Solid-state battery and method for manufacturing the same

Abstract

To provide a battery, particularly a thin-film solid-state battery, that reduce or even eliminate capacity loss during charge / discharge cycling.SOLUTION: A solid-state battery includes an electronically and ionically conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms a part of a current collector of an electrode and allows partial contact between an electrolyte and the electrode, possibly via an ionic and optionally electronically conductive material.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a solid-state battery and a method for manufacturing the same. [Background technology]

[0002] Electronic components are found in many portable devices, such as computers, mobile phones, tracking systems, optical readers, remote controls, etc. One of the disadvantages of these portable devices is the need to include a power supply. Portable devices generally use batteries as a power source. The battery must have sufficient capacity to power the device for at least the duration of its use. Having sufficient battery capacity may mean that the power pack is quite heavy and / or bulky compared to the rest of the device. It is therefore desirable to have smaller, lighter batteries with sufficient energy storage capacity. Other energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices, such as photovoltaic cells and fuel cells, are substituted for batteries in portable electronic devices or power supplies for non-portable electrical applications, as appropriate. Another disadvantage of conventional batteries is that some are made from potentially toxic materials that can leak and are subject to government regulations. Therefore, there is a need to provide a safe source of electrical energy that can be recharged over many charge-discharge cycles.

[0003] In this context, a special type of energy storage device has been developed: solid-state batteries, in particular thin-film batteries.

[0004] Solid-state batteries, also known as solid-state electrolyte batteries or all-solid-state batteries, refer to a type of storage battery in which the electrolyte placed between the anode and cathode is a solid, for example a plate of glass made of lithium phosphate, or in the form of a gel.

[0005] This type of battery is considered as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its higher energy density, higher operating temperature range (-20°C to over 100°C) compared to 15°C to 35°C, and lower risk of flashover or explosion. In the battery, positive ions move between the negative and positive electrodes through an ionic conductor to deliver electrons and generate electric current. In conventional batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, the ionic conductor is a liquid organic compound that is highly flammable, which is a major drawback.

[0006] Various research and development programs have enabled researchers to find high-performance solid conductors to replace liquid electrolytes by synthesizing different compounds. Researchers have discovered the solid-state sulfide electrolyte LGPS (Lithium Germanium Phosphorus Sulfur), a solid-state ionic electrolyte that outperforms conventional lithium-ion electrolytes.

[0007] In the general context of battery electrodes, the available capacity, especially the available capacity in response to the power delivered, as well as the rate at which the battery can be charged and discharged, are essential parameters for evaluating devices incorporating these electrodes. It is well-known in the literature that increasing the discharge / charge current of a battery reduces the capacity it can deliver (Coulombic efficiency).

[0008] Typically, to overcome these disadvantages, the active material can be mixed with a good electronic conductor (such as carbon) or incorporated into a conductive matrix. In this case, the cathode material is embedded in a carbon matrix. Patent document 1 is an example of this approach. As shown in Figure 5, the carbon matrix reduces capacitance loss at high current densities.

[0009] The main limitation of this approach is that the total capacity is reduced. Part of the volume is used for the conductive matrix, which does not exhibit storage properties. Compared to a 100% active electrode, the capacity is reduced. Furthermore, this approach is not easily applicable to solid-state thin-film batteries. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] European Patent Application Publication No. 3809491 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0011] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a battery, particularly a thin-film solid-state battery, that reduces or even eliminates capacity loss during charge-discharge cycling.

[0012] Another object of the invention is therefore to make it possible to obtain such advantages in solid-state batteries, in particular thin-film batteries of the LiCoO2 type, in particular during the first charge. [Means for solving the problem]

[0013] The present invention relates to a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, said electronically and ionically conductive membrane constituting or forming part of a current collector of an electrode.

[0014] In particular, the current collector of the electrode includes a first current collector portion at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which is the electronically and ionically conductive membrane, and a second current collector portion located on one side of the electrode, as shown in FIG.

[0015] By "separating the electrolyte membrane and the electrode membrane" is meant in particular that the electronically and ionically conductive membrane is in contact with both the electrolyte membrane and the electrode membrane, said electrolyte membrane and electrode membrane not being in contact with each other, or that in the case of a grid, in particular a metal grid, the electrolyte and the electrode are in contact via the pores of the grid.

[0016] The invention also relates to a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, said electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the current collector of the electrode and allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode, possibly via an ionic and optionally electronically conductive material.

[0017] This is shown, for example, in FIG.

[0018] Any "ionically conductive material" present is understood to mean in particular an ionically conductive material other than an electrolyte as defined above.

[0019] In the absence of the ionically conductive material, the electrolyte serves as the ionically conductive material of the electron- and ionically conductive membrane.

[0020] "Partial contact" means in particular contact in at least one region of the electronic and ionic membrane, said region not representing the entirety of said electronic and ionic membrane.

[0021] In particular, the conductive film is not continuous.

[0022] According to a particular embodiment, the contact surface between the electrolyte and the electrode, in particular the cathode, is at least 10% of the total surface area of ​​the electrode, preferably between 20% and 75% of the total surface area of ​​the electrode.

[0023] This contact is in particular made at the level of at least one opening in the electronically conducting material of the electronic and ionic membrane.

[0024] "At the level of at least one opening in the electronically conducting material of the electronic and ionic membrane" means in particular at least one opening in the membrane of the electronically conducting material comprising the electrolyte and / or the electrodes as defined above.

[0025] According to a particular embodiment, said at least one opening contains in particular only the electrolyte, the cathode electrode or the electrolyte and the electrode as defined above.

[0026] According to a particular embodiment, said at least one opening contains in particular an electrolyte as defined above or an electrolyte and an electrode only, in which case in particular the electrolyte in said at least one opening acts as the ionically conductive material of the electronically and ionically conductive membrane.

[0027] According to a particular embodiment, said at least one opening contains in particular only an electrode as defined above, in which case the electrolyte, in particular the electrolyte in contact with the electrode, acts as the ionically conductive material of the electronically and ionically conductive membrane.

[0028] The present invention also provides a solid-state battery comprising an electronically conductive film between an electrolyte film and an electrode film, The present invention relates to a solid-state battery, in which the electronically conductive film forms part of the current collector of an electrode and allows partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode, possibly via an ionically and optionally electronically conductive material.

[0029] Thus, the electrolyte, particularly the electrolyte in contact with the electrodes, and optionally the ionically conductive material, act as an ion conductor.

[0030] More particularly, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane consists exclusively of or comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material, said electronically conductive material comprising at least one opening, in particular a plurality of openings, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode, possibly via the ionic and optionally electronically conductive material.

[0031] More specifically, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane consists exclusively of or comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material, said electronically conductive material comprising at least one opening, in particular a plurality of openings, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode, possibly via the ionically and optionally electronically conductive material, at the level of said at least one opening.

[0032] More specifically, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane consists exclusively of or comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material, said electronically conductive material comprising at least one opening, in particular a plurality of openings, said electrically and ionically conductive membrane allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode at the level of said at least one opening, in which case the ionically conductive material is an electrolyte as defined above.

[0033] According to a particular embodiment, the present invention provides a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and a cathode electrode membrane, The present invention relates to a solid-state battery, in which the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms part of the current collector of an electrode, allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the cathode electrode via the ionic and optionally electronic conductive material.

[0034] According to a particular embodiment, the present invention provides a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, The present invention relates to a solid-state battery, in which the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms part of the current collector of an electrode, allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the cathode via the ionically and optionally electronically conductive material.

[0035] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises at least one electronically conductive material, optionally ions, and at least one ionically conductive material, optionally electrons.

[0036] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises at least one electronically conductive material and, optionally, ion and at least one ionically conductive material.

[0037] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material.

[0038] According to a particular embodiment, said ionically conductive material is an electrolyte as defined above.

[0039] According to a particular embodiment, said electronically conductive material comprises at least one opening, in particular a plurality of openings.

[0040] According to a particular embodiment, said electronically conducting material comprises at least one opening through which the electrolyte and the electrodes, in particular the cathode electrode, are in contact via the ionic and optionally electronically conducting material.

[0041] According to a particular embodiment, said electronically conductive material comprises at least one opening through which the electrolyte and the electrode, in particular the cathode electrode, are in contact via the ionically conductive material.

[0042] This ionically conductive material is in particular an electrolyte as defined above. In this case, the invention more particularly relates to a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, said electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprising an electronically conductive material forming part of the current collector of the electrode and comprising at least one opening allowing partial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode.

[0043] In this case, it is the electrolyte that acts as the ionically conductive material of the electronically and ionically conductive membrane.

[0044] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating an electrolyte membrane and a cathode electrode membrane, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of a cathode current collector.

[0045] FIG. 1 shows a battery according to the invention.

[0046] According to a particular embodiment, the present invention comprises: an anode current collector in contact with the electrolyte membrane; an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating the electrolyte membrane and the cathode electrode membrane; wherein the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms part of a cathode current collector.

[0047] According to a particular embodiment, the present invention comprises: an anode current collector in contact with the anode electrode film; an electrolyte membrane in contact with the anode electrode membrane; an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating the electrolyte membrane and the cathode electrode membrane; wherein the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms part of a cathode current collector.

[0048] By "separate the electrolyte membrane and the cathode electrode membrane" is meant in particular that the electronically and ionically conductive membrane is in contact with both the electrolyte membrane and the cathode electrode membrane, and that the electrolyte membrane and the cathode electrode membrane are not in contact with each other, or, in the case of a grid, in particular a metal grid, the electrolyte and the cathode are in contact through the holes in the grid. The electronically and ionically conductive membrane can be bonded to the positive electrode of the battery as part of the cathode current collector.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a solid-state battery comprising an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating an electrolyte membrane and an anode electrode membrane, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the anode current collector.

[0050] The anode electrode may be, for example, an intercalating anode electrode.

[0051] The electronically and ionically conductive membrane can be bonded to the negative electrode of the battery as part of the anode current collector.

[0052] The battery is in particular a fully solid-state battery.

[0053] In particular, solid-state thin-film batteries, in particular fully solid-state thin-film batteries, may also be referred to as solid-state thin-film batteries, in particular fully solid-state thin-film batteries, respectively.

[0054] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a thickness between 10 nm and 1 μm.

[0055] According to a particular embodiment, the cathode electrode film has a thickness E of 1 μm to 200 μm.

[0056] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a thickness between 10 nm and E / 2, where E is the thickness of said cathode electrode membrane.

[0057] According to a particular embodiment, the present invention comprises: the anode current collector has a thickness of 10 nm to 10 μm; and / or The anode electrode film has a thickness of more than 0 and not more than 200 μm, and / or The electrolyte membrane has a thickness of 10 nm to 10 μm, The cathode electrode film has a thickness of 1 μm to 200 μm, The electronic and ionic conductive membrane has a thickness of 20 nm to 1 μm; Concerning thin film batteries.

[0058] "Electronically conductive membrane" means a membrane that allows electrons to pass from the electrolyte membrane to the cathode electrode membrane and from the cathode electrode membrane to the electrolyte membrane.

[0059] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a pore size of at least 10 -3 S cm -1 For example, the electrical conductivity is 10 -3 S cm -1 ~10 8 S cm -1 The range may be:

[0060] By "ionically conductive membrane" is meant a membrane that allows the passage of ions, particularly lithium ions, from the electrolyte membrane to the cathode electrode membrane and from the cathode electrode membrane to the electrolyte membrane.

[0061] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a pore size of at least 10 -6 S cm -1 For example, the ionic conductivity is 10 -8 S cm -1 ~10 2S cm -1 It could be.

[0062] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane is made of or comprises at least one electronically and ionically conductive material.

[0063] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises: optionally doped metals, in particular metals selected from Si, Sn, Al and As, and alloys thereof, a carbon-based material, in particular a carbon-based material selected from mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), hard carbon and soft carbon; LiTiO2 (corresponding to the state of TiO2 after lithium insertion), and / or LiFePO4, The present invention is characterized in that it consists solely of or contains a material M selected from the following:

[0064] The metals can be doped with B, As or P, in which case the dopant is present in the metal or its alloy at less than 1%.

[0065] According to a particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises a proportion of 95% to 100% by weight of material M, more particularly a proportion of 100% by weight of M. "Up to (...) % by weight" means the percentage by weight of material M in the total weight of the electronically and ionically conductive membrane.

[0066] According to a particular embodiment, the electrically and ionically conductive membrane is made of or comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material. A battery of the invention comprising such a membrane is shown in FIG.

[0067] According to a more particular embodiment, the electronically and ionically conductive membrane is made of or comprises electronically and ionically conductive materials.

[0068] The electronically conductive material is particularly in the form of a grid.

[0069] By "grid" is meant especially a perforated layer or plate or an assembly of interwoven or parallel wires or bars.

[0070] The (at least one) electronically conductive material is Metals, especially in the form of grids, such as Pt, W, Al, Cu, Au or Ti, may be selected from:

[0071] The ionically conductive material is in particular an electrolyte, in particular a solid electrolyte, which are well known in the literature.

[0072] The (at least one) ionically conductive material is Solid electrolytes, especially LiPON (lithium phosphorus oxynitride), LLTO (lithium lanthanum titanate), LLZO (Li7La3Zr2O 12 ), LPS (lithium phosphate), LTP (lithium titanium phosphate), LZP (lithium zirconium phosphate), LiSiON (lithium silicon oxynitride), LAGP (lithium aluminum germanium phosphate), LGPS (lithium germanium phosphate), optionally based on PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)), in particular solid electrolytes constituting or contained in the electrolyte membrane of the battery of the invention, may be selected from:

[0073] The properties of the anode current collector, anode electrode membrane, electrolyte membrane and anode electrode membrane are well known in the state of the art and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

[0074] for example, the anode current collector is made of or comprises a material selected from Ti, Pt, Cu, Al, Au, W, TiN, doped Si, for example Ti; The anode electrode film is made of or contains a material selected from Li, Al, C, In2O3, Si, SnO2, TiO2, and V2O5, for example Li; the electrolyte membrane consists solely of or comprises a material selected from LiPON, LLTO, LLZO, LPS, LTP, LZP, LiSiON, LiN, LAGP, LGPS, based on PEO, e.g. LiPON, and / or The cathode electrode film is made of or includes a material selected from LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiV3O8, LiMoO3, LiV2O5, NMC, such as LiCoO2. By way of example, methods for producing such films are described in Liu et al. (Advanced Materials, vol. 26, no. 37, pp. 6472-6477, 2014), Tadanaga et al. (Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 53, pp. 196-198, 2014), and (et)Liu et al. (Electrochimica Acta, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1392-1398, 2011).

[0075] According to a particular embodiment, the anode and / or the cathode of the battery of the invention are of the AAM ("All Active Material") type.

[0076] "AAM type" specifically means that the electrode does not contain non-active additives.

[0077] By "free" it is meant in particular that the electrode, in particular the electrode of a thin-film battery, contains less than 5% by weight, or even less than 1% by weight, of inactive additives based on the total weight of the electrode.

[0078] According to certain embodiments, the cathode electrode film also contacts the substrate.

[0079] The nature of the substrate is well known in the art and can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0080] The substrate may be made of or include a material, for example SiO2 or Si.

[0081] According to a more particular embodiment, the substrate is electrically conductive.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the solid-state battery further comprises a current collector element between the substrate and the electrode, where this element forms part of the current collector of the electrode as well as the electronically and ionically conductive membrane.

[0083] According to a particular embodiment, the anode current collector film is also in contact with a passivation film.

[0084] The properties of this passivation film are well known in the art and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

[0085] For example, the passivation film may consist of or include a material that is parylene (PPX).

[0086] According to a more specific embodiment, the anode current collector film is further in contact with a passivation film, said anode current collector film and passivation film also in contact with a redistribution film (also known as a contact recovery film or RDL).

[0087] The redistribution film is made of or includes a material, for example titanium.

[0088] To this end, the battery according to the invention is a stack in the following order: Cathode electrode film, an electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the cathode current collector; An electrolyte membrane, and Anode current collector, Or a stack in the following order: Cathode electrode film, an electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the cathode current collector; electrolyte membrane, An anode electrode film, and Anode current collector, Or a stack in the following order: substrate, Cathode electrode film, an electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the cathode current collector; electrolyte membrane, An anode electrode film, and Anode current collector, Or a stack in the following order: substrate, Cathode electrode film, an electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the cathode current collector; electrolyte membrane, Anode electrode film, An anode current collector, and Passivation and redistribution films, Equipped with.

[0089] Other membranes may be interposed between the cathode (cathode electrode membrane) and the front current collector (electronically and ionically conductive membrane forming part of the cathode current collector) and / or between the front current collector and the electrolyte (electrolyte membrane), such as shown in FIG.

[0090] These films may contribute to improved chemical performance (prevention of chemical decomposition) and improved physical performance (improved adhesion and uniformity of lithium flow).

[0091] Examples of such membranes include: Y. Lyu et al, Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 11, n o2, p. 2000982, 2021, G. Hu, J. Cao, Z. Peng, Y. Cao, et K. Du, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 149, p. 49-55, Dec. 2014. 1.2 Mn 0.6 Ni 0.2 O2, Al2O3, ZrO2, AlPO4, Li4Ti5O as described in Z. Li et al., J. Power Sources, vol. 541, p. 231703, sept. 2022 12 , Li2TiO3, coating of powdered LiCoO2 with TiO2, A. Banerjee et al., Chem. Rev. vol. 120, n o 14, p. 6878-6933, July 2020, LTO, LLZO, LiTaO3, LiAlO2, LiNbO3, NASICON, etc. Examples include:

[0092] The thickness of such a film is from 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0093] According to another aspect, the present invention also relates to a method of making a battery as defined above, comprising the step of depositing an electronically and ionically conductive film on the cathode electrode film.

[0094] This deposition may be carried out by techniques known to those skilled in the art, in particular thin film deposition techniques, e.g. Atomic Layer Etching (ALE), Atomic Layer Deposition or ALD, Deposition of films by evaporation, Deposition of films by sputtering, Electrodeposition of films, This can be done using techniques such as those described in

[0095] The other elements of the battery can be installed using techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as one of the techniques described in AC Kozen et al., Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 15, 5324-5331, EMF Vieira et al, EMF Vieira et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 2016, 49, 48, 5301, WO2008019398.

[0096] According to another aspect, the present invention also relates to the use of a battery according to the invention as a solid-state battery, in particular an integrated solid-state microbattery, for powering an electrical device, in particular a portable device.

[0097] The device is for example a (bio)medical device, in particular an implantable (bio)medical device, or an electronic entertainment device, in particular an augmented reality device.

[0098] definition As understood herein, value ranges of the form "xy" or "from x to y" or "between x and y" include the end values ​​x and y, and the integers between these end values. For example, "1 to 5" or "from 1 to 5" or "between 1 and 5" specifically refers to the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Preferred embodiments include each of the individual integers in the value range, as well as all sub-combinations of these integers. For example, a preferred value of "1 to 5" can include the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, 2 to 5, etc.

[0099] As used herein, the term "about" refers to a range of values ​​within ±10% of a particular value. For example, the term "about 20" includes values ​​of 20 ±10%, i.e., values ​​from 18 to 22.

[0100] For purposes of this specification, percentages refer to percentages by weight based on the total weight of the formulation, unless otherwise stated.

[0101] By film is meant in particular a layer of superimposed or stacked elements. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0102] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a battery obtained according to an embodiment of the present application. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a cell obtained according to an embodiment of the present application, showing the anode. [Diagram 3] Illustrated are batteries in which the electronically and ionically conductive membrane consists of or comprises only electronically conductive material (metal grid, e.g. Pt) and ionically conductive material (solid electrolyte, e.g. LiPON). A and C-H: cross-sections of batteries in which the electronically conductive membrane is not continuous. B: top view of the membrane according to A. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a cell according to the invention comprising two stabilising membranes, on the one hand between the cathode (cathode electrode membrane) and the front current collector (electronically and ionically conducting membrane forming part of the cathode current collector) and on the other hand between the front current collector and the electrolyte (electrolyte membrane). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS EXAMPLES

[0103] A thin-film solid-state battery according to the present invention is fabricated as follows.

[0104] A 100 nm thick amorphous TiO2 film (cathode current collector) is deposited by ALD on a 20 μm thick LiCoO2 cathode film. A film of LIPON electrolyte (1 μm thick) and a Ti anode current collector are added to obtain the active part of the battery.

[0105] Other battery elements (support: SiO2, passivation film: PPX, contact recovery film: Ti) are arranged as known to those skilled in the art.

[0106] 1mA cm -2 The capacitance increase at is approximately +0.4mA cm -2, i.e. an increase of +50% compared to the prior art (wherein a current collector is placed underneath the cathode membrane, which is also in contact with the electrolyte membrane).

[0107] In addition, the capacitance retention is much more stable, reaching 0.1 mA cm -2 ~10mA cm -2 The loss is only 10% compared to 30% in the prior art.

[0108] FIG. 1 shows an example of a battery produced in this manner.

Claims

1. A solid-state battery comprising an electron and ion conductive membrane between an electrolyte membrane and an electrode membrane, A solid-state battery, wherein said electronically and ionically conductive membrane forms part of the current collector of an electrode and allows partial contact between the electrolyte and said electrode, optionally via an ionically and optionally electronically conductive material.

2. an anode current collector in contact with the electrolyte membrane; an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating the electrolyte membrane from a cathode electrode membrane; 2. The battery of claim 1, comprising:

3. an anode current collector in contact with the anode electrode film; an electrolyte membrane in contact with the anode electrode membrane; an electronically and ionically conductive membrane separating the electrolyte membrane from a cathode electrode membrane; 2. The battery of claim 1, comprising:

4. The battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a thickness of from 10 nm to 1 μm.

5. The battery of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cathode electrode film has a thickness E of 1 μm to 200 μm.

6. The battery of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electronically and ionically conductive membrane has a thickness of from 10 nm to E / 2, where E is the thickness of the cathode electrode membrane of claim 5.

7. The electronically and ionically conductive membrane is an optionally doped metal selected from Si, Sn, Al, As and alloys thereof; a carbon-based material selected from mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), hard carbon and soft carbon; LiTiO ２ and / or LiFePO ４ 、 4. The battery of claim 1, further comprising an electrically and ionically conductive material selected from:

8. the electronically and ionically conductive membrane comprises at least one electronically conductive material and at least one ionically conductive material; the at least one electronically conductive material is selected from the metals Pt, W, Al, Cu, Au and Ti, in particular in the form of a grid; and / or the at least one ionically conductive material is selected from solid electrolytes LiPON, LLTO, LLZO, LPS, LTP, LZP, LiSiON, LAGP, LGPS and optionally PEO-based, The battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solid electrolyte constitutes or is included in the electrolyte membrane according to claim 1.

9. A method of making the battery of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising depositing an electronically and ionically conductive film onto the cathode electrode film.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the depositing step is performed by atomic layer etching.

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