Methods, systems, and apparatus for closed-loop neuromodulation

Abstract

To provide systems, apparatus, and methods for treating medication refractory epilepsy.SOLUTION: In one embodiment, a method of treating epilepsy is disclosed comprising detecting, using a first electrode array coupled to a first endovascular carrier, an electrophysiological signal of a subject. The method further comprises analyzing the electrophysiological signal using a neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and stimulating an intracorporeal target site of the subject using a second electrode array coupled to a second endovascular carrier implanted within a part of a bodily vessel superior to a base of the skull of the subject.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to intravascular neuromodulation. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and devices for closed-loop intravascular neuromodulation. [Background technology]

[0002] Vagus nerve stimulation has been successful in reducing seizure frequency in patients with medically refractory epilepsy and in those for whom resection options are unsuitable. Vagus nerve stimulators (VNS) have been implanted in over 100,000 humans with modest therapeutic outcomes. The responder rate, the percentage of patients whose seizure frequency is reduced by more than 50%, is only 46.6%, and the median seizure reduction is 52.4%. In addition, the implantation of a cuff-like electrode directly around the vagus nerve can result in side effects such as nerve damage and paralysis, as well as direct injury to the neck that requires a surgical incision to expose the nerve for electrode implantation.

[0003] Current VNS stimulation parameters are often open loop, meaning stimulation is continuous or on a strict schedule. Typically, stimulation is given for 1-5 minutes followed by 4-10 minutes of rest. This means that there are concerns about battery depletion and hardware failure due to the large amount of power provided. Both require additional surgery to remove any implanted units for battery replacement or replacement of failed hardware components. Recent studies have also highlighted some potential side effects associated with such continuous or constant stimulation. See, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0004] [Non-Patent Document 1] Sun FT, Morrell MJ, Wharen RE Jr., Responsive Cortical Stimulation for the Treatment of Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 2008 Jan 5(1): 68-74 [Non-Patent Document 2] Morrell M. Brain, Stimulation for Epilepsy: Can Scheduled or Responsive Neurostimulation Stop Seizures? Current Opinion in Neurology, 2006 Apr; 19(2): 164-8. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a solution that addresses the above-mentioned shortcomings and drawbacks of conventional neuromodulation systems, which should be safe, effective, and not overly difficult to implant. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Systems, devices, and methods for treating drug-refractory epilepsy are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method of treating epilepsy includes sensing electrophysiological signals of a subject using a first electrode array. The first electrode array can be coupled to a first intravascular carrier implanted in the subject's body. The method can also include analyzing the electrophysiological signals using a neuromodulation unit implanted in the subject's body and electrically coupled to the first electrode array, and stimulating a site of interest in the subject's body using a second electrode array in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals. The second electrode array can be electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit. The second electrode array can be coupled to a second intravascular carrier implanted in a portion of the subject's body blood vessels above the base of the skull.

[0007] Stimulating the internal target site may further include generating electrical impulses using a pulse generator electrically coupled to the second electrode array. The pulse generator may be implanted in the subject's body. Generating the electrical impulses may further include increasing a current amplitude of the electrical impulses from 0 mA to a maximum of 10 mA in increments of 0.1 mA, and increasing a voltage of the electrical impulses from 0 V to a maximum of 10 V in increments of 0.25 V. Furthermore, a pulse width of the electrical impulses may be set to between 25 μS and about 600 μS. Still further, a frequency of the electrical impulses may be set to between 1 Hz and 400 Hz.

[0008] In some embodiments, the method may also include delivering the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier through a single delivery catheter prior to sensing an electrophysiological signal of the subject. In another embodiment, the method may include delivering the first intravascular carrier through a first delivery catheter and delivering the second intravascular carrier through a second delivery catheter prior to sensing an electrophysiological signal of the subject. In a further embodiment, the method may include delivering the first intravascular carrier through the first delivery catheter and delivering the second intravascular carrier through a second delivery catheter extending through the first delivery catheter.

[0009] In some embodiments, the method may further include stimulating a site of interest within the subject using the first electrode array. In these embodiments, the method may further include using the second electrode array to sense or record electrophysiological signals of the subject.

[0010] Also disclosed is an intravascular neuromodulation system for treating epilepsy and / or other conditions or disorders. The system may include a first electrode array configured to sense electrophysiological signals of a subject. The first electrode array may be coupled to a first intravascular carrier configured to be implanted within the subject's body. The system may further include a second electrode array configured to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body. The second electrode array may be coupled to a second intravascular carrier configured to be implanted above the base of the subject's skull. The system may further include an implantable neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and the second electrode array.

[0011] The neuromodulation unit may be configured to analyze electrophysiological signals sensed by the first electrode array and generate, via the pulse generator, electrical impulses for transmission to the second electrode array in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals to stimulate a target site within the body.

[0012] The first intravascular carrier carrying the first electrode array may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a venous sinus of the subject. For example, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within at least one of the superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus, transverse sinus, and straight sinus of the subject.

[0013] In some embodiments, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a superficial cerebral vein. For example, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within at least one of the Labé vein, the Trolardo vein, the Sylvian vein, and the Rolandic vein.

[0014] In other embodiments, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in a deep cerebral vein. For example, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the vein of Rosenthal, the vein of Galen, the superior thalamic-striatal vein, and the internal cerebral vein.

[0015] Also, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted within at least one of the central sulcal vein, the post-central sulcal vein, and the pre-central sulcal vein. In some embodiments, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a blood vessel extending through the subject's hippocampus or amygdala.

[0016] The internal body site of interest may be a portion of the subject's vagus nerve. The second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a portion of the subject's internal jugular vein above the jugular foramen. The second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a branch or tributary of the internal jugular vein. The second intravascular carrier may also be implanted within a portion of the subject's internal carotid artery above the base of the skull.

[0017] In some embodiments, the internal body site of interest may be the cerebellum of the subject. In these and other embodiments, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the sigmoid sinus, the transverse sinus, and the straight sinus of the subject.

[0018] In other embodiments, the internal body site of interest may be the motor cortex of the subject. In these and other embodiments, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the superior sagittal sinus, the inferior sagittal sinus, the central sulcus vein, the posterior central sulcus vein, and the anterior central sulcus vein.

[0019] The second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a superficial cerebral vein. For example, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within at least one of the Labé vein, the Trolardo vein, the Sylvian vein, and the Rolandic vein.

[0020] Also, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in a deep cerebral vein. For example, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the Rosenthal vein, the vein of Galen, the superior thalamic-striatal vein, and the internal cerebral vein. In these and other embodiments, the site of interest in the body may be at least one of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, the central nucleus of the thalamus, the fornix, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the posterior caudal zone incerta. In some embodiments, the second intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in a blood vessel extending through the hippocampus or amygdala of the subject.

[0021] With respect to the implantation site, the first intravascular carrier carrying the first electrode array and the second intravascular carrier carrying the second electrode array may be implanted in any combination of the body vessels disclosed herein. For example, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted in the venous sinus and the second intravascular carrier may be implanted in the superficial cerebral vein. Also, for example, the first intravascular carrier may be implanted in the deep cerebral vein and the second intravascular carrier may be implanted in the internal jugular vein.

[0022] The neuromodulation unit may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's body. For example, the neuromodulation unit may be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's forearm. Alternatively, the neuromodulation unit may be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's chest. The neuromodulation unit may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's armpit.

[0023] The first electrode array may be electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a first transmission lead having a first lead diameter. The first transmission lead may pass through the neck of the subject. The first lead diameter may be about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. The second electrode array may be electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a second transmission lead having a second lead diameter. The second transmission lead may extend through the neck of the subject. The second lead diameter may be about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In other embodiments, the first electrode array and the second electrode array may be coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a single transmission lead having a lead diameter. The single transmission lead may extend through the neck of the subject. In these embodiments, the lead diameter may be about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

[0024] In some embodiments, the pulse generator may be part of the neuromodulation unit. The pulse generator may be powered and operated by an external device. For example, the pulse generator may include a first magnetic component, and the external device may include a second magnetic component configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component. The pulse generator may be configured to be charged by the external device by electromagnetic induction when the external device is placed in proximity to the pulse generator.

[0025] In these and other embodiments, the neuromodulation unit may be powered by one or more batteries. The extracorporeal device may be provided as part of an armband, with the neuromodulation unit being implanted in the subject's arm.

[0026] At least one of the first and second intravascular carriers can be an expandable stent or scaffold including an electrode array coupled to the expandable stent or scaffold. For example, at least one of the first and second intravascular carriers can be a self-expanding stent or scaffold.

[0027] At least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier may be a wire or cable configured to be wound or coiled including an electrode array, and the electrode array is coupled to the wire or cable. The wire or cable may be wound in a substantially helical manner. In some embodiments, at least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier may be a wire or cable including a sharp distal end for penetrating a lumen or a vessel wall. Furthermore, at least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier may be a wire or cable that constitutes an anchor. For example, the anchor may use at least one of a barbed anchor and a radially expandable anchor.

[0028] The neuromodulation unit may further comprise a telemetry unit. The telemetry unit may be configured to analyze the detected electrophysiological signal by comparing the electrophysiological signal to one or more signal thresholds or patterns. In some embodiments, the electrophysiological signal may be a local field potential (LFP) measured in the subject's brain and / or an intracranial / cortical EEG. In these and other embodiments, the electrophysiological signal may be a cortical electroencephalogram signal.

[0029] The first intravascular carrier, the second intravascular carrier, and / or the transmission lead may be formed in part from platinum tungsten, gold, aluminum, nitinol wire, rhodium, iridium, nickel, nickel-chromium alloy, gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy, and / or stainless steel.

[0030] Also disclosed is another method of treating epilepsy. The method may include sensing electrophysiological signals of a subject using a first electrode array. The first electrode array may be coupled to an intravascular carrier implanted above the base of the subject's skull. The method may further include analyzing the electrophysiological signals using a neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array. The method may further include stimulating a site of interest within the subject's body using a second electrode array in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals. The second electrode array may be coupled to the same intravascular carrier.

[0031] Additionally, the electrodes of the second electrode array are separate from the electrodes of the first electrode array, hi some embodiments, the first electrode array and the second electrode array can record or transmit data to the neuromodulation unit via different channels.

[0032] Stimulating the internal site of interest may further include generating an electrical impulse using a pulse generator electrically coupled to the second electrode array. The pulse generator may be implanted in the subject's body. Stimulating the internal site of interest may further include generating an electrical impulse using a pulse generator electrically coupled to the second electrode array. Generating the electrical impulse may further include increasing a current amplitude of the electrical impulse from 0 mA to a maximum of 10 mA in increments of 0.1 mA, and increasing a voltage of the electrical impulse from 0 V to a maximum of 10 V in increments of 0.25 V. Furthermore, the pulse width of the electrical impulse may be set to 25 μS to about 600 μS. Still further, the frequency of the electrical impulse may be set to 1 Hz to 400 Hz.

[0033] Also disclosed is another intravascular neuromodulation system for treating epilepsy and / or other conditions or disorders. The system may include a first electrode array configured to sense electrophysiological signals of a subject. The first electrode array may be coupled to an intravascular carrier configured for intravascular placement above the base of the subject's skull. The system may further include a second electrode array configured to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body. The second electrode array may be coupled to the same intravascular carrier. The system may further include an implantable neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and the second electrode array.

[0034] The neuromodulation unit may be configured to analyze electrophysiological signals sensed by the first electrode array and generate, via the pulse generator, electrical impulses for transmission to the second electrode array in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals to stimulate a target site within the body.

[0035] The internal body site of interest may be a portion of the subject's vagus nerve. The intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a portion of the subject's internal jugular vein above the jugular foramen. In some embodiments, the intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted within a branch or tributary of the internal jugular vein. The intravascular carrier may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within a portion of the subject's internal carotid artery above the base of the skull.

[0036] In some embodiments, the internal body site of interest may be the cerebellum of the subject. In these embodiments, the intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the sigmoid sinus, the transverse sinus, and the straight sinus of the subject.

[0037] In other embodiments, the internal body site of interest may be the motor cortex of the subject. In these embodiments, the intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the superior sagittal sinus, the inferior sagittal sinus, the central sulcus vein, the posterior central sulcus vein, and the anterior central sulcus vein.

[0038] The intravascular carrier may also be implanted in a superficial cerebral vein. For example, the intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the Labé vein, the Trolardo vein, the Sylvian vein, and the Rolandic vein.

[0039] The intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in a deep cerebral vein. For example, the intravascular carrier may be implanted or configured to be implanted in at least one of the Rosenthal vein, the vein of Galen, the superior thalamic-striatal vein, and the internal cerebral vein.

[0040] The neuromodulation unit may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's body. For example, the neuromodulation unit may be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's forearm. Alternatively, the neuromodulation unit may be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's chest. The neuromodulation unit may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within the subject's armpit.

[0041] The first electrode array may be electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a first transmission lead having a first lead diameter. The first transmission lead may extend through the subject's neck. The first lead diameter may be between about 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. The second electrode array may be electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a second transmission lead having a second lead diameter. The second transmission lead may extend through the subject's neck. The second lead diameter may be between about 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.

[0042] In other embodiments, the first and second electrode arrays may be coupled to the neuromodulation unit via a single transmission lead having a lead diameter that may extend through the subject's neck. In these embodiments, the lead diameter may be between about 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.

[0043] In some embodiments, the pulse generator may be part of the neuromodulation unit. The pulse generator may be powered and operated by an external device. For example, the pulse generator may include a first magnetic component, and the external device may include a second magnetic component configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component. The pulse generator may be configured to be charged by the external device by electromagnetic induction when the external device is placed in proximity to the pulse generator.

[0044] In these and other embodiments, the neuromodulation unit may be powered by one or more batteries. The extracorporeal device may be provided as part of an armband, with the neuromodulation unit being implanted in the subject's arm.

[0045] In some embodiments, the intravascular carrier can be an expandable stent or an intravascular scaffold including an electrode array, and the electrode array is coupled to the expandable stent or an intravascular scaffold. For example, the intravascular carrier can be a self-expanding stent or a self-expanding intravascular scaffold.

[0046] In other embodiments, the intravascular carrier can be a wire or cable configured to be wound or coiled containing the electrode array, the electrode array being coupled to the wire or cable. The wire or cable can be wound in a substantially helical manner.

[0047] In some embodiments, the intravascular carrier can be a wire or cable that includes a sharpened distal end for penetrating the lumen or vessel wall. Additionally, the intravascular carrier can be a wire or cable that comprises an anchor. For example, the anchor can be at least one of a barbed anchor and a radially expandable anchor.

[0048] The neuromodulation unit may further comprise a telemetry unit. The telemetry unit may be configured to analyze the detected electrophysiological signal by comparing the electrophysiological signal to one or more signal thresholds or patterns. In some embodiments, the electrophysiological signal may be a local field potential (LFP) measured in the subject's brain and / or an intracranial / cortical EEG. In these and other embodiments, the electrophysiological signal may be a cortical electroencephalogram signal.

[0049] The intravascular carrier and / or the transmission lead(s) may be formed in part from platinum tungsten, gold, aluminum, nitinol wire, rhodium, iridium, nickel, nickel-chromium alloy, gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy, and / or stainless steel. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0050] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an endovascular neuromodulation system according to one embodiment for treating epilepsy and other diseases / conditions. [Figure 2A] 2A-2D show an intravascular carrier according to various embodiments. [Figure 2B] 2A-2D show an intravascular carrier according to various embodiments. [Figure 2C] 2A-2D show an intravascular carrier according to various embodiments. [Figure 2D] 2A-2D show an intravascular carrier according to various embodiments. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A is a diagram showing possible implantation sites for components of a neuromodulation system. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B shows a neuromodulation unit implanted in a subject's arm. [Figure 4A] 4A-4C show a transmission lead according to one embodiment used to connect an electrode array to another electrode array or to a neuromodulation unit. [Figure 4B]4A-4C show a transmission lead according to one embodiment used to connect an electrode array to another electrode array or to a neuromodulation unit. [Figure 4C] 4A-4C show a transmission lead according to one embodiment used to connect an electrode array to another electrode array or to a neuromodulation unit. [Figure 5A] 5A-5C are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for implanting an electrode array according to one embodiment. [Figure 5B] 5A-5C are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for implanting an electrode array according to one embodiment. [Figure 5C] 5A-5C are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for implanting an electrode array according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 illustrates a method of treating epilepsy according to one embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 illustrates another example method of treating epilepsy. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A illustrates an intravascular carrier according to one embodiment implanted within the internal jugular vein of a subject. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B is a partial cross-sectional view of a subject's transverse section at the C6 vertebral level showing the vagus nerve and its surrounding blood vessels. [Figure 8C] FIG. 8C illustrates the proximity of the internal jugular vein to the vagus nerve. [Figure 9A] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9B] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9C] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9D] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9E] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9F] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 9G] 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 illustrates a method of deployment or delivery of an intravascular carrier according to one embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 illustrates an alternative method of deploying or delivering an intravascular carrier. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 illustrates yet another embodiment of a method for deploying or delivering an intravascular carrier. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 illustrates a delivery catheter according to one embodiment of a bifurcated transmission lead. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0051] The drawings shown and described in the drawings are illustrative embodiments and are not limiting. Like reference numbers generally indicate identical or functionally equivalent elements.

[0052] 1 illustrates an embodiment of an endovascular neuromodulation system 100 for treating epilepsy and other diseases / conditions. The neuromodulation system 100 may be comprised of multiple electrode arrays 102 electrically coupled to a neuromodulation unit 104 via transmission leads 106 or wires. For example, the neuromodulation system 100 may be comprised of a first electrode array 102A and a second electrode array 102B electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104.

[0053] Each of the electrode arrays 102 may be coupled to an intravascular carrier 108. For example, a first electrode array 102A may be coupled to a first intravascular carrier 108A configured for intravascular placement within a subject's body. A second electrode array 102B may be coupled to a second intravascular carrier 108B configured for intravascular placement within a subject's body.

[0054] In some embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B may be implanted within different blood vessels (e.g., different veins, arteries, or sinuses) of the subject. In other embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B may be implanted within the same blood vessel or within different sites of the same blood vessel.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the first electrode array 102A can be configured to sense or record electrophysiological signals of the subject, and the second electrode array 102B can be configured to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body (e.g., a nerve of interest, a brain region or site of interest, or other tissue of interest). In these embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 can be configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals sensed or recorded by the first electrode array 102A and transmit electrical impulses to the second electrode array 102B via the pulse generator 110 in response to the sensed or recorded electrophysiological signals.

[0056] In other embodiments, both the first electrode array 102A and the second electrode array 102B may be configured to sense or record electrophysiological signals of the subject. In additional embodiments, both the first electrode array 102A and the second electrode array 102B may be configured to stimulate one or more internal sites of interest of the subject, which are described in more detail in a later section.

[0057] The first electrode array 102A may be comprised of a plurality of electrodes 112 coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A. For example, the first electrode array 102A may be comprised of between 2 and 16 electrodes. In other embodiments, the first electrode array 102A may be comprised of between 16 and 20 electrodes, or more than 20 electrodes.

[0058] The second electrode array 102B may be comprised of a plurality of electrodes 112 coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B. For example, the second electrode array 102B may be comprised of between 2 and 16 electrodes. In other embodiments, the second electrode array 102B may be comprised of between 16 and 20 electrodes, or more than 20 electrodes.

[0059] When an electrode array 102 (e.g., either the first electrode array 102A or the second electrode array 102B) is used to sense or record electrophysiological signals of a subject, the electrode array may be referred to as a recording electrode array. Furthermore, when an electrode array (e.g., either the first electrode array 102A or the second electrode array 102B) is used to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body, the electrode array may be referred to as a stimulating electrode array.

[0060] In some embodiments (e.g., the embodiment shown in FIG. 1), the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B can be expandable stents or intravascular scaffolds. The intravascular carriers and electrode arrays coupled to such carriers can be referred to as stent-electrode arrays 109. Stent-electrode arrays 109 are described in more detail in a later section.

[0061] In other embodiments, at least one of the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B may be a biocompatible coiled wire 200 (see, e.g., FIG. 2A), a biocompatible anchored wire 208 (see, e.g., FIG. 2C), or a combination thereof.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A can be the same as the second intravascular carrier 108B (e.g., both the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B can be a stent-electrode array 109, a coiled wire 200, or an anchored wire 208). In other embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A can be different from the second intravascular carrier 108B (e.g., the first intravascular carrier 108A can be a stent-electrode array 109 and the second intravascular carrier 108B can be a coiled wire 200).

[0063] 1 illustrates a neuromodulation system 100 consisting of two electrode arrays 102 and two intravascular carriers 108, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that the neuromodulation system 100 may be comprised of three to five electrode arrays 102 and intravascular carriers 108. In additional embodiments, the neuromodulation system 100 may be comprised of five to ten electrode arrays 102 and intravascular carriers 108.

[0064] The neuromodulation unit 104 may be configured to be implanted within a subject's body. In some embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 may be configured to be implanted within a subject's forearm (see, e.g., FIG. 3B). In other embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 may be configured to be implanted within a chest region of the subject (see, e.g., FIG. 3A). The neuromodulation unit 104 may also be implanted or configured to be implanted within an axillary region of the subject.

[0065] Each of the first electrode array 102A and the second electrode array 102B may be coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via one or more transmission leads 106 or leads. In some embodiments, the transmission leads 106 may be inserted into or coupled to a header portion 114 of the neuromodulation unit 104.

[0066] The header portion 114 may be comprised of different plug receptacles for leads or plugs coming from different electrode arrays. For example, the header portion 114 may be comprised of a 0.9 mm plug receptacle for receiving a plug or connector from a first transmission lead 106A connected or coupled to a first electrode array 102A functioning as a recording electrode array, and a 1.3 mm plug receptacle for receiving a plug or connector from a second transmission lead 106B connected or coupled to a second electrode array 102B functioning as a stimulating electrode array.

[0067] The neuromodulation unit 104 may be comprised of a unit housing 116. The unit housing 116 may be a hermetically sealed housing or enclosure such that the electronic components within the neuromodulation unit 104 are encapsulated by the unit housing 116. The unit housing 116 may be formed from a biocompatible material. For example, the unit housing 116 may be formed in part from a metallic material (e.g., titanium, stainless steel, platinum, or a combination thereof), a polymeric material, or a combination thereof.

[0068] In some embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be part of the neuromodulation unit 104 or may be included within the unit housing 116. In some embodiments, the implantable neuromodulation unit 104 may include one or more batteries (e.g., rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries). In certain embodiments, the battery of the neuromodulation unit 104 may be recharged via wireless inductive charging.

[0069] In other embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 can be powered and / or activated by an external device 300 (see, e.g., FIG. 3A). The neuromodulation unit 104 can include a first magnetic component 118, and the external device 300 can include a second magnetic component 302 (see, e.g., FIG. 3A) configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component 118. The neuromodulation unit 104, including the pulse generator 110, can be configured to be charged via electromagnetic induction by the external device 300 or activated by the external device 300 when the external device 300 is placed in proximity to the neuromodulation unit 104, such as by bringing the external device 300 close to an implantation site of the neuromodulation unit 104. In those embodiments in which the neuromodulation unit 104 and the pulse generator 110 are the same device, any reference to the neuromodulation unit 104 can also refer to the pulse generator 110.

[0070] In other embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be a separate device or apparatus from the neuromodulation unit 104. In these embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be implanted within the subject's body and the neuromodulation unit 104 may be an extracorporeal unit located and operating outside the subject's body. In these embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 functions as an extracorporeal device 300 and is capable of processing data received wirelessly or via a physical lead from the first electrode array 102A, the second electrode array 102B, or a combination thereof.

[0071] In further embodiments, the implantable pulse generator 110 can include one or more batteries (e.g., rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries). In certain embodiments, the battery of the pulse generator 110 can be recharged via wireless inductive charging.

[0072] If the pulse generator 110 is a separate device implanted within the subject's body (e.g., implanted in the forearm, chest site, axillary site, etc.), the pulse generator 110 can be powered and operated by an external device 300 (see, e.g., FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can include a first magnetic component 118, and the external device 300 can include a second magnetic component 302 configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component 118. The pulse generator 110 can be configured to be charged by the external device 300 via electromagnetic induction when the external device 300 is placed in proximity to the pulse generator 110, such as by bringing the external device 300 close to an implantation site of the pulse generator 110.

[0073] The neuromodulation unit 104 can further include a telemetry unit 120 or a telemetry module (e.g., a telemetry hardware module, a telemetry software module, or a combination thereof). The telemetry unit 120 can be configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals sensed or recorded by the electrode array by comparing the electrophysiological signals to one or more predefined signal thresholds or patterns. For example, the neuromodulation unit 104 (or the telemetry unit 120 within the neuromodulation unit 104) can be comprised of one or more processors and one or more memory units. The one or more processors can be programmed to execute instructions stored in the one or more memory units and compare the electrophysiological signals to one or more predefined signal thresholds or patterns as part of the analysis.

[0074] In some embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be local field potentials (LFPs) and / or intracranial / cortical EEGs measured in the subject's brain using any of the electrode arrays (e.g., the first electrode array 102A, the second electrode array 102B, or a combination thereof) implanted intravascularly in the subject's body. In other embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be intracranial or cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) signals.

[0075] In other embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be electrocorticography (ECoG) signals received by telemetry 120 from an ECoG electrode array deployed on the brain's surface. For example, the ECoG electrode array may be a flexible or stretchable electrode mesh or one or more electrode patches placed on the brain's surface.

[0076] In further embodiments, the electrophysiological signal may be a signal indicative of the subject's heart rate or changes in heart rate. For example, the electrophysiological signal may be an electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) signal measured by the neuromodulation unit 104 when the neuromodulation unit 104 is implanted in the subject's chest or in the subclavian space.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be EEG signals received by telemetry 120 from a number of external electrodes (external electrode array) placed on the subject's scalp. For example, the EEG signals may be obtained from an EEG monitoring system worn on the head (e.g., an EEG skull cap or an EEG visor). In these embodiments, the EEG electrodes may function as a recording or sensing electrode array.

[0078] The electrophysiological signal may provide information or data that can be used to predict or indicate whether an epileptic seizure is about to occur in a subject. For example, if the electrophysiological signal is an EEG signal, the neuromodulation unit 104 may command the pulse generator 110 to generate an electrical impulse upon detection of an epileptiform transient or other pre-seizure signature in the EEG signal.

[0079] The neuromodulation unit 104 (or telemetry unit 120) can adjust or change one or more signal thresholds. Additionally, the neuromodulation unit 104 can also select between different signal thresholds. For example, the neuromodulation unit 104 can raise or lower a signal threshold based on how frequently the subject experiences seizures after a signal threshold is met (or not met).

[0080] Neuromodulation system 100 is considered to operate in a closed-loop mode, or to perform "responsive neurostimulation," when it stimulates a site of interest within the body in response to detected electrophysiological signals that are associated with or correlated with the onset of an epileptic seizure. In some embodiments, system 100 may also classify or stratify detected or recorded electrophysiological signals into low, medium, or high risk, and generate an electrical impulse only if the signal is deemed to be medium or high risk.

[0081] The neuromodulation unit 104 can be configured to analyze electrophysiological signals sensed or recorded by at least one of the electrode arrays (e.g., either the first electrode array 102A, the second electrode array 102B, or a combination thereof) and, in response to the sensed or recorded electrophysiological signals, transmit electrical impulses via the pulse generator 110 to the same or another electrode array.

[0082] The electrical impulses can be biphasic, monophasic, sinusoidal, or a combination thereof. The pulse generator 110 can generate the electrical impulses by increasing the current amplitude of the electrical impulses from 0 mA up to 10 mA in increments of 0.1 mA and increasing the voltage of the electrical impulses from 0 V up to 10 V in increments of 0.25 V. The generated electrical impulses can have a pulse width of 25 μS to about 600 μS. Also, the timing parameters of the electrical impulses can be adjusted to allow different stimulation timing patterns.

[0083] The electrical impulses generated can have a frequency between 1 Hz and 400 Hz. For example, the frequency of the electrical impulses can be set to low frequency (approximately 1 Hz to 10 Hz), medium frequency (approximately 10 Hz to 150 Hz), or high frequency (approximately 150 Hz to 400 Hz). Stimulating targeted areas in the body (e.g., the vagus nerve) can increase blood flow to key areas of the brain and increase the concentration of certain neurotransmitters (e.g., inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)) involved in suppressing seizure activity.

[0084] In other embodiments, the neuromodulation system 100 can operate in an open-loop mode or configuration to intermittently or periodically stimulate an internal target site via an electrode array based on a pre-set schedule.

[0085] 2A-2D illustrate various other embodiments of an intravascular carrier 108 that can be used to carry an electrode array 102 and secure the electrode array 102 at an implantation site within a subject's vasculature.

[0086] 1, the endovascular carrier 108 may be an expandable stent or endovascular scaffold that includes an electrode array 102 coupled to the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold. The expandable stent or endovascular scaffold may be comprised of multiple filaments braided into a tubular structure.

[0087] In some embodiments, the stent or scaffold is configured to be self-expandable. For example, the stent or scaffold can self-expand from a collapsed or folded configuration to an expanded configuration when deployed within the vasculature of a subject. For example, the stent or scaffold can self-expand to a pre-set shape or diameter to fit a particular vein, artery, or other vessel. In other embodiments, the stent or scaffold can be expanded by a balloon catheter.

[0088] The electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 may be affixed, secured, or otherwise coupled to an outer boundary or radially outer portion of the expandable stent or scaffold. For example, the electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 may be disposed along filaments that make up the outer boundary or radially outer portion of the expandable stent or scaffold (i.e., the portion of the stent or scaffold configured to contact the vascular lumen).

[0089] In some embodiments, the filaments of the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold can be formed in part from a shape memory alloy. For example, the filaments of the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold can be formed in part from Nitinol (e.g., Nitinol wire). The filaments of the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold can also be formed in part from stainless steel, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, aluminum, nickel-chromium alloy, gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy, iridium, rhodium, or combinations thereof. The filaments of the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold can also be formed in part from a shape memory polymer.

[0090] When the intravascular carrier 108 is an expandable stent or intravascular scaffold carrying the electrode array 102 , the entire carrier and array assembly may be referred to as a stent-electrode array 109 .

[0091] The stent-electrode array 109 disclosed herein may be any of the stent-electrode arrays disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014 / 0288667, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020 / 0078195, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019 / 0336748, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020 / 0016396, U.S. Patent No. 10,575,783, U.S. Patent No. 10,485,968, U.S. Patent No. 10,729,530, U.S. Patent No. 10,512,555, U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 457,493 filed June 28, 2019, U.S. Patent Application No. 62 / 927,574 filed October 29, 2019, U.S. Patent Application No. 62 / 932,906 filed November 8, 2019, and the like. No. 62 / 932,935, filed November 8, 2019, U.S. Ser. No. 62 / 935,901, filed November 15, 2019, U.S. Ser. No. 62 / 941,317, filed November 27, 2019, U.S. Ser. No. 62 / 950,629, filed December 19, 2019, U.S. Ser. No. 63 / 003,480, filed April 1, 2020, or U.S. Ser. No. 63 / 057,379, filed July 28, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0092] 2A illustrates an alternative intravascular carrier 108 as a coiled wire 200. The coiled wire 200 may be used in vessels that are too small to accommodate the stent-electrode array 109.

[0093] The coiled wire 200 can be a biocompatible wire 202 or microwire configured to wind itself into a coiled or substantially helical pattern. The electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 can be interspersed along the length of the coiled wire 200. More specifically, the electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 can be affixed, secured, or otherwise coupled to distinct points along the length of the coiled wire 200. The electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 can be separated from one another such that no two electrodes 112 are within a predetermined separation distance of one another (e.g., at least 10 μm, at least 100 μm, or at least 1.0 mm).

[0094] In some embodiments, the wire 202 or microwire can be configured to automatically coil itself into a coiled configuration (e.g., a helical pattern) when the wire 202 or microwire is deployed from a delivery catheter. For example, the coiled wire 200 can automatically assume its coiled configuration by shape memory when the delivery catheter or sheath is retracted. The coiled configuration or shape can be a preset or shape-memorized shape of the wire 202 or microwire prior to the wire 202 or microwire being introduced into the delivery catheter. The preset or pre-tailored shape can be larger than the expected diameter of the deployment or graft vessel such that radial forces exerted by the coil can anchor or position the coiled wire 200 in a predetermined location within the deployment or graft vessel.

[0095] In other embodiments, the coiled wire 200 can achieve the coiled configuration when a compressive force is applied to the wire 202 or microwire to force or otherwise urge the wire 202 or microwire into the coiled configuration.

[0096] 2A, the coiled wire 200 can have a wire diameter 204 and a coil diameter 206. The wire diameter 204 can be the diameter of the underlying wire 202 or microwire used to form the intravascular carrier 108. In some embodiments, the wire diameter 204 can be from about 25 μm to about 1.0 mm. In other embodiments, the wire diameter 204 can be from about 100 μm to about 500 μm.

[0097] The coil diameter 206 can be between 1.0 mm and 15.0 mm. More specifically, the coil diameter 206 can be between about 3.0 mm and about 8.0 mm (e.g., about 6.0 mm or about 7.0 mm). In some embodiments, the coil diameter 206 can be between 15.0 mm and about 25.0 mm. The coil diameter 206 can be set based on the diameter of the target vessel and the deployment vessel.

[0098] The wires 202 or microwires can be formed in part from a shape memory alloy, a shape memory polymer, or a combination thereof. For example, the wires 202 or microwires can be formed in part from Nitinol (e.g., Nitinol wire). The wires 202 or microwires can also be formed from stainless steel, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, aluminum, nickel-chromium alloy, gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy, iridium, rhodium, or a combination thereof.

[0099] 2B illustrates that the first electrode array 102A may be carried by a first coiled wire 200A, and the second electrode array 102B may be carried by a second coiled wire 200B connected to the first coiled wire 200A. In this embodiment, the first coiled wire 200A may function as a first intravascular carrier 108A, and the second coiled wire 200B may function as a second intravascular carrier 108B. Each of the first coiled wire 200A and the second coiled wire 200B may be similar to the coiled wire 200 described above (see FIG. 2A).

[0100] The first coiled wire 200A may be connected to the second coiled wire 200B by a non-coiled segment of wire 202 or microwire. For example, the first coiled wire 200A may be connected to the second coiled wire 200B by a non-coiled section of the same wire 202 or microwire used to form the first coiled wire 200A and the second coiled wire 200B.

[0101] As will be described in more detail in a later section, the first coiled wire 200A, functioning as the first intravascular carrier 108A, and the second coiled wire 200B, functioning as the second intravascular carrier 108B, may be implanted along different segments of the same blood vessel or may be implanted in different blood vessels.

[0102] In some embodiments, the first electrode array 102A carried by the first coiled wire 200A may function as a recording electrode array and the second electrode array 102B carried by the second coiled wire 200B may function as a stimulating electrode array. In other embodiments, both the first electrode array 102A carried by the first coiled wire 200A and the second electrode array 102B carried by the second coiled wire 200B may function as recording and / or stimulating electrode arrays.

[0103] 2C illustrates a further embodiment of an intravascular carrier 108 as an anchored wire 208. The anchored wire 208 can be used in vessels that are too small or too tortuous to accommodate either the coiled wire 200 or the stent-electrode array 109.

[0104] Anchored wire 208 may be comprised of a biocompatible wire 202 or microwire attached or otherwise coupled to an anchor or another type of intravascular fixation mechanism.

[0105] FIG. 2C shows that anchored wire 208 can consist of a barbed anchor 210, a radially expandable anchor 212, or a combination thereof (both barbed anchors 210 and radially expandable anchors 212 are shown with dashed or dotted lines in FIG. 2C).

[0106] In some embodiments, the barbed anchor 210 may be positioned at a distal end of the anchored wire 208. In other embodiments, the barbed anchor 210 may be positioned along one or more sides of the wire 202 or microwire. The barbs of the barbed anchor 210 may secure or anchor the anchored wire 208 to an implantation site within the subject's body.

[0107] The radially expandable anchor 212 can be a section of the wire 202 or microwire shaped as a coil or loop. The coil or loop can be sized so that it can fit into the vessel lumen and expand against the lumen wall to secure the anchored wire 208 at the implantation site within the vessel. For example, the coil or loop can be sized larger than the diameter of the expected deployment or graft vessel so that the radial force exerted by the coil or loop can secure or position the anchored wire 208 in place within the deployment or graft vessel.

[0108] In some embodiments, the radially expandable anchor 212 may be positioned at the distal end of the anchored wire 208. In other embodiments, the radially expandable anchor 212 may be disposed along a proximal section of the distal end of the anchored wire 208.

[0109] The electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 may be interspersed along the length of the coiled wire 200. More specifically, the electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 may be affixed, secured, or otherwise coupled to distinct points along the length of the anchored wire 208. The electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 may be separated from one another such that no two electrodes 112 are within a predetermined separation distance of one another (e.g., at least 10 μm, at least 100 μm, or at least 1.0 mm).

[0110] Although FIG. 2C illustrates anchored wire 208 having only one barbed anchor 210 and one radially expandable anchor 212, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that anchored wire 208 may be comprised of multiple barbed anchors 210 and / or multiple radially expandable anchors 212.

[0111] 2D illustrates an intravascular carrier 214 according to one embodiment carrying different electrode arrays 102 (e.g., a first electrode array 102A and a second electrode array 102B). As shown in FIG. 2D, the intravascular carrier 214 can be the stent-electrode array 109 described above.

[0112] In this embodiment, two electrode arrays 102 may be coupled to the same expandable stent or endovascular scaffold. In other embodiments, three or more electrode arrays 102 may be coupled to the same expandable stent or endovascular scaffold.

[0113] In FIG. 2D, the electrodes 112 of the first electrode array 102A are illustrated using filled circles and the electrodes 112 of the second electrode array 102B are illustrated using open circles, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the difference in color is for ease of illustration only.

[0114] The electrodes 112 of the first electrode array 102A can be used as dedicated recording or sensing electrodes, and the electrodes 112 of the second electrode array 102B can be used as dedicated stimulating electrodes. In this manner, only one intravascular carrier is required for deploying both the recording and stimulating electrode arrays. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the electrodes 112 of the first electrode array 102A can record and communicate over a different data or communication channel than that of the electrodes 112 of the second electrode array 102B.

[0115] Although FIG. 2D illustrates the intravascular carrier 214 as an expandable stent or scaffold, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that any of the intravascular carriers disclosed herein, including the coiled wire 200 and the anchored wire 208, may be used as an intravascular carrier for carrying at least two types of electrode arrays 102.

[0116] 2A-2D, the electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 can be formed in part from platinum, platinum black, another precious metal, or an alloy or composite thereof. For example, the electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102 can be formed from gold, iridium, palladium, a gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, rhodium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the electrodes 112 can be formed from a metal composite (e.g., a platinum-iridium alloy or composite) that has a high charge injection capacity.

[0117] In some embodiments, the electrode 112 can be formed as a circular disk having a disk diameter of about 100 μm to 1.0 mm. In other embodiments, the electrode 112 can have a disk diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm. In additional embodiments, the electrode 112 can be cylindrical, spherical, cuff-shaped, ring-shaped, partial ring-shaped (e.g., C-shaped), or semi-cylindrical.

[0118] The electrode 112 can be made more conductive by increasing the surface area of ​​the electrode 112 by surface roughening using chemical or electrochemical roughening methods, or by coating it with a conductive polymer coating such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).

[0119] 3A illustrates that the neuromodulation unit 104 and an intravascular carrier 108 carrying the electrode array 102 may be implanted within a subject's body. In some embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 may be powered by a portable power source, such as one or more rechargeable batteries. In these and other embodiments, the batteries of the neuromodulation unit 104 may be charged by the extracorporeal device 300 via electromagnetic induction. In some embodiments, the neuromodulation unit 104 may also be activated or powered by the extracorporeal device 300 when the extracorporeal device 300 is placed in proximity to the neuromodulation unit 104 (e.g., held up next to an implantation site of the neuromodulation unit 104).

[0120] For example, the neuromodulation unit 104 can be comprised of a first magnetic component 118 (e.g., a receiving coil or a secondary coil) and the external device 300 can be comprised of a second magnetic component 302 (e.g., a primary coil or a transmitting coil) configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component 118. The external device 300 can charge or power the neuromodulation unit 104 by electromagnetic induction.

[0121] In some embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can be a stand-alone device separate from the neuromodulation unit 104. In these embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can also be comprised of a first magnetic component 118 (e.g., a receive coil or secondary coil) configured to be magnetically coupled to a second magnetic component 302 (e.g., a primary coil or transmit coil) within the external device 300. In these embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can be charged or powered by the external device 300 via electromagnetic induction.

[0122] As shown in FIG. 3A, any of the intravascular carriers 108 can be implanted in the cortical or cerebral vasculature of a subject. For example, an electrode array 102 coupled to a stent-electrode array 109 functioning as an intravascular carrier 108 can be implanted in a venous sinus (e.g., the superior sagittal sinus) of a subject. The stent-electrode array 109 can be directly connected or coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via its own transmission lead 106 or cable. In other embodiments, the stent-electrode array 109 can be coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via a shared transmission lead 106 or cable.

[0123] In some embodiments, the stent-electrode array 109 deployed in the venous sinus may be used to sense or record electrophysiological signals of a subject (i.e., used as a recording electrode array). In other embodiments, the stent-electrode array 109 deployed in the venous sinus may be used to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body (e.g., the motor cortex). In this manner, the stent-electrode array 109 deployed in the venous sinus may be used as a stimulating electrode array. In further embodiments, the stent-electrode array 109 deployed in the venous sinus may be used as both a recording and a stimulating electrode array (see, e.g., the stent-electrode array in FIG. 2D).

[0124] 3A also illustrates that the electrode array 102 coupled to a coiled wire 200, which functions as an intravascular carrier 108, may be implanted within a superficial cerebral vein (e.g., the Trolardo vein) of a subject. The coiled wire 200 may be directly connected or coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via its own transmission lead 106 or cable. In other embodiments, the coiled wire 200 may be coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via a shared transmission lead 106 or cable.

[0125] In some embodiments, the coiled wire 200 deployed in the superficial cerebral vein can be used to sense or record electrophysiological signals of a subject (i.e., used as a recording electrode array). In other embodiments, the coiled wire 200 deployed in the superficial cerebral vein can be used to stimulate a site of interest in the subject's body (e.g., the motor cortex). In this manner, the coiled wire 200 deployed in the superficial cerebral vein can be used as a stimulating electrode array. In further embodiments, the coiled wire 200 deployed in the superficial cerebral vein can be used as both a recording electrode array and a stimulating electrode array.

[0126] 3A further illustrates that the electrode array 102 coupled to an anchored wire 208, which functions as an intravascular carrier 108, may be implanted within a deep cerebral vein (e.g., the superior thalamic-striatal vein) of a subject. The anchored wire 208 may be directly connected or coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via its own transmission lead 106 or cable. In other embodiments, the anchored wire 208 may be coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104 via a shared transmission lead 106 or cable.

[0127] In some embodiments, the anchored wire 208 deployed in the deep cerebral vein can be used to sense or record electrophysiological signals of a subject (i.e., used as a recording electrode array). In other embodiments, the anchored wire 208 deployed in the deep cerebral vein can be used to stimulate a site of interest within a subject (e.g., the anterior thalamus). In this manner, the anchored wire 208 deployed in the deep cerebral vein can be used as a stimulating electrode array. In further embodiments, the anchored wire 208 deployed in the deep cerebral vein can be used as both a recording electrode array and a stimulating electrode array.

[0128] 3A also further illustrates that the electrode array 102 coupled to the stent-electrode array 109, functioning as an intravascular carrier 108, may be implanted within the subject's internal jugular vein above (or above) the jugular foramen. In some embodiments, the entire stent-electrode array 109 may be implanted in the internal jugular vein above the jugular foramen.

[0129] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the stent-electrode array 109 may be implanted in the internal jugular vein above the jugular foramen. Implanting the stent-electrode array 109 above the jugular foramen is described in more detail in a later section.

[0130] In some embodiments, the stent-electrode array 109 implanted in the internal jugular foramen may be used to stimulate a site of interest within the subject's body (e.g., the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve). In this manner, the stent-electrode array 109 implanted in the internal jugular vein may be used as a stimulating electrode array.

[0131] 3A further illustrates that the electrode array 102 coupled to the intravascular carrier 108 (e.g., coiled wire 200, stent-electrode array 109, or anchored wire 208) can be used as a recording electrode array to record electrophysiological signals indicative of a subject's heart rate or changes in heart rate (e.g., paroxysmal tachycardia). The electrophysiological signals can be associated or correlated with the onset of an epileptic seizure. For example, the electrophysiological signals can be cardiac arrhythmias that are known to be associated or correlated with an increased likelihood of the onset of an epileptic seizure.

[0132] As shown in Figure 3A, the neuromodulation unit 104 can be implanted below the head and neck of the subject. For example, as shown in Figure 3A, the neuromodulation unit 104 can be implanted in the subject's chest region (e.g., below the pectoral muscle).

[0133] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be part of the neuromodulation unit 104. In other embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be a stand-alone device separate from the neuromodulation unit 104. In these embodiments, the pulse generator 110 may be implanted in a region of the subject's chest (e.g., under the pectoral muscle).

[0134] 3B illustrates that the neuromodulation unit 104 may be implanted within the subject's forearm. In this embodiment, the neuromodulation system 100 may be comprised of an extracorporeal device 300 in the form of an armband 308. The implantable neuromodulation unit 104 may be comprised of a first magnetic component 118 (e.g., a receiving coil or a secondary coil) and the armband 308 may be comprised of a second magnetic component 302 (e.g., a primary coil or a transmitting coil). The armband 308 may charge or power the neuromodulation unit 104 by electromagnetic induction.

[0135] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can be a standalone device separate from the neuromodulation unit 104. In these embodiments, the pulse generator 110 can be implanted in the subject's forearm. The pulse generator 110 can be comprised of a first magnetic component 118 (e.g., a receiving coil or a secondary coil) and the arm band 308, which functions as the external device 300, can be comprised of a second magnetic component 302 (e.g., a primary coil or a transmitting coil). The arm band 308 can charge or power the pulse generator 110 by electromagnetic induction.

[0136] 3A further illustrates that the external device 300 can be implemented as a portable handheld device 304, a wand 306, or a wearable device 308 (e.g., a bracelet or watch). The external device 300 can be used to recharge the batteries of one or more of the neuromodulation unit 104, the pulse generator 110, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the external device 300 can be used to activate the pulse generator 110 to send electrical impulses to the stimulation electrode array.

[0137] 4A-4C illustrate an embodiment of a transmission lead 106 used to connect the electrode array 102 to the neuromodulation unit 104, the pulse generator 110, or a combination thereof. For example, the transmission lead 106 can be used to connect the first electrode array 102A or the second electrode array 102B to the neuromodulation unit 104, the pulse generator 110, or a combination thereof.

[0138] 4A-4C, the transmission lead 106 can include at least one variable length section 400 between the intravascular carrier 108 and a transmission section 402. A segment length 404 of the variable length section 400 can be adjusted (e.g., shortened or lengthened) after the transmission lead 106 is deployed within a subject's body vessel (e.g., a vein, artery, or sinus).

[0139] The transmission portion 402 may be a proximal section of the transmission lead 106 configured to connect or plug into the neuromodulation portion 104 (e.g., into the header portion 114 of the neuromodulation portion 104). The transmission portion 402 may be formed of one or more conductive wires without shape memory. For example, a portion of the transmission portion 402 may be formed from platinum wire or platinum-iridium wire. The transmission portion 402, along with other sections of the transmission lead 106, may be covered by an insulator (e.g., polyurethane) or an insulating coating.

[0140] 4A-4C illustrate that the variable length section 400 can be connected or coupled to a proximal end of the intravascular carrier 108. For example, the intravascular carrier 108 can be a coiled wire 200, and the variable length section 400 can be connected or coupled directly to the proximal end of the coiled wire 200.

[0141] The variable length section 400 of the transmission lead 106 can be formed in part from a shape memory alloy. The variable length section 400 of the transmission lead 106 can also be formed from a composite material that is made from a shape memory alloy. For example, the variable length section 400 of the transmission lead 106 can be formed in part from Nitinol (e.g., Nitinol wire). In some embodiments, the variable length section 400 of the transmission lead 106 can be formed from a composite clad wire or Nitinol wire with a conductive (e.g., gold or platinum) wire core.

[0142] Figure 4A illustrates the shape of the coiled wire 200 and the transmission lead 106 when contracted within a delivery catheter or sheath, and Figure 4B illustrates the shape of the coiled wire 200 and the transmission lead 106 when deployed from a delivery catheter or when the delivery catheter or sheath is retracted.

[0143] 4B, the variable length section 400 of the transmission lead 106 can be configured to automatically recover a preset or pre-tailored shape. In some embodiments, the preset or pre-tailored shape can be a coiled form having a loosely wound coil, i.e., a coil having a larger pitch or fewer turns than the coil of the coiled wire 200. The variable length section 400 can automatically assume its loosely wound form by shape memory when a delivery catheter or sheath carrying the variable length section 400 is retracted.

[0144] In certain embodiments, the preset or pre-tailored shape of the coil formed by the variable-length section 400 may have a coil diameter less than or equal to the diameter of the expected deployment or implantation vessel. This can ensure that the radial force that the coil exerts on the vessel lumen wall does not prevent the coil of the variable-length section 400 from moving, contracting, or expanding within the subject's body vessel. In some implementations, this contraction and expansion can change (e.g., shorten or lengthen) the segment length 404 of the variable-length section 400. For example, the variable-length section 400 can be lengthened by pulling on the proximal (or distal) end of the variable-length section 400. The variable-length section 400 can be shortened by pressing on the proximal end of the variable-length section 400 when the intravascular carrier 108 coupled to the distal end of the variable-length section 400 is implanted or otherwise secured within the deployment vessel. The variable length section 400 can also be shortened by compressing the distal end of the variable length section 400 when an intravascular carrier 108 coupled to the proximal end of the variable length section 400 is implanted or otherwise secured within a deployment vessel.

[0145] In some embodiments, the variable length section 400 can assume the coiled configuration when, or only when, a compressive force is applied to the variable length section 400 to force or bias the variable length section 400 into the coiled configuration.

[0146] In a further embodiment, the variable length portion 400 has little or no shape memory and the variable length portion 400 can be a section of the transmission lead 106 configured to wrap or deform when a compressive force is applied to the variable length portion 400.

[0147] One of the technical challenges faced by applicants is how to design an implantable neuromodulation system that includes an intravascular carrier connected or coupled by a transmission lead when the distance between the intravascular carriers or between the intravascular carrier and the implantable neuromodulation unit or pulse generator varies by patient or treatment regimen. For example, subjects have different neck and torso lengths, and where such an intravascular carrier is implanted in each subject requires a neuromodulation system that can accommodate different sized anatomical requirements and different implantation requirements. One advantage of the neuromodulation system 100 disclosed herein is the unique transmission lead 106 comprised of a variable length section 400 disclosed herein that allows the neuromodulation system 100 to be adapted to patients of different sizes and patients with different implantation requirements.

[0148] In some embodiments, the transmission lead 106 can have a lead diameter between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. More specifically, the transmission lead 106 can have a lead diameter between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm.

[0149] In some embodiments, the transmission leads 106, or sections thereof, may be covered with an insulator or insulating coating. For example, the transmission leads 106, or sections thereof, may be covered with a polyurethane or polyurethane coating.

[0150] In some embodiments, at least one section of the transmission lead 106 can be a cable made up of multiple conductive or transmission wires coupled to the various electrodes 112 of the electrode array 102. For example, the transmission lead 106 can be a stranded cable made up of multiple conductive wires twisted together and bundled together and covered with an insulator or insulating material.

[0151] 5A-5C illustrate an example of a method for implanting an electrode array 102 (e.g., either the first electrode array 102A or the second electrode array 102B) according to one embodiment. This method can be used when a target site 500 within the body is near, but not adjacent to, a blood vessel 502 used to deliver or deploy the electrode array 102.

[0152] 5A and 5B, once the delivery catheter 504 is moved into position adjacent the vessel wall 506, the intravascular carrier 108 carrying the electrode array 102 can be deployed from the delivery catheter 504. In the embodiment shown in Figures 5A-5C, the intravascular carrier 108 can be an anchored wire 208 having the electrode array 102 coupled along a section of a biocompatible wire 202 or microwire (see also Figure 2C).

[0153] The wires 202 or microwires may include a sharpened distal end in the form of a piercing barb 508 or piercing anchor coupled or removably coupled to a distal end of the wire 202 or microwire. The piercing barb 508 or piercing anchor may cause the wire 202 or microwire to pierce or form a perforation in the vessel wall 506 to allow the wire 202 or microwire to extend through the vessel wall 506. The wires 202 or microwires may then orient the electrode array 102 closer to a site of interest 500 within the body (e.g., a neural or brain site of interest) such that the electrode array 102 is located at or in close proximity to the site of interest 500 within the body.

[0154] FIG. 5C illustrates that the wire portion 510 proximal to the electrode array 102 can automatically assume a coil shape once the delivery catheter 504 is retracted. The coil shape of the wire portion 510 can be preset prior to being introduced into the delivery catheter 504. For example, the wire portion 510 can have a lead diameter of about 1.0 mm (or less) and the blood vessel 502 can have a vessel diameter of about 6.0 mm. Once the delivery catheter 504 is removed, the wire portion 510 can assume a coil shape with a coil diameter greater than 6.0 mm. The wire portion 510 can self-expand until the coil presses against the inner vessel wall, anchoring the wire portion 510 to the inner vessel wall. In this embodiment, the wire portion 510 proximal to the electrode array 102 can also be used to anchor the intravascular carrier 108. With the wire portion 510 and electrode array 102 in place, the piercing barb 508 may be cleared by a stylet or other device extending through the delivery catheter 504.

[0155] FIG. 6 illustrates a method 600 for treating epilepsy according to one embodiment. The method 600 may include, in step 602, sensing electrophysiological signals of a subject using a first electrode array 102A. In this manner, the first electrode array 102A may function as a recording electrode array. The first electrode array 102A may be affixed, fixed, or otherwise coupled to a first intravascular carrier 108A (e.g., spaced apart along a length of the first intravascular carrier 108A and / or coupled to a radially outer portion of the first intravascular carrier 108A). The first intravascular carrier 108A may be implanted in an artery, vein, or sinus of the subject. Possible implantation sites of the first intravascular carrier 108A are described in more detail in the following section.

[0156] The method 600 may further include, at step 604, analyzing the electrophysiological signals using a neuromodulation unit 104 implanted within the subject and electrically coupled to the first electrode array 102A via one or more conductive and / or transmission leads 106. The neuromodulation unit 104 may be configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals by (i) comparing the detected signals against one or more thresholds (e.g., detecting spikes in the signal), (ii) detecting specific signal patterns or rhythmic activity in specific frequency ranges, (iii) comparing absolute sample-to-sample amplitude differences within a predefined time window, (iv) measuring changes in signal energy, or a combination thereof.

[0157] The method 600 may further include stimulating a site of interest within the subject's body using the second electrode array 102B in response to the electrophysiological signal detected in step 606. In this manner, the second electrode array 102B may function as a stimulating electrode array. The second electrode array 102B may be affixed, secured, or otherwise coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B (e.g., spaced apart along the length of the second intravascular carrier 108B and / or coupled to a radially outer portion of the second intravascular carrier 108B). The second intravascular carrier 108B may be implanted within an artery, vein, or sinus of the subject above the base of the subject's skull.

[0158] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 for treating epilepsy according to another example. The method 700 may include, at step 702, sensing electrophysiological signals of a subject using a first electrode array 102A. In this manner, the first electrode array 102A may function as a recording electrode array. The first electrode array 102A may be affixed, secured, or otherwise coupled to an intravascular carrier 108 that is intravascularly implanted in an artery, vein, or sinus of the subject above the base of the subject's skull. For example, the intravascular carrier 108 may be the intravascular carrier 214 depicted in FIG. 2D.

[0159] The first electrode array 102A may be spaced apart along a length of the intravascular carrier 108 and / or coupled to a radially outer portion of the intravascular carrier 108. Possible implantation sites for the intravascular carrier 108 are described in more detail in the following sections.

[0160] The method 700 may further include, at step 704, analyzing the electrophysiological signals using a neuromodulation unit 104 implanted within the subject and electrically coupled to the first electrode array 102A via one or more conductive and / or transmission leads 106. The neuromodulation unit 104 may be configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals by (i) comparing the detected signals against one or more thresholds (e.g., detecting spikes in the signal), (ii) detecting specific signal patterns or rhythmic activity in specific frequency ranges, (iii) comparing absolute sample-to-sample amplitude differences within a predefined time window, (iv) measuring changes in signal energy, or a combination thereof.

[0161] The method 700 may further include stimulating a site of interest within the subject's body using the second electrode array 102B in response to the electrophysiological signal detected in step 706. The second electrode array 102B may be spaced apart along the length of the intravascular carrier 108 and / or coupled to a radially outer portion of the intravascular carrier 108. In this manner, the second electrode array 102B may function as a stimulation electrode array. The second electrode array 102B may be affixed, secured, or coupled to the same intravascular carrier 108 (e.g., spaced apart along the length of the intravascular carrier 108 and / or coupled to a radially outer portion of the intravascular carrier 108). The electrodes of the second electrode array 102B may be separate from the electrodes of the first electrode array 102A.

[0162] 6 and 7 disclose a method of treating epilepsy, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that the neuromodulation system 100 disclosed herein may also be used to treat other disorders or conditions, including headaches, bipolar disorder, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease. For example, a method of treating one of the above-mentioned conditions / disorders may include detecting electrophysiological signals in a subject that are associated with or related to the onset of symptoms associated with the condition / disorder using a first electrode array 102A. The first electrode array 102A may be coupled to a first intravascular carrier 108A implanted above the base of the subject's skull. The method may further include analyzing the electrophysiological signals using a neuromodulation unit 104 electrically coupled to the first electrode array 102A and implanted within the subject's body. The method may further include stimulating a site of interest within the subject's body using a second electrode array 102B in response to the detected electrophysiological signals. The second electrode array 102B may be coupled to a second intravascular carrier 108B that is intravascularly placed within the subject's body and electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit 104. For example, stimulating the internal location of interest may include generating electrical impulses using a pulse generator 110 of the neuromodulation unit 104. Stimulating the internal location of interest may alleviate or reduce symptoms or contributing factors of a condition / disorder.

[0163] 8A illustrates that an intravascular carrier 108 (including either a first intravascular carrier 108A or a second intravascular carrier 108B) may be implanted within a subject's internal jugular vein 800 (e.g., the right internal jugular vein or the left internal jugular vein) above a jugular foramen 802. The jugular foramen 802 is a cavity formed below the base of the subject's skull. The jugular foramen 802 is formed anteriorly by the petrous portion of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the occipital bone.

[0164] When the intravascular carrier 108 is implanted in the internal jugular vein 800 above the jugular foramen 802, the electrode array 102 coupled to the intravascular carrier 108 can be used to stimulate the subject's vagus nerve 804. In certain embodiments, the internal site of interest or the site of stimulation can be the superior ganglion 806 of the vagus nerve 804. In other embodiments, the internal site of interest or the site of stimulation can be both the superior ganglion 806 and the inferior ganglion 808 of the vagus nerve 804.

[0165] In some embodiments, a method for treating epilepsy can include implanting a first electrode array 102A coupled to a first intravascular carrier 108A in a cerebral or cortical vein or sinus of a subject and recording electrophysiological signals of the subject associated with, correlated with, or indicative of the onset of an epileptic seizure. The method can also include implanting a second electrode array 102B coupled to a second intravascular carrier 108B (e.g., a stent-electrode array 109) in an internal jugular vein 800 above the jugular foramen 802 to stimulate the subject's vagus nerve 804. A neuromodulation unit 104 electrically coupled to the first electrode array 102A and the second electrode array 102B can analyze the electrophysiological signals and instruct a pulse generator 110 of the neuromodulation unit 104 to generate electrical impulses to stimulate the vagus nerve 804.

[0166] The electrical impulses can be biphasic, monophasic, sinusoidal, or a combination thereof. For example, the electrical impulses can be charge-balanced biphasic pulses. The pulse generator 110 can generate the electrical impulses by increasing the current amplitude of the electrical impulses from 0.25 mA to a maximum of 2 mA in increments of 0.1 mA and increasing the voltage of the electrical impulses from 0 V to a maximum of 10 V in increments of 0.25 V. The generated electrical impulses can have a pulse width of 250 μS to about 500 μS. Also, the timing parameters of the electrical impulses can be adjusted to provide different stimulation timing patterns. The generated electrical impulses can have a frequency of 10 Hz to 30 Hz.

[0167] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted within the internal jugular vein 800 above the jugular foramen 802. In additional embodiments, at least a portion of the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted within a branch or tributary of the internal jugular vein 800.

[0168] In additional embodiments, the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted in the internal carotid artery 810 above the base of the subject's skull. In further embodiments, the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted in the internal carotid artery 810 above the carotid foramen 812 of the subject. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted in the internal carotid artery 810 above the base of the subject's skull. In further embodiments, at least a portion of the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted in the internal carotid artery 810 above the carotid foramen 812. In these and other embodiments, the internal body site of interest may be the vagus nerve 804 of the subject.

[0169] 8A illustrates the intravascular carrier 108 as a stent-electrode array 109, it is contemplated by this disclosure that any of the intravascular carriers 108 disclosed herein (including either the coiled wire 200 or the anchored wire 208) may be implanted within the internal jugular vein 800. Additionally, any of the intravascular carriers 108 disclosed herein (including either the stent-electrode array 109, the coiled wire 200, or the anchored wire 208) may be implanted within the internal carotid artery 810.

[0170] 8B and 8C are diagrams illustrating an embodiment in which the vagus nerve 804 is in the vicinity of the internal jugular vein 800. In most subjects, at least a portion of the vagus nerve 804 that extends through the subject's neck to the skull is in contact with or adjacent to the internal jugular vein 800 (i.e., less than 2.0 mm away from the internal jugular vein 800).

[0171] 8B is a partial cross-sectional view of a subject's transverse section at the level of the C6 vertebra, showing the vagus nerve 804 and the surrounding blood vessels, including the internal jugular vein 800. As discussed above, the internal jugular vein 800 can serve as a possible implantation site for an intravascular carrier 108 carrying an electrode array 102 (e.g., a stimulating electrode array).

[0172] In some embodiments not shown, the intravascular carrier 108 may be implanted within the common carotid artery (outside the subject's skull) or the external carotid artery.

[0173] One technical challenge faced by the applicant is that an intravascular carrier 108 implanted in a blood vessel within a subject's neck may wear over time as a result of the natural movements of the neck (e.g., bending, flexing, extending, rotating, etc.). In addition, an intravascular carrier 108 implanted in a blood vessel within the neck may also be damaged by external forces applied to the subject's neck. One advantage of implanting an intravascular carrier 108 within the subject's skull (e.g., within the internal carotid artery above the jugular foramen) is that the skull serves as a protective enclosure for the intravascular carrier 108, and only one or more thin transmission leads 106 extend through the subject's neck. This may also increase patient comfort and extend the life of the deployed intravascular carrier. Additionally, electrophysiological recordings recorded from electrodes within the skull are less susceptible to extraneous signals, such as heart rate artifacts.

[0174] Figures 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating certain veins and sinuses of a subject that may serve as implantation sites for an intravascular carrier 108 carrying an electrode array 102. Figures 9A-9G further illustrate certain internal body target sites or stimulation target sites that may be stimulated as part of the treatment of epilepsy or other disorders / conditions.

[0175] In some embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted within a venous sinus of a subject. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted within the superior sagittal sinus 900, the inferior sagittal sinus 902, the sigmoid sinus 904, the transverse sinus 906, or the straight sinus 908.

[0176] In other embodiments, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted in a superficial cerebral vein of the subject. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted in at least one of the Labé vein 910, the Trolardo vein 912, the Sylvian vein 914, and the Rolandic vein 916.

[0177] Also, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted in a deep cerebral vein of the subject. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may be implanted in at least one of the Rosenthal vein 918, the Galen vein 920, the superior thalamic-striatal vein 922, the inferior thalamic-striatal vein 924, and the internal cerebral vein 926.

[0178] In a further embodiment, the first intravascular carrier 108A carrying the first electrode array 102A may also be implanted in at least one of the central sulcus vein, the posterior central sulcus vein, and the anterior central sulcus vein. In an additional embodiment, the first intravascular carrier 108A may be implanted or configured to be implanted in a blood vessel extending through the subject's hippocampus or amygdala.

[0179] Once implanted, the first electrode array 102A may be configured to detect or record electrophysiological signals of the subject that are associated with or correlated to the onset of an epileptic seizure. In some embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be local field potentials (LFPs) measured within cerebral or cortical vessels (e.g., venous sinuses or cortical veins) and / or intracranial / cortical EEG. In other embodiments, the electrophysiological signals may be electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals.

[0180] As discussed above, the neuromodulation unit 104 can further include a telemetry unit 120 or a telemetry module (e.g., a telemetry hardware module, a telemetry software module, or a combination thereof). The telemetry unit 120 can be configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals sensed or recorded by the first electrode array 102A. For example, one or more processors of the neuromodulation unit 104 (or the telemetry unit 120 in the neuromodulation unit 104) can be programmed to execute instructions stored in one or more memory units to analyze the electrophysiological signals by (i) comparing the sensed signals against one or more thresholds (e.g., detecting spikes in the signals), (ii) detecting specific signal patterns or rhythmic activity in specific frequency ranges, (iii) comparing absolute sample-to-sample amplitude differences within a predetermined time window, (iv) measuring changes in signal energy, or a combination thereof. The neuromodulation unit 104 can then instruct the pulse generator 110 (e.g., a pulse generator provided as part of the neuromodulation unit 104 or a pulse generator separate from the neuromodulation unit 104) to generate electrical impulses that stimulate a target site within the body or a target site of stimulation via the second electrode array 102B coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B.

[0181] As mentioned above, when the internal body site of interest is the subject's vagus nerve, the second intravascular carrier 108B can be implanted within the internal jugular vein (either the right or left internal jugular vein) or the internal carotid artery.

[0182] In other embodiments, the internal body site of interest or the site of interest for stimulation may be the subject's cerebellum 928. In these embodiments, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted within at least one of the sigmoid sinus 904 and the straight sinus 908 of the subject. Additionally, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may also be implanted within the subject's transverse sinus 906. At least a portion of the cerebellum 928 is adjacent to (i.e., spaced apart by less than 2.0 mm from) the sigmoid sinus 904, the straight sinus 908, and the transverse sinus 906.

[0183] In additional embodiments, the internal target site or target site of stimulation may be the motor cortex 930 of the subject. In further embodiments, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted in at least one of the inferior sagittal sinus 902, the central sulcus vein, the posterior central sulcus vein, and the anterior central sulcus vein of the patient. Additionally, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may also be implanted in the superior sagittal sinus 900 of the subject. At least a portion of the motor cortex 930 is adjacent to (i.e., spaced less than 2.0 mm apart from) the superior sagittal sinus 900, the central sulcus vein, the posterior central sulcus vein, and the anterior central sulcus vein.

[0184] Additionally, at least a portion of the motor cortex 930 is within a range of about 5.0 mm to about 10.0 mm from the inferior sagittal sinus 902. When the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B is implanted within the inferior sagittal sinus 902, the internal body site of interest that is stimulated can also include the subject's fornix 944. The fornix 944 can be within a range of about 10.0 mm to about 15.0 mm from the inferior sagittal sinus 902.

[0185] In a further embodiment, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted in a superficial cerebral vein. For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted in at least one of the Labé vein 910, the Trolardo vein 912, the Sylvian vein 914, and the Rolandic vein 916.

[0186] In some embodiments, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted in a deep cerebral vein. For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may be implanted in at least one of the Rosenthal vein 918, the Galen vein 920, the superior thalamic-striatal vein 922, and the internal cerebral vein 926.

[0187] When the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B is implanted in the Rosenthal vein 918, the stimulated internal target site may include at least one of the cerebellum 928, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus 932, the central nucleus of the thalamus 934, the hippocampus 936, the subthalamic nucleus 938, and the zona incerta posterior 940. The Rosenthal vein 918 may be within a range of about 10.0 mm to about 15.0 mm from at least a portion of the cerebellum 928, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus 932, and the central nucleus of the thalamus 934. The Rosenthal vein 918 may be within a range of about 5.0 mm to about 10.0 mm from at least a portion of the hippocampus 936, the subthalamic nucleus 938, and the zona incerta posterior 940.

[0188] When the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B is implanted in the internal cerebral vein 926, the stimulated internal target site may include at least one of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus 932, the central nucleus of the thalamus 934, the hypothalamus 942, the fornix 944, and the posterior zona incerta 940. The internal cerebral vein 926 may be about 10.0 mm to about 15.0 mm from at least a portion of the hypothalamus 942 and the posterior zona incerta 940. The internal cerebral vein 926 may be about 5.0 mm to about 10.0 mm from at least a portion of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus 932. The internal cerebral vein 926 may be about 2.0 mm to about 5.0 mm from at least a portion of the fornix 944. The internal cerebral vein 926 may be adjacent to (i.e., less than 2.0 mm away from) the central nucleus of the thalamus 934.

[0189] When the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B is implanted within the superior thalamic-striatal vein 922, the stimulated internal target site may include at least one of the anterior thalamic nucleus 932, the central thalamic nucleus 934, and the fornix 944. The superior thalamic-striatal vein 922 may be adjacent to (i.e., spaced less than 2.0 mm from) the anterior thalamic nucleus 932, the central thalamic nucleus 934, and the fornix 944.

[0190] In certain embodiments, the second intravascular carrier 108B carrying the second electrode array 102B may further be implanted or configured to be implanted within a blood vessel extending through the subject's hippocampus or amygdala.

[0191] In some embodiments, stimulating a body site or stimulation site of interest via the second electrode array 102B can increase blood flow to the body site of interest or increase levels of certain neurotransmitters involved in suppressing seizure activity. Additionally, stimulating a body site of interest via the second electrode array 102B can also result in sodium channel inactivation (using high frequency stimulation), long term inhibition of certain neurotransmitters (using high frequency stimulation), and / or glutamatergic inhibition (using both low and high frequency stimulation).

[0192] For example, when stimulating a target area of ​​the cortex or cerebrum, a bipolar type can be used in which the voltage of the electrical impulse is increased in increments of 0.25 V from 1 V to 7 V. The generated electrical impulse can have a pulse width of 90 μS to about 540 μS, and a frequency of about 3 Hz to 5 Hz in the low frequency range and about 50 Hz to 130 Hz in the high frequency range.

[0193] Although recording and stimulation using electrode arrays 102 coupled to different intravascular carriers 108 are discussed, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that the same intravascular carrier (see, for example, intravascular carrier 214 shown in FIG. 2D ) can carry both the first electrode array 102A and the second electrode array 102B. For example, an expandable stent or scaffold can carry both recording and stimulation electrode arrays.

[0194] 10 illustrates a method according to one embodiment for deploying or delivering intravascular carriers 108 (e.g., a first intravascular carrier 108A and a second intravascular carrier 108B) to their respective implantation sites. Although two intravascular carriers 108 are shown deployed in the figure, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that a similar device or similar method may be used to deliver one intravascular carrier carrying a separate electrode array 102 (see, e.g., intravascular carrier 214 in FIG. 2D) or three or more intravascular carriers.

[0195] As shown in Figure 10, a first delivery catheter 1000 can be deployed through a jugular cutdown into the superior sagittal sinus 900. The first delivery catheter 1000 can be deployed under angiographic guidance. Although the superior sagittal sinus 900 is shown in the drawings, one skilled in the art will understand that the catheter and carrier can be deployed into any vein, sinus, or artery of a subject.

[0196] A first intravascular carrier 108A (not shown in FIG. 10, see FIG. 1) carrying a first electrode array 102A may be deployed or otherwise delivered through a first delivery catheter 1000. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the superior sagittal sinus 900.

[0197] In some embodiments, the first electrode array 102A coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A can be used as a recording electrode array. In other embodiments, the first electrode array 102A can be used as a stimulating electrode array, or as both a recording and a stimulating electrode array. Once the first intravascular carrier 108A is in place, the first delivery catheter 1000 can be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0198] 10 also illustrates that a second delivery catheter 1002 can be deployed through the same jugular incision into the internal cerebral vein 926, which overlies the anterior thalamus 932. The second delivery catheter 1002 can be deployed under angiographic guidance.

[0199] A second intravascular carrier 108B (not shown in FIG. 10, see FIG. 1) carrying a second electrode array 102B may be deployed or otherwise delivered through a second delivery catheter 1002. For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the internal cerebral vein 926.

[0200] In some embodiments, the second electrode array 102B coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B may be used as a stimulating electrode array. In other embodiments, the second electrode array 102B may be used as a recording electrode array, or as both a stimulating and a recording electrode array. Once the second intravascular carrier 108B is in place, the second delivery catheter 1002 may be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0201] 10, a first transmission lead 106A coupled to a first electrode array 102A on a first intravascular carrier 108A can extend through the subject's neck (e.g., through the jugular vein) and a proximal end of the first transmission lead 106A can be inserted into a neuromodulation unit 104 implanted within the subject's body (e.g., into the header portion 114, see FIG. 1). In addition, a second transmission lead 106B coupled to a second electrode array 102B on a second intravascular carrier 108B can extend through the subject's neck and a proximal end of the second transmission lead 106B can be inserted into the neuromodulation unit 104.

[0202] 11 illustrates an example method of deploying or delivering intravascular carriers 108 (e.g., first intravascular carrier 108A and second intravascular carrier 108B) to their respective implantation sites. Although two intravascular carriers 108 are shown deployed in the figure, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that a similar device or similar method may be used to deliver one intravascular carrier carrying separate electrode arrays 102 (see, e.g., intravascular carrier 214 in FIG. 2D) or three or more intravascular carriers.

[0203] As shown in Figure 11, a first delivery catheter 1100 can be deployed through a jugular cutdown into the superior sagittal sinus 900. The first delivery catheter 1100 can be deployed under angiographic guidance. Although the superior sagittal sinus 900 is shown, one skilled in the art will understand that the catheter and carrier can be deployed into any vein, sinus, or artery of a subject.

[0204] A first intravascular carrier 108A (not shown in FIG. 11, see FIG. 1) carrying the first electrode array 102A may be deployed or otherwise delivered through a first delivery catheter 1100. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the superior sagittal sinus 900.

[0205] In some embodiments, the first electrode array 102A coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A can be used as a recording electrode array. In other embodiments, the first electrode array 102A can be used as a stimulating electrode array, or as both a recording and a stimulating electrode array. Once the first intravascular carrier 108A is in place, the first delivery catheter 1000 can be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0206] 11 also illustrates that the first delivery catheter 1100 can be retracted proximally and a second delivery catheter 1102 can be deployed through the retracted first delivery catheter 1100. The second delivery catheter 1002 can be deployed into the internal cerebral vein 926, which overlies the anterior thalamus 932. The second delivery catheter 1002 can be deployed under angiographic guidance.

[0207] A second intravascular carrier 108B (not shown in FIG. 11, see FIG. 1) carrying a second electrode array 102B may be deployed or otherwise delivered through the second delivery catheter 1002. For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the internal cerebral vein 926.

[0208] In some embodiments, the second electrode array 102B coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B may be used as a stimulating electrode array. In other embodiments, the second electrode array 102B may be used as a recording electrode array, or as both a stimulating and a recording electrode array. Once the second intravascular carrier 108B is in place, the second delivery catheter 1102 may be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0209] A first transmission lead 106A coupled to a first electrode array 102A on a first intravascular carrier 108A can extend through the subject's neck (e.g., through the jugular vein) and a proximal end of the first transmission lead 106A can be inserted into a neuromodulation unit 104 implanted within the subject's body (e.g., into the header portion 114, see FIG. 1 ). In addition, a second transmission lead 106B coupled to a second electrode array 102B on a second intravascular carrier 108B can extend through the subject's neck and a proximal end of the second transmission lead 106B can be inserted into the neuromodulation unit 104.

[0210] 12 illustrates an example method of deploying or delivering intravascular carriers 108 (e.g., a first intravascular carrier 108A and a second intravascular carrier 108B) to their respective implantation sites. Although two intravascular carriers 108 are shown deployed, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that three or more intravascular carriers may be delivered using a similar device or similar method.

[0211] 12, a delivery catheter 1200 can be deployed through a jugular cutdown into the superior sagittal sinus 900 and then continued into the internal cerebral vein 926, which is above the anterior thalamus 932. The delivery catheter 1200 can be deployed under angiographic guidance.

[0212] Although the superior sagittal sinus 900 is shown in the drawings, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the catheter and carrier may be deployed in any vein, sinus, or artery of a subject.

[0213] A second intravascular carrier 108B (not shown in FIG. 12, see FIG. 1) carrying the second electrode array 102B may be deployed or otherwise delivered through a delivery catheter 1200. For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the internal cerebral vein 926.

[0214] In some embodiments, the second electrode array 102B coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B can be used as a recording electrode array. In other embodiments, the second electrode array 102B can be used as a stimulating electrode array or as both a recording and a stimulating electrode array. Once the second intravascular carrier 108B is in place, the delivery catheter 1200 can be retracted until the distal end of the delivery catheter 1200 is in place for deploying the first intravascular carrier 108A in the subject's superior sagittal sinus 900. The first intravascular carrier 108A can carry the first electrode array 102A (not shown in FIG. 12, see FIG. 1). The first intravascular carrier 108A can be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into place in the superior sagittal sinus 900.

[0215] In some embodiments, the first electrode array 102A coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A may be used as a stimulating electrode array. In other embodiments, the first electrode array 102A may be used as a recording electrode array, or as both a stimulating and a recording electrode array. Once the first intravascular carrier 108A is in place, the delivery catheter 1200 may be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0216] The delivery catheter 1200 can be retracted to expose a single transmission lead 106 connecting the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B. The single transmission lead 106 extends through the subject's neck (e.g., through the jugular vein) and a proximal end of the transmission lead 106 can be inserted into a neuromodulation portion 104 implanted within the subject (e.g., into the header portion 114, see FIG. 1 ).

[0217] FIG. 13 illustrates a delivery catheter 1300 according to an embodiment, which is comprised of a first intravascular carrier 108A and a second intravascular carrier 108B connected by a branched transmission lead 1302. As shown in FIG. 13, a first branch 1304 of the branched transmission lead 1302 can be connected or coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A, and a second branch 1306 of the branched transmission lead 1302 can be connected or coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B. At least one guidewire 1308 can extend alongside at least one of the branches of the branched transmission lead 1302. The guidewire 1308 can extend through the lumen of one of the intravascular carriers 108 (e.g., the second intravascular carrier 108B) and can be removably coupled to a tip 1310 of the intravascular carrier 108.

[0218] Another method of deploying or delivering the intravascular carriers 108 (e.g., the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B) to their respective implantation sites can include deploying a delivery catheter 1300 through a jugular cutdown into the superior sagittal sinus 900. The delivery catheter 1300 can be deployed under angiographic guidance.

[0219] A first intravascular carrier 108A (not shown in FIG. 13, see FIG. 1) carrying the first electrode array 102A may be deployed or otherwise delivered through a delivery catheter 1300. For example, the first intravascular carrier 108A may be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within the superior sagittal sinus 900.

[0220] In some embodiments, the first electrode array 102A coupled to the first intravascular carrier 108A can be used as a recording electrode array. In other embodiments, the first electrode array 102A can be used as a stimulating electrode array or as both a recording and a stimulating electrode array. Once the first intravascular carrier 108A is in place, the delivery catheter 1300 can be retracted proximally and a second intravascular carrier 108B carrying a second electrode array 102B (not shown in FIG. 13, see FIG. 1) can be deployed through the retracted delivery catheter 1300 to a second implantation site (e.g., the internal cerebral vein 926 above the anterior thalamus 932 of the subject). A guidewire 1308 can be used to guide the second intravascular carrier 108 to a predetermined position within the second implantation site.

[0221] For example, the second intravascular carrier 108B can be a stent-electrode array 109 configured to self-expand into position within a deployed vessel, such as the internal cerebral vein 926. In some embodiments, the second electrode array 102B coupled to the second intravascular carrier 108B can be used as a stimulating electrode array. In other embodiments, the second electrode array 102B can be used as a recording electrode array, or as both a stimulating and recording electrode array. Once the second intravascular carrier 108B is in place, the delivery catheter 1300 and guidewire 1308 can be removed from the subject's vasculature.

[0222] The delivery catheter 1300 can be retracted to expose a bifurcated transmission lead 1302 connecting the first intravascular carrier 108A and the second intravascular carrier 108B. The transmission lead 1302 extends through the subject's neck (e.g., through the jugular vein) and a proximal end of the transmission lead 1302 can be inserted into a neuromodulation section 104 implanted within the subject (e.g., into the header section 114, see FIG. 1 ).

[0223] One technical advantage of the closed-loop neuromodulation system 100 disclosed herein is that the system 100 can be delivered via a minimally invasive procedure to a blood vessel near the body / targeted site of stimulation (e.g., the vagus nerve) without physically contacting or damaging the body / targeted site of stimulation (e.g., damaging the vagus nerve).

[0224] Another technical advantage of the neuromodulation system 100 disclosed herein is that when the first intravascular carrier 108A (carrying the first electrode array 102A or recording electrode array) is implanted in a cortical / cerebral vein or sinus and the second intravascular carrier 108B (carrying the second electrode array 102B or stimulating electrode array) is implanted in a cortical / cerebral vein or sinus or in a vein or artery above the subject's skull, the subject's skull can act as a protective enclosure to protect the carriers from potentially destructive external forces and improve the electrophysiological signals detected or recorded.

[0225] Yet another technical advantage of the neuromodulation system 100 disclosed herein is that the system 100 can provide closed-loop or responsive stimulation in which electrophysiological signals from a subject are sensed or otherwise acquired and used as a driving force to trigger electrical stimulation. A further advantage of a system operating in a closed-loop or responsive mode is that battery life of various electronic components of the system can be extended by activating the electronic components only when a seizure is imminent or when the subject is observed to be at high risk for a seizure.

[0226] A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications can be made to the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments. The elements of the systems, devices, apparatuses, and methods shown with any embodiment are illustrative for a particular embodiment and can be used in combination with other embodiments within the present disclosure or in other ways. For example, the steps of any method depicted in the figures or described in this disclosure do not require the specific order or sequential order depicted or described to achieve the desired results. In addition, other step operations may be provided to achieve the desired results, or steps or operations may be deleted or omitted from the described method or process. Furthermore, any components or parts of any apparatus or system described in the present disclosure or depicted in the figures may be removed, deleted, or omitted to achieve the desired results. Also, certain components or parts of the systems, devices, or apparatuses depicted or described herein have been omitted for brevity and clarity.

[0227] Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims, and the specification and / or drawings may be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

[0228] Each of the individual variations or embodiments described and illustrated herein has individual components and elements which may be readily separated or combined with the elements of any other variation or embodiment. Modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process act(s), or process step(s) to the objective, spirit or scope of the present invention.

[0229] Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order of the recited events which is logically possible, and in the order recited, and furthermore, additional steps or operations may be provided or steps or operations may be omitted in order to achieve desired results.

[0230] Furthermore, when a range of values ​​is stated, all intervening values ​​between the upper and lower limits of that range, and any other stated or intervening values ​​within that stated range, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention. Any element of the embodiments of the invention may also be stated and claimed independently or in combination with any one or more elements described herein. For example, a description of a range of 1 to 5 should be considered to disclose subranges of 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, etc., as well as individual numerical values ​​within that range, e.g., 1.5, 2.5, etc., and whole or partial increments therebetween.

[0231] All pre-existing subject matter (e.g., publications, patents, patent applications) referred to herein is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, except to the extent that such subject matter may conflict with the subject matter of the present invention, in which case those present herein shall take precedence. The referenced items are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of this application. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such material by virtue of prior invention.

[0232] Reference to a singular item includes the possibility of a plurality of the same items. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," "said," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any element. This statement is therefore intended to serve as a predicate for the use of exclusive terms such as "solely" and "only" in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or for the use of "negative" limitations. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0233] The phrase "at least one," when modifying a plurality of items or components (or an enumerated list of items or components), means any combination of one or more of those items or components. For example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" means (i) A; (ii) B; (iii) C; (iv) A, B, and C; (v) A and B; (vi) B and C; or (vii) A and C.

[0234] In understanding the scope of the present disclosure, the term "comprise" and its derivatives as used herein are intended to be open-ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps. The same is true for phrases of similar meaning, such as "comprise," "have," and their derivatives. Also, the terms "part," "section," "portion," "member," "element," and "component" used in the singular form can mean both one part or multiple parts. As used herein, the directional terms "forward, backward, upward, downward, vertical, horizontal, downward, transverse, and longitudinal," and any other similar directional terms, refer to the location of a device or apparatus or the direction of a device or apparatus that is translated or moved.

[0235] Finally, terms of degree, such as "substantially," "about," and "approximately," as used herein, refer to a stated value or to a stated value and a reasonable amount of deviation from the stated value (e.g., deviations up to ±0.1%, ±1%, ±5%, or ±10%, where such variations are appropriate) such that the end result is not appreciably or substantially changed. For example, "about 1.0 cm" can be interpreted to mean "1.0 cm" or "0.9 cm to 1.1 cm." When terms of degree, such as "about" and "approximately," are used in reference to numbers or values ​​that are part of a range, the terms can be used to adjust the minimum and maximum numbers or values.

[0236] The present disclosure is not intended to be limited in scope to the particular forms set forth, but is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents of the variations or embodiments described herein. Moreover, the scope of the present disclosure fully encompasses other variations or embodiments that may become obvious to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. a first electrode array coupled to a first intravascular carrier configured to be implanted within a subject's body, the first electrode array configured to sense electrophysiological signals of the subject, the first intravascular carrier being a wire or cable containing an electrode array and configured to be wound or coiled, the electrode array coupled to the wire or cable; a second electrode array coupled to a second intravascular carrier, the second electrode array configured to stimulate a site of interest within the subject; an implantable neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and the second electrode array, the neuromodulation unit configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals sensed by the first electrode array and to generate electrical impulses in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals for transmission to the second electrode array to stimulate a target site within the body; A neuromodulation system comprising:

2. The neuromodulation system of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode array is comprised of electrodes positioned along the length of the wire or cable.

3. 10. The neuromodulation system of claim 1, further comprising a pulse generator configured to generate the electrical impulses, the pulse generator electrically coupled to the second electrode array.

4. The neuromodulation system of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the neuromodulation unit and the pulse generator are powered and operated by an external device.

5. 5. The neuromodulation system of claim 4, wherein the pulse generator comprises a first magnetic component, and the external device comprises a second magnetic component configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component, and wherein the pulse generator is configured to be charged by the external device via electromagnetic induction when the external device is placed in proximity to the pulse generator.

6. The neuromodulation system of claim 4 , wherein the neuromodulation unit is configured to be implanted in the subject's forearm and the extracorporeal device is provided as part of an armband.

7. 10. The neuromodulation system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier is an expandable stent or an intravascular scaffold including an electrode array, the electrode array being coupled to the expandable stent or the endovascular scaffold.

8. 10. The neuromodulation system of claim 1, wherein the second intravascular carrier is a wire or cable configured to include an electrode array and to be wound or coiled, the electrode array being coupled to the wire or cable.

9. The neuromodulation system of claim 1 , wherein the wire or cable includes a sharp distal end for penetrating a lumen or a blood vessel wall.

10. The neuromodulation system of claim 1 , wherein the wire or cable comprises an anchor.

11. 10. The neuromodulation system of claim 1, wherein the neuromodulation unit further comprises a telemetry unit configured to analyze the detected electrophysiological signals by comparing the electrophysiological signals to one or more signal thresholds or patterns.

12. The neuromodulation system of claim 1 , wherein the electrophysiological signal is at least one of a localized potential (LFP), an intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG), or an electrocortical signal.

13. 4. The neuromodulation system of claim 3, wherein the pulse generator is configured to generate the electrical impulses by increasing the current amplitude of the electrical impulses from 0 mA to a maximum of 10 mA in increments of 0.1 mA and increasing the voltage of the electrical impulses from 0 V to a maximum of 10 V in increments of 0.25 V, the pulse width of the generated electrical impulses being configured to be between 25 μS and about 600 μS, and the frequency of the generated electrical impulses being configured to be between 1 Hz and 400 Hz.

14. a first electrode array coupled to a first intravascular carrier configured to be implanted within a subject's body, the first electrode array configured to sense electrophysiological signals of the subject; a second electrode array coupled to a second intravascular carrier configured to be implanted within a cerebral sinus of the subject, the second electrode array configured to stimulate a target site within the subject's body; an implantable neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and the second electrode array, the neuromodulation unit configured to analyze the electrophysiological signals sensed by the first electrode array and to generate electrical impulses in response to the sensed electrophysiological signals for transmission to the second electrode array to stimulate a target site within the body; A neuromodulation system comprising:

15. 15. The neuromodulation system of claim 14, further comprising a pulse generator configured to generate the electrical impulses, the pulse generator electrically coupled to the second electrode array.

16. 16. The neuromodulation system of claim 15, wherein at least one of the neuromodulation unit and the pulse generator are powered and operated by an external device.

17. 17. The neuromodulation system of claim 16, wherein the pulse generator comprises a first magnetic component, and the external device comprises a second magnetic component configured to be magnetically coupled to the first magnetic component, and wherein the pulse generator is configured to be charged by the external device via electromagnetic induction when the external device is placed in proximity to the pulse generator.

18. 17. The neuromodulation system of claim 16, wherein the neuromodulation unit is configured to be implanted in the subject's forearm and the extracorporeal device is provided as part of an armband.

19. 15. The neuromodulation system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier is an expandable stent or an intravascular scaffold including an electrode array, the electrode array being coupled to the expandable stent or the endovascular scaffold.

20. 15. The neuromodulation system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the first intravascular carrier and the second intravascular carrier is a wire or cable including an electrode array and configured to be wound or coiled, the electrode array being coupled to the wire or cable.

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