System and method for restricting disaster roaming by user equipment in cells reserved for operator use - Patents.com

Abstract

A method (700) by a user equipment for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use includes obtaining information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use (702). Based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on the UE being assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming, the user equipment determines (704) to treat the first cell as restricted.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to a system and method for restricting disaster roaming by user equipment (UE) in cells reserved for operator use. [Background technology]

[0002] In New Radio (NR), there is a concept of an Access Identity, where an Access Identity is an identity that a User Equipment (UE) may assume or otherwise be assigned or associated with. Multiple identities exist, each for a different purpose. For example, Access Identity 2 is for UEs configured with mission critical services, Access Identity 1 is for UEs configured with multimedia priority services, and Access Identity 0 is for UEs that are not configured with any other Access Identity. A UE takes the Access Identity into account, for example, when the UE decides whether to access a cell based on the UAC framework (described below).

[0003] Unified Access Control (UAC) UAC is a function that allows the network to control if and when a UE is allowed to access a cell. It is mainly used in overload situations and allows the operator to configure, for example, public land mobile network (PLMN) or network specific access barring parameters. These access restriction parameters may include, for example, a probability indicator indicating the probability that a UE will be allowed access and a duration parameter indicating how long the UE will be barred from an access attempt.

[0004] The UAC considers two aspects: the access identifier of the UE and the access category of the UE.

[0005] As described above, a UE may be assigned a specific access identifier that may roughly correspond to the type of UE. The UAC framework then allows the network to control, for each access identifier, whether the UE should be allowed to access the cell.

[0006] The UAC framework also provides the ability for the network to control whether access should be granted to a UE based on the reason the UE wants to connect to the network. This is achieved using access categories. For example, if the UE wants to connect to the network to use emergency services, the UE may be allowed to do so. However, a UE that wants to access the network to use normal Internet traffic may not be allowed to access the cell. As another example, in an overload situation, a UE that wants to access the network for normal Internet use may be much less likely to be allowed to attempt access if the network sets the probability indicator appropriately.

[0007] The network broadcasts parameters relevant to the UAC in the System Information (SI).

[0008] Minimize Service Interruption (MINT) According to a feature of MINT, a first network can allow a UE of the second network to roam to the first network when the second network is in a disaster situation. Such roaming is called "disaster roaming". Disaster roaming is realized by a first network if the first network provides an indication in SI that the UE of the second network can perform disaster roaming. The indication may be a PLMN identity of the second network, or an indication that the UE of any network can perform disaster roaming.

[0009] When a UE performs disaster roaming, it considers whether it is configured with a particular access identifier, namely access identifier 3. One motivation for associating an access identifier with a disaster roaming UE is that it may be preferred by an operator (e.g. the operator of the first network) to block disaster roaming UEs from accessing the network via the UAC framework. In 3GPP, it is agreed that such blocking (also called "barring" in 3GPP terminology) can be achieved by the network providing special barring parameters that indicate disaster roaming, i.e. are applied by UEs configured with access identifier 3.

[0010] Therefore, the network can more aggressively restrict disaster roaming UEs compared to non-disaster roaming UEs by setting more aggressive restriction parameters for disaster roaming UEs.

[0011] Reserved for operator use In certain situations, an operator may want to dedicate one or more cells in its network to UEs belonging to the operator. This may be beneficial when some trials or tests are performed or should be performed on the cells. In particular, an operator may have a dedicated UE that can be used for testing purposes that can record different events. In such a situation, the operator may want to prevent other UEs (e.g., UEs that do not belong to the operator) from accessing the cell.

[0012] A flag exists in the SI for this purpose. It is called "cellReservedForOperatorUse". This flag can be set to the value "reserved" or to the value "notReserved". When set to reserved, only UEs belonging to the operator will select the cell. In contrast, when set to notReserved, other UEs can select the cell. For these purposes, UEs belonging to an operator are configured differently than other UEs. For example, UEs belonging to an operator are configured with access identifiers 11 or 15, and other UEs are not assigned these access identifiers.

[0013] The following is an excerpt from 3GPP TS38.304 version 16.6.0: If the cell status is indicated as "unrestricted", indicated as "reserved" for operator use for any PLMN / SNPN, indicated as not "true" for other uses, and indicated as not "true" for future uses, ● A UE operating in an HPLMN / EHPLMN and assigned access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the field cellReservedForOperatorUse for that PLMN is set to “reserved”. • A UE that is assigned access identifier 11 or 15 will treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the field cellReservedForOperatorUse for the selected / registered SNPN is set to “reserved”. • A UE assigned access identifiers 0, 1, 2 and 12 to 14 shall behave as if the cell status is “restricted” if the cell is “reserved for operator use” for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN. NOTE 1: Access Identifiers 11 and 15 are only valid for use in the HPLMN / EHPLMN. Access Identifiers 12, 13, and 14 are only valid for use in the Home Country as specified in TS 22.261

[12] .

[0014] The excerpt shows how UEs with access identifiers 11 or 15 (i.e., UEs belonging to an operator) consider a cell as a candidate for cell selection and reselection if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field is set to reserved. In contrast, UEs assigned access identifiers 0, 1, 2, and 12 to 14 consider a cell as restricted if the cell is reserved for operator use.

[0015] However, currently, certain challenges exist. For example, as mentioned above, a UE performing disaster roaming is associated with access identifier 3. According to 3GPP TS 38.304, such a UE does not consider a cell as restricted even if the cell is reserved for operator use. This means that the UE can select the cell even though it is reserved for operator use. As a result, a disaster roaming UE may cause errors in a cell reserved for operator use. Such a UE may also obscure logging or consume resources even if the UE is not supposed to be in the cell. Summary of the Invention

[0016] Aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these and other problems. For example, according to some embodiments, methods and systems are provided that cause a UE associated with access identifier 3 to consider itself restricted in a cell if the cell is indicated as reserved for operator use.

[0017] According to some embodiments, a method by a UE for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use includes obtaining information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use, and determining, based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on an access identifier associated with disaster roaming being assigned to the UE, to treat the first cell as restricted.

[0018] According to some embodiments, a UE for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use is configured to obtain information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use, and based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on the UE being assigned an access identifier related to disaster roaming, the UE is configured to decide to treat the first cell as restricted.

[0019] According to some embodiments, a method by a network node for preventing disaster roaming by a UE in a first cell reserved for operator use includes transmitting to the UE at least one of information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use and information indicating that an access identifier associated with disaster roaming has been assigned to the UE.

[0020] According to a particular embodiment, a network node for preventing disaster roaming by a UE in a cell reserved for operator use is configured to transmit to the UE at least one of information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use and information indicating that an access identifier associated with disaster roaming has been assigned to the UE.

[0021] Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantages: For example, certain embodiments may provide the technical advantage of avoiding errors by ensuring that disaster roaming UEs do not connect to cells reserved for operator use. As a further example, certain embodiments may avoid obscuring logging results and resource waste in the network.

[0022] Other advantages will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Particular embodiments may have none, some, or all of the enumerated advantages. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0023] For a more complete understanding of the disclosed embodiments, and their features and advantages, reference is made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0024] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates an exemplary communication system in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0025] [Diagram 2] 1 illustrates an exemplary terminal according to an embodiment.

[0026] [Diagram 3] 1 illustrates an exemplary network node according to an embodiment.

[0027] [Figure 4] 3 illustrates a block diagram of a host in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0028] [Diagram 5] 1 illustrates a virtualization environment in which functionality implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized, according to an embodiment.

[0029] [Figure 6]1 illustrates a host communicating with a UE via a network node over a partial wireless connection, in accordance with a particular embodiment.

[0030] [Figure 7] 1 illustrates a method by a UE for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use, according to a particular embodiment.

[0031] [Figure 8] 4 illustrates a method by a network node for preventing disruptive roaming by a terminal in a first cell reserved for operator use, according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: The embodiments are provided as examples to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0033] According to some embodiments, the UE determines that it should attempt to perform disaster roaming, which may be determined, for example, based at least in part on the UE being unable to identify any cells in its home PLMN.

[0034] According to a particular embodiment, the UE determines that it is configured with a configuration applicable to disaster roaming. This may mean that the UE is assigned or otherwise associated with a special access identifier related to disaster roaming. For example, in a particular embodiment, the UE may be assigned access identifier 3.

[0035] According to a particular embodiment, the UE then identifies a cell of the network that indicates that disaster roaming is applicable. Based on the information provided by the cell, the UE then determines whether the UE is eligible to perform disaster roaming in this cell. For example, according to a particular embodiment, this may be determined based on a PLMN-indication provided by the network. Specifically, the UE may consider disaster roaming applicable if the PLMN to which the UE is associated (e.g., the UE's home PLMN) matches the information provided by the cell. As another example, in a particular embodiment, the UE may determine that the UE is eligible to perform disaster roaming in a cell based on an indication that the UE of any PLMN is eligible for disaster roaming.

[0036] According to some embodiments, the UE then determines whether the cell indicates that it is reserved for operator use. If the UE determines that the cell is reserved for operator use, the UE considers the cell to be restricted. The UE then refrains from (re)selecting or accessing the cell if it considers the cell to be restricted.

[0037] On the other hand, if the cell does not indicate that it is reserved for operator use, the UE considers the cell as unrestricted and therefore as a candidate for (re)selection or access.

[0038] Note that current NR standards provide several ways in which a UE can consider a cell to be restricted: Even if the mechanisms described above result in the UE thinking that a cell is not restricted, the cell may still be considered restricted for other reasons.

[0039] One example implementation of certain embodiments described herein is shown in the following text, which is an excerpt from 3GPP TS 38.304, version 16.6.0: The italicized and underlined text indicates additional language that implements certain embodiments described herein.

[0040] If the cell status is indicated as "unrestricted", indicated as "reserved" for operator use of any PLMN / SNPN, indicated as not "true" for other use, and indicated as not "true" for future use, ● A UE operating in an HPLMN / EHPLMN and assigned an access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for that PLMN is set to “Reserved”. • A UE that is assigned access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for the selected / registered SNPN is set to “Reserved”. • A UE assigned access identifiers 0, 1, 2 and 12 to 14 shall behave as if the cell status is “restricted” if the cell is “reserved for operator use” for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN. ● A UE assigned access identifier 3 shall behave as if the cell status is “restricted” if the cell is “reserved for operator use” for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN. NOTE 1: Access Identifiers 11 and 15 are only valid for use in the HPLMN / EHPLMN. Access Identifiers 12, 13, and 14 are only valid for use in the Home Country as specified in TS 22.261

[12] .

[0041] Thus, according to a particular embodiment, a UE assigned with access identifier 3 behaves as if the cell status is restricted if the cell is reserved for operator use for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN.

[0042] Another example implementation of a particular embodiment may be implemented by modifying an excerpt from version 16.6.0 of 3GPP® TS38.304 as follows (where the modified text is shown in italics and underlined):

[0043] If the cell status is indicated as "unrestricted" and for any PLMN / SNPN is indicated as "reserved" for operator use, is indicated as not "true" for other use, and is indicated as not "true" for future use, ● A UE operating in an HPLMN / EHPLMN and assigned an access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for that PLMN is set to “Reserved”. • A UE that is assigned access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for the selected / registered SNPN is set to “Reserved”. Access Identifiers 0, 1, and 2 、3、 and UEs assigned 12 to 14 shall behave as if the cell status is "restricted" if the cell is "reserved for operator use" for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN. NOTE 1: Access Identifiers 11 and 15 are only valid for use in the HPLMN / EHPLMN. Access Identifiers 12, 13, and 14 are only valid for use in the Home Country as specified in TS 22.261

[12] .

[0044] Thus, according to a particular embodiment, a UE assigned access identifier 3 behaves as if the cell status is restricted if the cell is reserved for operator use for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN.

[0045] Yet another exemplary implementation of a particular embodiment may be implemented by modifying an excerpt from 3GPP® TS38.304 version 16.6.0 as follows (where the modified text is shown in italics and underlined):

[0046] If the cell status is indicated as "unrestricted" and for any PLMN / SNPN is indicated as "reserved" for operator use, is indicated as not "true" for other use, and is indicated as not "true" for future use, ● A UE operating in an HPLMN / EHPLMN and assigned an access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for that PLMN is set to “Reserved”. • A UE that is assigned access identifier 11 or 15 shall treat this cell as a candidate during cell selection and reselection procedures if the cellReservedForOperatorUse field for the selected / registered SNPN is set to “Reserved”. • A UE assigned access identifiers 0, 1, 2 and 12 to 14 shall behave as if the cell status is “restricted” if the cell is “reserved for operator use” for the registered or selected PLMN / SNPN. • A UE assigned Access Identifier 3 shall behave as if the cell status is “restricted” if the cell is “reserved for operator use” for the PLMN in which the UE is disaster roaming. NOTE 1: Access Identifiers 11 and 15 are only valid for use in HPLMN / EHPLMN. Access Identifiers 2, 13 and 14 are only valid for use in the Home Country as specified in TS 22.261

[12] .

[0047] Thus, according to a particular embodiment, a UE assigned with access identifier 3 behaves as if the cell status is restricted if the cell is reserved for operator use for the PLMN in which the UE is performing disaster roaming.

[0048] 1 illustrates an example of a communications system 100 according to some embodiments. According to the example, the communications system 100 includes a telecommunications network 102 including an access network 104, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 106 including one or more core network nodes 108. The access network 104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 110a and 110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 110), or any other similar Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. The network nodes 110 facilitate direct or indirect connectivity of user equipment (UE), such as by connecting UEs 112a, 112b, 112c, and 112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 112) to the core network 106 via one or more wireless connections.

[0049] Exemplary wireless communication over wireless connections includes transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or conductors of other materials. Additionally, according to various embodiments, communication system 100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or be involved in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections. Communication system 100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, wireless networks, and / or other similar types of systems.

[0050] The UE 112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices that are positioned, configured, and / or operable to wirelessly communicate with the network node 110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network node 110 is positioned, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UE 112 and / or other network nodes or apparatus within the telecommunications network 102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as management in the telecommunications network 102.

[0051] According to the illustrated embodiment, the core network 106 connects the network node 110 to one or more hosts, such as the host 116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediate networks or devices. In other examples, the network nodes may be directly coupled to the hosts. The core network 106 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., the core network node 108) comprised of hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, and therefore, those descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 108. Exemplary core network nodes include one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Home Subscriber Server (HSS), an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), an Authentication Server Function (AUSF), a Subscription Identifier Unhiding Function (SIDF), a Unified Data Management Function (UDM), a Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or a User Plane Function (UPF).

[0052] The host 116 may be under the ownership or control of, and may be operated by or on behalf of, a service provider other than the operator or provider of the access network 104 and / or the telecommunications network 102. The host 116 may host various applications to provide one or more services. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as searching and compiling data regarding various ambient conditions detected by multiple UEs, analytics functions, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and monitoring center, or any other such functions performed by a server.

[0053] 1 enables connectivity between UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard (WiFi), and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC), ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) standards, such as LoRa and Sigfox.

[0054] In some examples, the telecommunications network 102 is a cellular network that implements features of 3GPP standardization. Thus, the telecommunications network 102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices connected to the telecommunications network 102. For example, the telecommunications network 102 may provide Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to additional UEs.

[0055] In some examples, the UE 112 is configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, the UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 104 on a predefined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the access network 104. Furthermore, the UE may be configured to operate in a single-RAT or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, the UE may be configured to operate in any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio), and LTE, i.e., E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC), New Radio Dual Connectivity (EN-DC), etc.

[0056] By way of example, the hub 114 communicates with the access network 104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UEs 112c and / or 112d) and a network node (e.g., network node 110b). In some examples, the hub 114 may be a controller, a router, a content source and analysis, or any of the other communication devices described herein with respect to a UE. For example, the hub 114 may be a broadband router that provides access to the core network 106 for the UE. As another example, the hub 114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UE. The instructions or instructions may be received from the UE, the network node 110, or by executable code, scripts, processes, or other instructions in the hub 114. As another example, the hub 114 may be a data collector that acts as a temporary storage for UE data and may perform analysis or other processing of the data according to some embodiments. As another example, the hub 114 may be a content source. For example, in the case of a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media distribution device, the hub 114 may retrieve, via a network node, data related to the VR assets, video, audio, or other media or sensory information, which the hub 114 then provides directly to the UE, either after performing local processing and / or adding additional local content. In yet another example, the hub 114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, especially if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.

[0057] The hub 114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 110b. The hub 114 may also enable other communication schemes and / or schedules between the hub 114 and the UEs (e.g., UEs 112c and / or 112d) and between the hub 114 and the core network 106. According to other embodiments, the hub 114 is connected to the core network 106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Additionally, the hub 114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider via the access network 104 and / or to another UE via a direct connection. In some circumstances, a UE may establish a wireless connection with the network node 110 while still being connected through the hub 114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 114 may be a dedicated hub; i.e., a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the network node 110b to the UEs. According to other embodiments, the hub 114 may be a non-dedicated hub. That is, a device that is operable to route communications between the UE and network node 110b, but that is further operable as a communication origination and / or termination point for a particular data channel.

[0058] FIG. 2 illustrates a UE 200 according to some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable of, arranged, configured, and / or operable to wirelessly communicate with network nodes and / or other UEs. UEs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cellular mobile phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptops, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), vehicle mounted or embedded / integrated wireless devices, and the like. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) UEs, Machine Type Communication (MTC) UEs, and / or Enhanced MTC (eMTC) UEs.

[0059] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, for example, by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but may or may not initially be associated with a particular human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but may be associated with or operated for a user (e.g., a smart power meter).

[0060] The UE 200 includes a processing circuit 202 operatively coupled to an input / output interface 206, a power source 208, a memory 210, a communication interface 212, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof, via a bus 204. Some UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 2. The level of integration between components may vary from one UE to another. Additionally, some UEs may include multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0061] The processing circuitry 202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute instructions stored as a machine-readable computer program in the memory 210. The processing circuitry 202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., discrete logic, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, one or more stored computer programs such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, a general-purpose processor, or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).

[0062] In this example, the input / output interface 206 may be configured to provide an interface to an input device, an output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of output devices include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may enable a user to capture information to the UE 200. Examples of input devices include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional keypad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. A presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.

[0063] According to some embodiments, the power source 208 is configured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery, can be used. The power source 208 may further include a power circuit for transmitting power from the power source 208 itself and / or from the external power source through an interface, such as an input circuit or a power cable, to various parts of the UE 200. The power transmission may be for charging the power source 208, for example. The power circuit may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification of the power from the power source 208 to make the power suitable for the respective component of the UE 200 to be powered.

[0064] The memory 210 may be or be configured to include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), field programmable gate array read only memory (PROM), erasable field programmable gate array read only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable field programmable gate array read only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, flash drive, or the like. According to one embodiment, the memory 210 includes one or more application programs 214, such as an operating system, a web browser application, widgets, gadget engine, or other applications, and corresponding data 216. The memory 210 may store any of a variety of operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by the UE 200.

[0065] The memory 210 may be configured to include several physical drives, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, a thumb drive, a pen drive, a key drive, a high density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-ray optical disk drive, a holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, an external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), an external micro-DIMM SDRAM, a smart card memory, such as a tamper-resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), e.g., a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may be, for example, an embedded UICC (eUICC), an integrated UICC (iUICC), or a removable UICC commonly known as a "SIM card." The memory 210 may enable the UE 200 to access, offload data, or upload data, instructions, application programs, and the like stored on a temporary or non-transitory memory medium. An article of manufacture, such as one that utilizes a communications system, may be a device-readable storage medium or may be tangibly embodied as or in memory 210, which may include a device-readable storage medium.

[0066] The processing circuit 202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other networks using a communication interface 212. The communication interface 212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 222. The communication interface 212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in the access network). Each transceiver may include a transmitter 218 and / or a receiver 220 suitable for providing network communication (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocation, etc.). Additionally, the transmitter 218 and receiver 220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware or may be implemented separately.

[0067] According to the illustrated embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication interface 212 may include cellular communications, Wi-Fi communications, LPWAN communications, data communications, voice communications, multimedia communications, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near field communications, location-based communications such as using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine location, another similar communication capability, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented according to one or more communications protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP), Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), etc.

[0068] Regardless of the type of sensor, the UE can provide data output captured by its sensors to a network node over a wireless connection via its communication interface 212. Data captured by a UE's sensor can be communicated to a network node over a wireless connection via another UE. The output can be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes when reporting sensed temperature), random (e.g., without even the burden from reporting from several sensors), in response to a trigger event (e.g., when moisture is detected, an alert is sent), on demand (e.g., a user-initiated request), or in response to a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).

[0069] As another example, the UE may include an actuator, motor, or switch associated with a communications interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node over a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input, the actuator, motor, or switch may change state. For example, the UE may include a motor to adjust a control surface or rotor of a drone in flight in accordance with the received input, or a robotic arm to perform a medical procedure in accordance with the received input.

[0070] When the UE is in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, it may be a device for use in one or more application domains, including, but not limited to, urban wearable technology, augmented industrial applications, and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such IoT devices are devices such as or mounted on connected refrigerators or freezers, TVs, connected lighting devices, electric meters, robotic vacuum cleaners, voice-controlled smart speakers, home security cameras, motion detectors, thermostats, smoke detectors, door / window sensors, flood / moisture sensors, electric door locks, connected doorbells, air conditioning systems such as heat pumps, autonomous vehicles, surveillance systems, weather monitors, vehicle parking monitors, electric vehicle charging stations, smart watches, fitness trackers, head mounted displays for augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR), wearables for haptic or sensory augmentation, water sprinklers, devices for tracking animals or objects, sensors for monitoring flora and fauna, industrial robots, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and any type of medical device such as a heart rate monitor or a remote operated surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software depending on the intended application of the IoT device, in addition to other components as described in relation to UE 200 shown in FIG.

[0071] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may be an M2M device, which in this case may be referred to as an MTC device in 3GPP documents. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, the UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship, and an aircraft, or other equipment that can monitor and / or report its operating status or other functions related to its operation.

[0072] In fact, any number of UEs may be used together for a single use case. For example, a first UE may be a drone or may be integrated into a drone and may provide drone speed information (obtained via a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller that operates the drone. When a user makes a change from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust a throttle on the drone (e.g., by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or second UE may also include two or more of the functions described above. For example, a UE may be equipped with a sensor and an actuator and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuator.

[0073] 3 illustrates a network node 300 according to some embodiments. As used herein, a network node refers to a configured, arranged, and / or operable device that can communicate directly or indirectly with UEs and / or other network nodes or devices in a telecommunications network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and NR Node Bs (gNBs)).

[0074] Base stations may be classified based on the size of the coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmission power level) and may therefore be referred to as femto, pico, micro, or macro base stations depending on the size of the coverage provided. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node that controls a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as a centralized digital unit and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), sometimes referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).

[0075] Other examples of network nodes include a multi-transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access node, a multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as an MSR BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmitting node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), an operation and maintenance (O&M) node, an operation support system (OSS), a self-organizing network (SON) node, a positioning node (e.g., an evolved serving mobile location center (E-SMLC)), and / or a minimization of drive testing (MDT).

[0076] The network node 300 includes a processing circuit 302, a memory 304, a communication interface 306, and a power source 308. The network node 300 may be comprised of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a Node B component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), each of which may have its own components. In certain situations where the network node 300 includes multiple separate components (e.g., a BTS and a BSC component), one or more separate components may be shared among multiple network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple Node Bs. In such a scenario, each unique Node B and RNC pair may possibly be considered as a single individual network node. In some embodiments, the network node 300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). According to such an embodiment, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memories 304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 310 may be shared by different RATs). Network node 300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for the various wireless technologies integrated into network node 300, e.g., GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or chipsets and other components within network node 300.

[0077] The processing circuitry 302 may include one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or coded logic, which combination is operable, alone or in conjunction with other network node 300 components, such as memory 304, to provide the functionality of the network node 300.

[0078] According to some embodiments, the processing circuitry 302 comprises a system on a chip (SOC). According to some embodiments, the processing circuitry 302 includes one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 312 and a baseband processing circuitry 314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 312 and the baseband processing circuitry 314 may be on separate chips (or chipsets), boards, or units, such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 312 and the baseband processing circuitry 314 may be on the same chip or chipset, board, or unit.

[0079] The memory 304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory, including, but not limited to, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disk (CD) or digital video disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and / or computer executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that can be used by the processing circuitry 302. The memory 304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including applications including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry 302 and utilized by the network node 300. The memory 304 may be used to store any operations performed by the processing circuitry 302 and / or any data received via the communications interface 306. According to some embodiments, the processing circuitry 302 and the memory 304 are integrated.

[0080] The communication interface 306 is used for wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between network nodes, access networks, and / or UEs. As shown, the communication interface 306 includes ports / terminals 316 for transmitting and receiving data to and from a network, for example, via a wired connection. The communication interface 306 also includes a radio front-end circuit 318 that may be coupled to the antenna 310, or to a portion thereof according to an embodiment. The radio front-end circuit 318 includes a filter 320 and an amplifier 322. The radio front-end circuit 318 may be connected to the antenna 310 and the processing circuit 302. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 310 and the processing circuit 302. The radio front-end circuit 318 may receive digital data that is to be sent to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuit 318 may use a combination of filters 320 and / or amplifiers 322 to convert the digital data into a wireless signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters. The wireless signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 310 can collect radio signals that are converted to digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 302. In other embodiments, the communications interface can include different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0081] According to certain alternative embodiments, the network node 300 does not include a separate radio front-end circuit 318; instead, the processing circuit 302 includes the radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 310. Similarly, according to some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 312 is part of the communications interface 306. According to yet other embodiments, the communications interface 306 includes one or more ports or terminals 316, the radio front-end circuitry 318, and the RF transceiver circuitry 312 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the communications interface 306 communicates with baseband processing circuitry 314 that is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0082] The antenna 310 may include one or more antennas or an antenna array configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 318 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. According to an embodiment, the antenna 310 is separate from the network node 300 and may be connectable to the network node 300 through an interface or port.

[0083] The antenna 310, the communication interface 306, and / or the processing circuitry 302 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or some obtaining operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node, and / or any other network device. Similarly, the antenna 310, the communication interface 306, and / or the processing circuitry 302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node, and / or any other network device.

[0084] The power source 308 provides power to the various components of the network node 300 in a form suitable for each component (e.g., at voltage and current levels required by each component). The power source 308 may further comprise or be coupled to a power management circuit for providing power to the components of the network node 300 to perform the functions described herein. For example, the network node 300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., a power grid, an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as a wire, whereby the external power source provides power to the power circuit of the power source 308. As a further example, the power source 308 may comprise a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated into the power circuit. In the event of a failure of the external power source, a backup power may be provided from the battery.

[0085] Embodiments of network node 300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 3 to provide certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality essential to supporting the subject matter described herein. For example, network node 300 may include user interface devices that enable input of information into network node 300 and output of information from network node 300. This allows a user to perform diagnostics, maintenance, repair, and other management functions of network node 300.

[0086] 4 is a block diagram of a host 400, which may be an embodiment of the host 116 of FIG. 1, in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, the host 400 may be or comprise various combinations of hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, a container, or processing resources in a server farm. The host 400 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.

[0087] The host 400 includes a processing circuit 402 operably coupled to an input / output interface 406, a network interface 408, a power source 410, and a memory 412 via a bus 404. Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as Figures 2 and 3, such that the descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the host 400.

[0088] The memory 412 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 414 and data 416, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by the UE for the host 400 or data generated by the host 400 for the UE. An embodiment of the host 400 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. The host application programs 414 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Advanced Video Coding (AVC), MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), MPEG, G.711), including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems). The host application programs 414 may also provide user authentication and license checks, and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of the core network. Thus, the host 400 can select and / or indicate different hosts for over-the-top services for the UE. The host application program 414 may support various protocols such as HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH), etc.

[0089] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 500 in which functionality implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualization means creating a virtual version of a device or device, including virtualizing a hardware platform, storage, and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization may apply to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to implementations in which at least a portion of functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 500 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes, such as a network node, a UE, a core network node, or a hardware computing device acting as a host device. Furthermore, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require wireless connectivity (e.g., a core network node or a host), the node may be fully virtualized.

[0090] An application 502 (which may alternatively be referred to as a software instance, a virtual appliance, a network function, a virtual node, a virtual network function, etc.) executes in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or advantages of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0091] The hardware 504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by the hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices described herein, such as network interfaces, input / output interfaces, etc. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 506 (also referred to as a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM)), provide VMs 508a and 508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 508), and / or perform any of the functions, features, and / or benefits described in connection with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 506 may present a virtual operating platform to the VMs 508 that appears to be networking hardware.

[0092] The VMs 508 may comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be executed by a corresponding virtualization layer 506. Various embodiments of an instance of a virtual appliance 502 may be implemented on one or more of the VMs 508, and the implementation may be done in different ways. Hardware virtualization occurs in some contexts called network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that may be located in a data center, as well as customer premises equipment.

[0093] In the context of NFV, a VM 508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that executes programs as if they were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 508, and that portion of the hardware 504 on which it runs, with hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms a separate virtual network element. Furthermore, in the context of NFV, a virtual network function runs in one or more VMs 508 on the hardware 504 and is responsible for handling a particular network function corresponding to an application 502.

[0094] The hardware 504 may be implemented in a standalone network node having generic or concrete components. The hardware 504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware 504 may be part of a larger hardware cluster (e.g., in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via a management and orchestration 510 that oversees, among other things, the lifecycle management of the application 502. According to some embodiments, the hardware 504 is coupled to one or more radio units, each including one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. The radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more suitable network interfaces, and may be used in combination with virtual components to provide a virtual node with wireless functionality, such as a wireless access node or base station. According to some embodiments, some signaling may be provided using a control system 512, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes and the radio units.

[0095] FIG. 6 illustrates a communication diagram of a host device 602 communicating via a network node 604 with a UE 606 over a partial wireless connection, according to some embodiments.

[0096] Exemplary embodiments of a UE (such as UE 112a of FIG. 1 and / or UE 200 of FIG. 2), a network node (such as network node 110a of FIG. 1 and / or network node 300 of FIG. 3), and a host (such as host 116 of FIG. 1 and / or host 400 of FIG. 4) according to various embodiments described in the previous paragraph are now described with reference to FIG. 6.

[0097] Similar to the host 400, an embodiment of the host device 602 includes hardware such as a communications interface, processing circuitry, and memory. The host device 602 also includes software stored on or accessible by the host device 602 and executable by the processing circuitry. This software includes a host application that may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as a UE 606 that connects via an over-the-top (OTT) connection 650 extending between the UE 606 and the host device 602. In providing to a remote user, the host application may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection 650.

[0098] The network node 604 includes hardware for communicating with the host device 602 and the UE 606. The connection 660 can be direct or pass through a core network (such as the core network 106 of FIG. 1) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks. For example, the intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.

[0099] The UE 606 includes hardware and software that are stored in or accessible by the UE 606 and executable by the processing circuitry of the UE. The software includes a client application, such as a web browser or an operator-specific "app," that may be operable to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE 606 with the support of the host device 602. An executing host application in the host device 602 may communicate with an executing client application via an OTT connection 650 that terminates at the UE 606 and the host device 602. In providing services to a user, the client application of the UE may receive request data from the host application of the host and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 650 may carry both the request data and the user data. The client application of the UE may interact with the user and generate user data to provide to the host application via the OTT connection 650.

[0100] The OTT connection 650 may extend through a connection 660 between the host device 602 and a network node 604 and through a wireless connection 670 between the network node 604 and the UE 606 to provide a connection between the host device 602 and the UE 606. The connections 660 and wireless connections 670 over which the OTT connection 650 may be provided are depicted abstractly to show communication between the host device 602 and the UE 606 via the network node 604, and any intermediate devices and the precise routing of messages through these devices are not explicitly mentioned.

[0101] As an example of transmitting data over the OTT connection 650, in step 608, the host device 602 provides user data that may be executed by executing a host application. According to some embodiments, the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE 606. According to other embodiments, the user data is associated with a UE 606 that shares data with the host device 602 without explicit human interaction. In step 610, the host device 602 initiates a transmission carrying user data toward the UE 606. The host device 602 may initiate the transmission in response to a request transmitted by the UE 606. The request may be triggered by human interaction with the UE 606 or by the operation of a client application executing on the UE 606. The transmission signal may pass through the network node 604 in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Thus, in step 612, the network node 604 transmits the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the host device 602 to the UE 606 in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 614 , the UE 606 receives user data carried in the transmission, which may be executed by a client application executing on the UE 606 associated with a host application executed by the host device 602 .

[0102] In some examples, the UE 606 executes a client application that provides user data to the host device 602. The user data may be provided in reaction to or in response to data received from the host device 602. Thus, in step 616, the UE 606 may provide the user data, which may be executed by executing the client application. In providing the user data, the client application may further take into account user input received from a user via an input / output interface of the UE 606. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE 606, in step 618, initiates transmission of the user data to the host device 602 via the network node 604. In step 620, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the network node 604 receives the user data from the UE 606 and initiates transmission of the received user data to the host device 602. In step 622, the host device 602 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE 606.

[0103] One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 606 using the OTT connection 650, of which the wireless connection 670 forms the final leg. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve, for example, one or more of data rate, latency, and / or power consumption, thereby providing advantages such as, for example, reduced user latency, relaxed file size constraints, improved content resolution, increased responsiveness, and / or extended battery life.

[0104] In an exemplary scenario, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host device 602. As another example, the host device 602 may process audio and video data retrieved from UEs for use in creating maps. As another example, the host device 602 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights). As another example, the host device 602 may store surveillance video uploaded by UEs. As another example, the host device 602 may store or control access to media content, such as video, audio, VR, or AR, that may be broadcast, multicast, or unicast to UEs. As other examples, the host device 602 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time-critical electrical loads to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams, etc. from data collected from remote devices), or any other function that collects, searches, stores, analyzes, and / or transmits data.

[0105] In some examples, measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rates, latencies, and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. Additionally, there may be optional network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection 650 between the host device 602 and the UE 606 in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection may be implemented in software or hardware in the host device 602 and / or the UE 606. According to some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or associated with other devices through which the OTT connection 650 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or by providing values ​​of other physical quantities from which the software can calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguration of the OTT connection 650 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing settings, etc., and the reconfiguration need not directly change the operation of the network node 604. Such procedures and functionality may be known and practiced in the art. According to certain embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling to facilitate measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. by the host device 602. The measurements may be software implemented such that messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, are sent using the OTT connection 650 while monitoring propagation time, errors, etc.

[0106] While the computing devices (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) described herein may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may include computing devices having various combinations of components. It should be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software required to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. The determining, calculating, obtaining, or similar operations described herein may be performed by a processing circuit that processes information, e.g., by transforming the obtained information to other information, comparing the obtained or transformed information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained or transformed information, the processing may make a decision. Furthermore, although components are depicted as a single box located within a larger box or nested within multiple boxes, in reality a computing device may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned among the separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or functionality of a component may be partitioned between a processing circuit and a communication interface. In another example, the computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0107] 7 illustrates a method 700 by a UE 112 for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use, according to some embodiments. The method begins at step 702, where the UE 112 obtains information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use. Based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on the UE being assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming, the UE 112 determines at step 704 to treat the first cell as restricted.

[0108] According to a particular embodiment, the UE 112 determines that the UE 112 has been assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming.

[0109] According to a particular embodiment, the access identifier indicates that UE 112 is assigned access identifier 3.

[0110] According to a particular embodiment, prior to determining that UE 112 has been assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming, UE 112 identifies that UE 112 is unable to access a second cell associated with a second network and determines that UE 112 is configured for disaster roaming.

[0111] According to further particular embodiments, the UE 112 was previously served in a second cell of a second network and / or the second network comprises a home network.

[0112] According to certain embodiments, when determining to treat the first cell as restricted, the UE 112 decides to not take at least one action, where deciding to not take the at least one action includes at least one of deciding to not camp on the first cell, deciding to not access the first cell, deciding to not select the first cell, and deciding to not reselect the first cell.

[0113] According to certain embodiments, upon determining to treat the first cell as restricted, the UE 112 performs at least one of camping on the second cell, accessing the second cell, selecting the second cell, and reselecting the second cell.

[0114] According to a particular embodiment, the first network and / or the second network comprises a PLMN.

[0115] According to a particular embodiment, when obtaining information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use, the UE 112 receives the information from a network node 110 associated with the first cell.

[0116] 8 illustrates a method 800 by a network node 110 for preventing disaster roaming by a UE 110 in a first cell reserved for operator use, according to some embodiments. In step 802, the network node 110 transmits to the UE at least one of information indicating that a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use and information indicating that an access identifier associated with disaster roaming has been assigned to the UE.

[0117] According to a particular embodiment, the access identifier indicates that the UE is assigned access identifier 3.

[0118] According to a particular embodiment, the UE is being served or was previously served in a second cell associated with the second network.

[0119] According to a particular embodiment, the second network includes a home network.

[0120] According to a particular embodiment, the first network and / or the second network comprise a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).

[0121] According to a particular embodiment, the information triggers the UE to treat the first cell as restricted.

[0122] According to certain embodiments, treating the first cell as restricted includes at least one of not camping on the first cell, not accessing the first cell, not selecting the first cell, and not reselecting the first cell.

[0123] According to a particular embodiment, the network node includes a gNB.

[0124] According to certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by a processing circuit executing instructions stored in a memory, which according to certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. According to alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuit without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of these particular embodiments, the processing circuit may be configured to perform the described functionality, whether or not it executes instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The advantages provided by such functionality are not limited to just the processing circuit, or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the entire computing device and / or by end users and the entire wireless network.

[0125] Exemplary embodiments of group A

[0126] Exemplary embodiment A1: A method by a user equipment for preventing disaster roaming in a cell reserved for operator use, the method including any of the steps, features or functions of the user equipment described above, alone or in combination with other steps, features or functions described above.

[0127] Exemplary embodiment A2: The method of the above embodiment further includes one or more additional user device steps, features, or functions described above.

[0128] Exemplary embodiment A3: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising providing user data and forwarding said user data to a host computer via said transmission signal to said network node.

[0129] Group B Exemplary Embodiments

[0130] Exemplary embodiment B1: A method performed by a network node for preventing disaster roaming in cells reserved for operator use, the method including any of the steps, features or functions of the network node described above, either alone or in combination with other steps, features or functions described above.

[0131] Exemplary embodiment B2: The method of the preceding embodiment further comprising one or more additional network node steps, features, or functions as described above.

[0132] Exemplary embodiment B3: The method according to any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising obtaining user data and transferring said user data to a host or user device.

[0133] Group C Exemplary Embodiments

[0134] Exemplary embodiment C1: A method by a user equipment (UE) for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use, the method comprising: obtaining information indicating whether a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use; and determining whether to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0135] Exemplary embodiment C2: The method of exemplary embodiment C1, wherein the UE is a UE that is being or was previously served in a second cell associated with a second network.

[0136] Exemplary embodiment C3: The method of exemplary embodiment C2, wherein the second network includes a home network.

[0137] Exemplary embodiment C4: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments C1 to C3, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a PLMN.

[0138] Exemplary embodiment C5: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments C1 to C4, wherein the information indicates that the first cell is reserved for operator use, and determining whether to access the first cell includes determining not to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0139] Exemplary embodiment C6: The method of exemplary embodiment C5, wherein determining not to access the first cell includes at least one of determining that the UE is restricted from accessing the first cell, deciding not to select or reselect the first cell, and / or deciding not to access the first cell.

[0140] Exemplary embodiment C7: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments C1 to C4, wherein the information indicates that the first cell is not reserved for operator use, and determining whether to access the first cell includes determining to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0141] Exemplary embodiment C8: The method of exemplary embodiment C7, wherein determining to access the first cell includes at least one of determining that the UE is not restricted from accessing the first cell, determining to select or reselect the first cell, and determining to access the first cell.

[0142] Example Embodiment C9: The method of any one of example embodiments C1 to C8, wherein obtaining the information includes receiving the information from a network node associated with the first cell.

[0143] Exemplary embodiment C10: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments C1 to C9, wherein, before determining whether to access the first cell, the UE performs at least one of: determining that a second cell associated with the second network is inaccessible; determining that the UE is inaccessible to any cell associated with the second network; determining that the UE is configured with a configuration enabling disaster roaming; determining that the UE is configured to perform disaster roaming based on a special access identifier associated with the UE; determining that the UE should attempt to perform disaster roaming in the first cell; determining that the UE is applicable to perform disaster roaming in the first cell; determining that the UE is applicable to perform disaster roaming in the first cell based on information received from the first cell; and / or determining that the UE is applicable to perform disaster roaming in the first cell based on or in response to a matching (consistency determination) between an identifier of the second network with which the UE is associated and the information received from the first cell.

[0144] Exemplary embodiment C11: A method of any one of exemplary embodiments C1 to C10, wherein the UE is associated with an access identifier value of access identifier 3, and the UE determines not to access the first cell based on the UE being associated with an access identifier value of access identifier 3.

[0145] Example Embodiment C12: In the method of example embodiment C11, the information indicates that the UE is associated with an access identifier value of access identifier 3.

[0146] Exemplary embodiment C13: The method of exemplary embodiments C1 to C12 further includes providing user data and forwarding said user data to said network node via said transmission.

[0147] Exemplary embodiment C14: A user device comprising a processing circuit configured to perform any of the methods of exemplary embodiments C1 to C13.

[0148] Exemplary embodiment C15: A wireless device comprising a processing circuit configured to perform any of the methods of exemplary embodiments C1 to C13.

[0149] Exemplary embodiment C16: A computer program comprising instructions for performing any of the methods of exemplary embodiments C1 to C13 when the computer program is executed on a computer.

[0150] Exemplary embodiment C17: A computer program product comprising a computer program, the computer program product comprising instructions for performing any of the methods of exemplary embodiments C1 to C13 when the computer program product is executed on a computer.

[0151] Exemplary embodiment C18: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform any of the methods of exemplary embodiments C1 to C13.

[0152] Group D Exemplary Embodiments

[0153] Exemplary embodiment D1: A method by a network node for preventing disaster roaming by a user equipment (UE) in a cell reserved for operator use, the method comprising: transmitting information to the UE indicating whether a first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use.

[0154] Exemplary Embodiment D2: The method of Exemplary Embodiment D1, wherein the UE is served or was previously served in a second cell associated with a second network.

[0155] Exemplary embodiment D3: The method of exemplary embodiment D2, wherein the second network includes a home network.

[0156] Exemplary embodiment D4: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D3, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a PLMN.

[0157] Exemplary embodiment D5: A method according to any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D4, wherein the information indicates that the first cell is reserved for operator use, and the UE is configured to determine not to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0158] Exemplary embodiment D6: The method of exemplary embodiment D5, wherein, when the UE determines not to access the first cell, the method is configured to perform at least one of: determining that the UE is restricted from accessing the first cell, determining not to select or reselect the first cell, and / or determining not to access the first cell.

[0159] Exemplary embodiment D7: A method according to any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D4, wherein the information indicates that the first cell is not reserved for operator use, and the UE is configured to determine to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0160] Exemplary embodiment D8: The method of exemplary embodiment D7, wherein, when deciding to access the first cell, the UE is configured to perform at least one of determining that the UE is not restricted from accessing the first cell, deciding to select or reselect the first cell, and / or deciding to access the first cell.

[0161] Exemplary embodiment D9: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D9, wherein, prior to determining whether to access the first cell, the UE is configured to perform at least one of: determining that the second cell associated with the second network is inaccessible; determining that the UE is configured with a configuration enabling disaster roaming; determining that the UE is configured to perform disaster roaming based on a dedicated access identifier associated with the UE; determining that the UE should attempt to perform disaster roaming in the first cell; determining that the UE is applicable to perform disaster roaming in the first cell; determining that the UE is applicable to perform disaster roaming in the first cell based on information received from the first cell; and / or performing disaster roaming in the first cell based on or in response to a matching between information received from the first cell and an identifier of the second network with which the UE is associated.

[0162] Exemplary embodiment D10: A method according to any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D9, wherein the UE is associated with an access identifier value of access identifier 3, and the UE is configured to determine not to access the first cell based on the UE being associated with the access identifier value of access identifier 3.

[0163] Exemplary embodiment D11: The method of exemplary embodiment D10, wherein the information indicates that the UE is associated with an access identification value of access identifier 3.

[0164] Exemplary embodiment D12: The method of any one of exemplary embodiments D1 to D11, wherein the UE is configured to determine whether to access the first cell based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use.

[0165] Example embodiment D13: The method of any one of example embodiments D1 to D12, wherein the network node includes a gNodeB (gNB).

[0166] Exemplary embodiment D14: The method of any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, further comprising: obtaining user data; and transferring the user data to a host or user device.

[0167] Exemplary embodiment D15: A network node comprising a processing circuit configured to perform the method of any of exemplary embodiments D1 to D14.

[0168] Exemplary embodiment D16: A computer program comprising instructions for carrying out any of the methods of exemplary embodiments D1 to D14 when the computer program is executed on a computer.

[0169] Exemplary embodiment 17: A computer program comprising instructions for performing any of the methods of exemplary embodiments D1 to D14 when the computer program is executed on a computer.

[0170] Exemplary embodiment D18: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform any of the methods of exemplary embodiments D1 to D14.

[0171] Group E Exemplary Embodiments

[0172] Exemplary embodiment E1: A user equipment for preventing disaster roaming in a cell reserved for operator use, comprising a processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups A and C, and a power supply circuit configured to supply power to the processing circuit.

[0173] Exemplary embodiment E2: A network node for preventing disaster roaming in a cell reserved for operator use, the network node comprising a processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups B and D, and a power supply circuit configured to supply power to the processing circuit.

[0174] Exemplary embodiment E3: A user equipment (UE) for preventing disaster roaming in a cell reserved for operator use, comprising: an antenna configured to transmit and receive radio signals; a radio front-end circuit connected to the antenna and a processing circuit and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuit; the processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups A and C; an input interface connected to the processing circuit and configured to enable input of information to the UE to be processed by the processing circuit; an output interface connected to the processing circuit and configured to output information processed by the processing circuit from the UE; and a storage battery connected to the processing circuit and configured to supply power to the UE.

[0175] Exemplary embodiment E4: A host configured to operate in a communication system to provide over-the-top (OTT) services, comprising: a processing circuit configured to provide user data; and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), the UE comprising a communication interface and a processing circuit, the communication interface and the processing circuit of the UE configured to perform any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups A and C to receive the user data from the host.

[0176] Exemplary embodiment E5: The host of any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the cellular network further includes a network node configured to communicate with the UE to transmit the user data from the host to the UE.

[0177] Exemplary embodiment E6: A host according to the two exemplary embodiments above, wherein the processing circuitry of the host is configured to execute a host application thereby to provide user data, the host application being configured to interact with a client application executing on the UE, the client application being associated with the hosted application.

[0178] Exemplary embodiment E7: A method implemented by a host operating in a communication system further including a network node and a user equipment (UE), comprising: providing user data for the UE; and initiating a transmission to convey the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the network node, the UE performing any of the operations in any of the exemplary embodiments of group A to receive the user data from the host.

[0179] Exemplary embodiment E8: The method of the foregoing exemplary embodiment further includes: executing, in the host, a host application associated with the client application running on the UE to receive user data from the UE.

[0180] Exemplary embodiment E9: The method of the above exemplary embodiment further includes sending, at the host, input data to a client application running on the UE, wherein the input data is provided by running a host application, and the user data is provided by the client application in response to the input data from the host application.

[0181] Exemplary embodiment E10: A host configured to operate in a communication system to provide over-the-top (OTT) services, comprising: a processing circuit configured to provide user data; and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), the UE comprising a communication interface and a processing circuit, the communication interface and the processing circuit of the UE configured to perform any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups A and C to transmit the user data to the host.

[0182] Example embodiment E11: The host of the above example embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a network node configured to communicate with the UE to transmit the user data from the UE to the host.

[0183] Exemplary embodiment E12: A host according to the two exemplary embodiments above, wherein the processing circuitry of the host is configured to execute a host application thereby to provide the user data, the host application being configured to interact with a client application executing on the UE, the client application being associated with the host application.

[0184] Exemplary embodiment E13: A method implemented by a host configured to operate in a communication system further including a network node and a user equipment (UE), comprising receiving, at the host, user data transmitted by the UE to the host via the network node, the UE performing any step of any of the exemplary embodiments of any of groups A and C to transmit the user data to the host.

[0185] Example embodiment E14: The method of the example embodiment further includes executing, at the host, a host application associated with a client application executing on the UE to receive the user data from the UE.

[0186] Exemplary embodiment E15: The method of the previous exemplary embodiment further includes sending, at the host, input data to a client application running on the UE, wherein the input data is provided by running a host application, and the user data is provided by the client application in response to the input data from the host application.

[0187] Exemplary embodiment E16: A host configured to operate in a communication system to provide over-the-top (OTT) services, comprising: a processing circuit configured to provide user data; and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data to a network node in a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), the network node having a communication interface and a processing circuit, the processing circuit of the network node being configured to perform any of the operations of any of the exemplary embodiments of groups B and D to transmit user data from the host to the UE.

[0188] Exemplary embodiment E17: A host according to the above exemplary embodiment, wherein the processing circuitry of the host is configured to execute a host application that provides the user data, and the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application to receive a transmission of the user data from the host.

[0189] Exemplary embodiment E18: A method implemented in a host configured to operate in a communication system further including a network node and a user equipment (UE), comprising: providing user data for the UE; and initiating a transmission conveying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the network node, the network node performing any of the operations of the exemplary embodiments of any of groups B and D to transmit the user data from the host to the UE.

[0190] Example embodiment E19: The method of the example embodiment further comprises transmitting, at the network node, the user data provided by the host device for the UE.

[0191] Exemplary embodiment E20: The method according to any of the two previous exemplary embodiments, wherein the user data is provided in the host by executing a host application that interacts with a client application executed on the UE, the client application being associated with the host application.

[0192] Exemplary embodiment E21: A communication system configured to provide an over-the-top service, the communication system having a processing circuit configured to provide user data to a user equipment (UE), the user data being associated with the over-the-top service, and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data to a cellular network node for transmission to the UE, the network node having a communication interface and a processing circuit, the processing circuit of the network node being configured to perform any of the operations of the exemplary embodiments of any of groups B and D to transmit the user data from the host to the UE.

[0193] Exemplary embodiment E22: The communication system of the exemplary embodiment further comprises said network node and / or said user equipment.

[0194] Exemplary embodiment E23: A host configured to operate in a communication system to provide over-the-top (OTT) services, the host having a processing circuit configured to initiate reception of user data and a network interface configured to receive the user data from a network node in a cellular network, the network node having a communication interface and a processing circuit, the processing circuit of the network node configured to receive the user data from a user equipment (UE) for the host, the host being configured to perform any of the operations in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups B and D.

[0195] Exemplary embodiment E24: A host in the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host is configured to execute a host application thereby to provide the user data, the host application being configured to interact with a client application executing on the UE, the client application being associated with the hosted application.

[0196] Exemplary embodiment E25: The host according to any of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein initiating reception of the user data includes requesting the user data.

[0197] Exemplary embodiment E26: A method implemented by a host configured to operate in a communication system further including a network node and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: initiating, at the host, reception of user data from the UE, the user data originating from a transmission signal received by the network node from the UE, and the network node performing any of the steps in any of the exemplary embodiments of groups B and D to receive the user data from the UE for the host.

[0198] Exemplary embodiment E27: The method of any preceding exemplary embodiment, further comprising, at the network node, transmitting the received user data to the host.

Claims

1. A method (700) by a User Equipment (UE) (112) for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use, the method comprising: Obtaining (702) information indicating that the first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use; determining (704) to treat the first cell as restricted based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on the UE being assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , comprising determining that the UE is assigned the access identifier associated with disaster roaming.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the access identifier indicates that the UE is assigned an access identifier 3 .

4. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of: before determining that the UE has been assigned the access identifier related to disaster roaming, determining that the UE is unable to access a second cell associated with a second network; determining that the UE is configured for disaster roaming; A method comprising:

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the UE was previously served in a second cell of the second network and / or the second network includes a home network.

6. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining to treat the first cell as restricted comprises determining not to take at least one action, and determining not to take at least one action comprises: determining not to camp on the first cell; determining not to access the first cell; determining not to select the first cell; determining not to reselect the first cell; The method includes at least one of the following:

7. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining to treat the first cell as restricted comprises: camping on a second cell; accessing the second cell; selecting the second cell; reselecting the second cell; and The method includes performing at least one of the following:

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a public land mobile network (PLMN).

9. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use comprises receiving the information from a network node associated with the first cell.

10. A method (800) by a network node (110) for preventing disaster roaming by a user equipment (UE) in a first cell reserved for operator use, the method comprising: information indicating that the first cell associated with a first network is reserved for operator use; and Information indicating that the UE has been assigned an access identifier associated with disaster roaming; and transmitting (802) at least one of the following to the UE.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the access identifier indicates that the UE is assigned access identifier 3 .

12. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the UE is being or was previously served in a second cell associated with a second network.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the second network comprises a home network.

14. 14. The method of any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).

15. 15. The method of any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein the information triggers the UE to treat the first cell as restricted.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein treating the first cell as restricted comprises: not camping on the first cell; and not accessing the first cell; and deselecting the first cell; and not reselecting the first cell; and The method includes at least one of the following:

17. 17. The method of any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the network node comprises a gNodeB (gNB).

18. A user equipment (UE) (112) for preventing disaster roaming in a first cell reserved for operator use, the UE comprising: Obtaining information indicating that a first cell associated with the first network is reserved for operator use; determining to treat the first cell as restricted based on the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use and based on an access identifier associated with disaster roaming being assigned to the UE; The UE is configured to:

19. 20. The UE of claim 18, configured to determine that the UE has been assigned the access identifier associated with disaster roaming.

20. 20. The UE of claim 18, wherein the access identifier indicates that the UE is assigned access identifier 3.

21. 21. The UE according to claim 19, wherein before determining that the UE is assigned to an access identifier associated with disaster roaming, determining that the UE is unable to access a second cell associated with a second network; determining that the UE is configured for disaster roaming; The UE is configured to:

22. 22. The UE of claim 21, wherein the UE was previously served in the second cell of the second network and / or the second network comprises a home network.

23. 23. The UE according to any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein when determining to treat the first cell as restricted, the UE is configured to determine not to perform at least one action, and when determining not to perform the at least one action, the UE: determining not to camp on the first cell; and determining not to access the first cell; determining not to select the first cell; determining not to reselect the first cell; The UE is configured to perform at least one of the following:

24. 24. A UE according to any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein when determining to treat the first cell as restricted, the UE comprises: camping on a second cell; accessing the second cell; selecting the second cell; reselecting the second cell; and The UE is configured to perform at least one of the following:

25. 25. The UE of any one of claims 18 to 24, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).

26. 26. A UE as claimed in any one of claims 18 to 25, wherein, when obtaining the information indicating that the first cell is reserved for operator use, the UE is configured to receive the information from a network node associated with the first cell.

27. A network node (110) for preventing disaster roaming by a user equipment (UE) in a cell reserved for operator use, the network node comprising: For the UE (112), information indicating that a first cell associated with the first network is reserved for operator use; Information indicating that an access identifier associated with disaster roaming is assigned to the UE; and A network node configured to transmit at least one of:

28. 28. A network node as claimed in claim 27, wherein the access identifier indicates that the UE is assigned access identifier 3.

29. 29. A network node according to any one of claims 27 to 28, wherein the UE is served or was previously served in a second cell associated with a second network.

30. 30. The network node of claim 29, wherein the second network comprises a home network.

31. 31. A network node according to any one of claims 27 to 30, wherein the first network and / or the second network comprises a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).

32. 32. A network node according to any one of claims 27 to 31, wherein said information triggers the UE to treat the first cell as restricted.

33. 33. A network node as claimed in claim 32, wherein treating the first cell as restricted comprises: not camping on the first cell; and not accessing the first cell; and deselecting the first cell; and not reselecting the first cell; and A network node comprising at least one of:

34. 34. The network node of any one of claims 27 to 33, wherein the network node comprises a gNodeB (gNB).

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