Compositions and methods for treating neurodegenerative, myodegenerative, and lysosomal storage disorders

Abstract

To provide compositions and methods for treating neurodegenerative, myodegenerative, and lysosomal storage disorders.SOLUTION: Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, a prion disease or a lysosomal storage disease in a subject.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 769,791, filed November 20, 2018, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Neurodegenerative diseases include genetic and sporadic disorders associated with progressive nervous system dysfunction. These diseases are characterized by the progressive deterioration of nerve cells or nerve cell function. It is estimated that one in four Americans will develop a neurodegenerative condition in their lifetime. However, in general, the underlying mechanisms that cause the condition are not well understood, and few effective therapeutic options are available to prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases.

[0003] Lysosomal storage disorders represent some of the most devastating of genetic diseases, and the need to develop treatments for these disorders remains largely unmet. Many of these disorders cause damage to the central nervous system (CNS), but the underlying mechanisms of such damage are largely unknown. Although the occurrence of lysosomal storage disorders is rare (approximately less than 1:100,000 individuals affected), lysosomal storage disorders primarily affect children, who often die at a young age, often within the first few months or years of life. Many other children die after suffering for many years from the various symptoms of their particular lysosomal storage disorder. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease, a musculogenerative disease, a prion disease, or a lysosomal storage disease in a subject. [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkyl Piperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3; or an isomer or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof is provided.

[0005] 2. Administering to a subject having, or at risk of developing, a neurodegenerative disease, a muscular degenerative disease, or a prion disease an effective amount of a compound having formula I, [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3; Also provided is a method of treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, or a prion disease in a subject comprising administering to said subject or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0006] Methods for inhibiting or preventing toxic protein aggregation in neurons are also provided. These methods comprise an effective amount of a compound having formula I, [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3; or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0007] Methods for treating or preventing a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) in a subject are also provided. These methods include administering to a subject having an LSD or at risk of developing an LSD an effective amount of a compound having formula I, [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH 2) n -R 2and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3; or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. This application includes the following drawings. These drawings are intended to illustrate certain embodiments and / or features of the compositions and methods and to complement any description(s) of the compositions and methods. The drawings do not limit the scope of the compositions and methods unless expressly stated as such. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1](Left and center panels) show that a neuroprotective effect was observed in B35 cells treated with 1 μM BK41043 after 16 h of treatment, as evidenced by a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and an increase in (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), respectively, compared to controls. FIG. 1 (right panel) shows that after 5 h of treatment, cell viability increased stepwise via a decrease in LDH with decreasing concentrations of BK41043. [Diagram 2] Cell viability of B35 cells after 24 h transfection with pTau (left panel) or α-synuclein (right panel) and 5 h treatment with BK41043 is shown. Dehydrogenase (LDH) measured in the medium, which reflects cell death, was not different between control and cells expressing tau or α-synuclein with or without BK41043, indicating that this compound does not cause toxicity or cell death. [Diagram 3] Levels of pTau(181) 24 hours after transfection (left panel, Student's t-test: unpaired, two-tailed, *p<0.05, ***p<0.01) and that BK41043 reduces pTau(181) levels in pTau-transfected B35 cells (right panel, n=6, ANOVA: ordinary, one-way, Dunnett's multiple comparison test, p<0.05, ****p<0.0001). [Figure 4] Levels of α-synuclein 24 hours after transfection (left panel) and BK41043 reduces α-synuclein in α-synuclein transfected B35 cells (right panel). Student's t-test: unpaired, two-tailed, *p<0.05, **p<0.0, n=6). Doses of BK41043 ranging from 10 uM-1 mM appear to reduce levels of α-synuclein in this cell culture model. [Diagram 5] 4 shows cell viability of B35 cells after treatment with BK40197 for 5 hours. [Figure 6]Figure 2 shows that BK40143 reduces pTau(181) in Tau expressing transgenic mice after 7 days of treatment. Levels of pTau(181) were measured via ELISA. Student's t-test: unpaired, two-tailed, Welch's correction, *p<0.05, ***p<0.01. [Figure 7] Figure 1 shows that treatment with BK-40143 (1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5.0 mg / kg) did not affect the levels of pTau(231)(AT180) in rTG4510 transgenic mice (n=4) using Western blot analysis. [Figure 8] Figure 2 shows that Tau(HT7) was significantly reduced in Tau transgenic mice after 7 days of treatment with BK-41043 at 1.25mg / kg and 2.5mg / kg. Student's t-test: unpaired, two-tailed, Welch's correction, *p<0.05, ***p<0.01, n=4. [Figure 9] Treatment with BK-40143 (1.25 mg / kg or 2.5 mg / kg) results in in vivo inhibition of DDR1 as measured by detection of phosphorylated (active) DDR1 (pMCK10). This data shows that BK40143 potently inhibits DDR in vivo. [Figure 10] Figure 2 shows that pTau(191) was reduced in CamP301L mice after treatment with 2.5 mg / kg or 5 mg / kg BK-40143. Student's t-test: unpaired, Welch's correction, one-tailed, *p>0.05. p=0.02, n=4. [Figure 11] A shows that 1 mM and 100 uM BK40196 significantly reduced α-synuclein levels in transfected B35 cells, and B shows that BK40197 does not significantly reduce α-synuclein levels in transfected B35 cells. [Figure 12A]Figure 12 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces α-synuclein in A53T mice. Male and female 12-month-old A53T mice were treated intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 for 21 consecutive days. Figure 12A is an ELISA of human α-synuclein showing a significant 39% reduction in the levels of α-synuclein in BK40143-treated animals compared to DMSO-treated control A53T mice. C57BL / 6J mice were used as controls and showed no detectable (ND) human α-synuclein. [Figure 12B] Figure 12B shows that BK40143 significantly reduces α-synuclein in A53T mice. Male and female 12-month-old A53T mice were treated intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 for 21 consecutive days. Figure 12B shows that BK40143 increases the overall level of dopamine (30%). BK40143 increases the level of homovanillic acid (HVA), a dopamine metabolite, in A53T mice, indicating more dopamine turnover, which may result in better dopamine neurotransmission. [Figure 12C] Figure 12 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces α-synuclein in A53T mice. Male and female 12-month-old A53T mice were treated intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 for 21 consecutive days. Figure 12C is an α-synuclein immunoblot reflecting a 40% reduction in α-synuclein seen by ELISA. [Figure 12D] Figure 12 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces α-synuclein in A53T mice. Male and female 12-month-old A53T mice were treated intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 for 21 consecutive days. Figure 12D is an α-synuclein immunoblot reflecting a 40% reduction in α-synuclein seen by ELISA. [Figure 13]Show that BK40143 improves the movement speed in A53T mice.A53T mice are tested in open field tests for overall movement ability over a 60-minute test.Mice do not show any difference in the total distance traveled or the total time spent moving, but BK40143 treatment significantly increases the movement speed of mice. [Figure 14A] Figure 14 shows that BK40143 selectively deactivates DDR (approximately 50%) but not Src or Abl, and reduces phosphorylated tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO. Figure 14A, immunoblot probe of activated (phosphorylated) DDR1 demonstrates that 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg, but not 5 mg / kg BK40143 deactivates DDR1. [Figure 14B] We show that BK40143 selectively inactivates the DDR (about 50%) but not Src or Abl, and reduces phosphorylated tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 7 consecutive days. Figure 14B, an immunoblot probe of activated Src, demonstrates that BK40143 did not engage this tyrosine kinase. [Figure 14C] We show that BK40143 selectively inactivates the DDR (about 50%) but not Src or Abl, and reduces phosphorylated tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 7 consecutive days. Figure 14C, an immunoblot probe of activated Abl, demonstrates that BK40143 did not engage this tyrosine kinase. [Figure 14D]We show that BK40143 selectively deactivates the DDR (approximately 50%) but not Src or Abl, and reduces phosphorylated Tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO. Figure 14D, immunoblot probe for phosphorylated Tau (AT8), shows that all three doses of BK40143 reduced the levels of phosphorylated Tau by 41-49% in the same mice, indicating that DDR inhibition is concomitant with pTau reduction. [Figure 14E] Figure 14 shows that BK40143 selectively deactivates DDR (about 50%) but not Src or Abl, and reduces phosphorylated tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 7 consecutive days. Figure 14E is an ELISA of phosphorylated Tau (AT181) showing that 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced phosphorylated Tau. [Figure 15A] Figure 15 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and inactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. Figure 15A is an immunoblot for extracellular amyloid-beta (6E10) aggregation, demonstrating that 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced amyloid-beta plaques. [Figure 15B]Figure 15 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and inactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. Figure 15B is an immunoblot probe of phosphorylated DDR1 demonstrating that 1.25 mg / kg and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 inactivated DDR1 by 40% and 31%, respectively. [Figure 15C] Figure 15 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and inactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. Figure 15C demonstrates that the probe for activation (phosphorylated Abl(245)) did not involve Abl by BK40143. [Figure 15D] We show that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and deactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. 1.25 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced soluble human amyloid-beta via ELISA, but not insoluble amyloid-beta. [Figure 15E] We show that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and deactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. BK40143 at 2.5 mg / kg significantly reduced soluble human amyloid-beta via ELISA, but not insoluble amyloid-beta. [Figure 15F]Figure 15 shows that BK40143 significantly reduces amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and inactivates DDR1 in transgenic APP mice. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. Figure 15F shows that 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 reduced human phosphorylated tau (Ser396) by more than 80%. [Figure 16] We showed that BK40143 could improve the performance of the Morris Water Maze Test for cognition in APP mice. Measurements included the number of platform entries (left panel), latency to first entry (middle panel), and distance traveled from first entry (right panel) to the platform. Although there was no significant difference between groups, 1.25 mg / kg BK showed a trend toward increased performance with more platform entries, lower latency to first entry, and lower distance traveled before first entry. [Figure 17] This shows that BK40143 does not cause cell death in the hippocampus of APP mice. Representative 20um hippocampal sections were stained for the substance (left panel). 4x and 20x images for DMSO, 1.25mg / kg, and 2.5mg / kg BK40143 are shown (left panel). The average staining intensity was quantified with imagej software as the total amount of Nissl staining in all 4x images (right panel). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0009] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease, a musculogenerative disease, a prion disease, or a lysosomal storage disease in a subject.

[0010] compound In some examples, the classes of compounds described herein include compounds represented by Formula I, or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. [ka]

[0011] In formula I, X is N or CH.

[0012] Also in formula I, Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or Unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl.

[0013] Also in formula I, R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and

[0014] Further, in formula I, R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl;

[0015] Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4and

[0016] Also in formula I, R 3 and R 4 are independently H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl, and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3.

[0017] In some embodiments of Formula I, Y is R 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0018] In some examples of formula I, Y is R at the meta position. 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0019] In some examples of Formula I, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H, and Y is R 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0020] In some examples of Formula I, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H, and Y is R at the meta position. 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0021] In some examples of Formula I, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0022] In some examples of Formula I, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R 1 and benzyl substituted with [ka]

[0023] The compound of formula I is compound 1 (BK40197). [ka]

[0024] Another compound of formula I is compound 2 (BK40193). [ka]

[0025] In some examples of Formula I, the compound does not contain one or more halogen atoms. In some examples of Formula I, Y is 2-m-tolyl. In some examples of Formula I, Z is heterocyclyl. In some examples of Formula I, Z is morpholin-1-yl. In some examples of Formula I, R 3 is H and R 4 is unsubstituted phenyl.

[0026] As used herein, the terms alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl include straight-chain and branched-chain monovalent substituents. Examples include methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, 3-butynyl, and the like. The range of these groups useful in the compounds and methods described herein includes C1-C 20 Alkyl, C2-C 20 Alkenyl, and C2-C 20Further scope of these groups useful in the compounds and methods described herein include C1-C 12 Alkyl, C2-C 12 Alkenyl, C2-C 12 Examples include alkynyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, and C2-C4 alkynyl.

[0027] The term alkoxy as used herein is an alkyl group attached through a single terminal ether linkage. The term hydroxy as used herein is a group represented by the formula -OH. It is expressed as:

[0028] As used herein, the term amine or amino refers to a group of the formula -NR 3 R 4 wherein R 3 and R 4 may each be a substituent as described herein, for example, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups as described above.

[0029] An alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or carbonyl moiety as used herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. As used herein, the term substituted includes the addition of an alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or carbonyl group to a position attached to the backbone of the alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or carbonyl group, e.g., replacing a hydrogen with one of these moieties. Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, halogen (e.g., F, Br, Cl, or I), and carboxyl groups. Conversely, as used herein, the term unsubstituted indicates that an alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or carbonyl has no substitutions, e.g., linear decane (-(CH2)9-CH3), i.e., has a full complement of hydrogen appropriate to its saturation level.

[0030] Heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, and heteroalkynyl are defined similarly to alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, but can contain O, S, or N heteroatoms, or combinations thereof, in the backbone. The range of these groups useful in the compounds and methods described herein includes C1-C 20 Heteroalkyl, C2-C 20 Heteroalkenyl, and C2-C 20 A further scope of these groups useful with the compounds and methods described herein includes C1-C 12 Heteroalkyl, C2-C 12 Heteroalkenyl, C2-C 12 Examples include heteroalkynyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C2-C6 heteroalkenyl, C2-C6 heteroalkynyl, C1-C4 heteroalkyl, C2-C4 heteroalkenyl, and C2-C4 heteroalkynyl.

[0031] The terms cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl include cyclic alkyl groups having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings. Examples include cyclohexyl, cyclopentylethyl, and adamantanyl. The range of these groups useful with the compounds and methods described herein includes C3-C 20 Cycloalkyl, C3-C 20 Cycloalkenyl, and C3-C 20 A further scope of these groups useful with the compounds and methods described herein includes C5-C 12 Cycloalkyl, C5-C 12 Cycloalkenyl, C5-C 12 Examples include cycloalkynyl, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C5-C6 cycloalkenyl, and C5-C6 cycloalkynyl.

[0032] The terms heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkynyl are defined similarly to cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl, but can contain O, S, or N heteroatoms, or combinations thereof, within the cyclic backbone. The range of these groups useful with the compounds and methods described herein includes C3-C 20 Heterocycloalkyl, C3-C 20 Heterocycloalkenyl, and C3-C 20 An additional scope of these groups useful with the compounds and methods described herein includes C5-C 12 Heterocycloalkyl, C5-C 12 Heterocycloalkenyl, C5-C 12 Examples include heterocycloalkynyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkenyl, and C5-C6 heterocycloalkynyl.

[0033] Aryl molecules include, for example, cyclic hydrocarbons incorporating one or more planar sets, typically six carbon atoms linked by delocalized electrons numbered as if they were alternating single and double covalent bonds. An example of an aryl molecule is benzene. Heteroaryl molecules include substitutions along the main cyclic chain of atoms such as O, N, or S. When heteroatoms are introduced, a set of five atoms, for example, four carbons and a heteroatom, can create an aromatic system. Examples of heteroaryl molecules include furan, pyrrole, thiophene, imadazole, oxazole, pyridine, and pyrazine. Aryl and heteroaryl molecules can also include additional fused rings, for example, benzofuran, indole, benzothiophene, naphthalene, anthracene, and quinoline. Unless otherwise stated, aryl and heteroaryl molecules can be attached at any position on the ring.

[0034] Optionally, the compound having formula I is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits one or more receptor tyrosine kinases selected from the group consisting of Abl, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, DDR1, DDR2, cKIT, Arginase II, Src, Fyn, VEGFR, and Zac. In some embodiments, the compound having formula I selectively inhibits Abl, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, DDR1, DDR2, cKIT, Arginase II, Src, Fyn, or VEGR, or Zac. In some examples, the compound having formula I inhibits DDR1 and / or DDR2.

[0035] As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt that is suitable for use in contact with human and animal tissues without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic reaction, etc., within the scope of sound medical judgment, and is commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided herein, such as nilotinib, bosutinib, pazopanib, and the compounds of formula I, include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid addition salts are salts of amino groups formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid, or by other methods used in the art, such as ion exchange. Other pharma- ceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecyl sulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfonate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, and the like. Acid salts include, for example, acid salts, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, undecanoate, and valerate.

[0036] The compounds described herein can be prepared in a variety of ways. The compounds can be synthesized using a variety of synthetic methods, including those provided in the examples. At least some of these methods are known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry. The compounds described herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials. Optimal reaction conditions may vary depending on the particular reactants or solvents used, but such conditions can be determined by those skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

[0037] Variations of Formula I include the addition, subtraction, and addition of various moieties as described for each compound. The term "protective group" includes the movement, pulling, or migration of a molecule. Similarly, when one or more chiral centers are present in a molecule, all possible chiral variants are included. In addition, compound synthesis may involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The use of protection and deprotection, as well as the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be determined by those skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Wuts, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5th. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0038] The reactions to produce the compounds described herein may be carried out in a solvent that may be selected by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. The solvent may be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), intermediates, or products under the conditions, i.e., temperature and pressure, at which the reaction is carried out. The reaction may be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Product or intermediate formation may be monitored by any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation may be monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1 H or 13 C) It can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (eg, UV-visible) or mass spectroscopy, or by chromatography, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.

[0039] Any of the compounds described herein can be modified to enhance blood-brain barrier permeability.Optionally, one or more of the compounds described herein can be administered with an agent that enhances the blood-brain barrier permeability of the compound(s).

[0040] Method for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disease, myodegenerative disease or prion disease Methods for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases, myodegenerative diseases, or prion diseases are provided herein. The neurodegenerative disease or disorder can be a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. These include, but are not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, TDP-43 pathology including frontotemporal dementia with TDP-43, frontotemporal dementia associated with chromosome 17, amyloidosis, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease, mild cognitive impairment, α-synucleinopathy (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease), multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, tauopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions including corticobasal degeneration. The neurodegenerative disease can also be a secondary neurodegenerative disease induced by traumatic brain injury, stroke, or infection, such as bacterial or viral infection (e.g., HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV)).

[0041] Muscle degenerative diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, muscular dystrophies (e.g., muscular dystrophy), myopathies (e.g., nemaline myopathy, multi / minicore myopathy, centronuclear myopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, metabolic myopathy, etc.) or muscle myotonias (e.g., myotonia congenita, myotonic spasm congenita, or myotonic dystrophy).

[0042] Prion diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease, and scrapie, to name a few.

[0043] The methods of the invention include administering to a subject having or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease, a muscular degenerative disease, or a prion disease an effective amount of a compound having Formula I, or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof; [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3.

[0044] In some methods, the compound having formula I does not contain one or more halogen atoms. In some methods, Y is 2-m-tolyl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, Z is heterocyclyl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, Z is morpholin-1-yl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, R 3 is H and R 4 is an unsubstituted phenyl in compounds having formula I.

[0045] In some methods, Y is R 1 A compound having formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0046] In some methods, Y is R at the meta position. 1 A compound having formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0047] In some methods, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H, and Y is R 1 A compound having formula I, wherein R is benzyl substituted with R, is administered to the subject. [ka]

[0048] In some methods, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H, and Y is R at the meta position. 1 A compound of formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0049] In some methods herein, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R 1 A compound of formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0050] In some methods, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R at the meta position. 1 A compound of formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0051] Examples of compounds of Formula I that may be used in any of the methods described herein include the following compounds: [ka]

[0052] The method provided herein optionally includes selecting a subject who has a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, or a prion disease, or is at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, or a prion disease.Those skilled in the art know how to diagnose a subject who has a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, or a prion disease, or is at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, or a prion disease.For example, one or more of the following tests can be used: genetic testing (e.g., identifying mutations in the TDP-43 gene) or family analysis (e.g., family history), central nervous system imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), electroencephalography, clinical or behavioral testing (e.g., evaluating muscle weakness, tremor, gait, or memory), or laboratory testing.

[0053] The method optionally further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the subject. The second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of levodopa, dopamine agonist, anticholinergic agent, cholinergic agent (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) inhibitor), monoamine oxidase inhibitor, COMT inhibitor, donepezil, memantine, risperidone, amantadine, rivastigmine, NMDA antagonist, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, cholinesterase inhibitor, riluzole, antipsychotic, antidepressant, glucocorticoid (e.g., prednisone), tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g., nilotinib, bosutinib, imatinib, pazopanib, etc.), and tetrabenazine. The second therapeutic agent or therapy can be administered to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the compound having formula I.

[0054] In methods in which a tyrosine kinase inhibitor is administered as the second therapeutic agent, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor can be a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that does not inhibit the tyrosine kinase receptor inhibited by the compound of formula I, or that has reduced selectivity for the tyrosine kinase receptor compared to the compound of formula I.

[0055] Also provided herein are methods of inhibiting or preventing toxic protein aggregation in neurons and / or rescuing neurons from degeneration. As used herein, references to inhibit, reduce or decrease include a change of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to control levels.

[0056] These methods include contacting the neuron with an effective amount of a compound of formula I. Optionally, the compound having formula I is compound 1 or compound 2. The toxic protein aggregates optionally include one or more of the amyloidogenic proteins, α-synuclein, tau, or TDP-43. Amyloidogenic protein refers to a peptide, polypeptide, or protein that has aggregation ability. An example of an amyloidogenic protein is β-amyloid. The contacting is performed in vivo or in vitro. In vivo methods are useful in treating subjects with toxic protein aggregates or at risk of developing toxic protein aggregates, and include administering a compound of formula I to the subject, as described below. In vitro methods are useful, for example, in treating neural cells prior to transplantation. In such cases, the compound of formula I is generally added to the culture medium. Optionally, the target neuron is contacted with a second therapeutic agent as described above.

[0057] Methods for Treating or Preventing Lysosomal Storage Disorders Methods for treating or preventing LSD in a subject are also provided. These methods comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound having formula I, [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; and n is an integer selected from 0 to 3; or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject having or at risk of developing an LSD.

[0058] In some methods, the compound having formula I does not contain one or more halogen atoms. In some methods, Y is 2-m-tolyl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, Z is heterocyclyl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, Z is morpholin-1-yl in the compound having formula I. In some methods, R 3 is H and R 4 is an unsubstituted phenyl in compounds having formula I.

[0059] In some methods, Y is R 1 A compound having formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0060] In some methods, Y is R at the meta position. 1 A compound having formula I which is benzyl substituted with is administered to a subject. [ka]

[0061] In some methods, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H and Y is R 1 A compound having formula I, wherein R is benzyl substituted with R, is administered to the subject. [ka]

[0062] In some methods, Z is NR 3 R 4 and R 3 is benzyl or H, and R 4 is benzyl or H, and Y is R 1A compound having formula I, wherein R is benzyl substituted with R, is administered to the subject. [ka]

[0063] In some methods, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R 1 A compound of formula I, which is benzyl substituted with: [ka]

[0064] In some methods, Z is morpholinyl and Y is R at the meta position. 1 A compound of formula I, which is benzyl substituted with is administered to the subject. [ka]

[0065] Examples of compounds of Formula I that can be used to treat or prevent LSD include the following compounds: [ka]

[0066] Optionally, the compound of formula I inhibits one or more receptor tyrosine kinases selected from the group consisting of Abl, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, DDR1, DDR2, cKIT, Arginase II, Src, Fyn, VEGFR, and Zac. In some embodiments, the compound of formula I selectively inhibits Abl, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, DDR1, DDR2, cKIT, Arginase II, Src, Fyn, or VEGR, or Zac. In some examples, the compound having formula I inhibits DDR1 and / or DDR2. For example, but not limited to, compound 1 or compound 2 can be used to inhibit DDR1 and / or DDR2. In another example, the compound having formula I, for example, compound 1 or compound 2, selectively inhibits DDR1 or DDR2.

[0067] LSD is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from defective lysosomal function. In most cases, LSD is caused by a deficiency of specific enzymes responsible for the degradation of lipids and glycoproteins present in lysosomes. In some cases, defective non-enzymatic lysosomal proteins or non-lysosomal proteins involved in lysosomal biogenesis cause LSD. Progressive lysosomal accumulation of undegraded metabolic products leads to widespread cell and tissue dysfunction and thus multiple systemic pathologies. LSDs that can be treated or prevented using the methods provided herein include mucopolysaccharidosis type I (e.g., Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, and Scheie syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type I (e.g., Hunter syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type III (e.g., Sanfilippo syndrome A, Sanfilippo syndrome B, Sanfilippo syndrome C, and Sanfilippo syndrome D), mucopolysaccharidosis type IV (e.g., Morquio syndrome A and Morquio syndrome B), mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (e.g., Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (e.g., Sly syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type IX (e.g., Natowitz syndrome), pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, fucosidosis, galactosialidosis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, G M1 Gangliosidosis, G M2The LSDs provided herein are examples of diseases or disorders associated with decreased lysosomal clearance, including, but not limited to, gangliosidosis, alpha-mannosidosis, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Pompe disease.

[0068] Also provided is a method for promoting lysosomal clearance in one or more cells of a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound having formula I to a subject having a disorder associated with decreased lysosomal clearance. Optionally, the compound having formula I is compound 1 or compound 2. As used throughout, lysosomal clearance is the process by which lipids, proteins, glycoproteins, or combinations thereof that have accumulated in the lysosomes of one or more cells of a subject are metabolized or degraded. Decreased lysosomal clearance refers to a decrease in the degradation of lipids, proteins, and / or glycoproteins in one or more cells of a subject compared to a control, e.g., compared to lysosomal clearance in one or more cells of a healthy subject. Any disorder associated with decreased lysosomal clearance can be treated using the methods provided herein, including, but not limited to, any of the LSDs described throughout. As used herein, reference to promoting or increasing includes a change of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 400% or more compared to a control level. Optionally, promoting lysosomal clearance reduces the amount of lipid, protein, glycoprotein, or combination thereof in existing aggregates in lysosomes of one or more cells of the subject. Optionally, promoting lysosomal clearance inhibits or prevents the formation of aggregates comprising lipid, protein, glycoprotein, or combination thereof in lysosomes of one or more cells of the subject. Optionally, promoting lysosomal clearance reduces the amount of time required to degrade or metabolize lipid, protein, glycoprotein, or combination thereof in one or more cells of the subject compared to a control.

[0069] Optionally, in the methods provided herein, an effective amount of a compound having formula I inhibits or prevents the aggregation or accumulation of a toxic substance in one or more cells of a subject, as compared to a control. As used herein, references to decrease, lowering, or inhibition include a change of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more, as compared to a control level. Such terms may include, but do not necessarily include, a complete elimination of a toxic substance in one or more cells of a subject. Optionally, the one or more cells are brain cells, cells in one or more peripheral tissues of a subject, or a combination thereof. Optionally, the brain cells can be neurons and / or glial cells. In the methods provided herein, the toxic substance that can aggregate or accumulate in a cell can be one or more of a lipid, a protein, or a glycoprotein. The toxic substance(s) can increase cell damage and / or increase cell death in one or more cells of a subject. In the methods provided herein, the toxic substance(s) can be in lysosomes or other locations in one or more cells of the subject.For example, but not limited to, LSDs characterized by lipid accumulation in the cells of the subject include sphingolipidosis (including Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease), gangliosidosis (including Tay-Sachs disease), leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidoses (including Hunter syndrome and Hurler disease), glycoprotein storage disorders, mucolipidosis, and glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease).

[0070] Lipids and glycoproteins that accumulate in sphingolipidose include sphingomyelin in brain and red blood cells (Niemann-Pick disease), glycolipids containing ceramide trihexoside in brain, heart, and kidney (Fabry disease), galactocerebrosides in oligodendrocytes (Krabbe disease), glucocerebrosides in red blood cells, spleen, and liver (Gaucher disease), GM2 gangliosides in neurons (Tay-Sachs disease) and Sandhoff disease, GM1 gangliosides, and sulfatide compounds in neural tissues (metachromatic leukodystrophy).

[0071] Lysosomal storage diseases also include mucopolysaccharidoses (MP) with deficiencies of one or more lysosomal enzymes, such as α-L-iduronidate (Hurler disease, Scheie syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome), idronate sulfate (Hunter disease), heparan sulfate (Sanfilippo type A), N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (Sanfilippo type B), CoA-α-glucosaminide-N-acetyltransferase (Sanfilippo type C), N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminide-6-sulfate (Sanfilippo type D and Morquio syndrome type A), B-galactose (Morquio syndrome type B), and N-acetylgalatosamine (Maloteus-Lamy disease), heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, or keratan sulfate, all of which are the result of lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, or keratan sulfate. Glycogen storage diseases (ie, Pompe disease) result from the storage of sugars and phosphorylated sugars in lysosomes.

[0072] The method provided herein optionally includes selecting a subject with LSD.Those skilled in the art know how to diagnose a subject with LSD.For example, one or more of the following tests can be used: genetic testing (e.g., identifying mutations associated with LSD) or family analysis (e.g., family history, parental genetic testing), central nervous system imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), clinical or behavioral testing (e.g., evaluation to identify mood disorders, aggression and / or cognitive abnormalities), or laboratory testing (e.g., blood and / or urine testing to identify abnormal levels of metabolites or enzyme deficiencies).

[0073] The methods provided herein optionally further comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent or therapy. The second therapeutic agent or therapy can be administered to the subject prior to, simultaneously with, or after administration of the compound of Formula I. The second therapeutic agent or therapy can be an enzyme , hematopoietic stem cell, bone marrow transplant, gene therapy, or small molecule. For example, but not limited to, LSD associated with enzyme deficiency can be treated with an enzyme to increase the amount of the deficient enzyme in the subject. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant enzymes such as imiglucerase (Cerezyme®), velaglucerase alpha (VPRIV®), or taliglucerase alpha (Elelyso®) can be used as a second therapeutic agent to treat type I Gaucher disease. Small molecules that inhibit glycosylceramide synthase, such as miglustat and eliglustat, can also be used to treat type I Gaucher disease. Small molecules that act as chaperones to stabilize the defective enzyme produced by the subject, or that reduce the amount of one or more substrates normally processed by the enzyme in the subject can also be used.

[0074] One or more therapeutic agents that alleviate the symptoms of LSD can also be administered. For example, antiepileptic drugs such as gabapentin or lamotrigine can be used to prevent seizures in the subject. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia. Other drugs include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs and anti-inflammatory steroids) and muscle relaxants. Dialysis, physical therapy, and surgery are also contemplated herein as therapies for treating LSD.

[0075] In some methods for treating or preventing LSD, the second therapeutic agent may be a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g., nilotinib, bosutinib, imatinib, pazopanib, etc.). Thus, in some examples, a tyrosine kinase and a compound of formula I are administered to a subject. In methods in which a tyrosine kinase is administered as the second therapeutic agent, the tyrosine kinase may be a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has different selectivity for one or more receptor tyrosine kinases compared to the compound of formula I.

[0076] Pharmaceutical Compositions The term effective amount, as used throughout, is defined as any amount necessary to produce a desired physiological response, for example, inhibiting or preventing toxic protein aggregation in neurons or promoting lysosomal clearance.

[0077] Exemplary dosages for administration of any of the compounds described herein, e.g., compounds of Formula I, include a dose of about 0.5 to about 200 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, which can be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as 1 to 4 times per day. Alternatively, the dosage can be from about 0.5 to about 150 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 0.5 to about 100 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 0.5 to about 75 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 0.5 to about 50 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 0.5 to about 25 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 1 to about 50 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 1 to about 40 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 1 to about 30 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 1 to about 30 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 30 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 20 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, from about 10 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day, or from about 5 mg / kg of body weight of active compound per day.

[0078] Optionally, the dosage is less than about 10 mg / kg, and can be less than about 9.5, 9, 8.5, 8, 7.5, 7, 6.5, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1.25, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 mg / kg, or any dosage between these amounts. The dosage can be from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 10 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 9 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 7 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 10 ... The dosage range may be from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 6 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 4 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 3 mg / kg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 2 mg, from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 1 mg / kg, or from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg. One of skill in the art will adjust the dosage amounts described below based on the particular characteristics of the inhibitor and the subject to receive it.

[0079] The composition can include a single unit dose of a compound of formula I, such as about 50 mg / kg or less, 40 mg / kg or less, 30 mg / kg or less, 20 mg / kg or less, 10 mg / kg or less, about 5 mg / kg or less, about 2.5 mg / kg or less, or about 1.5 mg / kg or less of a single unit dose of Compound 1 or Compound 2, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided is a package that includes one or more single unit doses of a compound having formula I, such as a plurality of single unit doses of Compound 1 or Compound 2. The package can further include a single or multiple unit doses of one or more second therapeutic agents described herein.

[0080] The effective amount and schedule for administering one or more of the compounds having formula I described herein may be empirically determined, and making such a determination is within the skill of the art. The dosage range for administration is large enough to produce the desired effect in which one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder are affected (e.g., reduced or delayed). The dosage should not be so large as to cause substantial adverse side effects, such as undesirable cross-reactivity, undesirable cell death, etc. In general, dosage will vary with the type of inhibitor, the subject's species, age, weight, general health, sex, and diet, mode and time of administration, excretion rate, drug combination, and the severity of the particular condition, which can be determined by one of skill in the art. Dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any contraindications. Dosage can vary and can be administered in one or more dose administrations per day.

[0081] The compounds having formula I and other agents described herein can be delivered in pharmaceutical compositions. These include, for example, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds having formula I and a pharmaceutical carrier. The term carrier means a compound, composition, substance, or structure that, when combined with a compound or composition, aids or facilitates the preparation, storage, administration, delivery, efficacy, selectivity, or any other characteristic of the compound or composition for its intended use or purpose. For example, the carrier can be selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and minimize any adverse side effects in the subject. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, sterile biocompatible pharmaceutical carriers, including saline, buffered saline, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, dextrose, and water.

[0082] Depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form, such as tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules, powders, liquid forms, or suspension forms, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. These compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the agent or derivatives thereof described herein in combination with a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, and may additionally contain other pharmaceutical preparations, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, or diluents. Pharmaceutically acceptable means a non-biological or otherwise undesirable material that can be administered to an individual together with the selected agent without causing unacceptable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.

[0083] As used herein, the term carrier includes any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or other material known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations. The choice of carrier for use in a composition depends on the intended route of administration of the composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and preparations containing these materials are The preparation of the agent is described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22nd edition, Loyd V. Allen et al, editors, Pharmaceutical Press (2012).

[0084] Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate buffer, citrate buffer, and buffers with other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides, proteins such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates, including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as TWEEN® (ICI, Inc; Bridgewater, NJ), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS® (BASF; Florham Park, NJ).

[0085] Compositions containing the agent(s) described herein suitable for parenteral injection may include physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, etc.), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (olive oil, etc.), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by maintaining the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

[0086] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispensing agents. Prevention of microbial action can be promoted by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, etc. Isotonicity agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, etc., may also be included. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0087] Solid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds described herein or derivatives thereof include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the compounds described herein or derivatives thereof are administered in a solid dosage form containing at least one inert conventional excipient (or carrier), such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, or (a) fillers or extenders, such as starch, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) wetting agents, such as glycerol, (d) disintegrants, such as agar, calcium carbonate, or (e) glycerol, (f) glycerol, (g) glycerol, (h) glycerol, (i) glycerol, (j) glycerol, (k) glycerol, (l ... In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage form may also contain buffering agents.

[0088] Solid compositions of a similar type can also contain excipients such as lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) and propylene glycol esters. It may also be used as a filler in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using polyethylene glycol and the like.

[0089] Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others known in the art. They can also contain opacifying agents, and can be of such composition that they release active compound in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used are polymeric substances and waxes. The active compound can also be in microencapsulated form, if necessary, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.

[0090] The compounds described herein can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions that allow immediate release or delivery of the compounds to mammals.The compounds described herein can also be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions that allow modified release, for example delayed or extended release (e.g., sustained or controlled release) of the compounds to mammals for a period of days, weeks, or a month or more.Such formulations are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,968,895 and 6,180,608, or are otherwise known in the art.Any pharmaceutically acceptable delayed or sustained release formulation known in the art is contemplated.

[0091] The liquid dosage form for oral administration of the compounds described herein or their derivatives includes pharma- ceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.In addition to the active compound, the liquid dosage form may contain water or other solvents, solubilizers, and emulsifiers, such as inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils, especially cottonseed oil, peanut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil, sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, or mixtures of these substances.

[0092] Besides such inert diluents, compositions can also include additional agents, such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, or perfuming agents.

[0093] The composition is administered in several ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired and the area to be treated. The composition is administered via any of several routes of administration, including orally, parenterally, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intracranially, intraspinal, intrathecal, intracerebroventricularly, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavity, or transdermally. The pharmaceutical composition can also be delivered locally to the area requiring treatment, for example, by topical application or local injection. The effective dose of any of the administration methods described herein can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

[0094] Throughout, treat, treating, and treatment refer to methods of reducing or delaying one or more effects or symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease, a myodegenerative disease, a prion disease, or a lysosomal storage disease. A subject can be diagnosed with a disease or disorder. Treatment can also refer to methods of reducing the underlying pathology, not just the symptoms. The effect of administration to a subject can have the effect of, but is not limited to, reducing one or more symptoms of the disease, reducing the severity of the disease, completely removing the disease, or delaying the onset or worsening of one or more symptoms. For example, the disclosed methods are considered therapeutic if one or more symptoms of the disease in a subject are reduced by about 10% when compared to the subject before treatment or when compared to a control subject or control value. Thus, the reduction can be about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100%, or any amount in between.

[0095] As used throughout, subject means an individual. A subject can be an adult subject or a pediatric subject. A pediatric subject includes subjects from birth to 18 years of age. Thus, pediatric subjects less than about 10 years, less than 5 years, less than 2 years, less than 1 year, less than 6 months, less than 3 months, less than 1 month, less than 1 week, or less than 1 day are also included as subjects. Preferably, the subject is a mammal such as a primate, more preferably a human. Non-human primates are also subjects. The term subject includes domestic animals such as cats, dogs, livestock (e.g., cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.) and laboratory animals (e.g., ferrets, chinchillas, mice, rabbits, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, etc.). Thus, veterinary uses and medical preparations are contemplated herein.

[0096] Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, used in conjunction with, used to prepare for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed, it is understood that each is specifically contemplated and described herein, although specific references to each of the individual and collective combinations and permutations of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed. For example, when a method is disclosed and discussed, and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules included in the method are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the method, and modifications that are possible, are specifically contemplated, unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Similarly, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of the disclosure, including but not limited to steps in methods that use the disclosed compositions. Thus, when there are various additional steps that can be performed, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any particular method step or combination of method steps of the disclosed method, and each such combination or subset of combinations should be considered as specifically contemplated and disclosed.

[0097] Publications cited herein and the material for which they are cited are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. EXAMPLES

[0098] Synthesis and characterization of thieno[3,2-b]pyridine derivatives General information Commercially available 7-chloro-2-iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (1), m-tolylboronic acid (2), aniline (4), m-anisidine (5), morpholine (6), reagents, catalysts, and solvents were used as purchased without further purification. NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz ( 1 H NMR) and 100MHz ( 13 C NMR) The reaction products were purified by column chromatography on silica gel (particle size 40-63 μm) as described below.

[0099] Synthesis and characterization of compounds Synthesis of thieno[3,2-b]pyridine compounds 7-10 [ka] 7-Chloro-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (3) A mixture of 7-chloro-2-iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (1) (500 mg, 1.69 mmol), 3-methylphenylboronic acid (2) (230 mg, 1.69 mmol), palladium(II) acetate (19 mg, 0.084 mmol), triphenylphosphine (44 mg, 0.169 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.101 g, 3.38 mmol) in 15 mL of toluene was heated at reflux for 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using hexane-ethyl acetate (8:2) as the mobile phase. Compound 3 was obtained as a colorless solid in 72% yield (315 mg, 1.21 mmol).f = 0.2 (Hexane / EtOAc, 1:1); 1 HNMR(400MHz, chloroform-d) δ=8.54(d,J=5.1Hz,1H), 7.73(s,1H), 7.55-7.52 (m,2H),7.34(dd,J=7.8,7.8Hz,1H),7.23(m,1H),7.21(d,J=5.1Hz,1H),2.42(s,3H); 13 CNMR (100MHz, chloroform-d) δ = 158.2, 149.6, 148.2, 139.0, 137.6, 133.2, 133.0, 130.4, 129.2, 127.3, 123.8, 120.8, 118.6, 21.5; analysis C 14 H 10 Calculated values ​​for ClNS: C, 64.74; H, 3.88; N, 5.39. Measured values: C, 64.76; H, 4.05; N, 5.28.

[0100] General Procedure for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions A 5 mL pressure vessel was charged with 7-chloro-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (3) (0.3 mmol), amine (0.6 mmol), and DMSO (1.0 mL). The pressure vessel was then placed in a 100 °C oil bath and stirred for 16 h to 4 days. 1 After complete conversion was achieved based on HNMR analysis, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc and washed with water. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using hexane-ethyl acetate as the mobile phase as described below. [ka]

[0101] N-Phenyl-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (7) Compound 7 was obtained as a colorless solid in 94% yield (89 mg, 0.282 mmol) from 7-chloro-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (78 mg, 0.3 mmol) and aniline (56 mg, 0.6 mmol) in 1 mL of DMSO after 16 h at 100° C. according to the general procedure described above. f = 0.2 (hexane / EtOAc, 1:1), 1 HNMR (400MHz, chloroform-d) δ = 8.38 (m, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.90 (m, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 13 CNMR (100 MHz, chloroform-d) δ = 158.5, 148.9, 146.5, 145.9, 139.4, 139.0, 133.7, 129.9, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 127.3, 124.8, 123.8, 122.7, 122.5, 121.6, 120.7, 102.6, 21.6; analysis C 20 H 16 Calculated N2S values: C, 75.92, H, 5.10, N, 8.85. Measured values: C, 75.71, H, 5.32, N, 9.11. [ka]

[0102] N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine- 7-Amine (8) Compound 8 was obtained as a colorless solid in 92% yield (95 mg, 0.276 mmol) from 7-chloro-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[[3,2-b]pyridine (78 mg, 0.3 mmol) and m-anisidine (74 mg, 0.6 mmol) in 1 mL of DMSO after 16 h at 100 °C according to the general procedure described above. f = 0.2 (Hexane / EtOAc, 2:1); 1HNMR (400MHz, chloroform-d) δ=8.41(d,J=5.6Hz,1H),7.70(s,1H),7.58-7.51(m,2H),7.36-7.29(m,2H),7.21(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.96(d,J=5 .6Hz,1H),6.87(dd,J=7.9,2.4Hz,1H),6.83(dd,J=7.8,7.7Hz,1H),6.73(dd,J=7.9,2.5Hz,1H),6.07(s,1H),3.83(s,3H),2.44(s,3H); 13 CNMR (100MHz, chloroform-d) δ = 160.8, 158.6, 148.9, 146.5, 145.6, 140.7, 139.0, 133.7, 130.5, 130.0, 129.1, 127.3, 123.8, 121.7, 120.9, 114.5, 110.1, 108.1, 103.0, 55.5, 21.6; analysis C 21 H 18 Calculated N2OS: C, 72.80; H, 5.24; N, 8.09. Measured: C, 72.53; H, 5.61; N, 8.19. [ka]

[0103] 4-(2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)morpholine (9) Compound 9 was obtained as a colorless solid in 98% yield (91 mg, 0.294 mmol) from 7-chloro-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (78 mg, 0.3 mmol) and morpholine (52 mg, 0.6 mmol) in 1 mL of DMSO after 4 days at 100° C. according to the general procedure described above. f = 0.2 (Hexane / EtOAc, 1:1); 1 HNMR(400MHz,chloroform-d)δ=8.48(d,J=5.4Hz,1H),7.69(s,1H),7.59-7.52(m,2H),7.34(dd,J=7.9,7.8Hz, 1H),7.20(dd,J=7.9,2.1Hz,1H),6.64(d,J=5.4Hz,1H),4.03-3.85(m,4H),3.54-3.39(m,4H),2.43(s,3H); 13CNMR (100MHz, chloroform-d) δ = 158.8, 153.0, 149.0, 146.6, 139.0, 133.6, 129.9, 129.1, 127.2, 123.7, 123.4, 121.4, 105.9, 66.9, 49.7, 21.6; analysis C 18 H 18 Calculated N2OS: C, 69.65; H, 5.85; N, 9.02. Measured: C, 69.89; H, 5.72; N, 9.38. [ka]

[0104] 3-((2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino)phenol (10). To a solution of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(m-tolyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (8) (69 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (3 mL) was added boron tribromide (4 eq.) at −78° C. under inert atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 4 h and the reaction temperature was brought to 0° C. After quenching with 1M HCl, the crude reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc and washed with water. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using DCM-MeOH (19:1) as the mobile phase. Compound 10 was obtained as a colorless solid in 97% yield (64 mg, 0.194 mmol). R f = 0.4 (DCM / MeOH, 9:1), 1 HNMR (399MHz, methanol-d4) δ=8.22(d, J=6.7Hz, 1H), 7.70(s, 1H), 7.65(s, 1H), 7.61(dd, J=7.5, 2.1Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.6, 7.6Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.31(m, 2H), 6.93(d, J=6.7Hz, 1H), 6.88(m, 1H), 6.85-6.79(m, 2H), 2.44(s, 3H), 13CNMR (100MHz, methanol-d4) δ = 160.1, 154.7, 153.5, 149.5, 141.1, 140.7, 139.5, 133.3, 132.4, 131.9, 131.7, 130.5, 128.2, 125.0, 117.4, 115.7, 114.9, 113.5, 102.7, 21.3, Anal. 20 H 16 Calculated N2OS: C, 72.26; H, 4.85; N, 8.43. Measured: C, 72.29; H, 4.97; N, 8.61.

[0105] cell culture Rat neuroblastoma B35 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin / streptomycin and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. For experiments, cells were transferred to 12-well plates (catalog no. 150628, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA) and grown to at least 70% confluence. Transient transfections were performed with 3 μg of P301L tau (catalog no. 30145, Addgene) cDNA or 3 μg of human α-synuclein cDNA using FugeneHD transfection reagent (catalog no. E2311, Promega, Madison WI). Cells were treated for 5 h with 1 mM, 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.01 μM, and 0.001 μM dissolved in DMSO or 5 uL of DMSO equivalent. Cell culture medium was collected and cells were harvested using sodium-Tris, EDTA, NP-40 (STEN) buffer, centrifuged at 10,000×g for 20 min at 4° C., and the supernatant was collected. Cell viability was determined via lactate dehydrogenase assay (catalog no. 88954, Thermofisher) and MTT assay (catalog no. V13154, Thermofisher). Culture medium was removed and proteins were extracted by adding 0.2 ml of 1×STEN buffer (50 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.2% NP-40, 0.2% BSA, 20 mM PMSF, and protease cocktail inhibitors) to the cell layer and incubated on ice for 10 min. The bottom of the well was scraped and allowed to incubate on ice for an additional 10 min. Cell lysates were collected and stored at −80° C. for further analysis.

[0106] Drug preparation Compound 1 (BK40197) and compound 2 (BK40143), with molecular weights of 310.1 and 316.4 g / mol, respectively, were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to final concentrations of 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.01 μM, and 0.001 μM. Drugs were stored at -80°C.

[0107] MTT assay To measure cell viability, cells were incubated with 500 μL of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 50 μL of (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT)) for 4 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO2. The medium was aspirated to leave 125 μL of medium. The formzan salt was dissolved in 250 uL of DMSO. The absorbance was read at 570 nm against a blank containing 125 μL of medium and MTT, and 250 μL of DMSO.

[0108] Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay Cytotoxicity was quantitatively measured by evaluation of LDH, a cytosolic enzyme released from damaged cells into the cell medium after exposure to the drug 5 hours after the first dose. Cell culture medium was collected and an aliquot was coupled with lactate and NAD+. LDH catalyzes the reaction that converts lactate to pyruvate to produce NADH. NADH in turn reduces the tetrazolium salt (INT) to a red formazan product. The amount of LDH in the medium is proportional to the amount of formazan measured at 490 nm. To measure the background signal from the instrument, the absorbance at 680 nm was subtracted from the absorbance at 490 nm to calculate LDH activity.

[0109] Cell culture transfection and treatment FuGene® HD Transfection Reagent (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) was used to perform transient transfection of α-synuclein into rat neuroblastoma B35 cells. Cells were grown in 12-well dishes. A mixture containing 12 μg of cDNA, 540 μg of DMEM containing 2% FBS, and 60 μl of FuGene® HD Transfection Reagent was incubated for 10 minutes. Cells were treated with 50 μl of FuGene® HD Transfection Reagent / DNA mixture for 24 hours. Cells were harvested after transfection, the medium was aspirated, and cells were treated with 200 ul of Tris EDTA NP40 sodium (STEN) lysis buffer before being scraped from the plate and collected in a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube.

[0110] Mouse treatment The experiments were carried out in (a) TgAPP mice expressing the neuron-derived human APP gene, 770 isoform, containing the Swedish (K670N / M671L, Dutch E693Q, and Iowa D694N mutations) under the control of the mouse thymocyte antigen 1, theta, Thy1, promoter (Davis et al. “Early-onset and robust cerebral microvascular accumulation of amyloid beta-protein in transgenic mice”). mice expressing low levels of a vasculotropic Dutch / Iowa mutant form of amyloid beta-protein precursor,” The Journal of biological chemistry.279(19):20296-20306(2004), (b) rTg4510 mice expressing human P301L tau and carrying the tet response element (TRE or tetO) and mouse prion protein promoter sequences (PrP or Prnp) directing expression of the P301L mutant of human four-repeat microtubule-associated protein tau (4R0NTau P301L) (Santacruz et al. “Tau suppression in a neurodegenerative mouse model improves memory function,” Science 309(5733):476-48 (2005)), or (c) a human arginine to threonine mutant (A53T) under the control of the prion promoter. TgA53T mice expressing α-synuclein (Giasson et al. "Neuronal alpha-synucleinopathy with severe The study was conducted in a randomized controlled trial (Clinical Neurology, 2002) in which mice were randomly assigned to receive a randomized controlled trial of A53T human alpha-synuclein, “ Neuron 34(4):521-533 (2002).” Mice were treated daily with intraperitoneal (ip) injections containing 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5.0 mg / kg of BK40143 (BK) (Medicinal Chemistry Program, Georgetown University), nilotinib (Nilo) (catalog number S1033, Selleckchem Inc., Houston, TX), bosutinib (bos) (catalog number S1014, Selleckchem Inc.), or a combination solution of BK+Nilo, BK+Bos, or Nilo+Bos, or an equivalent dose of DMSO alone, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (catalog number D128-500, Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH). Intervals were either 7 consecutive days or 21 consecutive days as specified in the figure legends.

[0111] Xmap Xmap technology uses magnetic microparticles internally coded with two fluorescent dyes. Through the precise combination of these two dyes, multiple proteins were measured within the sample. Each of these spheres is coated with a specific capture antibody. The capture antibody binds to the detection antibody and reporter molecule, completing the reaction on the surface of the beads. 25 μl of soluble brain tissue lysate from transgenic Tg4510 mice treated with 5 mg / kg. 2.5 mg / kg and 1.25 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO was incubated overnight (16-20 hours) at room temperature with 25 μl of detection antibody solution, and 25 μl of mixed bead solution containing the following analyte, human phospho-tau (181). After extensive washing of the plate, samples were incubated with 25 μl of streptavidin-phycoerythrin, added to each well, and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Samples were then washed and suspended in 100 ul of sheath fluid. After resuspension, samples were run on a MAGPIX using Xponent software. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) data was analyzed using a five-parameter logistic or spline curve fitting method to calculate analyte concentrations in the samples.

[0112] Protein extraction Brains from mice treated compared to DMSO-treated mice were homogenized in STEN lysis buffer [50 mM Tris-sodium (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.2% NP-40, 0.2% BSA, 20 mM PMSF and protease cocktail inhibitors] and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min at 48° C., and the supernatants containing the soluble protein fraction were collected. The supernatants were analyzed by Western blot (WB) on SDS-NuPAGE Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and ELISA.

[0113] Pharmacokinetic studies C57BL / 6J mice were injected with a single ip injection of BK. Brains and serum were collected at 2, 4, 6, or 12 hours (n=18 per drug, n=3 per dose and time point). Animals injected with vehicle (DMSO) were used for background subtraction. Stock solutions of drugs (approximately 1 mg / mL each) were prepared in methanol / dichloromethane (50:50). Serial dilutions of each standard were made for testing separately in methanol / HPLC grade water (50:50). Preparation of calibration curve standards and quality samples (QC) was performed by mixing stock solutions in blank samples. Serum and brain samples were stored at -80°C and then thawed to room temperature before preparation. Thawed serum samples (20 uL) were transfused into tubes containing 100 uL water. 500 uL of extraction solvent, acetonitrile / Methanol (50:50) was added to the samples. The mixture was vortexed and incubated on ice for 20 minutes to accelerate protein precipitation. After incubation, the samples were vortexed again and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was then collected, transferred to a new tube, dried using a speed vacuum, and reconstituted in 200uL of methanol / water (50:50). The mixture was centrifuged again at 13,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was then collected in a MassSpec sample tube cap and run in the mass spectrometer. For the brains, a small portion of the thawed brain sample from each animal was transferred to a flat bottom tube. 200uL of methanol / water (90:10) was added and the tissue was homogenized. Acetonitrile was then added to the mixture to promote protein precipitation. This mixture was then incubated on ice for 10 minutes. After incubation, the samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 210 at 13,000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The supernatant was then collected, transferred to a new tube, dried using a speed vacuum, and reconstituted in 200 uL of methanol / water (50:50). The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected in a MassSpec sample tube cap and run in the mass analyzer. The samples were resolved on-line on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm column using a triple quadrupole mass analyzer (Xevo-TQ-S, Waters Corporation) operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The cone voltage and collision energy of the samples were optimized for both analytes using the "IntelliStart" feature of the MassLynx software (Waters Corporation) to obtain maximum ion intensities of parent and daughter ions. Instrument parameters were optimized to obtain maximum specificity and sensitivity of ionization for parent [m / z=438.25] and daughter ion [m / z=357.33]. Signal intensities from all MRM Q1 / Q3 ion pairs of the analyte were ranked to ensure selection of the most intense precursor and fragment ion pairs for MRM-based quantification. This approach resulted in the selection of cone voltages and collision energies that maximized the production of each fragment ion species.Analyses were performed using a 6-8 point calibration curve, randomized sample queue, and solvent blanks were injected to assess sample carryover. MRM data were processed using TargetLynx 4.1. Relative quantification of analytes was determined by calculating the ratio of the peak area of ​​the sample transition normalized to the peak area of ​​the internal standard.

[0114] Tissue collection and protein extraction Animals were deeply anesthetized with a mixture of xylazine and ketamine (1:8), and 500 μl of whole blood was collected via cardiac puncture and centrifuged at 2000×g to precipitate blood cells and collect serum. Animals were perfused with 25 ml of 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 5 min to flush residual blood from the vessels and reduce contamination. Brains were collected and homogenized in 1.0 ml of 1× STEN buffer. Homogenized samples were centrifuged at 12,000×g for 20 min at 4°C, and the supernatant (soluble protein fraction) was collected and stored at -80°C. After removing the supernatant, insoluble proteins were extracted. Tissue pellets were washed with 1× STEN buffer. Pellets were resuspended in 750 ul of 70% formic acid and incubated at room temperature for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 28,000 g for 1 h at 4°C. The supernatant was collected as the "insoluble fraction". Samples from the 70% formic acid fraction were stored at -80°C and neutralized with 1 M Tris base (1:20) immediately prior to use. Protein levels were quantified using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay (ThermoFisher, 23225) via the manufacturer's instructions.

[0115] Immunoblot analysis Soluble and insoluble proteins extracted from mouse brain lysates were run on SDS NuPAGE Bis-Tris gels (catalog no. NP0301BOX, Invitrogen) and analyzed for phosphorylated tau with (1:1000) mouse monoclonal AT180 (catalog no. MN1040, ThermoFisher) and (1:1000) mouse monoclonal AT8 (catalog no. MN1020, ThermoFisher), (1:3000 ) total tau with mouse monoclonal Tau-5 antibody, phosphorylated DDR1 with rabbit polyclonal MCK10 (1:250) (cat. no. PA5-64780, ThermoFisher), ubiquitin with rabbit polyclonal (1:5000) (cat. no. PA3-16717, ThermoFisher), Atg5 with rabbit monoclonal (1:1000) (cat. no. mAb12994, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), Beclin-1 with rabbit monoclonal (1:1000) (cat. no. mAb3495, Cell Signaling), and actin with rabbit polyclonal (1:8000) (cat. no. MAB1501R, EMDMillipore, Burlington, MA). Blots were visualized using Super Signal™ West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (catalog no. 37071, ThermoFisher) on an Amersham™ Imager 600 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA). Western blots were quantified by densitometry using ImageJ software.

[0116] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Human α-synuclein and p-tau ELISAs were performed using 50 μl of cell lysate (1 μg / μl) detected with 50 μl of primary antibody (3 h) and 100 μl of anti-rabbit secondary antibody (30 min) at room temperature. α-synuclein levels were measured using a human-specific ELISA (Invitrogen Inc., Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Tau was measured using specific tau at serine 396 according to the manufacturer's protocol. Each sample was run in duplicate.

[0117] Total Tau, AB 40 , and A.B. 42ELISA for (Millipore catalog number HNABTMAG60K) was performed using Milliplexed ELISA. As mentioned above, X-Map technology uses magnetic microparticles internally coded with two fluorescent dyes. Through the precise combination of these two dyes, multiple proteins are measured simultaneously in the sample. Each of these spheres is coated with a specific capture antibody. The capture antibody binds to the detection antibody and reporter molecule, completing the reaction on the surface of the bead. All samples, including placebo and resveratrol at baseline and 52 weeks, were analyzed in parallel using the same reagents. A total of 25 μl of soluble protein was analyzed for total Tau, AB, and Tau-specific IgG. 40 , and A.B. 42 The wells were incubated overnight at 4°C with 25 μl of mixed bead solution containing 1 μl of detection antibody solution. After washing, the samples were incubated with 25 μl of detection antibody solution at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Streptavidin-phycoerythrin (25 μl) was added to each well containing 25 μl of detection antibody solution. The samples were then washed and suspended in 100 μl of sheath fluid. The samples were then run on MAGPIX using Xponent software. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) data was analyzed using a five-parameter logistic or spline curve fitting method to calculate analyte concentrations in the samples. Specific p-Tau ser396 (Invitrogen, KHB7031), human Tau thr181 (Invitrogen, KHO0631) and Aβ1-42 (Invitrogen, KHB3442) were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol for tissue soluble extracts from midbrain lysates in 1× STEN buffer (see above).

[0118] action Rotarod: Mice were placed on an accelerating rod (cat. no. 76-0770, Panlab, Harvard Apparatus) equipped with an individual timer for each mouse. Mice were tested over four trials, three trainings, and one test. Mice were trained to stay on the rod at a constant 4 revolutions per minute (rpm) for at least 5 minutes, after which the speed was gradually increased to 40 rpm over 300 seconds, and the latency to fall was measured.

[0119] Open field: Mice were placed in an open field arena apparatus (25 cm x 25 cm) for 60 min. Animals were tracked by a photocell beam along the arena floor. Data were collected and analyzed for total distance traveled (cm), total movement time (sec), and speed (distance / time) during the 60 min trial. The software digitally defined a center zone in the center of the apparatus (25 cm x 25 cm) and recorded center zone entries, center zone distance traveled (cm), and time spent in the center zone (sec) during the 60 min trial.

[0120] Morris Water Maze: The water maze apparatus consisted of a 4-foot diameter pool (San Diego Instruments) filled with water maintained at 25°C, made opaque with white paint, and digitally divided into four quadrant zones (ANYMaze software, San Diego Instruments). The pool's perimeter walls were hung with extramaze visual cues and a hidden platform (4 inches in diameter) was submerged 1 cm below the surface of the water in the center of the "platform zone". Training consisted of three trials per day for 4 days leading up to a probe trial on day 5. Mice were introduced into one of three entry points, one per non-platform quadrant zone, and were introduced into the pool at all entry points over the course of a day. The location of the platform remained constant throughout the training period. Mice were given 60 seconds to locate the platform and remained on the platform for 10 seconds before being removed. Mice that did not find the platform within 60 seconds were placed on the platform for 10 seconds and removed from the maze. During the probe trial on day 5, the platform was removed and tracking software (ANYMaze) was used to record the latency to find the platform, platform quadrant zone, swim speed, and swim path. This training and probe trial paradigm was performed pre- and post-treatment.

[0121] Marble-burying test: The marble-burying test was performed as previously described with modifications

[35] . Briefly, 20 marbles, 15 mm in diameter, were placed on the surface of a 5 cm deep corncob bedding in a double-sized rat cage, with 5 rows of 4 marbles each, spaced 4 cm apart. Mice were left in the cage for 30 min. An observer blinded to the treatment counted the number of buried marbles. Marbles that were more than two-thirds buried in size were counted. Each mouse was assessed once before and after treatment, and data were reported as the mean ± SEM of the percentage of buried marbles per animal. The Kuskal-Wallis test, followed by Wilcoxon post-hoc test, was used to determine the statistical significance of marble burying in mice treated with drugs or DMSO.

[0122] statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, version 8.0 (GraphPad software Inc.). For experiments involving mice, the sample size (n) and female:male assignment used in each experiment are indicated in the figure legends. For experiments using cell lines, the number of independent biological replicates is reported (N). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. When comparing means across two groups, two-tailed Student's t-tests or Welch's t-tests were performed. When comparing means across multiple groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple comparison post-hoc test was performed. Asterisks or pound signs represent actual p-value significance between or within groups (*<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001, ***<0.0001) and are described in the individual figure legends.

[0123] result As shown in Figure 1 (left and center panels), after 16 hours of treatment, a neuroprotective effect was observed in B35 cells treated with 1 μM BK41043, as evidenced by a decrease in LDH and an increase in MTT, respectively, compared to the control. Figure 1 (right panel) shows that after 5 hours of treatment, there was a stepwise increase in cell viability via a decrease in LDH and decreasing concentrations of BK40143.

[0124] FIG. 2 shows cell viability of B35 cells after transfection with pTau (left panel) or α-synuclein (right panel) for 24 hours and treatment with BK41043 for 5 hours.

[0125] B35 cells were grown in complete medium and transfected with cDNA for human mutant Tau and α-synuclein using FuGeneHD transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. At 24 hours, transfection produced significantly higher amounts of phospho-Tau and α-synuclein compared to untransfected cells via ELISA. Figure 3 shows the levels of pTau(181) after 24 hours of transfection (left panel) and shows that BK41043 returns pTau(181) levels in pTau-transfected B35 cells (right panel) to control levels. This occurred without changes to LDH levels indicating no increased toxicity during the experiment. Figure 4 shows the levels of α-synuclein after 24 hours of transfection (left panel) and shows that BK41043 did not reduce α-synuclein in α-synuclein-transfected B35 cells (right panel).

[0126] Figure 5 shows cell viability of B35 cells after 5 hours of treatment with BK40197. Figure 6 shows that BK40143 reduces pTau(181) in Tau-expressing transgenic mice after 7 days of treatment. Levels of pTau(181) were measured via ELISA.

[0127] FIG. 7 shows that treatment with BK-40143 (1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5.0 mg / kg) did not affect the levels of pTau(231)(AT180) in transgenic mice.

[0128] FIG. 8 shows that Tau(HT7) was significantly reduced in Tau transgenic mice at 1.25 mg / kg and 2.5 mg / kg after 7 days of treatment with BK-41043.

[0129] FIG. 9 shows that treatment with BK-40143 (1.25 mg / kg or 2.5 mg / kg) results in in vivo inhibition of DDR1, as measured by detection of phosphorylated DDR1 (pMCK10).

[0130] FIG. 10 shows that pTau was reduced in CamP301L mice after treatment with 2.5 mg / kg or 5 mg / kg BK-40143.

[0131] As shown in Figure 11, BK40196 reduces α-synuclein at high concentrations, while BK40197 does not reduce α-synuclein. 1 mM and 100 uM BK40196 significantly reduced the levels of α-synuclein in transfected B35 cells (Figure 11A). BK40197 does not show any ability to reduce α-synuclein levels in transfected B35 cells (Figure 11B).

[0132] As shown in FIG. 12A, BK-40143 significantly reduced α-synuclein in A53T mice compared with control A53T mice treated with DMSO. 6J mice were used as controls and showed no detectable (ND) human α-synuclein. Figure 12B shows that BK-40143 significantly increases overall levels of dopamine (about 30%), but BK-40143 increases the levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), a dopamine metabolite, in A53T mice, which may indicate more dopamine turnover and lead to better dopamine neurotransmission. The immunoblots shown in Figures 12C and 12D for α-synuclein (ThermoFisher, MA1-12874) reflected the 40% reduction in α-synuclein seen in the ELISA.

[0133] Animal studies also showed that BK-40143 improved locomotor speed in A53T mice. A53T mice were tested in an open field test for overall locomotor ability over a 60-minute test. Mice did not show any difference in total distance traveled or total time spent moving, but BK-40143 treatment significantly increased their locomotor speed (Figure 13). This may be a reflection of better dopamine neurotransmission, as shown by the increased level of HVA after BK (Figure 12B).

[0134] It was also shown that BK40143, but not Src or Abl, selectively inactivates DDR and reduces phosphorylated tau in the rTG4510 tauopathy mouse model. Male and female 3-month-old rTG4530 mice were treated intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days with 1.25 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, or 5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO. Figure 14A, an immunoblot probe for activated (phosphorylated) DDR1, demonstrates that 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 inactivated DDR1, but not 5 mg / kg. Figure 14B, an immunoblot probe for activated Src, demonstrates that BK-40143 does not bind to this tyrosine kinase. Figure 14C, an immunoblot probe for activated Abl, demonstrates that BK-40143 does not bind to this tyrosine kinase, i.e., DDR1. When probing for phosphorylated Tau (AT8), Figure 14D shows that all three doses of BK-40143 reduced the levels of phosphorylated Tau by 41-49%. As shown in Figure 14E, ELISA for phosphorylated Tau (AT181) revealed that 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced phosphorylated Tau.

[0135] BK40143 also significantly reduced amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and non-activated DDR1. Male and female 7-month-old APP mice were treated intraperitoneally with 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 or DMSO for 21 consecutive days. Immunoblots for extracellular amyloid-β aggregation (6E10) demonstrated that 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced amyloid-β plaques (Figure 15A). Probes for phosphorylated DDR1 showed that 1.25 mg / kg and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 inactivated DDR1 by 40% and 31%, respectively (Figure 15B). Probes for activation (phosphorylated Abl(245)) demonstrated that BK40143 did not bind Abl (Figure 15C). Figures 15D and 15E show that 1.25 and 2.5 mg / kg BK-40143 significantly reduced soluble human amyloid-β, but not insoluble amyloid-β, via ELISA. It is also shown that 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 significantly reduced human phosphorylated tau (Ser396) by more than 80% (Figure 15F).

[0136] It has also been shown that BK40143 can improve performance in the Morris Water Maze test for cognition in APP mice. APP mice were tested for their ability to find the target platform on the Morris Water Maze after treatment. Measurements included the number of platform entries (Figure 16, left panel), latency to first entry (Figure 16, center panel), and distance traveled before the first entry to the platform (Figure 16, right panel). Although there were no significant differences between groups, 1.25 mg / kg BK-40143 shows a trend towards improved performance with more platform entries, as well as lower latency to first entry and lower distance traveled before first entry (Figure 16).

[0137] The study also showed that BK40143 did not cause cell death in the hippocampus of APP mice. Representative 20 um hippocampal sections were stained for Nissl substance. 4x and 20x images for DMSO, 1.25 mg / kg, and 2.5 mg / kg BK40143 are shown in Figure 17 (left panel). The average staining intensity was quantified in imagej software as the total amount of Nissl staining in all 4x images (Figure 17, right panel).

[0138] These data suggest that compounds of formula I, such as BK41043 or BK40197, may be used to treat or prevent neurodegenerative, myodegenerative, or lysosomal storage disorders. The present invention provides, for example, the following items. (Item 1) A compound having the formula: [ka] During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alki Rupiperazinil, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 3. or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. (Item 2) Item 2. The compound according to item 1, wherein the compound does not contain one or more halogen atoms. (Item 3) Item 3. The compound according to item 1, wherein Y is 2-m-toluyl. (Item 4) The compound according to item 1, wherein Z is heterocyclyl. (Item 5) 5. The compound according to item 4, wherein Z is morpholin-1-yl. (Item 6) The compound has the following formula: [ka] The compound according to item 1, having the formula: (Item 7) R 3 is H and R 4 is unsubstituted phenyl. (Item 8) The compound has the following formula: [ka] The compound according to item 1, having the formula: (Item 9) A method of treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease, a muscular degenerative disease, or a prion disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject having, or at risk of developing, said neurodegenerative disease, said muscular degenerative disease, or said prion disease of the central nervous system an effective amount of a compound of the following formula: [ka] A compound having the formula: During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 3. or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. (Item 10) The compound has the formula: [ka] 10. The method according to item 9, comprising the steps of: (Item 11) The compound has the formula: [ka] 10. The method according to item 9, comprising the steps of: (Item 12) 12. The method according to any one of items 9 to 11, wherein the compound crosses the blood-brain barrier. (Item 13) 13. The method according to any one of items 9 to 12, wherein the neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system is selected from the group consisting of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, mild cognitive impairment, alpha-synucleinopathy, and tauopathy. (Item 14) 14. The method according to any one of items 9 to 13, wherein the compound is administered systemically. (Item 15) 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound is administered orally. (Item 16) 16. The method according to any one of items 9 to 15, wherein the compound is administered at a dosage of 10 mg / kg or less. (Item 17) 17. The method according to any of items 9 to 16, wherein the compound is administered at a dosage of 5 mg / kg or less. (Item 18) 18. The method according to any one of items 9 to 17, wherein the compound is administered at a dosage of 2.5 mg / kg or less. (Item 19) 19. The method according to any one of items 9 to 18, wherein the compound is administered daily. (Item 20) 20. The method according to any one of items 9 to 19, wherein the compound is in a pharmaceutical composition. (Item 21) 21. The method of any one of items 9 to 20, further comprising administering to the subject a second therapeutic agent. (Item 22) 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of levodopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, amantadine, donepezil, memantine, risperidone, rivastigmine, NMDA antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, cholinesterase inhibitors, riluzole, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and tetrabenazine. (Item 23) 1. A method of inhibiting or preventing toxic protein aggregation in neurons, comprising treating said neurons with a compound of the following formula: [ka] A compound having the formula: During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2)n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3 Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperidinyl, diC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 3. or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. (Item 24) The compound has the following formula: [ka] 24. The method according to item 23, comprising the steps of: (Item 25) The compound has the following formula: [ka] 24. The method according to item 23, comprising the steps of: (Item 26) 26. The method according to any one of items 23 to 25, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of amyloidogenic proteins, alpha-synuclein, tau, and TDP-43. (Item 27) 27. The method according to any one of items 23 to 26, wherein the contacting is carried out in vitro. (Item 28) 27. The method according to any one of items 23 to 26, wherein the contacting is performed in vivo. (Item 29) 1. A method of treating or preventing a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) in a subject, comprising administering to said subject having said LSD an effective amount of a compound of the following formula: [ka] A compound having the formula: During the ceremony, X is N or CH; Y is unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 6-10 Aryl, or unsubstituted or R 1 C replaced with 5-10 heteroaryl, or N-methylpiperazinyl; R 1 is -(CH2) n -R 2 , -(CH2) n -C(O)-R 2 , or -O(CH2) n -R 2 and R 2 -H, -CN, halogen, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 Alkoxy, phenyl, pyridinyl, amino, C 1-3 Alkylamino, DiC 1-3 Alkylamino, HydroxylC 1-3Alkylamino, CarboxyC 1-3 Alkylamino, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl C 1-3 Alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxylpyrrolidinyl, hydroxylC 1-3 Alkylpyrrolidinyl, carboxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, C 1-3 Al Chilpiperidine, DiC 1-3 Alkyl piperidinyl, piperazinyl, C 1-3 Alkylpiperazinyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonylpiperazinyl, or morpholinyl; Z is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or NR 3 R 4 and R 3 and R 4 are independent of each other, H, C 1-3 Alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, or unsubstituted phenyl; wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 3. or an isomer thereof, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. (Item 30) The compound has the formula: [ka] 30. The method according to item 29, comprising the steps of: (Item 31) The compound has the formula: [ka] 30. The method according to item 29, comprising the steps of: (Item 32) The lysosomal storage disease is Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome A, Sanfilippo syndrome B, Sanfilippo syndrome C, Sanfilippo syndrome D, Morquio syndrome A, Morquio syndrome B, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, Sly syndrome, Natowitz syndrome, pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, fucosidosis, galactosialidosis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, G M1 Gangliosidosis, G M2 32. The method according to any one of items 29 to 31, wherein the patient is selected from the group consisting of gangliosidosis, α-mannosidosis, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Niemann-Pick AB disease, and Pompe disease. . (Item 33) 33. The method according to any one of items 29 to 32, wherein the subject is a pediatric subject. (Item 34) 34. The method according to any one of items 29 to 33, wherein the effective amount of the compound inhibits or prevents toxic substance aggregation in one or more cells of the subject. (Item 35) 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the one or more cells are brain cells, cells in one or more peripheral tissues of the subject, or a combination thereof. (Item 36) 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the brain cells are neurons and / or glial cells. (Item 37) 37. The method of any one of items 29 to 36, wherein the effective amount is less than about 10 mg / kg. (Item 38) 38. The method of any of items 29 to 37, further comprising administering to the subject a second therapeutic agent or therapy. (Item 39) 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the second therapeutic agent or therapy is selected from the group consisting of enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and small molecules.

Claims

[Claim 1] The invention described in the specification.

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