to grow to a height of about 3 m, about 3.5 m, about 4 m, about 4.5 m, about 5 m, about 6 m, about 7 m, about 8 m, about 9 m, about 10 m, about 11 m, about 12 ... In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plants are each independently allowed to grow to a height of at least about 3 m, about 3.5 m, about 4 m, about 4.5 m, about 5 m, about 6 m, about 7 m, about 8 m, about 9 m, about 10 m, or about 11 m.In some embodiments, the Arundo grass plants are each independently allowed to grow to a maximum height of about 3.5 m, about 4 m, about 4.5 m, about 5 m, about 6 m, about 7 m, about 8 m, about 9 m, about 10 m, about 11 m, or about 12 m.

[0068]

[0078] In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass may have a moisture content of about 1% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass may have a moisture content of about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 70%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 85%, about 1% to about 90%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 60%, about 1% to about 70%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 85%, about 1% to about 90%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 60%, about 1% to about 80 ... About 50%, about 5% to about 60%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 80%, about 5% to about 85%, about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 85%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 85%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 85%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 85%, about The moisture content may be about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, or about 85% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass may have a moisture content of about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass may have a moisture content of at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 85%.In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass may have a moisture content of up to about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85% or about 90%.

[0069]

[0079] In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass stems may be cut to lengths of about 10 mm to about 1,500 mm or less. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass stems may be cut to lengths of about 10 mm to about 20 mm, about 10 mm to about 30 mm, about 10 mm to about 40 mm, about 10 mm to about 50 mm, about 10 mm to about 100 mm, about 10 mm to about 150 mm, about 10 mm to about 200 mm, about 10 mm to about 300 mm, about 10 mm to about 400 mm, about 10 mm to about 500 mm, about 10 mm to about 1,500 mm, about 20 mm to about 30 mm, about 20 mm to about 40 mm, about 20 mm to about 50 mm, about 20 mm to about 100 mm, about 20 mm to about 150 mm, about 20mm to about 200mm, about 20mm to about 300mm, about 20mm to about 400mm, about 20mm to about 500mm, about 20mm to about 1,500mm, about 30mm to about 40mm, about 30mm to about 50mm, about 30mm to about 100mm, about 30mm to about 150 mm, approx. 30 mm to approx. 200 mm, approx. 30 mm to approx. 300 mm, approx. 30 mm to approx. 400 mm, approx. 30 mm to approx. 500 mm, approx. mm, approx. 40 mm ~ approx. 300 mm, approx. 40 mm ~ approx. 400 mm, approx. 40 mm ~ approx. 500 mm, approx. 40 mm ~ approx. 1,500 mm, approx. 50 mm ~ approx. 00mm, approximately 50mm to approximately 500mm, approximately 50mm to approximately 1,500mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 150mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 200mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 300mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 400mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 500mm, approximately 100mm to approximately 1,500m m, about 150 mm to about 200 mm, about 150 mm to about 300 mm, about 150 mm to about 400 mm, about 150 mm to about 500 mm, about 150 mm to about 1,500 mm, about 200 mm to about 300 mm, about 200 mm to about 400 mm, about 200 mm to about 500 mm, about 200 mm to about 1,500 mm, about 300 mm to about 400 mm, about 300 mm to about 500 mm, about 300 mm to about 1,500 mm, about 400 mm to about 500 mm, about 400 mm to about 1,500 mm, or about 500 mm to about 1,500 mm.In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass stems may be cut to a length of about 10 mm, about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, about 150 mm, about 200 mm, about 300 mm, about 400 mm, about 500 mm, or about 1,500 mm or less. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass stems may be cut to a length of at least about 10 mm, about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, about 150 mm, about 200 mm, about 300 mm, about 400 mm, or about 500 mm or less. In some embodiments, the harvested Arundo grass stems may be cut to a length of up to about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, about 150 mm, about 200 mm, about 300 mm, about 400 mm, about 500 mm, or about 1,500 mm.

[0070] Production of fibre, pellets, chips or strips

[0080] In some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for producing fiber, pellets or chips from Arundo grass plants. Harvested Arundo stalks are cut, crushed, chopped, mechanically treated, compressed or combinations thereof to produce Arundo grass fiber, pellets, chips or full length strips (e.g., for use in bedding). Arundo grass fiber, pellets, chips or full length strips may include particles having various shapes and sizes, such as flakes, strands, fines, dust, powder and combinations thereof. Harvested Arundo stalks may be treated with a defoliant such as ethephon to remove leaves, or the leaves may be removed manually or mechanically. Harvested Arundo stalks may be washed with water or HCl to reduce mineral content.

[0071]

[0081] In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips may each independently have a length of about 1 mm to about 150 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips may each independently have a length of about 1 mm to about 5 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, about 1 mm to about 15 mm, about 1 mm to about 20 mm, about 1 mm to about 25 mm, about 1 mm to about 30 mm, about 1 mm to about 35 mm, about 1 mm to about 40 mm, about 1 mm to about 50 mm, about 1 mm to about 100 mm, about 1 mm to about 150 mm, about 5 mm to about 10 mm, about 5 mm to about 15 mm, about 5 mm to about 20 mm, about 5 mm to about 25 mm, about 5 mm to about 30 mm, about 5 mm to about 35 mm, about 5 mm to about 40 mm, about 5 ... mm~about 30mm, about 5mm~about 35mm, about 5mm~about 40mm, about 5mm~about 50mm, about 5mm~about 100mm, about 5mm~about 150mm, about 10mm~about 15mm, about 10mm~about 20mm, about 10mm~about 25mm, about 10 mm ~ 30mm, 10mm ~ 35mm, 10mm ~ 40mm, 10mm ~ 50mm, 10mm ~ 100mm, 10mm ~ 150mm, 15mm ~ 20mm, 15mm ~ 25mm, 15mm ~ 30mm , about 15mm to about 35mm, about 15mm to about 40mm, about 15mm to about 50mm, about 15mm to about 100mm, about 15mm to about 150mm, about 20mm to about 25mm, about 20mm to about 30mm, about 20mm to about 35mm, about 20mm to about Approx. 40mm, Approx. 20mm~Approx. 50mm, Approx. 20mm~Approx. 100mm, Approx. 20mm~Approx. 150mm, Approx. 25mm~Approx. 30mm, Approx. 25mm~Approx. 35mm, Approx. It may have a length of 25 mm to about 150 mm, about 30 mm to about 35 mm, about 30 mm to about 40 mm, about 30 mm to about 50 mm, about 30 mm to about 100 mm, about 30 mm to about 150 mm, about 35 mm to about 40 mm, about 35 mm to about 50 mm, about 35 mm to about 100 mm, about 35 mm to about 150 mm, about 40 mm to about 50 mm, about 40 mm to about 100 mm, about 40 mm to about 150 mm, about 50 mm to about 100 mm, about 50 mm to about 150 mm, or about 100 mm to about 150 mm.In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips may each independently have a length of about 1 mm, about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, or about 150 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips may each independently have a length of at least about 1 mm, about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, or about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of Arundo grass chips may each independently have a length of at most about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 35 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, or about 150 mm.

[0072] Biomass Products

[0082] In some aspects, processed Arundo grass material compositions and products comprising the same are described herein. The products can be renewable natural gas, biogas, biochemicals, bioplastics, pulp, paper products (e.g., packaging materials, toilet paper, paper towels, tissues, or combinations thereof), bioremediation kits, biocomposite reinforcements, animal bedding, packaging materials, textiles, fiberboards, absorbent pellets, fuel compositions, energy pellets, biofuels (such as biodiesel, jet fuel, heating oil, or ethanol), fabrics, woven fabrics, biochar, bamboo substitutes, corn substitutes, wood substitutes, aggregates, fire retardants, weed control mats, absorbent pellets, combustion pellets, flooring, structural beams, fiber reinforced composites, particle boards, animal feed, oriented strand board (OSB), bioplastics, insulation materials, and reinforcement materials, or combinations of two or more thereof.

[0073]

[0083] In some embodiments, the composition may comprise at least about 5% to about 99% by weight of Arundo fiber. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise at least about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 20% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 30% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 40% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 50% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 60% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 70% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 80% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 90% by weight of Arundo fiber, ...10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, about 5% to Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 5% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 20% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 30% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 40% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 50% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 60% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 70% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 10% to About 90% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 10% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 30% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 40% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 50% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 60% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 70% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 90% Arundo fiber Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 20% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 40% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 50% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 60% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 70% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 30% to about 95% Arundo fiber,About 30% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 50% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 60% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 70% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 40% to about 9 9% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 60% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 70% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 50% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 60% to about 7 ... Arundo fiber, about 60% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 60% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 60% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 60% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 70% to about 80% Arundo fiber, about 70% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 70% to about 95% Arundo fiber The fiber may comprise about 70% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 80% to about 90% Arundo fiber, about 80% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 80% to about 99% Arundo fiber, about 90% to about 95% Arundo fiber, about 90% to about 99% Arundo fiber, or about 95% to about 99% Arundo fiber. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 5% Arundo fibers, about 10% Arundo fibers, about 20% Arundo fibers, about 30% Arundo fibers, about 40% Arundo fibers, about 50% Arundo fibers, about 60% Arundo fibers, about 70% Arundo fibers, about 80% Arundo fibers, about 90% Arundo fibers, by weight.It may contain about 95% Arundo fibers or about 99% Arundo fibers. In some embodiments, the composition may contain at least about 5% Arundo fibers, about 10% Arundo fibers, about 20% Arundo fibers, about 30% Arundo fibers, about 40% Arundo fibers, about 50% Arundo fibers, about 60% Arundo fibers, about 70% Arundo fibers, about 80% Arundo fibers, about 90% Arundo fibers, or about 95% Arundo fibers by weight. In some embodiments, the composition may contain up to about 10% Arundo fibers, about 20% Arundo fibers, about 30% Arundo fibers, about 40% Arundo fibers, about 50% Arundo fibers, about 60% Arundo fibers, about 70% Arundo fibers, about 80% Arundo fibers, about 90% Arundo fibers, about 95% Arundo fibers, or about 99% Arundo fibers by weight.

[0074]

[0084] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a sugar content of about 1% to about 45% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a sugar content of about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 32%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 45%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 10%, about 3% to about 15%, about 3% to about 20%, about 3% to about 25%, about 3% to about 30%, about 3% to about 32%, about 3% to about 35%, about 3% to about 40%, about 3% to about 45%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 32%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 45%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 32%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 45%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 32%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 15% to about 45%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 32%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about The sugar content may be from 20% to about 45%, from about 25% to about 30%, from about 25% to about 32%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 25% to about 40%, from about 25% to about 45%, from about 30% to about 32%, from about 30% to about 35%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 45%, from about 32% to about 35%, from about 32% to about 40%, from about 32% to about 45%, from about 35% to about 40%, from about 35% to about 45%, or from about 40% to about 45%. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may have a sugar content of about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, about 40%, or about 45% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may have a sugar content of at least about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, or about 40% by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may have a sugar content of up to about 3%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, about 40% or about 45% by weight.

[0075]

[0085] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a hemicellulose content of about 20% to about 40% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a hemicellulose content of about 20% to about 23%, about 20% to about 24%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 26%, about 20% to about 27%, about 20% to about 28%, about 20% to about 29%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 32%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 23% to about 24%, about 23% to about 25%, about 23 ... %, about 23% to about 27%, about 23% to about 28%, about 23% to about 29%, about 23% to about 30%, about 23% to about 32%, about 23% to about 35%, about 23% to about 40%, about 24% to about 25%, about 24% to about 26%, about 24% to about 27%, about 24% to about 28%, about 24% to about 29%, about 24% to about 30%, about 24% to about 32%, about 24% to about 35%, about 24% to about 40%, about 25% to about 26%, about 25% to about 27 %, about 25% to about 28%, about 25% to about 29%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 32%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 26% to about 27%, about 26% to about 28%, about 26% to about 29%, about 26% to about 30%, about 26% to about 32%, about 26% to about 35%, about 26% to about 40%, about 27% to about 28%, about 27% to about 29%, about 27% to about 30%, about 27% to about 32%, about 27% to about 3 5%, about 27% to about 40%, about 28% to about 29%, about 28% to about 30%, about 28% to about 32%, about 28% to about 35%, about 28% to about 40%, about 29% to about 30%, about 29% to about 32%, about 29% to about 35%, about 29% to about 40%, about 30% to about 32%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, about 32% to about 35%, about 32% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40% hemicellulose. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a hemicellulose content of about 20%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, or about 40% by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a hemicellulose content of at least about 20%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 32%, or about 35% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a hemicellulose content of up to about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, or about 40% by weight.

[0076]

[0086] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a cellulose content of about 20% to about 50% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a cellulose content of about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 27%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 32%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 37%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 42%, about 20% to about 44%, about 20% to about 45%, about 20% to about 50%, about 25% to about 27%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 32%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25 ...5%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 3 %, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 37%, about 25% to about 40%, about 25% to about 42%, about 25% to about 44%, about 25% to about 45%, about 25% to about 50%, about 27% to about 30%, about 27% to about 32%, about 27% to about 35%, about 27% to about 37%, about 27% to about 40%, about 27% to about 42%, about 27% to about 44%, about 27% to about 45%, about 27% to about 50%, about 30% to about 32%, about 30% to about 3 5%, about 30% to about 37%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 42%, about 30% to about 44%, about 30% to about 45%, about 30% to about 50%, about 32% to about 35%, about 32% to about 37%, about 32% to about 40%, about 32% to about 42%, about 32% to about 44%, about 32% to about 45%, about 32% to about 50%, about 35% to about 37%, about 35% to about 40%, about 35% to about 42%, about 35% to about 44%, about 35% to about The cellulose content may be about 45%, about 35% to about 50%, about 37% to about 40%, about 37% to about 42%, about 37% to about 44%, about 37% to about 45%, about 37% to about 50%, about 40% to about 42%, about 40% to about 44%, about 40% to about 45%, about 40% to about 50%, about 42% to about 44%, about 42% to about 45%, about 42% to about 50%, about 44% to about 45%, about 44% to about 50%, or about 45% to about 50%. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a cellulose content of about 20%, about 25%, about 27%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, about 37%, about 40%, about 42%, about 44%, about 45% or about 50% by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a cellulose content of at least about 20%, about 25%, about 27%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, about 37%, about 40%, about 42%, about 44%, or about 45% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a cellulose content of up to about 25%, about 27%, about 30%, about 32%, about 35%, about 37%, about 40%, about 42%, about 44%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.

[0077]

[0087] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a lignin content of about 10% to about 29% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a lignin content of about 10% to about 12%, about 10% to about 14%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 16%, about 10% to about 17%, about 10% to about 18%, about 10% to about 19%, about 10% to about 29%, about 10% to about 22%, about 10% to about 24%, about 10% to about 25%, about 12% to about 14%, about 12% to about 15%, about 12% to about 1 6%, about 12% to about 17%, about 12% to about 18%, about 12% to about 19%, about 12% to about 29%, about 12% to about 22%, about 12% to about 24%, about 12% to about 25%, about 14% to about 15%, about 14% to about 16%, about 14% to about 17%, about 14% to about 18%, about 14% to about 19%, about 14% to about 29%, about 14% to about 22%, about 14% to about 24%, about 14% to about 25%, about 15% to about 16%, about 15% to about 17%, about 15% to about 18%, about 15% to about 19%, about 15% to about 29%, about 15% to about 22%, about 15% to about 24%, about 15% to about 25%, about 16% to about 17%, about 16% to about 18%, about 16% to about 19%, about 16% to about 29%, about 16% to about 22%, about 16% to about 24%, about 16% to about 25%, about 17% to about 18%, about 17% to about 19%, about 17% to about 29%, about 17% to about 22%, about 17% to The lignin content may be about 24%, about 17% to about 25%, about 18% to about 19%, about 18% to about 29%, about 18% to about 22%, about 18% to about 24%, about 18% to about 25%, about 19% to about 29%, about 19% to about 22%, about 19% to about 24%, about 19% to about 25%, about 29% to about 22%, about 29% to about 24%, about 29% to about 25%, about 22% to about 24%, about 22% to about 25%, or about 24% to about 25%. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a lignin content of about 10%, about 12%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 29%, about 22%, about 24%, or about 25% by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a lignin content of at least about 10%, about 12%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 29%, about 22%, or about 24% by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a lignin content of up to about 12%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 29%, about 22%, about 24%, or about 25% by weight.

[0078]

[0088] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a chlorine content of about 0.05% to about 1% or less by weight. In some embodiments, the Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips are from about 0.05% to about 0.06%, from about 0.05% to about 0.07%, from about 0.05% to about 0.08%, from about 0.05% to about 0.09%, from about 0.05% to about 0.1%, from about 0.05% to about 0.11%, from about 0.05% to about 0.12%, from about 0.05% to about 0.13%, from about 0.05% to about 0.14%, from about 0.05% to about 0.15%, from about 0.05% to about 1%, from about 0.06% to about 0.07%, from about 0.06% to about 0.08%, from about 0.06% to about 0.09%, About 0.06% to about 0.1%, about 0.06% to about 0.11%, about 0.06% to about 0.12%, about 0.06% to about 0.13%, about 0.06% to about 0.14%, about 0.06% to about 0.15%, about 0.06% to about 1%, about 0.07% to about 0.08%, about 0.07% to about 0.09%, about 0.07% to about 0.1%, about 0.07% to about 0.11%, about 0.07% to about 0.12%, about 0.07% to about 0.13%, about 0.07% to about 0.14%, about 0.07% to about 0.15%, about 0.07% to about 1%, about 0.08% to about 0.09%, about 0.0 8% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.11%, about 0.08% to about 0.12%, about 0.08% to about 0.13%, about 0.08% to about 0.14%, about 0.08% to about 0.15%, about 0.08% to about 1%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.11%, about 0.09% to about 0.12%, about 0.09% to about 0.13%, about 0.09% to about 0.14%, about 0.09% to about 0.15%, about 0.09% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.11%, about 0.1% to about 0.12%, about 0.1% to about 0.13%, about 0.1% to about 0.14 %, about 0.1% to about 0.15%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.11% to about 0.12%, about 0.11% to about 0.13%, about 0.11% to about 0.14%, about 0.11% to about 0.15%, about 0.11% to about 1%, about 0.12% to about 0.13%, about 0.12% to about 0.14%, about 0.12% to about 0.15%, about 0.12% to about 1%, about 0.13% to about 0.14%, about 0.13% to about 0.15%, about 0.13% to about 1%, about 0.14% to about 0.15%, about 0.14% to about 1%, or about 0.15% to about 1% chlorine content.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a chlorine content of about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, or about 1% or less by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a chlorine content of at least about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, or about 0.15% or less by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a chlorine content of up to about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, or about 1% or less by weight.

[0079]

[0089] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a Young's modulus of about 1 GPa to about 35 GPa.In some embodiments, the stems, fibers, leaves, or chips of Arundo have a molecular weight of about 1 GPa to about 5 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 7 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 10 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 12 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 15 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 17 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 20 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 5 GPa to about 7 GPa, about 5 GPa to about 10 GPa, about 5 GPa to about 12 GPa, about 5 GPa to about 15 GPa, about 5 GPa to about ... ~17GPa, ~5GPa~~20GPa, ~5GPa~~22GPa, ~5GPa~~25GPa, ~5GPa~~30GPa, ~5GPa~~35GPa, ~7GPa~~10GPa, ~7GPa~~12GPa, ~7GPa~~15GPa, ~7GPa~~17GPa, ~7GPa~~20GPa, ~7GPa~~22GPa, ~7GPa~~25GPa, ~7GPa~~30GPa, ~7GPa~~35GPa, ~10GPa~~12GPa, ~10GPa~~15GPa, ~10GPa~~17GPa, GPa to about 20 GPa, about 10 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 10 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 10 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 10 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 15 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 17 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 20 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 12 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 15 GPa to about 17 GPa, about 15 GPa to about 20 GPa, about 15 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 15 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 15 GPa to about 30 GPa, The Young's modulus may be about 15 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 17 GPa to about 20 GPa, about 17 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 17 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 17 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 17 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 20 GPa to about 22 GPa, about 20 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 20 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 20 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 22 GPa to about 25 GPa, about 22 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 22 GPa to about 35 GPa, about 25 GPa to about 30 GPa, about 25 GPa to about 35 GPa, or about 30 GPa to about 35 GPa.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a Young's modulus of about 1 GPa, about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 10 GPa, about 12 GPa, about 15 GPa, about 17 GPa, about 20 GPa, about 22 GPa, about 25 GPa, about 30 GPa, or about 35 GPa. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a Young's modulus of at least about 1 GPa, about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 10 GPa, about 12 GPa, about 15 GPa, about 17 GPa, about 20 GPa, about 22 GPa, about 25 GPa, or about 30 GPa. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a Young's modulus of up to about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 10 GPa, about 12 GPa, about 15 GPa, about 17 GPa, about 20 GPa, about 22 GPa, about 25 GPa, about 30 GPa, or about 35 GPa.

[0080]

[0090] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a shear modulus of about 0.1 GPa to about 12 GPa. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a shear modulus of about 0.1 GPa to about 0.8 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 1 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 2 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 3 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 4 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 5 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 7 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 9 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 10 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 11 GPa, about 0.1 GPa to about 12 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 1 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about ... Pa to about 3 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 4 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 5 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 7 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 9 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 10 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 11 GPa, about 0.8 GPa to about 12 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 2 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 3 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 4 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 5 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 7 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 9 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 10 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 11 GPa, about 1 GPa to about 12 GPa, about 2 GPa to about 3 GPa Pa, about 2GPa to about 4GPa, about 2GPa to about 5GPa, about 2GPa to about 7GPa, about 2GPa to about 9GPa, about 2GPa to about 10GPa, about 2GPa to about 11GPa, about 2GPa to about 12GPa, about 3GPa to about 4GPa, about 3GPa to about 5GPa, about 3GPa to about 7GPa, about 3GPa to about 9GPa, about 3GPa to about 10GPa, about 3GPa to about 11GPa, about 3GPa to about 12GPa, about 4GPa to about 5GPa, about 4GPa to about 7GPa, about 4GPa to about 9GPa, about 4GPa to about 10GPa, about 4GPa to about 4GPa The shear modulus may be from about 1 to about 11 GPa, from about 4 GPa to about 12 GPa, from about 5 GPa to about 7 GPa, from about 5 GPa to about 9 GPa, from about 5 GPa to about 10 GPa, from about 5 GPa to about 11 GPa, from about 5 GPa to about 12 GPa, from about 7 GPa to about 9 GPa, from about 7 GPa to about 10 GPa, from about 7 GPa to about 11 GPa, from about 7 GPa to about 12 GPa, from about 9 GPa to about 10 GPa, from about 9 GPa to about 11 GPa, from about 9 GPa to about 12 GPa, from about 10 GPa to about 11 GPa, from about 10 GPa to about 12 GPa, or from about 11 GPa to about 12 GPa.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a shear modulus of about 0.1 GPa, about 0.8 GPa, about 1 GPa, about 2 GPa, about 3 GPa, about 4 GPa, about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 9 GPa, about 10 GPa, about 11 GPa, or about 12 GPa. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a shear modulus of at least about 0.1 GPa, about 0.8 GPa, about 1 GPa, about 2 GPa, about 3 GPa, about 4 GPa, about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 9 GPa, about 10 GPa, or about 11 GPa. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may have a shear modulus of up to about 0.8 GPa, about 1 GPa, about 2 GPa, about 3 GPa, about 4 GPa, about 5 GPa, about 7 GPa, about 9 GPa, about 10 GPa, about 11 GPa or about 12 GPa.

[0081]

[0091] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a sodium content of about 0.05% to about 3% by weight or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a sodium content of about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.2%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to about 0.7%, about 0.05% to about 0.9%, about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 1.5%, about 0.05% to about 2%, about 0.05% to about 2.5%, about 0.05% to about 3%, about 0.05% to about 4%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 6%, about 0.05% to about 7%, about 0.05% to about 8%, about 0.05% to about 9%, about 0.05% to about 10%, about 0.05% to about 11%, about 0.05% to about 15%, about 0.05% to about 16%, about 0.05% to about 18%, about 0.05% to about 20%, about 0.05% to about 22%, about 0.05% to about 25%, about 0.05% to about 26%, about 0.05% to about 28%, about 0.05% to about 30%, about 0.05% to about 32%, about 0.05% to about 36%, about 0.05% to about 38%, about 0.05% to about 39%, about 0.05% to about 40%, about 0.05% to about 40%, about 0.05% to about 40%, about 0.05% to .1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2% , about 0.2% to about 2.5%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.5%, about 0.7% to about 2%, about 0.7% to about 2.5%, about 0.7% to about 3%, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain a sodium content of about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, or about 3% by weight or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a sodium content of at least about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, or about 2.5% or less by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a sodium content of up to about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, or about 3% by weight.

[0082]

[0092] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a potassium content of about 0.05% to about 3% by weight or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a potassium content of about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.2%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to about 0.7%, about 0.05% to about 0.9%, about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 1.5%, about 0.05% to about 2%, about 0.05% to about 2.5%, about 0.05% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2 %, about 0.2% to about 2.5%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.5%, about 0.7% to about 2%, about 0.7% to about 2.5%, about 0.7% to about 3% , about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1.5%, about 0.9% to about 2%, about 0.9% to about 2.5%, about 0.9% to about 3%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 2.5%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1.5% to about 2%, about 1.5% to about 2.5%, about 1.5% to about 3%, about 2% to about 2.5%, about 2% to about 3%, or about 2.5% to about 3% potassium content or less by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have a potassium content of about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, or about 3% potassium content or less by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a potassium content of at least about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, or less than about 2.5% by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may contain a potassium content of up to about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, or about 3% by weight.

[0083]

[0093] In some embodiments, the Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of about 0.05% to about 8% by weight or less. In some embodiments, the Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.2%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to about 0.7%, about 0.05% to about 0.9%, about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 1.5%, about 0.05% to about 2%, about 0.05% to about 2.5%, about 0.05% to about 3%, about 0.05% to about 6%, about 0.1% to about 0.2 ... % to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 2.5%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.5%, about 0.7% to about 2%, about 0.7% to about 2.5%, about 0.7% to about 3%, about 0.7% to about 6%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1.5%, about 0. The ash content may be from about 9% to about 2%, from about 0.9% to about 2.5%, from about 0.9% to about 3%, from about 0.9% to about 6%, from about 1% to about 1.5%, from about 1% to about 2%, from about 1% to about 2.5%, from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 6%, from about 1.5% to about 2%, from about 1.5% to about 2.5%, from about 1.5% to about 3%, from about 1.5% to about 6%, from about 2% to about 2.5%, from about 2% to about 3%, from about 2% to about 6%, from about 2.5% to about 3%, from about 2.5% to about 6%, or from about 3% to about 6% or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves or chips may have an ash content of about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, or about 6% or less by weight.In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of at least about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, or about 3% or less by weight. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 0.7%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, or about 8% or less by weight.

[0084]

[0094] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain about 1 mg / kg to about 30,000 mg / kg or less of potassium. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain about 1 mg / kg to about 100 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 500 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 2,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 3,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 4,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 5,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 7,500 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 10,000 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 15,500 mg / kg. g / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 30,000 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg to about 500 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg to about 2,000 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg to about 3,000 mg / kg, about 10 0mg / kg to approx. 4,000mg / kg, approx. 100mg / kg to approx. 5,000mg / kg, approx. 100mg / kg to approx. 7,500mg / kg, approx. 100mg / kg to approx. 10,000mg / kg, approx. 100mg / kg to approx. 15,500mg / kg, approx. 100mg / kg kg~about 30,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 1,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 2,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 3,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 4,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 5,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg to about 7,500mg / kg, about 500mg / kg to about 10,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg to about 15,500mg / kg, about 500mg / kg to about 30,000mg / kg, about 1,000mg / kg to about 2 ,000mg / kg, about 1,000mg / kg to about 3,000mg / kg, about 1,000mg / kg to about 4,000mg / kg, about 1,000mg / kg to about 5,000mg / kg, about 1,000mg / kg to about 7,500mg / kg, about 1,000mg / k g ~ approx. 10,000 mg / kg, approx. 1,000 mg / kg ~ approx. 15,500 mg / kg, approx. 1,000 mg / kg ~ approx. 30,000 mg / kg, approx. 2,000 mg / kg ~ approx. 3,000 mg / kg, approx. 2,000 mg / kg ~ approx. 4,000 mg / kg, approx.000mg / kg ~ approx. 5,000mg / kg, approx. 2,000mg / kg ~ approx. 7,500mg / kg, approx. 2,000mg / kg ~ approx. 10,000mg / kg, approx. 2,000mg / kg ~15,500mg / kg, approximately 2,000mg / kg~30,000mg / kg, approximately 3,000mg / kg~4,000mg / kg, approximately 3,000mg / kg~5,000m g / kg, about 3,000mg / kg to about 7,500mg / kg, about 3,000mg / kg to about 10,000mg / kg, about 3,000mg / kg to about 15,500mg / kg, about 3, 000mg / kg~approx. 30,000mg / kg, approx. 4,000mg / kg~approx. 5,000mg / kg, approx. 4,000mg / kg~approx. 7,500mg / kg, approx. 4,000mg / kg~ Approx. 10,000mg / kg, Approx. 4,000mg / kg~Approx. 15,500mg / kg, Approx. 4,000mg / kg~Approx. 30,000mg / kg, Approx. 5,000mg / kg~Approx. 7,500m g / kg, about 5,000mg / kg to about 10,000mg / kg, about 5,000mg / kg to about 15,500mg / kg, about 5,000mg / kg to about 30,000mg / kg, about 7 The amount of potassium in the composition may be about 500 mg / kg to about 10,000 mg / kg, about 7,500 mg / kg to about 15,500 mg / kg, about 7,500 mg / kg to about 30,000 mg / kg, about 10,000 mg / kg to about 15,500 mg / kg, about 10,000 mg / kg to about 30,000 mg / kg, or about 15,500 mg / kg to about 30,000 mg / kg or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain up to about 1 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg, about 500 mg / kg, about 1,000 mg / kg, about 2,000 mg / kg, about 3,000 mg / kg, about 4,000 mg / kg, about 5,000 mg / kg, about 7,500 mg / kg, about 10,000 mg / kg, about 15,500 mg / kg, or about 30,000 mg / kg of potassium.

[0085]

[0095] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain about 1 mg / kg or less to about 1,000 mg / kg of sodium. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain about 1 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 100 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 300 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 400 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 500 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 600 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 700 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 800 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 900 mg / kg, about 1 mg / kg to about 1,000mg / kg, about 50mg / kg to about 100mg / kg, about 50mg / kg to about 200mg / kg, about 50mg / kg to about 300mg / kg, about 50mg / kg to about 400mg / kg, about 50mg / kg to about 500mg / kg, about 50mg / k g ~ about 600mg / kg, about 50mg / kg - about 700mg / kg, about 50mg / kg - about 800mg / kg, about 50mg / kg - about 900mg / kg, about 50mg / kg - about 1,000mg / kg, about 100mg / kg - about 200mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg~about 300mg / kg, about 100mg / kg~about 400mg / kg, about 100mg / kg~about 500mg / kg, about 100mg / kg~about 600mg / kg, about 100mg / kg~about 700mg / kg, about 100mg / kg~about 800mg / kg kg, about 100mg / kg to about 900mg / kg, about 100mg / kg to about 1,000mg / kg, about 200mg / kg to about 300mg / kg, about 200mg / kg to about 400mg / kg, about 200mg / kg to about 500mg / kg, about 200mg / k g ~ about 600mg / kg, about 200mg / kg - about 700mg / kg, about 200mg / kg - about 800mg / kg, about 200mg / kg - about 900mg / kg, about 200mg / kg - about 1,000mg / kg, about 300mg / kg - about 400mg / kg , about 300mg / kg to about 500mg / kg, about 300mg / kg to about 600mg / kg, about 300mg / kg to about 700mg / kg, about 300mg / kg to about 800mg / kg, about 300mg / kg to about 900mg / kg, about 300mg / kg to about 1,000mg / kg, about 400mg / kg to about 500mg / kg, about 400mg / kg to about 600mg / kg, about 400mg / kg to about 700mg / kg, about 400mg / kg to about 800mg / kg, about 400mg / kg to about 900mg / kg, about 400 mg / kg~about 1,000mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 600mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 700mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 800mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 900mg / kg, about 500mg / kg~about 1,000 The amount of sodium in the composition may be about 600 mg / kg to about 700 mg / kg, about 600 mg / kg to about 800 mg / kg, about 600 mg / kg to about 900 mg / kg, about 600 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg, about 700 mg / kg to about 800 mg / kg, about 700 mg / kg to about 900 mg / kg, about 700 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg, about 800 mg / kg to about 900 mg / kg, about 800 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg, or about 900 mg / kg to about 1,000 mg / kg. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain up to about 1 mg / kg, about 50 mg / kg, about 100 mg / kg, about 200 mg / kg, about 300 mg / kg, about 400 mg / kg, about 500 mg / kg, about 600 mg / kg, about 700 mg / kg, about 800 mg / kg, about 900 mg / kg, or about 1,000 mg / kg sodium.

[0086]

[0096] In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of about 1% to about 12% by weight or less. In some embodiments, Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may have an ash content of about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 9%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 11%, about 1% to about 12%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 9%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 11%, about 2% to about 12%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 9%, about 3% to about 10%, about 3% to about 11%, about 3% to about 12%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, About 4% to about 7%, About 4% to about 8%, About 4% to about 9%, About 4% to about 10%, About 4% to about 11%, About 4% to about 12%, About 5% to about 6%, About 5% to about 7%, About 5% to about 8%, About 5% to about 9%, About 5% to about 10%, About 5% to about 11%, About 5% to about 12%, About 6% to about 7%, About 6% to about 8%, About 6% to about 9%, About 6% to about 10%, About 6% to about 11%, About The ash content may be about 6% to about 12%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 7% to about 11%, about 7% to about 12%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 11%, about 8% to about 12%, about 9% to about 10%, about 9% to about 11%, about 9% to about 12%, about 10% to about 11%, about 10% to about 12%, or about 11% to about 12% or less. In some embodiments, the Arundo stems, fibers, leaves, or chips may contain about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12% or less by weight.

[0087]

[0097] In some embodiments, the fuel composition may include an energy content of from about 7,000 BTU / lb to about 11,000 BTU / lb. In some embodiments, the fuel composition may have an energy content of from about 7,000 BTU / lb to about 8,000 BTU / lb, from about 7,000 BTU / lb to about 9,000 BTU / lb, from about 7,000 BTU / lb to about 10,000 BTU / lb, from about 7,000 BTU / lb to about 11,000 BTU / lb, from about 8,000 BTU / lb to about 9,000 BTU / lb, from about 8,000 BTU / lb to about 10,000 BTU / lb, from about 8,000 BTU / lb to about 11,000 BTU / lb, from about 9,000 BTU / lb to about 10,000 BTU / lb, from about 9,000 BTU / lb to about 11,000 BTU / lb, or from about 10,000 BTU / lb to about 11,000 BTU / lb. In some embodiments, the fuel composition may include an energy content of about 7,000 BTU / lb, about 8,000 BTU / lb, about 9,000 BTU / lb, about 10,000 BTU / lb, or about 11,000 BTU / lb. In some embodiments, the fuel composition may include an energy content of at least about 7,000 BTU / lb, about 8,000 BTU / lb, about 9,000 BTU / lb, or about 10,000 BTU / lb. In some embodiments, the fuel composition may include an energy content of up to about 8,000 BTU / lb, about 9,000 BTU / lb, about 10,000 BTU / lb, or about 11,000 BTU / lb.

[0088]

[0098] In some embodiments, the absorbent pellets can absorb at least about 90% to about 350% of their weight of liquid. In some embodiments, the absorbent pellets can absorb at least about 90% to about 100%, about 90% to about 150%, about 90% to about 200%, about 90% to about 225%, about 90% to about 250%, about 90% to about 275%, about 90% to about 285%, about 90% to about 300%, about 90% to about 350%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 225%, about 100% to about 250%, about 100% to about 275%, about 100% to about 285%, about 100% to about 300%, about 100% to about 350%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 225%, about 150% to about 250%, about 150% to about 275%, about 150% to about 285%, About 150% to about 300%, about 150% to about 350%, about 200% to about 225%, about 200% to about 250%, about 200% to about 275%, about 200% to about 285%, about 200% to about 300%, about 200% to about 350%, about 225% to about 250%, about 225% to about 275%, about 225% to about 285%, about 225% to about 300% , about 225% to about 350%, about 250% to about 275%, about 250% to about 285%, about 250% to about 300%, about 250% to about 350%, about 275% to about 285%, about 275% to about 300%, about 275% to about 350%, about 285% to about 300%, about 285% to about 350%, or about 300% to about 350% of the liquid. In some embodiments, the absorbent pellets can absorb at least about 90%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 225%, about 250%, about 275%, about 285%, about 300%, or about 350% of their weight of liquid. In some embodiments, the absorbent pellets can absorb at least about 90%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 225%, about 250%, about 275%, about 285%, or about 300% of their weight in liquid, in some embodiments, the absorbent pellets can absorb up to about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 225%, about 250%, about 275%, about 285%, about 300%, or about 350% of their weight in liquid. EXAMPLES

[0089] Working Example Greenhouse acclimation of tissue cloned Arundo grass plants.

[0099] The clone units arrive at the greenhouse in a light-tight container. If the clone units are shipped in an agar gel, the gel is removed before planting. The clone units are not exposed to direct sunlight and are handled with gloves and curved tweezers to prevent damage to the plants. Each clone unit is placed in a cell of a 1-inch circular plug tray containing a planting medium, such as sterile potting soil. Irrigate the plug tray to keep the soil moist. Avoid misting the planting units to reduce leaf rot. The clone units are shaded (not placed in direct sunlight) under 300-600 foot-candles of light for 7-14 days of root establishment. The temperature in the greenhouse is kept at least 68°F to promote rapid root establishment and shoot growth. Roots of new plantlets are established by the 21st day.

[0090] Storage of planting units

[0100] Planting units are stored at 45-50°F under 200-300 foot-candles of light to stop growth. The soil in the planting units should be kept moist, but do not water the planting units during storage to prevent mold and oversaturation of the soil.

[0091] Separation of buds

[0101] Separation of shoots to create additional planting units is performed by planting clonal units in sterile potting soil in 3-4 inch pots to encourage the production of multiple shoots. After 4-6 weeks, new shoots from the original planting unit are carefully sliced ​​to include root material in the sliced ​​shoot segments to ensure viability. The new shoots are planted into 1 inch circular plug trays and returned to the greenhouse for 6-8 weeks for plant and root maturity before planting in the field.

[0092] Chip Production

[0102] In certain end uses, Arundo grass is harvested using a sugarcane harvester or similar. The resulting post-harvest raw material is 190-460 mm Arundo grass stalk pieces without leaves attached. These stalks are processed into 10-40 mm chips. Preferably, the moisture content of the stalks is greater than or equal to 40% to facilitate cutting and minimize material loss, for example in the form of sawdust. Arundo grass stalks are harvested into mesh bins. The 190-460 mm Arundo grass stalk pieces are dumped onto a conveyor and sent to a sand and leaf separator, below which waste is collected. The processed stalks are rinsed in a drum washer to remove inorganic material that may cause further wear on the processing equipment and to reduce the levels of ash, Cl, K, and Na in the material. A roller grader separates the stalks by size and selects the smallest diameter stalks. The diameter used is determined based on the application. The remaining stalks are conveyed to a corrugated orienting vibratory conveyor that orients the stalks in one direction in preparation for cutting. The oriented stalks are conveyed to a slicer with sealing rollers to maintain the orientation. The stalks are pressed into a mesh grid to cut evenly, and then a rotary slicer is used to cut the stalks to length. The resulting chips are optionally conveyed to a drum washer if they are to be used in the production of chips requiring lower ash, Na, Cl and / or K levels (e.g., for use in fuel compositions). In other cases, the chips are conveyed directly to a mesh bin for drying or shipping.

[0093] Soil Bioremediation

[0103] Arundo plant chips produced by the methods described herein were tested for content of several elements, yielding the following values: Calcium 800 mg / kg, Magnesium ~1200 mg / kg, Phosphorus ~1000 mg / kg, Chlorine ~5000 mg / kg. Additional elements were tested, the results of which are shown below in Table 1A.

[0094] [Table 1]

[0095] Fiber from samples of large perennial grasses was ground prior to analysis. Loss on drying was measured using ground samples overnight at 105°C in air. All results were determined based on the weight of the dried ground sample and were calculated and reported on a sample basis. 58-Ash content was determined after stepwise ashing in air to 750°C and holding at that temperature for 8 hours. 61-Oxygen content by difference was calculated as (100-CHNS-Ash)% and may be subject to errors due to oxidation of inorganic components during ashing, double subtraction of components such as sulfur remaining in the ash, or volatilization of other species (such as halogens) not measured or subtracted.

[0096]

[0104] These same tests demonstrated that plants can take up the following elements that do not occur naturally in plants: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and phosphorus.

[0097]

[0105] Soil bioremediation can be carried out using the methods described herein, for example, by planting Arundo grass plants in cadmium-contaminated soil. The plants are harvested and used for fuel applications. After several planting and harvesting cycles, the soil becomes substantially free of cadmium and safe for food production.

[0098]

[0106] Soil bioremediation can be carried out using the methods described herein, for example, by planting Arundo grass plants in soil contaminated with mercury (Hg). The plants are harvested and used for fuel applications. After several planting and harvesting cycles, the soil becomes substantially free of mercury (Hg) and safe for food production.

[0099] Sugar Harvesting

[0107] Arundo plants produced by the methods described herein are harvested before the plants go into dormancy / quiescence, such as by harvesting during the new moon. Harvesting the plants at this stage increases the sugar content of the stems and leaves compared to plants harvested at other times of the year.

[0100] Effect of plant spacing on annual yield

[0108] Single phenotypes were tested by planting in rows in plots with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 meters spacing between each plant. All plots received the same irrigation and external nitrogen (N) dose (added as nitrate fertilizer). Reported annual yields were measured on stem material only (i.e. leaves and stems were not included in the weight). Results are shown in Table 1b.

[0101] [Table 2]

[0102] Stem yield of exemplary phenotypes of Arundo Donax

[0109] Using the methods described herein, eight selected exemplary Arundo donax phenotypes were cultivated, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0103] [Table 3]

[0104] Effect of external nitrogen (added as nitrate fertilizer) on annual stalk yield.

[0110] Three samples of each of selected exemplary Arundo donax phenotypes were grown using the methods described herein and different amounts of added N (as nitrate fertilizer), and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0105] [Table 4]

[0106] Composition of Arundo Donax samples grown and harvested as described herein

[0111] Four samples of one selectively bred Arundo donax phenotype were measured for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content using NREL laboratory analytical procedures NREL / TP-2800-76724 and NREL / TP-510-42618. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0107] [Table 5]

[0108] Water absorption of Arundo pellets made according to the method described herein

[0112] Ten replicate pellets were dried overnight at 60°C and weighed. The dried samples were covered with approximately 400 mL of deionized water. The samples were left in the deionized water for 24 hours per ASTM D570. Measurements were made by slowly adding water to the dry pellets in a plastic container until they no longer absorbed any more water. The pellets were left for 24 hours and additional water was added dropwise until the pellets were completely saturated. Any water not absorbed by the pellets was removed from the container and the wet samples were then weighed and the moisture adsorption calculated. The results are shown in Table 5 below.

[0109] [Table 6]

[0110] Oriented strand board produced by the methods described herein

[0113] Testing was performed on five oriented strandboard samples made from Arundo strand produced as described herein. Testing was performed using ASTM D1037-12 (2020) -"Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials". Results are shown in Table 6. As shown in Figure 10, the flexural strength of the example Arundo donax oriented strandboard was measured and compared to oriented strandboards using other materials.

[0111] [Table 7]

[0112] Particleboard produced by the method described herein

[0114] Samples of particleboard containing Arundo particles and produced using the methods described herein were tested for physical and mechanical properties. Physical (density and moisture sorption) and mechanical (tensile and bending normal to the surface or internal bonds) tests were performed according to ASTM D1037-2012. Equations for these calculations can be found in ASTM D1037-2012. Specimens were conditioned in a 50% RH, 70°F environment for a minimum of 48 hours prior to testing. The results are shown in Tables 7(a)-7(e) below.

[0113] [Table 8]

[0114] [Table 9]

[0115] [Table 10]

[0116] [Table 11]

[0117] [Table 12]

[0118] Example products made from Arundo donax produced by the methods described herein

[0115] Example products were prepared from Arundo donax produced by the methods described herein. Selected example products are shown in Figures 5-9 and 11-12. Figure 5 shows pelletized Arundo donax made by the methods described herein. Figure 6A shows four medium density fiberboard samples: a reference using 100% wood fiber for comparison (top left, "REF"), a blend of 25% Arundo donax fiber and wood fiber (top right, "B-25"), a blend of 50% Arundo donax fiber and wood fiber (bottom left, "B-50"), and a medium density fiberboard with 100% Arundo donax fiber (bottom right, "B-100"). Figure 6B shows an example of particleboard made with 100% Arundo donax particles. Figure 7 shows Arundo donax pulp used as starting material to make the Arundo donax paper shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows oriented strand board made using Arundo donax strands produced by the methods described herein. Figure 11A shows Arundo donax chips produced in various chip lengths as shown in Figure 11B. Figure 12 shows Arundo donax stems (with the leaves stripped).

[0119] Testing Shear Modulus and / or Young's Modulus of Arundo-Based Compositions by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method

[0116] Homogeneous samples of the Arundo compositions described herein are provided in the form of rectangular bars, cylindrical rods or flat disks and are tested using ASTM E1876-22 to determine Young's modulus and / or shear modulus.

[0120]

[0117] Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. The present invention is not intended to be limited by the specific examples provided herein. The present invention has been described with reference to the above specification, but the description and illustration of the embodiments herein should not be construed in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art will recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives without departing from the present invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the present invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations, or relative proportions described herein, which depend on various conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present invention described herein may be employed in implementing the present invention. It is therefore contemplated that the present invention should also encompass such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. The following claims define the scope of the present invention, and it is intended that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents are included.

Claims

1. 1. A method for cultivating Arundo grass, comprising: (a) providing a plurality of Arundo grass planting units in soil; (b) subjecting said plurality of Arundo grass planting units to conditions sufficient to cultivate said plurality of Arundo grass planting units, thereby producing at least about 1 unit of Arundo grass per square meter (U / m) of soil surface. ２ providing a plurality of Arundo grass plants having a density of A method comprising:

2. Each of the plurality of planting units is an Arundo grass plant, an Arundo grass plantlet, or an Arundo grass cultivar, or a part, stem, rhizome, or fragment of any one of the foregoing; or the plurality of harvested Arundo grasses are harvested before or after the plants have entered dormancy / quiescence, such as by harvesting during a new moon; The method of claim 1.

3. 10. The method of claim 1 used for soil bioremediation.

4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the bioremediation is used to reduce the content of one or more elements in the soil by at least 0.1 μg of element per gram of cultivated Arundo, as measured in fiber produced from the Arundo stems.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more elements are selected from the group consisting of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, silver, strontium, sulfur, thallium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc.

6. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the soil is contaminated with one or more toxins and becomes safe for food use after one or more plantings of Arundo.

7. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the soil is unsuitable for the sustained growth of food crops prior to the cultivation of the plurality of Arundo grass plants.

8. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeatedly planting and harvesting Arundo grass plants in the soil until a predetermined target soil composition is achieved.

9. A method for preparing an Arundo-based material from Arundo grass cultivated by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of Arundo grasses comprising up to 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% leaves by weight (optionally, the plurality of Arundo grasses is substantially free of leaves); (b) processing the plurality of Arundo grass to provide a plurality of Arundo grass chips; (c) processing the plurality of Arundo grass chips to provide a material selected from the group consisting of pellets, weed control mats, absorbent pellets, combustion pellets, flooring, structural beams, fiberboard, fiber reinforcement in composites, particle board, bioplastics, fire retardants, animal feed, biochar, aggregates, pulp, paper products (e.g., packaging, toilet paper, paper towels, tissue, or combinations thereof), fabrics, textiles, biofuel materials, biochemical materials, wood substitute materials, bamboo substitute materials, corn substitute materials, oriented strand board (OSB), bioplastics, insulation materials, and reinforcing materials. A method comprising:

10. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising washing the plurality of Arundo grass chips with an acid, such as hydrochloride (HCl), and optionally further comprising orienting the Arundo grass stems before cutting, sorting the Arundo grass stems by diameter, or the Arundo grass stems have been sorted by diameter.

11. 1. A composition comprising at least about 10% by weight of Arundo fiber, (i) the Arundo fiber contains one or more chlorine contents of about 0.05 to 0.15% by weight or less; (ii) the Arundo fiber comprises a carbohydrate content of about 5% to about 32% by weight, and optionally the carbohydrate content is a sugar content of about 5% to about 32% by weight; (iii) the Arundo fiber comprises a cellulose content of about 25% to about 44% by weight; (iv) the Arundo fiber comprises a hemicellulose content of about 25% to about 28% by weight; and (v) the Arundo fiber has a lignin content of about 15% to about 20% by weight; (vi) the Arundo fiber has a Young's modulus of about 5 gigapascals (GPa) to about 30 GPa as determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods; and (vii) the Arundo fiber has a shear modulus of about 0.8 megapascals (MPa) to about 12 MPa as determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods. The composition is characterized by at least one of the following:

12. The Arundo fiber is characterized by at least two of (i) to (vii); and / or the Arundo fiber has an ash content of about 8% or less by weight (e.g., dry or wet); and / or the composition is a weed control mat, an absorbent pellet, a burning pellet, a flooring material, a structural beam, a fiberboard, a fiber reinforcement in a composite, an oriented strand board (OSB), an insulating material, a particle board, a bioplastic, a fire retardant, an animal feed, a biochar, an aggregate, a pulp, a paper product, a fabric, a textile, a biofuel material, or a reinforcing material; The composition of claim 11.

13. An oriented strand board according to claim 12, comprising: randomly oriented, orthogonally oriented or substantially parallel oriented strands of Arundo grass plants; a binder, wherein the oriented strands are bonded together by the binder; and wherein the Arundo grass plant strands are at least 10% of the total composition of the oriented strand board, and the binder is about 10% or less of the total composition of the oriented strand board.

14. 14. The oriented strand board of claim 13, wherein the strands are randomly oriented.

15. 14. The oriented strand board of claim 13, wherein the strands are orthogonally oriented or the strands are parallel oriented.

Images