Food compositions and applications thereof

Abstract

To provide a food composition advantageous for companion animals, in particular pets, the food composition having dual properties as a preservative and for health improvement, alone or in the form of a companion animal food product.SOLUTION: A food composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of: (i) a carnosic acid source; (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source; and (iii) a tannin source.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 20198127.1, filed September 24, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [Technical Field]

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of food compositions, particularly food additives, and methods of treatment. These food compositions are particularly useful for companion animals, particularly pets. Advantageously, the present disclosure relates to food compositions that have dual properties as preservatives and for improving health, either alone or in the form of companion animal food products. [Background technology]

[0003] Food products can become rancid due to chemical and physical changes to the fat content in the food product. Lipid oxidation is a common, undesirable chain reaction that consists of three main stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. During this oxidation process, unsaturated fatty acids are slowly oxidized. As a result, a series of degradation products are produced, which can lead to poor palatability and a rancid flavor in the food.

[0004] This phenomenon can pose nutritional risks, especially for pets and other animals. Rancid food products, in particular, have reduced nutritional value because oxidation destroys some of the healthy fats and vitamins. Experts agree that the regular consumption of rancid food products or oils may contribute to inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disease, impaired growth, bone formation, and immune function, and even the development of certain cancers. To extend the shelf life of food products and overcome these nutritional problems, adding antioxidants to susceptible ingredients is effective. Antioxidants are classified as feed additives (European Union Register of Feed Additives, Annex I of Regulation (EC) No. 1831 / 2003) and are defined as substances that slow the oxidative deterioration process of food compositions, thereby improving their oxidative stability.

[0005] In animal foods, such as pet food compositions, these antioxidants primarily include synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). However, these synthetic antioxidants lack any nutritional activity and are suspected of carcinogenic or endocrine disrupting effects.

[0006] As a preventative measure, some food compositions have replaced synthetic preservatives with antioxidant systems, generally based solely on naturally occurring mixed tocopherols. These natural tocopherol-based preservative systems are less effective than synthetic systems for reducing lipid oxidation in food compositions such as dry food compositions, i.e., kibbles.

[0007] US Patent No. 5,949,999 describes a combination of natural antioxidants that enhance the antioxidant effect of tocopherol in a fat-containing composition, including tocopherol, carnosic acid, and hydrolyzable gallotannin.

[0008] Non-Patent Document 1 describes that extracts of pomegranate, rosemary, and olive (which tend to contain phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol) function as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food compositions as an alternative to synthetic additives.

[0009] Nevertheless, these tocopherol-based preservative systems are less efficient than synthetic systems for reducing lipid oxidation, which can lead to loss of product freshness and increased rancidity, which can lead to product rejection, vomiting, diarrhea, and / or nutritionally unbalanced food compositions. In fact, natural antioxidants tend to be less stable than synthetic antioxidants.

[0010] US Pat. No. 5,699,499 describes an oral preparation containing natural antioxidants that promote cellular detoxification and suppress inflammation.

[0011] Most notably, the pet food industry is currently concerned about the use of natural antioxidants due to their potential negative impact on food palatability to pets.

[0012] Nevertheless, these food products do not exhibit any particular preservative activity and are not palatable.

[0013] Therefore, there is a need for novel food compositions that have increased antioxidant properties, increased stability, and are also convenient for the preparation of companion animal food products.

[0014] There is a need for new food compositions as preservatives for companion animal food products.

[0015] There is a need for novel food compositions that also maintain the palatability of companion animal food products over time.

[0016] There is a need for novel food compositions that contain natural sources and / or are free of synthetic additives.

[0017] There is a need for new food compositions that contain lower amounts of tocopherols or that are free of such tocopherols.

[0018] There is also a need for novel food compositions that do not compromise the palatability and overall acceptability and appearance of companion animal food compositions, particularly compositions intended to be administered to pets such as dogs and cats.

[0019] There is a need for new companion animal food products that increase vaccine responses in companion animals.

[0020] There is a need for new companion animal food products that elicit or increase the immune response of companion animals.

[0021] There is a need for novel food products that prevent or reduce the likelihood of companion animal symptoms selected from cellular oxidative stress and inflammation.

[0022] The present disclosure aims to meet all or part of the above needs. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0023] [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. 2017 / 085099 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2012 / 125772 [Non-patent literature]

[0024] [Non-Patent Document 1] Martinez et al. (Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Rosemary, Pomegranate and Olive Extracts in Fish Patties; Antioxidants; 2019) Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0025] The objects and advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be set forth in and obvious from the following description, as well as be learned by practice of the disclosed subject matter. Additional advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be realized and attained by the devices particularly pointed out in the description and claims thereof, as well as from the accompanying drawings. [Means for solving the problem]

[0026] To achieve these and other benefits, and in accordance with the objectives of the disclosed subject matter as embodied and broadly described, the disclosed subject matter includes a combination of several plant extracts that have demonstrated antioxidant properties and / or therapeutic benefits, yet are more efficient than tocopherol and as efficient as synthetic antioxidants.

[0027] Therefore, this dual effect can be particularly advantageous, especially in the pet food industry. Surprisingly, the present disclosure herein shows that the natural antioxidant compositions according to the present disclosure can not adversely affect the palatability of companion animal food products to pets such as cats and dogs.

[0028] According to a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a food composition comprising at least an effective amount of a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0029] In certain embodiments, at least one of (i) the carnosic acid source, (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) the tannin source may each be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to about 40 ppm (about 0.004%). In such exemplary embodiments, the tannin source may be present in an amount less than 40 ppm (0.004%).

[0030] In certain embodiments, at least two of (i) the carnosic acid source, (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) the tannin source may each be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); particularly, in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0031] In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid, the source of hydroxytyrosol, and the source of tannins may each be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0032] In certain embodiments, the total combined amount of the carnosic acid source, hydroxytyrosol source, and tannin source may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0033] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a hydrolyzable tannin source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a gallotannin source and / or an ellagitannin source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a tannic acid source, an ellagic acid source, a gallic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may range from about 1:5 to about 1:50. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:10 to about 1:40. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0034] In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure are tocopherol-free, hi certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure are gamma and / or delta tocopherol-free.

[0035] In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid may be rosemary extract.

[0036] In certain embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol can be olive extract.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be gall extract.

[0038] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to food compositions comprising effective amounts of at least a combination of: (i) rosemary extract; (ii) olive extract; and (iii) gall nut extract.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the food composition may be a functional food, a diet, a food additive, a food preservative, a supplement, a drug, a foodstuff, or a nutritionally complete food composition.

[0040] According to another aspect, the present disclosure provides a companion animal food product comprising a food composition as defined above.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product may include a tannin source in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0042] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product is tocopherol-free.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product may be a nutritionally complete food.

[0044] According to another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for preparing a companion animal food product, the kit comprising: (i) a carnosic acid source; (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source; and (iii) a tannin source. In certain embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a hydrolyzable tannin source. In certain embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a gallotannin source and / or an ellagitannin source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a tannic acid source, an ellagic acid source, a gallic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may range from about 1:5 to about 1:50. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:10 to about 1:40. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid can be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0045] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a food composition, product or kit as defined in the present disclosure as a preservative in a companion animal food product.

[0046] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a food composition, product or kit as defined in the present disclosure for use as a medicament.

[0047] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a food composition as defined in the present disclosure for use in a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal, or for preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of infection and / or an allergic reaction in a companion animal.

[0048] In particular embodiments, the food composition as defined in the present disclosure may be used in a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response against a viral or bacterial or parasitic infection.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the food compositions as defined herein can be used in methods for preventing or reducing the likelihood of a companion animal symptom selected from the group consisting of cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. In certain embodiments, the food compositions as defined herein can be used to reduce DNA damage.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the companion animal may be a pet. In certain embodiments, the pet is a canine or feline. In certain embodiments, the pet is a dog or a cat. In certain embodiments, the pet is a senior dog or a senior cat.

[0051] According to another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing an animal food, the method comprising mixing (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0052] In certain embodiments, a method for producing an animal food may include the following steps: a) providing an extrudate of a combination of (i) a hydroxytyrosol source and (ii) a tannin source; and b) coating the extrudate with a carnosic acid source.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining the peroxide value (PV) of a companion animal food product, comprising contacting the companion animal food with a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source; (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source; and (iii) a tannin source. In certain embodiments, the PV of the companion animal food product is less than 10 mEq (10 millimoles) per kg fat for at least 12 months. In certain embodiments, (i) the carnosic acid source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) the tannin source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0054] In certain other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining the hexanal level of a companion animal food product, comprising contacting the companion animal food product with a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source. In certain embodiments, the hexanal level of the companion animal food product is less than about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) for at least about 12 months. In certain embodiments, (i) the carnosic acid source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) the tannin source is present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0055] In certain other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating, preventing, or reducing the likelihood of cellular oxidative stress occurring, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering the effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to a companion animal.

[0056] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating, preventing, or reducing the likelihood of cellular oxidative stress occurring, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering the effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to a companion animal.

[0057] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating, preventing, or reducing the likelihood of inflammation or the occurrence of an inflammatory disorder, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering the effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to a companion animal.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for eliciting or preventing an immune response in a companion animal, the method comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering the effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment as defined above, such as for preventing or reducing the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions occurring in companion animals, comprising the steps of: a) providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and b) administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0060] Detailed Description of the Disclosure The present disclosure is directed to making available food compositions for the preservation of companion animal food products. The present disclosure is also directed to making available food compositions that may have therapeutic health benefits. The present disclosure is also directed to making available food compositions for the preservation of companion animal food products that may also have therapeutic health benefits.

[0061] Provided herein is a food composition for a companion animal food product that includes at least a combination of effective amounts of a source of carnosic acid, a source of hydroxytyrosol, and a source of tannins.

[0062] In certain embodiments, this combination delays rancidity in food products. In certain embodiments, this combination induces or increases the immune response of companion animals, or prevents or reduces the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions in companion animals. In certain embodiments, this combination can exert both the activity of delaying rancidity in food products and of inducing or increasing the immune response of companion animals, or of preventing or reducing the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions in companion animals.

[0063] Surprisingly, it has been found that a combination of effective amounts of a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and a tannin source is more efficient as a food preservative than mixed tocopherols and at least as efficient as reference synthetic antioxidants (e.g., propyl gallate, BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, TBHQ, etc.), while maintaining good palatability in the final companion animal food product. Furthermore, it has also been found that this combination can be used as a pharmaceutical, such as a pharmaceutical for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal. In certain embodiments, this combination can also be used as a functional nutritional food, such as a functional nutritional food for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal.

[0064] Advantageously, the active ingredient food composition may also be derived from natural sources such as plant extracts or sources and / or vegetables.

[0065] As provided in this disclosure and shown in the examples, such food compositions can comprise or consist of effective amounts of a combination of several plant extracts to preserve raw materials, particularly fat-containing raw materials, and dry or wet finished products against rancid spoilage. Further, as shown in the examples, it is provided herein that such preservative compositions extend the shelf life of companion animal food products in paper bags or modified atmosphere conditions (ATCO) while being palatable to companion animals.

[0066] As further provided in this disclosure and shown in the examples provided herein, such food compositions can elicit or increase an immune response in companion animals. In particular, in certain embodiments, such combinations can increase responses to vaccines and increase lymphocyte proliferation.

[0067] Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to a kit for the preparation of a food composition or companion animal food product comprising a combination of a source of carnosic acid, a source of hydroxytyrosol, and a source of tannins.

[0068] The present disclosure further provides companion animal food products comprising the food compositions of the present disclosure. These and other aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in further detail below.

[0069] definition The terms used herein generally have their ordinary meaning in the art, within the context of the present subject matter and in the specific context in which each term is used. Certain terms are defined below to provide additional guidance in describing the compositions and methods of the disclosed subject matter and how they are made and used.

[0070] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a "compound" includes a mixture of compounds.

[0071] The term "about" or "approximately" means within an acceptable error range of a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, "about" can mean within 3 standard deviations or more than 3 standard deviations, in accordance with the practice in the art. Alternatively, "about" can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and even more preferably up to 1% of a given value. Also, particularly with respect to a system or process, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold of a value.

[0072] Additionally, the terms "at least" and "less than" are inclusive of the values ​​recited below. For example, "at least 40 ppm (at least 0.004%)" should be understood to also include "40 ppm (0.004%)."

[0073] As used herein, the term "animal" or "pet" can be used to refer to, for example, domestic or wild animals. In certain embodiments, the term can refer to a cat or feline, or a dog or canine.

[0074] As used herein, the term "amino acid source" refers to a material containing amino acids. Such amino acid sources may include or be derived from, but are not limited to, plant proteins, animal proteins, proteins from unicellular organisms, and free amino acids.

[0075] As used herein, the term "animal protein" refers to animal-based protein sources, including, but not limited to, meat (e.g., pork, beef, or calf), poultry (e.g., chicken), fish, organs (e.g., liver, spleen, or heart), offal (e.g., chicken or pork offal), and combinations thereof.

[0076] As used herein, the term "antioxidant" refers to any molecule, composition, or product that slows or prevents the oxidation of animal food, especially oxidizable fats. The preserved food compositions of the present disclosure prevent or inhibit the oxidation process. Furthermore, the preservatives of the present disclosure maintain the fresh attributes and nutritional quality of the animal food containing them. Advantageously, the antioxidants present in such preserved food compositions consist solely of non-synthetic (i.e., natural) antioxidants.

[0077] As used herein, the term "synthetic antioxidant" refers to chemically synthesized, non-naturally occurring compounds that can be added to foods as preservatives to help prevent lipid oxidation. Thus, the term non-exhaustively encompasses the following compounds: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), TBHQ (tert-butylhydroxyquinone), propyl gallate (PG), dodecyl gallate (DG), octyl gallate (OG), and chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

[0078] As used herein, the term "natural antioxidant" refers to a naturally occurring compound that has antioxidant properties.

[0079] The "antioxidant" properties of a given product or composition (i.e., the preserved food composition of the present disclosure) can be assessed by determining its ability to slow or prevent the oxidation of molecules such as lipids, lipoproteins, proteins, or DNA over a given period of time.

[0080] As used herein, the term "canine" encompasses animals, including pets, selected from the group consisting of recognized canine species (some of which are further subdivided), including Afghan Hound, Airedale, Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Basset Hound, Beagle, Belgian Shepherd, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Border Terrier, Borzoi, Boxer, Bulldog, Bull Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Chihuahua, Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Collie, Corgi, Dachshund, Dalmatian, Doberman, English Setter, Fox Terrier, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Greyhound, Griffon Bruxellois, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, King Charles Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, Lhasa Apso, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Old English Sheepdog, Papillon, Pekingese, Pointer, Pomeranian, Poodle, Pug, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Saluki, Samoyed, Schnauzer, Scottish Terrier, Shetland Sheepdog, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky, Skye Terrier, Springer Spaniel, West Highland Terrier, Whippet, Yorkshire Terrier, etc.

[0081] As used herein, the term "companion animal" refers to pets. Pets include dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Preferably, in certain embodiments herein, the pets herein are felines or canines, particularly dogs and cats.

[0082] As used herein, the terms "comprise," "comprising," "include," "including," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover non-exhaustive inclusions, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0083] In the detailed description herein, references to "an embodiment," "an embodiment," "one embodiment," "in various embodiments," etc., indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not all embodiments necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with one embodiment, it is submitted that the impact of such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments, whether or not explicitly described, is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement the present disclosure in alternative embodiments.

[0084] As used herein, "food composition" refers to any molecule or substance, or combination of blends thereof, that can be added to food products, including beverages, to prevent undesirable chemical changes. The term "food composition" encompasses the terms "natural antioxidant composition," "preservative food composition," "antioxidant combination," and "composition."

[0085] As used herein, the terms "companion animal food" or "animal food" or "food product" or "product" or "meal" refer to a composition or product intended for consumption by a companion animal or pet. Animal food products can include, but are not limited to, any composition or product suitable for daily feeding as well as snacking, whether nutritionally balanced or not, and whether nutritionally complete or not. In certain embodiments, such compositions can contain protein, carbohydrates, and / or fats, which are used in an organism's body to maintain growth, repair, and vital processes and to provide energy. Foods can also contain supplements or additives, such as minerals, vitamins, and seasonings (see Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993).

[0086] The preserved food compositions and animal food products disclosed herein can be dry or wet foods. In particular, the animal food product or preserved food composition can be a dry animal food product or dry food composition.

[0087] As used herein, the term "functional food" refers to food products that provide nutritional components important for maintaining health. These functional food compositions contain biologically active or bioavailable compounds, such as probiotics, amino acids, multivitamins, and antioxidants, and are often found to be useful in treating diseases and disorders or maintaining normal health.

[0088] As used herein, the term "animal dry food product" or "dry preserved food composition" generally refers to a food product or composition having a moisture content of less than 12% by weight, and usually even less than 7% by weight, based on the total weight of the food product or composition. The animal dry food product can be formed by an extrusion process. In some embodiments, the animal dry food product can be formed from a core and a coating to form a coated animal dry food product (also referred to as a coated animal dry food product). It should be understood that when the term "animal dry food product" is used, it can refer to an uncoated animal dry food product or a coated animal dry food product. The animal dry food composition can be a kibble.

[0089] As used herein, the term "kibble" includes particulate pellet-like components of animal feed, such as dog and cat feed, and typically has a moisture, or water, content of less than 12% by weight based on the total weight of the kibble. The texture of the kibble can vary from hard to soft. The internal structure of the kibble can vary from expanded to dense.

[0090] As used herein, the term "core" or "core matrix" refers to the particulate pellets, or kibble, of an animal dry food product, typically formed from a core matrix of ingredients. The particulate pellets can be coated to form a coating on the core, which can be a coated animal dry food product. The core can be uncoated or have a partial coating. In uncoated embodiments, the particulate pellets can comprise the entire animal dry food product. The core can comprise a starchy material, a protein material, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the core can comprise a core matrix of protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

[0091] As used herein, the term "coating" refers to a partial or complete coating, typically covering at least a portion of the surface of a core, for example, the surface of the core. In one example, the core can be partially covered with the coating, so that only a portion of the core is covered, and a portion of the core is not covered and thus exposed. In another example, the core can be completely covered with the coating, so that the entire core is covered and thus not exposed. Thus, the coating can cover from a negligible amount to the entire surface. In an embodiment, the preserved food composition of the present disclosure can be suitable for preparing animal dry food by coating. For example, a carnosic acid source can be added to an animal dry food product by coating.

[0092] As used herein, "extrudate" refers to any product, such as an animal food product, that has been processed, such as by being fed through an extruder or a pelletizing process. The extrudate can be dry or wet. In certain embodiments, the extrudate is a dry extruded product. In certain embodiments, the extruded product is a dry animal food, particularly a kibble. In certain embodiments of extrusion, the kibble is formed by an extrusion process in which raw materials including starch can be extruded under heat and pressure to gelatinize the starch and form a pelletized kibble form, which can be a core. Any type of extruder can be used, non-limiting examples of which include single-screw extruders and twin-screw extruders.

[0093] Unless otherwise specified, amounts (especially amounts in parts per million (ppm) or milliequivalents per kg fat (mEq / kg)) are expressed herein on a product basis according to the present disclosure, e.g., by weight of a preserved food composition. In the present disclosure, ranges are stated for brevity, so as to avoid the need to specify and describe in detail every value within the range. Any appropriate value within a range may be selected as the upper, lower, or terminus of the range, as appropriate. For example, a range of 1 to 10 represents the end values ​​of 1 and 10, as well as intermediate values ​​of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and all intermediate ranges subsumed within 1 to 10, such as 2 to 5, 2 to 8, 7 to 10, etc.

[0094] "ppm" or "parts per million" is used herein according to its conventional meaning. More precisely, it refers herein to the amount by weight (mg / kg) relative to the total weight of the preserved food composition or animal food product that includes the preserved food composition (unless otherwise specified).

[0095] As used herein, the term "feline" includes animals, including pets, selected from the group including cheetahs, pumas, jaguars, leopards, lions, lynxes, ligers, tigers, panthers, bobcats, ocelots, smilodonts, caracals, servals, and cats. As used herein, cats include wild cats and domestic cats. In certain embodiments, the cat is a domestic cat.

[0096] As used herein, the term "nutritionally complete" refers to an animal food product that contains all known nutrients necessary for the intended recipient of the animal food product, in all appropriate amounts and proportions based, for example, on the recommendations of recognized competent authorities in the field of animal nutrition. Such food is therefore capable of functioning as a life-sustaining dietary source without the addition of supplemental nutrients.

[0097] As used herein, the term "nutritionally balanced" refers to an animal food product that provides nutritionally desirable levels of fat, protein or amino acid sources, and dietary fiber via a single serving or reference portion of said food. Thus, as used herein, the term "nutritionally balanced" can refer to an animal food that may be nutritionally complete. Alternatively, as used herein, "nutritionally balanced" can refer to an animal food that is not nutritionally complete.

[0098] As used herein, the term "palatability" or "palatable" refers to palatability or taste. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "palatability" or "palatable" refers to the degree to which a pet food product appeals to an animal's palate or taste. This is suitably measured by a feeding test, for example, a differential test or a ranking test. In certain embodiments, "palatability" can refer to the relative preference of one food product over another. For example, if an animal shows a preference for one of two or more food products, the preferred food product is more "palatable" and has "enhanced palatability" or "increased palatability." In certain embodiments, the relative preference of one food product compared to one or more other food products can be determined, for example, by the relative consumption of the food products in a side-by-side free-choice comparison, or other suitable measure of preference indicating palatability, i.e., a "two-plate test."

[0099] As used herein, the term "protein source" may include "animal protein sources," "plant protein sources," or any other source of amino acids, or combinations thereof.

[0100] The preserved food compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise synthetic or natural antioxidants. Advantageously, the preserved food compositions may comprise a smaller amount of synthetic antioxidants. According to some embodiments, such preserved food compositions comprise a minimal amount of synthetic antioxidants. For example, such preserved food compositions may comprise less than about 1 ppm (about 0.0001%) of synthetic antioxidants.

[0101] As used herein, the term "wet animal food product" or "wet preserved food composition" generally refers to a food product or composition having a moisture content greater than 12% by weight, and usually even greater than 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the food product or composition.

[0102] As used herein, the term "fat content" refers to the total amount of digestible, partially digestible, and non-digestible fat content present in embodiments of the present disclosure, particularly animal food products, especially animal food products in which fat oxidation is to be prevented or delayed. As used herein, "lipid," "fat content," and "oil content" are synonymous.

[0103] Chemically, the components of oils and fats are known to have a tendency to absorb and react with oxygen. Rancidity is primarily due to products formed during oxidation. Dissolved or absorbed oxygen usually reacts first to form peroxides. The generation of peroxides is accelerated by moisture, heat, light, or catalysts. Further decomposition leads to the formation of lower molecular weight aldehydes, ketones, and acids, which impart undesirable odors and flavors to the oil or fat.

[0104] For quality assessment, there are many methods known to those skilled in the art, such as peroxide value (PV), hexanal value, ferric thiocyanate (FTC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), anisidine index, conjugated diene measurement, or any method for measuring stability, such as oxygen bomb or Rancimat. Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, the measurement of the main primary products (i.e., hydroperoxides) resulting from lipid oxidation, as well as secondary compounds (including alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, acids, and hydrocarbons) can be used to evaluate antioxidant properties. Therefore, in a non-exhaustive manner, their antioxidant properties can be evaluated by determining the "peroxide value" (PV) or "hexanal value."

[0105] As used herein, "peroxide value" (PV) refers to a marker of the primary oxidative breakdown compounds of fatty acids. In other words, PV is used to quantify the primary fat oxidation products. A food product is considered rancid if its peroxide value is between about 20 mEq / kg (about 20 mmol / kg) and about 40 mEq / kg (about 40 mmol / kg), whereas a fresh food product has a peroxide value of less than about 10 milliequivalents per kilogram (mEq / kg) (about 10 mmol / kg). According to preferred embodiments, these values ​​should be determined at the end of the shelf life. According to embodiments, values ​​up to 10 mEq / kg (10 mmol / kg) would be considered rancid. Methods for analyzing the PV of animal food products are well known to those skilled in the art. As an illustration, those skilled in the art can use NF EN ISO 3960 (April 2017 edition), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0106] As used herein, "hexanal value" refers to a marker of secondary oxidative breakdown compounds of fatty acids. A food product is considered rancid if its hexanal value is between about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) and about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), whereas a fresh food product has a hexanal value of less than about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%). According to preferred embodiments, these values ​​should also be measured at the end of the shelf life. According to embodiments, values ​​up to 15 ppm (0.0015%) are considered rancid. Methods for analyzing hexanal levels in animal food products are well known to those skilled in the art. As an illustration, those skilled in the art can use AOCS Method Cg4-94 (AOCS. 1997), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0107] As used herein, the term "tocopherol" refers to the gamma and / or delta tocopherol isomers and / or any of their derivatives. When referring to "tocopherol," it refers to a combination of gamma and delta tocopherol, such as those found in their natural forms (either esterified or non-esterified), which are used for natural preservatives to prevent rancidity. When referring to "tocopherol," it does not include vitamin E, which is used for nutritional purposes.

[0108] Vitamin E is the collective term for all tocopherol (Toc) and tocotrienol (Toc-3) derivatives. Tocopherols have a phytyl chain, while tocotrienols have a similar chain but with three double bonds at the 3', 7', and 11' positions. Tocopherols and tocotrienols exist in four isomers, termed α-, β-, γ-, and δ-, which differ in the number and position of methyl groups on the chroman ring. While all of these molecules possess antioxidant activity, α-tocopherol (α-Toc) is the most biologically active. α-Tocopherol is the primary vitamin E in vivo and exhibits the highest biological activity. Meanwhile, γ- and δ-tocopherols exhibit the highest preservative activity and are used to inhibit lipid oxidation in food products. Tocopherols are found in polyunsaturated vegetable oils and the germ of cereal seeds, while tocotrienols are found in the aleurone and subaleurone layers of cereal seeds and palm oil.

[0109] As used herein, the term "carnosic acid" refers to a compound of the chemical formula C 20 H 28 The term "carnosic acid" refers to the phenolic diterpene O4 and / or its derivatives. 20 H 26 O4). The term "rosemary" refers to either all of the plant material (Rosmarinus officinalis) or any extract, part, or extract from a part of the plant material, such as the leaves or roots. In addition to carnosic acid (and carnosol), rosemary may contain rosmarinic acid and / or rosmanol.

[0110] As used herein, the term "hydroxytyrosol" has the chemical formula CH 10"Olive" refers to 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol (CAS number: 10597-60-1) having O3, and / or its derivatives, such as tyrosol, which can be obtained from plant sources such as olives. The term "olive" refers to either all of the plant material or any part of the plant material, such as olive oil production and / or any extract, part, or extract from olive leaves, fruit, pulp, kernels, or vegetation waters. In addition to hydroxytyrosol (and tyrosol), olives may contain oleuropein and / or ligstroside.

[0111] As used herein, the term "tannin" refers to a range of natural and unnatural polyphenols that can generally be divided as "hydrolyzable" or "non-hydrolyzable" and / or "condensed" tannins, and / or alternatively, to polyphenols with a molecular weight of 1000 Daltons (1.660538921 x 10 -21 This classification includes low molecular weight and monomeric tannins, such as those with a molar mass of less than 10 ...

[0112] When tannins are derived from plants, they are generally secondary polyphenolic metabolites and are either (i) galloyl esters and their derivatives, in which the galloyl moiety or its derivative is attached to a polyol, catechin, or triterpenoid core, or (ii) they are derived from oligomeric and / or polymeric proanthocyanidins, which can have optional interflavanyl couplings and substitution patterns. Thus, the term "tannin," as used herein, can encompass "gallotannins," "ellagitannins," "complex tannins," and "condensed tannins."

[0113] In particular, the term "hydrolyzable tannins" can therefore encompass gallotannins, ellagitannins, complex tannins, and mixtures thereof. More specifically, hydrolyzable tannins generally consist of gallotannins and ellagitannins, or mixtures thereof.

[0114] According to some embodiments, gallotannins may consist of tannins in which a galloyl unit or its metadepside derivative is bound to one or more polyol-catechin or triterpenoid units. Thus, such gallotannins generally contain at least polyphenol and polyol residues, for example, plant-derived gallotannins contain polyol residues derived from D-glucose. For example, gallotannins may have the following formula:

[0115] [ka]

[0116] [In the formula, R and R 1 is selected from α-OH, β-OH, α-OG and β-OG; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5are the same or different and can independently be a galloyl moiety or any other substituent, such as, but not limited to, H, G, cinnamoyl, and coumaroyl; where G is

[0117] [ka]

[0118] or a metadepside derivative thereof] It can be expressed as:

[0119] According to some embodiments, the ellagitannin may be a tannin in which at least two galloyl units are C-C bonded to each other and which does not contain glycosidically linked catechin units. Specific embodiments include, but are not limited to, ellagitannins in which two galloyl units are bonded to each other through their aromatic carbon atoms to form an axially chiral hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) unit selected from the following:

[0120] [ka]

[0121] For example, but not by way of limitation, ellagitannins may be of the formula (II):

[0122] [ka]

[0123] wherein each R is the same or different and is independently selected from a galloyl moiety or any other substituent, such as, but not limited to, H, G, cinnamoyl, and coumaroyl groups, as defined above. The compound may be represented by the formula:

[0124] According to some embodiments, the complex tannin is a tannin in which a catechin unit is glycosidically linked to a gallotannin or ellagitannin unit, such as those defined above. For example, the complex tannin may have the formula (III):

[0125] [ka]

[0126] wherein each R is the same or different and can be independently selected from a galloyl moiety or any other substituent, such as, but not limited to, H, G, cinnamoyl, and coumaroyl groups as defined above. It can be expressed as:

[0127] According to some embodiments, condensed tannin is a tannin in which a catechin unit is glycosidically linked to a gallotannin or ellagitannin unit as defined above.In certain embodiments, such condensed tannin is an oligomeric and / or polymeric proanthocyanidin or condensed proanthocyanidin.For example, but not limited to, condensed tannin can be represented by formula (IV):

[0128] [ka]

[0129] wherein each R is the same or different and may comprise or consist of a galloyl moiety or any other substituent, such as, but not limited to, H, G, cinnamoyl, and coumaroyl groups as defined above. It can be expressed as:

[0130] As used herein, the term "ellagic acid" refers to a compound of the chemical formula C 14Ellagic acid (CAS Registry Number 476-66-4), also known as 4,4',5,5',6,6'-hexahydroxydiphenic acid 2,6,2',6'-dilactone, is an organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerization of gallic acid.

[0131] Sources of ellagic acid may include, but are not limited to, any extract, part, or extract of natural sources, or parts of natural sources, such as pomegranate, eucalyptus, strawberry, grape, blackberry, raspberry, cranberry, guava, pecan, walnut, and chestnut tree.

[0132] As used herein, the term "tannic acid" refers to the hydrolyzable class of compounds of the chemical formula C 76 H 52 O 46Tannic acid (CAS Registry Number 1401-55-4) is a complex polyphenolic organic compound that can be hydrolyzed to yield gallic acid and either glucose or quinic acid. Tannic acid is a yellowish-white to light brown substance that can appear as an amorphous solid, a bulky powder, shiny flakes, or spongy masses. It is odorless or has a faint, characteristic odor and an astringent taste. Tannic acid can be obtained by solvent extraction of the galls or excrescences that form on the young twigs of Quercus infectoria Oliver or related species of Quercus. Tannic acid can also be obtained by solvent extraction of the galls of the seed pods of Caesalpinia spinosa or various sumac species, including Rhus semialata, R. coriaria, R. galabra, and R. typhia. Other examples of suitable tannic acid plant sources include, but are not limited to, Rhus chinensis, Rhus javanica, Rhus semialata, Rhus coriaria, Rhus potaninii, Rhus punjabensis var. sinica (Diels) Rehder & E.H. Wilson, Camellia sinensis, Berry, Bixa orellana, Vitis vinifera, Punica granatum, Quercus infectoria, Quercus cerris, Acacia mearnsii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Caesalpinia spinosa, Fagus hayata Palib.ex Hayata, or Machilus thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. Tannic acid sources can also include other natural sources, such as, but not limited to, gall nut, pomegranate, or wood, such as oak, walnut, mahogany, sumac, or any extract, part, or extract of some of the aforementioned natural sources.

[0133] As used herein, the term "gallic acid" refers to a form of the hydrolyzable class of gallotannins with the chemical formula CH(OH)COOH. Gallic acid (CAS Registry Number 149-91-7), also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic acid.

[0134] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical product" refers to any compound or composition that provides a benefit or therapeutic effect to a subject. This benefit or therapeutic effect can be achieved upon initial application and / or over time with continued use. The term "pharmaceutical product" can be acceptable for use in human or non-human subjects for treatment, and particularly acceptable for use in animals.

[0135] As used herein, the term "prevent" can encompass a reduction in the occurrence or likelihood of recurrence of a symptom.

[0136] As used herein, the term "cellular oxidative stress" refers to the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants that favor oxidants, resulting in disruption of redox signaling and control and / or molecular damage.Cellular oxidative stress was defined by Helmut Seis in 1985 ("Oxidative stress", Academic Press, eBook ISBN: 9781483289113, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0137] As used herein, the term "immune response" refers to a homeostatic mechanism capable of detecting and recognizing foreign molecules (such as antigens). The initial response to foreign molecules is called "innate immunity" and is characterized by the rapid migration of natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and other white blood cells to the site of the foreign pathogen. These cells can phagocytose, digest, lyse, or secrete cytokines that lyse the pathogen within a short period of time. While the innate immune response is not antigen-specific, it is generally considered the first line of defense against foreign pathogens until the onset of the "adaptive immune response." The adaptive immune response involves both T cells and B cells. Various mechanisms are involved in the formation of the adaptive immune response. A discussion of all possible mechanisms for the formation of the adaptive immune response is beyond the scope of this section. However, some well-characterized mechanisms include antigen recognition by B cells, followed by antigen-specific activation leading to antibody secretion, and T cell activation via binding to antigen-presenting cells.

[0138] As used herein, the term "eliciting an immune response" should be understood to refer to the ability of a subject to generate a specific antibody response and / or a specific T cell response to an antigen. In certain embodiments, the immune response is an antibody response.

[0139] As used herein, the term "increasing an immune response" refers to enhancing an immune response and / or extending the duration of an immune response. Specifically, throughout this disclosure, the term "increasing an immune response" refers to the property or process of increasing the magnitude and / or effectiveness of an immune responsiveness to a given antigen. The administration of the antigen can be deliberate, for example, the administration of a live vaccine strain.

[0140] As used herein, the term "infection" has the meaning commonly used and understood by those skilled in the art, and includes the invasion and proliferation of a microorganism, i.e., a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite (such as an antigen), in or on a subject, with or without the manifestation of disease. Infection can occur at one or more sites in or on a subject. Infection can be unintentional, such as unintentional ingestion, inhalation, or wound contamination, or intentional, such as administration of a live vaccine strain. In particular, the term "infection" can encompass viral infections, parasitic infections (such as those associated with fungi), and bacterial infections.

[0141] Examples of viral infections include, but are not limited to, rabies virus; cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia; Epstein-Barr virus; varicella-zoster virus; HSV-1 and -2 mucositis; HSV-6 encephalitis; BK-virus hemorrhagic cystitis; viral influenza; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); and hepatitis A, B, or C.

[0142] Examples of fungal infections include, but are not limited to, aspergillosis, cough pharyngitis (caused by Candida albicans), cryptococcosis (caused by Cryptococcus), and histoplasmosis. Thus, examples of infectious fungi include Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Blastomyces dermatitidis.

[0143] Examples of infectious bacteria include Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycobacteria species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), M. tuberculosis, Mycobacteria (M. avium), Mycobacterium intracellulare, M. kansaii, M. gordonae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Streptococcus pyogenes. pyogenes (group A streptococci), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), Viridans streptococci (Streptococcus (viridans group)), Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic species), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pathogenic Campylobacter species, Enterococcus species, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium species sp.), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bacteroides sp. (Fusobacterium nucleatum), Streptobacillus moniliformis, Treponema pallidum, Treponema pertenue, Leptospira, and Actinomyces israeli. Other infectious organisms (such as protozoans) include Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii.

[0144] As used herein, the term "allergic reaction" refers to a clinical response by an individual to an allergen. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may affect the skin (e.g., hives, angioedema, itching), respiratory (e.g., wheezing, cough, laryngeal edema, rhinorrhea, watery / itchy eyes), gastrointestinal (e.g., vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea), and / or cardiovascular (if a systemic reaction occurs).

[0145] As used herein, the term "allergen" refers to (i) an antigen that elicits an IgE response in an individual; (ii) an antigen that elicits an asthmatic response (e.g., chronic airway inflammation characterized by eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and excessive mucus production), whether or not such a response includes a detectable IgE response; and / or (iii) an antigen that elicits an allergic response (e.g., sneezing, watery eyes, itching, diarrhea, anaphylaxis), whether or not such a response includes a detectable IgE response.

[0146] As used herein, the term "inflammation" refers to the biological response of a subject's tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, which can generally be characterized by the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

[0147] Inflammation is a localized response of living tissue to injury that can be triggered by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. Exogenous factors include physical, chemical, and biological factors. Endogenous factors include inflammatory mediators, antigens, and antibodies. Endogenous factors often arise in response to exogenous injury. The inflammatory response is often followed by changes in the structure and permeability of cell membranes. Endogenous factors, such as mediators and antigens, determine the nature and type of inflammatory response, particularly at the zone of injury. When tissue damage is limited to the production of mediators, acute inflammation occurs. When an immune response is also involved in this process, a long-term inflammatory process develops through the interaction of antigens, antibodies, and autoantigens.

[0148] According to some embodiments, "inflammation" can therefore be associated with inflammatory diseases. In this context, such inflammatory diseases result from the activation, degranulation, and consequent secretion of inflammatory biochemicals from mast cells. Non-exhaustively, the resulting inflammatory diseases can therefore include the group consisting of allergic inflammation, arthritis (such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine, atherosclerosis, coronary artery inflammation, ischemia, chronic prostatitis, eczema, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, sunburn, periodontal disease of the gums, superficial telangiectatic flash syndrome, hormone-dependent cancer, and endometriosis.

[0149] As used herein, the term " cellular oxidative stress " refers to the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant, which favors oxidant, resulting in the breakdown of redox signaling and control and / or molecular damage.Cellular oxidative stress was defined by Helmut Seis in 1985 (" Oxidative stress ", Academic Press, eBook ISBN: 9781483289113, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).Cellular oxidative stress can be characterized by the occurrence of cell damage, particularly the occurrence of DNA damage.

[0150] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to the amount of a component, when included in a composition, sufficient to achieve the intended compositional or physiological effect. Thus, a "therapeutically effective amount" refers to a non-toxic but sufficient amount of an active agent to achieve a therapeutic result in treating or preventing a condition for which the active agent is known to be effective. It is understood that various biological factors can affect a substance's ability to perform its intended task. Therefore, an "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" may, in some cases, depend on such biological factors. Furthermore, while the achievement of a therapeutic effect can be measured by a physician or other qualified medical practitioner using assessments known in the art, it is recognized that achieving a therapeutic effect can be a subjective determination due to individual differences and response to treatment. Determining an effective amount is within the skill of one in the art of pharmaceutical and nutritional sciences and medicine and refers to the amount of a conjugate (e.g., carnosic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tannin, ellagic acid, gallic acid) or combination necessary or sufficient to achieve the desired biological effect.

[0151] As used herein, "administration" and "administering" refer to a method in which an active agent, or a composition containing the same, is presented to a subject. Administration can be achieved by various routes well known in the art, such as oral and parenteral methods. As used herein, "oral administration" refers to an administration route that can be achieved by swallowing, chewing, or sucking an oral dosage form, including a food composition or animal food. Examples of oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, caplets, powders, granules, drinks, jellies, kibbles, or other animal food products mentioned in this disclosure.

[0152] Food compositions and food products The present disclosure provides a food composition, a companion animal food product comprising a food composition of the present disclosure, or a kit for preparing a companion animal food product of the present disclosure, comprising a combination of the following: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) Tannin source.

[0153] Certain embodiments may include a source of hydrolyzable tannins, such as a tannin source, a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof.

[0154] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may include a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source may be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source, particularly where the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid ranges from about 1:5 to about 1:50. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:10 to about 1:40. In more specific embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the source of ellagitannins may include a source of ellagic acid.

[0156] Food compositions according to the present disclosure are prepared according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

[0157] In certain embodiments, the food composition, the companion animal food product comprising the food composition, or the kit for preparing the companion animal food product comprises non-naturally occurring carnosic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tannins, such as tannic acid, ellagic acid, and / or gallic acid. In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tannins, such as tannic acid, ellagic acid, and / or gallic acid, can be selected from natural sources, such as those derived from plants or botanical sources.

[0158] The mentioned sources of carnosic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tannins, such as tannic acid, ellagic acid and / or gallic acid, may refer to the same source or to different sources.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the mentioned sources of carnosic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tannins, such as tannic acid, ellagic acid and / or gallic acid, may refer to different sources, in particular different natural sources.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid, the source of hydroxytyrosol, and the source of tannin, such as a source of tannic acid, a source of ellagic acid, and / or a source of gallic acid, may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0161] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a hydrolyzable tannin source, hi certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a gallotannin source and / or an ellagitannin source.

[0162] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may be a source of tannic acid, a source of gallic acid, a source of ellagic acid, or a combination thereof.

[0163] In certain embodiments, the referenced food compositions, companion animal food products containing the food compositions, or kits for preparing companion animal food products contain minimal amounts of tocopherol, or even no tocopherol.

[0164] According to some embodiments, the mentioned food compositions, companion animal food products containing the companion animal food products, or kits for preparing companion animal food products may contain tocopherol in an amount that is less than about 1 ppm (about 0.0001%).

[0165] According to other embodiments, a companion animal food product comprising a food composition according to the present disclosure may be a coated animal food product, such as a coated dry animal food product, wherein the coated animal food product comprises a core and a coating at least partially covering the core.

[0166] In certain other embodiments, the food composition of the present disclosure can be in the core of a companion animal food product.

[0167] In certain other embodiments, the food composition of the present disclosure can be in a coating on a companion animal food product.

[0168] According to some embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol and the source of tannin can be in the core and the source of carnosic acid can be in the coating.

[0169] In some embodiments, the carnosic acid source in the coating may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) (based on the total weight of the food composition or product).

[0170] In some embodiments, the hydroxytyrosol source and at least one of the tannin source, ellagic acid source, or gallic acid source in the core may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0171] According to some other embodiments, the source of carnosic acid and the source of hydroxytyrosol can be in the core and the source of tannin can be in the coating.

[0172] In some embodiments, the tannin source in the coating may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0173] In some embodiments, the source of carnosic acid and hydroxytyrosol in the core may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0174] According to some other embodiments, the tannin source and the carnosic acid source can be in the core and the hydroxytyrosol source can be in the coating.

[0175] In some embodiments, the hydroxytyrosol source in the coating may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0176] In some embodiments, the tannin source and carnosic acid source in the core may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), particularly in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0177] In certain embodiments, a food composition, companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure is tocopherol-free.

[0178] In certain embodiments, the food compositions or kits of the present disclosure may be a combination of a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and a tannin source, such as a tannic acid source, an ellagic acid source, and / or a gallic acid source. In other words, the carnosic acid source, the hydroxytyrosol source, and the tannin source, such as a tannic acid source, an ellagic acid source, and / or a gallic acid source, may be the only antioxidants in the combination.

[0179] Advantageously, the food composition of the present disclosure can be in powder form or liquid form.Therefore, in certain embodiments, the natural food composition of the present disclosure further comprises suitable carrier.Those skilled in the art can determine suitable carrier according to application, particularly according to the form of combination, that is, liquid or powder, and / or according to the hydrophilic or hydrophobic form of combination.

[0180] The present disclosure further provides a companion animal food product comprising a food composition according to the present disclosure.

[0181] In particular, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be either companion animal foods as defined above, or conversely, food compositions that can be incorporated into companion animal foods.

[0182] In certain embodiments, companion animal food products may include protein, carbohydrates, and / or crude fat content. The animal food products may also contain supplements or additives, such as minerals, vitamins, and seasonings (see Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993, the contents of which are incorporated by reference). Such companion animal food products may or may not be nutritionally complete. In certain embodiments, companion animal food products according to the present disclosure may be nutritionally complete foods.

[0183] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product comprises at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source. The tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin source, such as a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin selected from a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, an ellagic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source, particularly, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid can be about 1:10 to about 1:40. In certain embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid can be about 1:15 to about 1:30. In certain embodiments, it may also contain less than about 1 ppm (about 0.0001%) tocopherol.

[0184] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product comprises at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source. The tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin source, such as a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin selected from a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, an ellagic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source, particularly, where the tannic acid:gallic acid ratio is in the range of about 1:5 to about 1:50. In certain embodiments, the tannic acid:gallic acid ratio can be in the range of about 1:10 to about 1:40. In certain other embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:15 to about 1:30. In certain embodiments, it may be tocopherol-free.

[0185] In certain other embodiments, the companion animal food product comprises at least a combination of (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) a source of tannins in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), which comprises less than about 1 ppm (about 0.0001%) of tocopherols.

[0186] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product comprises at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source. The tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin source, such as a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin selected from a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, an ellagic acid source, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the food product can be free of tocopherol.

[0187] In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product comprises at least a combination of (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) a source of tannins in an amount ranging from at least about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), which may be free of tocopherol.

[0188] In certain embodiments, the aforementioned sources of the animal food product can be natural sources. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the source of carnosic acid can be rosemary extract, the source of hydroxytyrosol can be olive extract, and the source of tannins can be gall nut and / or pomegranate extract.

[0189] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to companion animal food products comprising at least a combination of (i) rosemary extract, (ii) olive extract, and (iii) gall nut extract.

[0190] In certain other embodiments, the companion animal food product of the present disclosure may be a dry animal food product. In certain other embodiments, the dry animal food product may be kibble. For example, but not limited to, kibble includes particulates; pellets; pet food pieces, dehydrated meats, meat analogs, vegetables, and combinations thereof; and pet snacks such as meat or vegetable jerky, rawhide, and biscuits. The dry animal food product may be produced by mixing and kneading ingredients together to create a consistent dough that can be cooked. Generally, it may be the end product of a process that includes an extrusion step followed by a drying step.

[0191] In certain other embodiments, companion animal food products according to the present disclosure are palatable to animals such as felines or canines, particularly cats or dogs.

[0192] According to some embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure may be in any form selected from a functional food, a diet, a food additive, a food preservative, a supplement, a drug, a food, or a nutritionally complete food composition.

[0193] Non-limiting examples of ingredients that can be incorporated into the food compositions of the present disclosure are further provided below.

[0194] Carnosic acid In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure may include carnosic acid. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the source of carnosic acid may include or consist of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) or common sage (Salvia officinalis), or a combination thereof.

[0195] In another embodiment, the source of carnosic acid may comprise or consist of rosemary extract.

[0196] In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0197] For example, the carnosic acid source may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0198] For example, the source of carnosic acid may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.0001%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0199] For example, the source of carnosic acid may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0200] In certain embodiments, the source of carnosic acid may be present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0201] For example, the carnosic acid source may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0202] For example, the carnosic acid source may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%).

[0203] For example, the carnosic acid source may be present in the companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%).

[0204] Hydroxytyrosol In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure can include hydroxytyrosol. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol can include or consist of olives or extracts thereof.

[0205] In certain other embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol may comprise or consist of olive extract.

[0206] In certain embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol of the preserved food composition may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0207] In certain embodiments, the hydroxytyrosol source of the preserved food composition may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%).

[0208] For example, the hydroxytyrosol source may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0209] For example, the hydroxytyrosol source may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0210] For example, the hydroxytyrosol source may be present in the preserved food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%), based on the total weight of the preserved food composition.

[0211] In certain embodiments, the source of hydroxytyrosol in a companion animal food product may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%) by total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0212] For example, a hydroxytyrosol source may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0213] For example, a source of hydroxytyrosol may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0214] For example, the hydroxytyrosol source can be present in the animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%), based on the total weight of the animal food product.

[0215] tannins In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more tannins. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the tannins may include or consist of hydrolyzable tannins or condensed tannins or combinations thereof.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the tannins may include gallotannins, ellagitannins, complex tannins, and condensed tannins, or combinations thereof.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the hydrolyzable tannins may include gallotannins and ellagitannins, or a combination thereof.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may include a gallic acid source, a tannic acid source, or a combination thereof.

[0219] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may include a tannic acid source.

[0220] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may include a gallic acid source.

[0221] In certain embodiments, the tannin source may comprise a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source. In such embodiments, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid ranges from about 1:5 to about 1:50. In one embodiment, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:10 to about 1:40. In one embodiment, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0222] In certain embodiments, the tannins used in the food products of the present disclosure may be provided from two or more different sources. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, tannic acid from Quercus spp. may be combined with gallic acid from Rhus spp., with the ratio of tannic acid to gallic acid ranging from 1:5 to 1:50. In certain embodiments, the tannic acid used in the compositions of the present disclosure, and more specifically, in food compositions according to the present disclosure, may undergo further hydrolysis during food processing, such as extrusion, resulting in a hydrolysate product containing gallic acid, which may affect the ratio of tannic acid to gallic acid in the final product. One skilled in the art would anticipate this hydrolysis to incorporate the appropriate amount of tannic acid and ultimately gallic acid to achieve a final ratio ranging from about 1:5 to about 1:50; about 1:10 to about 1:40; or about 1:15 to about 1:30. In embodiments, the hydrolysis of tannic acid may be sufficient to achieve a final ratio in the range of about 1:5 to about 1:50, so that it may not be necessary to add gallic acid.

[0223] In certain embodiments, the source of ellagitannins may include a source of ellagic acid.

[0224] In certain embodiments, the source of tannic acid may include gall extract.

[0225] In certain embodiments, the source of ellagic acid may include pomegranate extract.

[0226] Tannin sources can include any extract, part, or extract of natural sources, such as fruits and plants, such as gall nuts, strawberries, grapes, blackberries, raspberries, cranberries, pomegranates, guavas, pecans, walnuts, chestnuts, or parts of natural sources.

[0227] In certain embodiments, the tannin source of the preserved food composition may be present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and greater than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%).

[0228] For example, the tannin source may be present in the food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the food composition.

[0229] For example, the combined amount of the tannic acid source, ellagic acid source, and / or gallic acid source may be present in the food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the food composition.

[0230] For example, the source of tannic acid, ellagic acid and / or gallic acid may be present in the food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%), based on the total weight of the food composition.

[0231] For example, the source of tannic acid, ellagic acid and / or gallic acid may be present in the food composition in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%), based on the total weight of the food composition.

[0232] In certain embodiments, the source of tannic acid, ellagic acid and / or gallic acid may be present in the companion animal food product in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), about 35 ppm (about 0.0035%), about 30 ppm (about 0.003%), about 25 ppm (about 0.0025%), about 20 ppm (about 0.002%), about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%), about 10 ppm (about 0.001%), or even about 5 ppm (about 0.0005%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0233] For example, a source of tannic acid, an ellagic acid and / or a gallic acid source may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 0.1 ppm (about 0.00001%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0234] For example, a source of tannic acid, an ellagic acid and / or a gallic acid source may be present in a companion animal food product in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) and more than about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%), based on the total weight of the companion animal food product.

[0235] Manufacturing method In certain aspects, methods for producing companion animal food products are provided. In certain embodiments, one or more dry ingredients can be mixed with one or more wet ingredients to form an emulsion or dough. In certain embodiments, one or more dry ingredients can be mixed with one or more dry ingredients to form an emulsion or dough.

[0236] In certain non-limiting embodiments, one or more wet ingredients can be mixed with one or more wet ingredients to form an emulsion or dough.

[0237] In certain non-limiting embodiments, one or more wet ingredients can be mixed with one or more dry ingredients to form an emulsion or dough.

[0238] The emulsion or dough can be heated to a predetermined temperature under pressure and then gradually cooled. Alternatively, an emulsion can be formed, broken down, heated to a given temperature, and then introduced into a processing zone. In the processing zone, the emulsion can be subjected to a predetermined pressure and discharged. To produce a chunk-like product, the slurry can alternatively be introduced into a scraped-surface heat exchanger at a predetermined pressure and heated to produce a heat-treated product having a specific temperature. In certain non-limiting embodiments, one or more dry ingredients can be mixed with one or more wet ingredients, such as water, to form a dough. The dough can be cooked during extrusion under high temperature, pressure, or a combination thereof. The extruder can be equipped with a die having a specific shape, which can divide the extrudate into particles or small pieces as the product is extruded.

[0239] According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure also relates to a method for producing a companion animal food product, comprising mixing (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source. The tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin source, such as a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a hydrolyzable tannin selected from a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, an ellagic acid source, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the tannin source can be a tannic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a gallic acid source. In certain other embodiments, the tannin source can be a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source, particularly where the tannic acid:gallic acid ratio is about 1:5 to about 1:50. In certain embodiments, the tannic acid:gallic acid ratio can be about 1:10 to about 1:40. In one embodiment, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid can be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0240] The companion animal food product produced can be a dry food product or a wet food product. In certain embodiments, the companion animal food product can be a dry food product.

[0241] In particular, in certain embodiments, a method for producing an animal food comprises the steps of: a) mixing (i) a source of carnosic acid, (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) a source of tannins, thereby providing a mixture; and b) heating the mixture Includes:

[0242] In certain embodiments, a method for producing an animal food product includes combining (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) a source of tannin in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0243] In certain embodiments, a method for producing a companion animal food product comprises the steps of: a) mixing (i) a carnosic acid source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) a tannin source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), thereby providing a mixture; and b) heating the mixture Includes:

[0244] The mixing step is not limited to a particular type of mixing. According to an exemplary embodiment, the mixing step comprises the following steps: a1) providing an extrudate comprising at least two sources selected from (i) a source of carnosic acid, (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) a source of tannins; a2) coating said extrudates with at least a third source different from the two sources mentioned in step a1) and which may be selected from (i) a source of carnosic acid, (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) a source of tannins. Includes:

[0245] Advantageously, the method for producing a companion animal food product comprises the steps of: a1) providing an extrudate of a combination of (i) a hydroxytyrosol source and (ii) a tannin source; and a2) coating said extrudate with a carnosic acid source.

[0246] According to certain embodiments, a method of producing a companion animal food product comprises the steps of: a1) providing an extrudate of a combination of (i) a hydroxytyrosol source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), based on the total weight of the extrudate, and (ii) a tannin source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), based on the total weight of the extrudate; a2) coating said extrudates with a source of carnosic acid, thereby providing a mixture; b) heating the mixture Includes:

[0247] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a wide variety of methods for producing animal food products are suitable for use with the present disclosure.

[0248] Use of a food composition as a preservative According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a food composition or kit described herein as a preservative in a companion animal food product.

[0249] According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure describes the use of an antioxidant combination of (i) a source of carnosic acid, (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) a source of tannin, e.g., a source of tannic acid, a source of ellagic acid, and / or a source of gallic acid, as a preservative in a companion animal food product.

[0250] In other words, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be used as preservatives in companion animal foods, or the food compositions can be used as antioxidants for companion animal foods.

[0251] As previously mentioned, food compositions according to the present disclosure can be incorporated into any animal food product, particularly any companion animal food that contains fat.

[0252] In some embodiments, the food compositions can be used to preserve meat products, such as meat, poultry products, fish, shellfish, vegetables, convenience foods, ready meals, dairy products, jams, jellies, beverages, and kibbles.

[0253] In some embodiments, the food compositions can be used for the preservation of companion animal food products, particularly wet and dry food products, hi certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be used for the preservation of dry food products.

[0254] The food composition can be added at the final stage of the companion animal food product to be preserved, or it can be added at an earlier stage where it would be advantageous to process the companion animal food product, whereby the food composition can be added to the companion animal food product to be preserved as a dry product, or can be added in the form of a solution or dispersion.

[0255] In particular, the present disclosure describes the use of a combination of (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) a source of tannin in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%) as a preservative in a companion animal food product.

[0256] Thus, the combination may include (i) carnosic acid, (ii) hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) tannic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the combination may contain (i) carnosic acid, (ii) hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) tannic acid. In certain other embodiments, the combination may include (i) carnosic acid, (ii) hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) gallic acid. In certain other embodiments, the combination may include a combination of (i) carnosic acid, (ii) hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) tannic acid-gallic acid, particularly in a ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid ranging from about 1:5 to about 1:50. In one embodiment, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:10 to about 1:40. In one embodiment, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid may be from about 1:15 to about 1:30.

[0257] According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining the PV (peroxide value) of an animal food product, comprising contacting the food with a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0258] In particular, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining the PV of an animal food product at less than 10 mEq (10 millimoles) per kg fat for at least 12 months, the method comprising incorporating into the food a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); and (iii) a source of tannins in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0259] In certain embodiments, the method may be suitable for maintaining a PV value of a companion animal food product below about 10 mEq (about 10 millimoles) per kg fat under paper bag conditions for at least about 12 months.

[0260] In certain embodiments, the method may be suitable for maintaining a PV value of a companion animal food product below about 10 mEq (about 10 millimoles) per kg fat under controlled atmosphere conditions for at least about 18 months.

[0261] According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining hexanal levels in a companion animal food product, the method comprising contacting the food with a combination of: (i) a carnosic acid source; (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source; and (iii) a tannin source.

[0262] In particular, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining hexanal levels in a companion animal food product at less than about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) for at least about 12 months, the method comprising incorporating into said food a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%); and (iii) a tannin source in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0263] In certain embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure may be suitable for maintaining hexanal levels in animal food products below about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) under paper bag conditions for at least about 12 months.

[0264] In certain embodiments, the method may be suitable for maintaining hexanal levels in animal food below about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) for at least about 18 months under controlled atmosphere conditions.

[0265] Treatment method According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a food composition, or companion animal food product or kit, as described herein, for use as a pharmaceutical.

[0266] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) Tannin source The present invention provides a food composition, product, or kit thereof, comprising at least the combination of:

[0267] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) at least one of a hydrolyzable tannin source; The present invention provides a food composition, product, or kit thereof, comprising at least the combination of:

[0268] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) at least one of a source of tannic acid, a source of gallic acid, and a source of ellagic acid The present invention provides a food composition, product, or kit thereof, comprising at least the combination of:

[0269] In some embodiments, a food composition, product, or kit according to the present disclosure can be used in a method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of cellular oxidative stress.

[0270] In some embodiments, a food composition, product, or kit according to the present disclosure can be used in a method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of inflammation or the occurrence of an inflammatory disorder.

[0271] In some embodiments, a food composition, product, or kit according to the present disclosure can be used in a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal, or for preventing or reducing the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions in a companion animal, for example, for eliciting or increasing an immune response to a viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection.

[0272] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides novel food compositions that can be used to prevent or reduce the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions occurring. In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be used to combat or inhibit the adverse effects of viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections in companion animals.

[0273] As previously mentioned, even healthy animals of any age can have weakened immune systems, resulting in greater sensitivity to allergens and greater susceptibility to infections, such as viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. In certain embodiments, administration of a food composition of the present disclosure may reduce the impact of infections and / or allergic reactions on the health of companion animals.

[0274] In certain embodiments, use of the food compositions or companion animal food products or kits of the present disclosure can counter, inhibit, or reverse the effects of aging on the immune response to viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections in an animal, hi certain embodiments, the animal is a senior animal.

[0275] The food compositions of the present disclosure, when administered to companion animals, are capable of eliciting an immune response against viral or bacterial or parasitic infections and / or allergic reactions.

[0276] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or reducing the likelihood of an infection and / or an allergic reaction occurring in a companion animal, the method comprising at least the step of providing an effective amount of a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure to be administered to the companion animal.

[0277] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment for preventing or reducing the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reaction occurring in a companion animal, the method comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure; and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0278] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of cellular oxidative stress, the method comprising at least the step of providing an effective amount of a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure to be administered to a companion animal.

[0279] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a therapeutic method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of cellular oxidative stress, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to a companion animal.

[0280] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or reducing the likelihood of an infection and / or an allergic reaction occurring in a companion animal, the method comprising at least the step of providing an effective amount of a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure to be administered to the companion animal.

[0281] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment for preventing or reducing the likelihood of an infection and / or an allergic reaction occurring in a companion animal, the method comprising providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure, and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0282] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of inflammation or an inflammatory disorder occurring in a companion animal, the method comprising at least the step of providing an effective amount of a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure to be administered to the companion animal.

[0283] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing or reducing the likelihood of inflammation or an inflammatory disorder occurring, the method comprising providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to a companion animal.

[0284] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal, the method comprising at least the step of providing an effective amount of a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure to be administered to the companion animal.

[0285] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response in a companion animal, the method comprising providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure, and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0286] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment as defined above, such as for preventing or reducing the likelihood of an infection and / or an allergic reaction occurring in a companion animal, comprising: a) providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit according to the present disclosure, and b) administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal. The present invention provides a method of treatment comprising:

[0287] In some embodiments, a food composition or companion animal food product or kit as disclosed herein can be provided to the animal to be treated for the duration of the treatment. According to these embodiments, the food composition is provided to the companion animal on a daily basis for the duration of the treatment.

[0288] In certain embodiments, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated to provide an effective amount of active agents according to a specific dosage regimen.The food compositions herein can provide each of the active agents according to the desired daily dose.

[0289] In another aspect, the food compositions of the present disclosure can be administered to animals to deliver a desired amount of active agent per body weight. Dosing can be configured based on the species of the companion animal, as well as other factors such as sex, age, medical condition, etc.

[0290] In certain embodiments, food compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated to provide an animal with an effective daily dose (mg / kg bw) of one or more active agents, based on the animal's body weight. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of the food composition can be formulated to include: i) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a carnosic acid source; ii) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a hydroxytyrosol source; and iii) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a tannin source, an ellagic acid source, or a gallic acid source.

[0291] In certain embodiments, an effective amount of the food composition can be formulated to include: i) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a carnosic acid source; ii) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a hydroxytyrosol source; and iii) about 0.01 to about 10 mg / kg bw, about 0.01 to about 1 mg / kg bw, or about 0.04 to about 0.6 mg / kg bw of a tannic acid source, a gallic acid source, and / or an ellagic acid source.

[0292] It is further contemplated that the formulations and methods discussed herein may be employed in combination with other treatments.

[0293] It should be understood that in the daily practice of feeding companion animals, animal owners cannot always follow the systematic method of treating animals with food composition every day.However, the beneficial effect of eliciting or increasing immune response is fully provided when treating animals with the food composition described herein every other day.

[0294] The time period for eliciting or increasing an immune response or preventing or reducing the likelihood of infection and / or allergic reactions with the food compositions described herein can range from several days to several weeks.

[0295] According to certain other embodiments, the food compositions may be provided to the companion animal for an extended period of time, such as for a period of about 12 weeks or more; for a period of about 24 weeks or more; or for a period of about 30 weeks or more, (i) according to a feeding schedule that includes exclusively providing the companion animal with the food compositions described herein, or (ii) according to a schedule that alternates between feeding the food compositions described herein and another food composition.

[0296] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for the use of (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannin, such as a source of tannic acid, a source of ellagic acid, and / or a source of gallic acid, for the preparation of a medicament specifically directed to any one of the therapeutic conditions reported herein.

[0297] In a further aspect of the present disclosure, the food composition for pharmaceutical use may be in the form of a functional food, a diet, a food additive, a food preservative, a supplement, a drug, a food, or a nutritionally complete food composition.

[0298] Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated by the following exemplary embodiments. These examples should not be considered as limitations of the present disclosure, but are merely intended to instruct those skilled in the art in practicing the subject matter of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous changes in form, use, and implementation details can be made without exerting the inventive faculty and without departing from the principles and concepts of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited except as set forth in the claims below. [Example]

[0299] The subject matter of the present disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration, not limitation, of the present disclosure. The materials and methods used in the examples are summarized below.

[0300] Abbreviation: ATCO: Atmosphere Control BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole NS: Not significant PG: Propyl gallate PV: Peroxide value RM: Raw materials VHS:Very significant Example 1 1.1 Materials and Methods Peroxide value and hexanal level The resulting food products were analyzed to determine the peroxide value (PV) and hexanal level (hexanal). The PV was determined by visual detection at the end of the measurement according to the method for iodometric determination of the peroxide value of fatty substances of animal and vegetable origin: NF EN ISO 3960 (April 2017 edition) or NF EN ISO 27107 (June 2010 edition).

[0301] Hexanal levels were measured according to AOCS method Cg4-94 (AOCS. 1997) or according to a literature method (Azarbad, Determination of hexanal - an indicator of lipid oxidation by HS-GC-FID in food matrices, 2014).

[0302] Food products stored at ambient conditions were analyzed on the first day of the study (T0) and after 12 and 18 months (M12).

[0303] Food products stored under accelerated storage conditions were analyzed on the first day of the study (T0) and at the end of the study (after 120 days - D120).

[0304] Commercially available ingredients used in food products For cats, the food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Fit 32 (F32).

[0305] For dogs, the food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Medium adult (M25).

[0306] Antioxidant Combination Three antioxidant combinations were provided and tested throughout the examples: · Synthetic antioxidant standard (SA) using BHA, PG and citric acid; Natural antioxidant standard (NA1G) using mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract; A new natural antioxidant combination (NA2G) using olive extract, gall nut extract and rosemary extract.

[0307] food products The preparation of animal food is well known to those skilled in the art.

[0308] For cats, the food products tested were prepared as follows: F32 SA (positive control): Commercially available compounding ingredient F32 was added at 75 ppm (0.0075%) before extrusion. BHA and then mixed with 50 ppm (0.005%) BHA +17 ppm (0.0017%) PG +17 ppm (0.0017%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0309] F32 NA1G (positive control): Commercially available compounding ingredient F32 was diluted with 120 ppm (0.012%) of gamma and delta from mixed tocopherols prior to extrusion. Tocopherol and then 7 ppm (0.0007%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0310] F32 NA2G: Commercially available compound F32 was treated with 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) of gall extract prior to extrusion. Gallotannin and 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 7 ppm (0.0007%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0311] For dogs, the food products tested were prepared as follows: M25 SA (positive control): Commercially available compounding ingredient M25 was mixed with 75 ppm (0.0075%) BHA before extrusion, and then 50 ppm (0.005%) BHA +17 ppm (0.0017%) PG +17 ppm (0.0017%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0312] M25 NA1G (positive control): Commercially available compound M25 was treated with 120 ppm (0.012%) of gamma and delta tocopherols from mixed tocopherols prior to extrusion. Copherol and then 11 ppm (0.0011%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0313] M25 NA2G: Commercially available compound M25 was treated with 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) of gall extract prior to extrusion. Gallotannin and 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 11 ppm (0.0011%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0314] Each food product was produced twice (two production batches) using independent methods.

[0315] Food product storage The food products were stored at ambient or accelerated conditions for the specified period of time.

[0316] Ambient conditions: Store at room temperature and 50% relative humidity.

[0317] Accelerated conditions: Storage at 40°C and 50% relative humidity.

[0318] Packaging: Paper bag or controlled atmosphere bag (ATCO bag).

[0319] Study design for a feline consumption study The testing protocol used paired comparisons, also known as the "two-plate test."

[0320] In this study, two cat food diets (A and B) were presented in two identical dishes and offered to n cats. The cats were allowed to freely choose between the two foods. At the end of the study period, the amount of each food consumed was measured. A two-dish test always assesses the palatability of one food compared to the other. Enrolled cats were known to be able to self-regulate their food intake and were therefore fed ad libitum for 16 hours per day. During this time frame, the cats were allowed to choose between the two food dishes. At the end of the feeding period, only cats that had eaten more than 10 g of product were considered for the results.

[0321] Consumption rate is the proportion of each food item eaten by a group of animals compared to the total consumption of the panel. The rate was calculated as follows: Ratio A = (amount of food A consumed) / (amount of food A consumed + amount of food B consumed) Consumption rates were first calculated for each animal individually, and then the individual rates were averaged to obtain a group mean result.

[0322] Study design for a canine consumption study Dogs were provided with two dog food products (A and B) in the morning and two in the afternoon at predetermined times. The total amount of food in the four dishes (two dishes fed in the morning + two dishes fed in the afternoon) covered maintenance energy requirements. Food preference was determined by animal caregivers observing which dish was first eaten.

[0323] 1.2 Results The results presented are the average of batch 1 and batch 2.

[0324] A. The natural antioxidant combinations of the present disclosure affect the stability and shelf life of animal food products.

[0325] [Table 1]

[0326] [Table 2]

[0327] As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the NA2G combination was comparable to SA and NA1G in maintaining PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg fat and hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) for 120 days under accelerated storage conditions in cat food and dog food products. Thus, NA2G was found to be an excellent new natural shelf-stable food composition that can provide good shelf life for animal food products.

[0328] A.2. Ambient Storage Conditions

[0329] [Table 3]

[0330] [Table 4]

[0331] [Table 5]

[0332] [Table 6]

[0333] As shown in Tables 3-6, the NA2G combination was comparable to SA and NA1G in maintaining PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg fat and hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) in cat and dog food products for 12 months under ambient conditions in paper bags and for 18 months under ambient conditions in ATCO bags. Thus, the NA2G combination was found to be an excellent new shelf-stable food composition that induces good shelf life in animal food products.

[0334] B. The natural antioxidant combinations of the present disclosure affect the palatability of animal food products.

[0335] [Table 7]

[0336] [Table 8]

[0337] The sensory performance of the food products containing the NA2G combination was comparable to or better than that of the food products containing the SA combination during the shelf life for dogs and cats, as shown in Tables 7 and 8. Furthermore, Table 8 showed that the foods containing the NA2G combination were significantly more palatable than the commercially available food products (Pro Plan and Hill's products).

[0338] Example 2 2.1 Materials and Methods Peroxide value and hexanal level The resulting food products were analyzed to determine the peroxide value (PV) and hexanal level (hexanal). The peroxide value was determined by visual detection at the end of the measurement according to the method for iodometric determination of the peroxide value of fatty substances of animal and vegetable origin: NF EN ISO 3960 (April 2017 edition) or NF EN ISO 27107 (June 2010 edition).

[0339] Hexanal levels were measured according to AOCS method Cg 4-94 or according to a literature method (Azarbad and Jelen, Determination of hexanal - an indicator of lipid oxidation by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography (SHS-GC) in Fat-Rich Food Matrices, Food Analytical Methods 8(7), 2014).

[0340] Commercially available ingredients used in food products For cats, the first food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Sensible 33 (S33), and the second food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Urinary feline moderate calorie (UMC).

[0341] For dogs, the first food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Mobility (MOB), and the second food product is based on the commercially available formula ROYAL CANIN® Skin care for small dogs (SCD).

[0342] Antioxidant Combination Throughout the examples, two antioxidant combinations were provided and tested: · Synthetic antioxidant standard (SA) using BHA, PG and citric acid; A new natural antioxidant combination (NA2G) using olive extract (a source of hydroxytyrosol), gall extract (a source of hydrolyzable tannins) and rosemary extract (a source of carnosic acid).

[0343] food products The preparation of animal food is well known to those skilled in the art.

[0344] For cats, the first food tested was prepared as follows: S33 SA (positive control): Commercially available compounding ingredient S33 was added at 75 ppm (0.0075%) prior to extrusion. BHA and then 119 ppm (0.0119%) BHA + 40 ppm (0.004%) PG + 40 ppm (0.004%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0345] S33 NA2G: Commercially available compounding ingredient S33 was added at 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) from gall extract applied prior to extrusion. Gallotannin and 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 7 ppm (0.0007%) of carnosic acid from rosemary extract was applied via a fat coating.

[0346] The second food product tested was prepared as follows: UMC SA (positive control): Commercially available compounded ingredient UMC was added at 75 ppm (0.0075%) before extrusion. BHA Mixed with 25 ppm (0.0025%) BHA +9 ppm (0.0009%) PG +9 ppm (0.0009%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0347] UMC NA2G: The commercially available compound UMC was treated with 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) of gall extract prior to extrusion. Gallotannin and 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 7 ppm (0.0007%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0348] For dogs, the first food product was prepared as follows: MOB SA (positive control): Commercially available compounded ingredient MOB was added at 75 ppm (0.0075%) before extrusion. BHA Mixed with 32 ppm (0.0032%) BHA +11 ppm (0.0011%) PG +11 ppm (0.0011%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0349] MOB NA2G: The commercially available compound MOB was treated with 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) of gall extract prior to extrusion. Gallotannin and 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 11 ppm (0.0011%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0350] The second food product tested was prepared as follows: SCD SA (positive control): Commercially available compounded ingredient SCD was added at 75 ppm (0.0075%) before extrusion. BHA Mixed with 130 ppm (0.013%) BHA +43 ppm (0.0043%) PG +43 ppm (0.0043%) citric acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0351] SCD NA2G: The commercially available compound SCD was treated with 22.5 ppm (0.00225%) of gall extract prior to extrusion. Gallotanninand 25 ppm (0.0025%) from olive extract Hydroxytyrosol and then 11 ppm (0.0011%) of rosemary extract. Carnosic acid was applied via a fat coating.

[0352] Each food product was produced twice (two production batches) using independent methods.

[0353] Food product storage The food products were stored at ambient conditions for the specified period.

[0354] Ambient conditions: Store at room temperature and 50% relative humidity.

[0355] Accelerated conditions: Storage at 40°C and 50% relative humidity.

[0356] Packaging: Paper bag or controlled atmosphere bag (ATCO bag).

[0357] 2.2 Results The results presented are the average of batch 1 and batch 2.

[0358] A. The natural antioxidant combinations of the present disclosure affect the stability and shelf life of animal food products.

[0359] A.1 Ambient storage conditions

[0360] [Table 9]

[0361] [Table 10]

[0362] [Table 11]

[0363] [Table 12]

[0364] As shown in Tables 9-12, NA2G was comparable to SA in maintaining PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg fat and hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) in cat and dog food products for 12 months under ambient conditions in paper bags and 18 months in ATCO bags. Therefore, a combination of antioxidants including a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and a tannin, ellagic acid, or gallic acid source (NA2G) was found to be effective in inducing the shelf life of food compositions. Therefore, NA2G was found to induce good shelf life in animal food products and to be an excellent new shelf-life food composition.

[0365] B. The natural antioxidant combinations of the present disclosure affect the palatability of animal foods.

[0366] [Table 13]

[0367] [Table 14]

[0368] [Table 15]

[0369] As shown in Tables 13 to 15, during the shelf life of the cat and dog food products, the sensory performance of the food products containing the NA2G combination was equal to or better than that of the food products containing the SA combination.

[0370] Specifically, in Table 13, cat food products containing the NA2G combination were observed to be consumed in significantly greater amounts by cats at 3.5 or 5 months of age than food products containing the SA combination. Thus, cat food products containing a preserved food composition containing a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and a tannin source, an ellagic acid source, or a gallic acid source were observed to be significantly more palatable than synthetic antioxidant combinations.

[0371] Furthermore, as shown in Tables 14-15, the food containing the NA2G combination was shown to be significantly more preferred by cats and dogs at 3.5 months and 5.5 months, respectively, than the food containing the SA combination.

[0372] Thus, it has been observed that the preserved food compositions of the present disclosure comprising a source of carnosic acid, a source of hydroxytyrosol, and a source of tannins are palatable to animals.

[0373] Example 3 3.1 Materials and Methods Peroxide value and hexanal level The resulting food products were analyzed to determine the peroxide value (PV) and hexanal level (hexanal). The PV was determined by visual detection at the end of the measurement according to the method for iodometric determination of the peroxide value of fatty substances of animal and vegetable origin: NF EN ISO 3960 (April 2017 edition) or NF EN ISO 27107 (June 2010 edition).

[0374] Hexanal levels were measured according to AOCS method Cg 4-94 or as described in the literature (Azarbad, Determination of hexanal - an indicator of lipid oxidation by HS-GC-FID in food matrices, 2014).

[0375] Ingredients used in dry food products The dry food product (kibble) was based on a complete and balanced animal-based dry food formula containing 25% animal-based dry protein source (duck meal), a fat source, a carbohydrate source, and other active ingredients. The dry protein source contained the following antioxidants: Synthetic Antioxidant Standard (SA) (positive control): 80 ppm (0.008%) BHA, 26 ppm (0.0026%) PG and 26 ppm (0.0026%) citric acid .

[0376] Natural Antioxidant Standard (NA1G) (positive control): 180 ppm (0.018%) gamma and delta Tocopherol and 30 ppm (0.003%) Carnosic acid ; New Natural Antioxidant Combination (NA2G): 180 ppm (0.018%) Gamma and Delta Tocopherol and 30 ppm (0.003%) Carnosic acid .

[0377] Antioxidant Combination Three antioxidant combinations were provided and tested throughout the examples: · BHA-based products SA; · Product NA1G based on a mixture of gamma and delta (g+d) tocopherols; · NA2G, a product based on olive extract, gall nut extract and pomegranate extract.

[0378] Dry Food Products and Manufacturing Preparation of the animal dry food product (kibble) uses standard steps for pet food production well known to those skilled in the art.

[0379] The dry food products tested in this example were prepared as follows: The ingredients were received and stored at ambient temperature until use. The ingredients in the mill were premixed for 2 minutes using a paddle mixer before being milled in a hammer mill (sieved to 0.8 mm). This milled blend, along with all other antioxidants, including olive and gall extracts for NA2G, was introduced into a second mixer for final blending and mixing. This final blend was mixed for 5 minutes in the paddle mixer and then extruded under the following conditions: 100°C for approximately 2.5 minutes in the conditioner and 30 kPa and 120°C for approximately 1 minute in the extruder.

[0380] Half of the uncoated kibble was then stored in a paper bag at ambient conditions, while the other half was dried (90°C for 25 minutes) and then coated with fat and natural flavors (60°C for 3.5 minutes) and rosemary extract for NA2G. The coated kibble was then cooled at ambient temperature, typically 20-25°C, for approximately 30 minutes, temporarily stored in a silo (between 0 and 90 minutes), and then packaged in different sizes of paper bags, plastic bags, or nitrogen-flushed aluminum-plastic bags.

[0381] The animal dry food formulations for each antioxidant combination were as follows: Product SA (positive control): 75 ppm (0.0075%) BHA ; Product NA1G (positive control): 130 ppm (0.013%) gamma and delta tocopherols; Product NA2G: 32 ppm (0.0032%) Carnosic acid , 10 ppm (0.001%) Ellagic acid (Pomegranate extract) and 5 ppm (0.0005%) Hydroxytyrosol (Olive extract). TIFF2025131744000022.tif90157

[0382] Each dry food product was manufactured twice (two production batches) using independent methods.

[0383] Dry Product Storage The dry food products (uncoated and coated) were stored at ambient conditions for the specified period of time.

[0384] Ambient conditions: Store in paper bags at room temperature and 50% RH, or store in bags (ATCO bags) in an atmosphere-controlled room at 50% RH 3.2 Results The results presented are average values ​​for the batch.

[0385] A. The disclosed natural antioxidant combination NA2G affects the stability and shelf life of coated animal dry food products.

[0386] [Table 16]

[0387] [Table 17]

[0388] As shown in Table 16, the uncoated food failed to maintain PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg of fat, while the uncoated food maintained hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) in a paper bag at ambient conditions for 90 days.

[0389] As shown in Table 17, coated food products containing the NA2G combination were comparable to foods containing the SA combination in maintaining PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg fat and hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) under ambient conditions in paper bags for 12 months.

[0390] Thus, the use of a blend of rosemary, olive, and pomegranate extracts (NA2G) in kibble was as efficient as BHA or mixed tocopherols in maintaining PV below 10 mEq (10 mmol) per kg fat and hexanal below 15 ppm (0.0015%) for 12 months in paper bags.

[0391] In conclusion, it has been found that a food composition containing an effective amount of a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and at least one tannin source in combination is a new, more effective, shelf-stable food composition that can be used in animal food products. Furthermore, a food composition containing an effective amount of a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and at least one tannin source in combination is as effective as a tocopherol-free food composition.

[0392] Example 4 4.1 Materials and Methods The physiological parameters measured in this example are: immune function : Lymphocyte proliferation assay.

[0393] Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation PBMC proliferation measures the ability of lymphocytes placed in short-term tissue culture to undergo clonal expansion when stimulated in vitro by foreign molecules, antigens, or mitogens. CD4+ lymphocytes proliferate in response to antigenic peptides bound to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

[0394] This in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to an antigen occurs only if the animal has recovered from infection with a microorganism containing that antigen or has been vaccinated against that antigen. Thus, although some normal individuals may not be able to respond to a given antigen, most animals will respond to at least one of several common microbial antigens.

[0395] The blood was used to analyze the mitogenic proliferation responses of PBMCs to phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Sigma), concanavalin A (Con A, Sigma), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM, Sigma), simulating in vivo conditions.

[0396] Heparinized blood was diluted with medium to achieve 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 μl of blood per 100 μl per well. All experiments were performed in triplicate in 96-well flat-bottom plates (200 μl total volume per well). The medium used was RPMI 1640 + 10% FCS, 4 mM L-glutamine, 10 U / ml penicillin, and 100 μg / ml streptomycin. Preliminary studies using blood diluted to achieve 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 μl of blood per 100 μl per well demonstrated the best reproducibility and optimal response to mitogens when using 5 μl of blood per well for ConA and PWM, and 2.5 μl of blood per well for PHA. Mitogens were tested at concentrations that produced 50%–95% of the maximal effect (EC50 and EC95): PWM 0.01–0.05 μg / ml, ConA 0.1–0.5 μg / ml, and PHA 1–5 μg / ml. The mixtures were incubated at 37°C in a humidified incubator under a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 72 hours. Eight hours prior to the end of the incubation, 10 μl of [3H]-thymidine (1 μCi / well) was added. Tritiated thymidine incorporation was measured by liquid scintillation, and the PBMC proliferative response was expressed as a stimulation index (SI%), calculated by correcting the counts per minute (cpm) of stimulated cultures to the cpm of unstimulated cultures. Analysis was performed using GraphPrism software, generating a four-parameter curve fit with variable slope. EC50 values ​​were calculated for each mitogen, where possible.

[0397] Commercially available ingredients used in animal food products For dogs, an animal food product based on ROYAL CANIN® Medium adult (M25) and lacking non-essential "nutritional" antioxidants (green tea polyphenols, lutein, etc.) was tested. All ingredients were identical and synthetically preserved (except for the antioxidant-free fatty coating).

[0398] Antioxidant Combinations / Food Compositions Three antioxidant combinations were provided and tested throughout the examples: - A washout diet based on a low-dose synthetic preservative system based on BHA and propyl gallate (PG).

[0399] - Tocopherol-based placebo diet (control).

[0400] - A 2G antioxidant diet (test) based on gall nut extract (gallotannin), olive extract (hydroxytyrosol) and rosemary extract (carnosic acid).

[0401] animal food products The preparation of animal food products is well known to those skilled in the art. The animal food products were maintenance complete dry food that met the minimum requirements of AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials).

[0402] Table 18 shows the accuracy of each preservation system for the three animal food products tested, along with the active compound dose and application point in the process.

[0403] [Table 18]

[0404] To mitigate differences in storage stability due to different preservation systems, the finished product was packaged in aluminum bags containing oxygen absorbers.

[0405] Study design The tested animal food products were distributed according to energy requirements. Access to water was not restricted. Daily consumption for each dog was recorded.

[0406] The inclusion criteria for the dogs were: (i) various breeds and strains, (ii) age: over 3 years, (iii) good general health, (iv) absence of disease, and (v) no experimental dietary restrictions.

[0407] Exclusion criteria for dogs were: (i) illness declared before or during the study, (ii) refusal to feed.

[0408] Seventeen female dogs were fed the same washout food product for eight weeks.

[0409] The dogs were divided into two groups: antioxidant 2G (test) and placebo (control). They were then given either 2G or the placebo food product for 8 weeks, followed by an 8-week washout period. The 2G and placebo groups were then reversed for the final 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken every 8 weeks, and physiological parameters were monitored to assess the effects of the antioxidant combination, i.e., the animal food product, on immune function. The study duration was 32 weeks.

[0410] 2G group: 8 dogs and placebo group: 9 dogs.

[0411] statistical analysis For lymphocyte proliferation assays, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of two related samples.

[0412] 4.2 Results 4.2.1 Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation

[0413] [Table 19]

[0414] The proliferative response of PBMC after 8 weeks of consumption was higher in the 2G group than in the placebo group (Table 19).

[0415] Dogs fed the 2G diet had significantly higher proliferative responses to PWM (0.01 μg / ml and 0.05 μg / ml), ConA (0.1 μg / ml), and PHA (1 μg / ml) after 8 weeks.

[0416] Thus, 8 weeks of supplementation with hydroxytyrosol, gallotannins, and carnosic acid significantly (p>0.05) increased lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogenic stimulation (low concentrations of PHA and Con A and low and high concentrations of PWH).

[0417] In summary, the 2G antioxidant blend was found to positively modulate immune responses in healthy dogs.

[0418] Example 5 5.1 Materials and Methods The physiological parameters measured in this example were: immune function : Lymphocyte proliferation assay and vaccine response.

[0419] Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation PBMC proliferation measures the ability of lymphocytes placed in short-term tissue culture to undergo clonal expansion when stimulated in vitro by foreign molecules, antigens, or mitogens.

[0420] This method involves isolating PBMCs, placing the isolated cells in individual wells of a 96-well plate with or without various stimuli, and growing them for two days at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. On day 2, proliferation was detected by adding the yellow tetrazolium compound MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) for 4 hours. MTT is reduced by metabolically active cells, in part by the action of dehydrogenases, to generate reducing equivalents such as NADH and NADPH. The resulting intracellular purple formazan was then solubilized and quantified spectrophotometrically at 560 nm and 690 nm. This is proportional to the number of proliferating cells, which is in turn a function of the number of lymphocytes stimulated by a given mitogen to mount a proliferative response.

[0421] The mitogens used were concanavalin A (Con A, 5 and 1 μl / ml for dogs, 2.5 and 0.25 μl / ml for cats), phytohemagglutinin A (PHA, 20 and 2 μl / ml for dogs, 1.25 and 0.25 μl / ml for cats), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM, 2 and 0.25 μl / ml for dogs, 0.25 and 0.05 μl / ml for cats).

[0422] Commercially available ingredients used in animal food products For dogs, an animal food product based on ROYAL CANIN® Medium adult (M25) and lacking non-essential "nutritional" antioxidants (green tea polyphenols, lutein, etc.) was tested.

[0423] For cats, an animal food product based on ROYAL CANIN® FIT 32 (F32) and lacking non-essential "nutritional" antioxidants (green tea polyphenols, lutein, etc.) was tested.

[0424] All ingredients were the same and synthetically preserved (except for the fatty coating, which contains no antioxidants).

[0425] Antioxidant Combination Three antioxidant combinations are provided and tested throughout the examples: - Preservative-free washout diet.

[0426] - Placebo diet (control) without added preservatives.

[0427] - 2G of antioxidants (tested) based on gall nut extract (combination of gallotannins), olive extract (hydroxytyrosol) and rosemary extract (carnosic acid).

[0428] animal food products The preparation of animal food products is well known to those skilled in the art. The animal food products were maintenance complete dry food that met the minimum requirements of AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials).

[0429] The accuracy of each preservation system, along with the active compound dose and application point in the process, for the three animal food products tested is shown in Table 20. Only the carnosic acid dose differed between cats and dogs.

[0430] [Table 20]

[0431] To mitigate differences in storage stability due to different preservation systems, the finished product was packaged in an aluminum bag containing an oxygen absorber pouch.

[0432] Canine study design The inclusion criteria were: (i) various breeds and strains, (ii) age: >3 years, (iii) good overall health, (iv) absence of disease, (v) no experimental dietary restrictions, (vi) sex: male and female, (vii) weight: >7 kg, and (viii) no current medications, including systemic steroid therapy or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.

[0433] Exclusion criteria were: (i) illness declared before or during the study, (ii) refusal to feed, and (iii) dogs vaccinated within the past 6 months before the study.

[0434] Thirty healthy dogs were fed the washout food product (M25 base) for four weeks.

[0435] After four weeks, the dogs were divided into two groups: the antioxidant 2G (test) and the placebo (control). They were then fed either the 2G or placebo food product for 40 weeks. Blood samples were taken from fasted dogs at weeks 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 28, 36, and 44. At week 12, a rabies vaccination was administered after the scheduled blood collection.

[0436] 2G group: 15 dogs and placebo group: 15 dogs.

[0437] [Table 21]

[0438] The inclusion criteria for cats were as follows: (i) various breeds and strains, (ii) age: >3 years, (iii) good overall health, (iv) absence of disease, (v) no experimental diet restrictions, (vi) sex: male and female, and (vii) absence of current medication, including systemic steroid therapy or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.

[0439] Exclusion criteria were: (i) illness declared before or during the study, (ii) refusal to feed, and (iii) cats that had been vaccinated in the past 6 months before the study.

[0440] Twenty-one healthy cats were fed a washout food product (F32 for Cats) for four weeks.

[0441] Cats were divided into two groups: the antioxidant 2G (test) and the placebo (control). They were then fed either the 2G or placebo food product for 40 weeks. Blood samples were taken from fasted cats at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 28, 36, and 44 weeks.

[0442] The mitogen used was 0.25 μg / ml of Concavalin A (Con A), which is referred to as a low concentration.

[0443] 2G group: 10 cats and placebo group: 11 cats.

[0444] statistical analysis Mixed models were used to test the effects of time (2–9 levels), food product (2 levels), and their interactions on all measured parameters. Dog effects were modeled as random terms. Maximum likelihood analysis was based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML).

[0445] Residual distributions were checked and mathematical transformations were used where necessary. P values ​​were adjusted by Scheffe's method to avoid alpha risk inflation. The significance level was set at 5%.

[0446] 5.2 Results 5.2.1 Canine lymphocyte proliferation There were significant differences between groups and over time in lymphocyte stimulation indices using low-dose PHA, low-dose ConA, and high-dose PWM (Table 22). The stimulation index was higher at week 12 than at week 4 in the 2G group. The stimulation index at week 12 in the 2G group was also higher than in the placebo group. After week 12, post-vaccination, the values ​​normalized between groups, as expected. PHA and ConA stimulated T lymphocytes, while PWM stimulated B and T lymphocytes.

[0447] [Table 22]

[0448] 5.2.2 Vaccine response to rabies booster vaccines in dogs All dogs received a rabies booster vaccine 12 weeks after blood collection, representing the initial baseline for each animal. Blood samples were analyzed every 2 weeks until week 20, and then every 8 weeks until week 44. Rabies antibodies peaked after 2 weeks in both groups, indicating a response to vaccination.

[0449] The rate of decline in rabies antibodies was slower in the 2G group than in the control group (Table 23). Dogs in the 2G group demonstrated a significantly higher vaccine response to rabies over time compared to the control group (Table 24).

[0450] [Table 23]

[0451] [Table 24]

[0452] Therefore, supplementation with the 2G food composition (hydroxytyrosol 25 ppm (0.0025%), tannin / gallic acid 22.5 ppm (0.00225%), carnosic acid 11 ppm (0.0011%)) for 40 weeks was shown to enhance the immune response to rabies vaccine over time through an increase in rabies-specific neutralizing antibodies.

[0453] 5.2.3 Feline Lymphocyte Proliferation Assay There were significant differences between groups and over time in lymphocyte stimulation indices when using low-dose PHA, low-dose ConA, and high-dose PWM (Table 25). The stimulation index was higher at week 12 than at week 4 in the 2G group. The stimulation index at week 12 in the 2G group was also higher than in the placebo group. After week 12, post-vaccination, the values ​​normalized between groups, as expected. PHA and ConA stimulated T lymphocytes.

[0454] [Table 25]

[0455] In conclusion, experimental data show that the food composition comprising at least an effective amount of a carnosic acid source, a hydroxytyrosol source, and at least one combination of a tannin source, an ellagic acid source, or a gallic acid source can induce an immune response in animals.In other words, the food composition of the present disclosure can induce a significant beneficial regulation of the immune function of animals.

[0456] Example 6 6.1 Materials and Methods The physiological parameters measured in this study were local immunity and intestinal inflammation. A key strategy for intestinal immune protection is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), the most abundant antibody isotype produced in the body and the second most prevalent isotype in the circulation after IgG. IgA is produced in large amounts in mucosal lymphoid tissues and plays an important role in mucosal immunity.

[0457] Canine calprotectin, the S100A8 / A9 protein complex, and S100A12 (also known as calgranulin C) are Ca2+-binding proteins of the S100 / calgranulin family and have been implicated in acute and chronic inflammation and malignant transformation. These proteins are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and metastasis and, after extracellular release, function as endogenous danger signaling molecules (alarmins). Calprotectin and S100A12 are potential markers of inflammation in dogs. Fecal calprotectin and S100A12 have been shown to correlate with several clinical disease activities. Fecal calprotectin, S100A12, and IgA are useful markers for assessing intestinal inflammation or local immunity.

[0458] The study design, food products and antioxidant combinations used in this example were the same as those used and described in Example 5 above for dogs.

[0459] Fecal samples were collected on three consecutive days each week at weeks 20, 28, 36, and 44. Samples were collected individually for each dog or pooled between two dogs (within the same group) if the dogs were housed in pairs. Samples were frozen and sent to the laboratory for analysis.

[0460] 6.2 Results The results below are analyzed by group over the entire period using the average values ​​for three consecutive days.

[0461] Fecal IgA was significantly lower in the 2G diet group than in the control group throughout the study period (Wilcoxon / Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.0173). Fecal IgA ranged from 0.11 to 15.09 mg per gram of feces in the 2G diet group and from 0.15 to 21.22 mg per gram of feces in the control group. The median values ​​for the 2G diet and control groups were 0.675 and 1.36 mg per gram of feces, respectively.

[0462] Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly lower in the 2G diet group than in the control group throughout the study period (Wilcoxon / Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.0142). Fecal calprotectin levels ranged from 0.37 to 22.57 μg per gram of feces in the 2G diet group and from 0.37 to 58.9 μg per gram of feces in the control group. The median values ​​for the 2G diet and control groups were 0.41 and 0.59 μg per gram of feces, respectively.

[0463] Fecal S100A12 levels were significantly lower in the 2G diet group than in the control group throughout the study period (Wilcoxon / Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.0178). Fecal S100A12 levels ranged from 1.00 to 8952.86 ng / g of feces in the 2G diet group and from 1.67 to 15390.14 ng / g of feces in the control group. The median values ​​for the 2G diet and control groups were 11.56 and 21.24 ng / g of feces, respectively.

[0464] [Table 26]

[0465] [Table 27]

[0466] [Table 28]

[0467] 6.2.4 Conclusion Fecal IgA, calprotectin, and S100A12 were significantly reduced in the 2G diet group, indicating that 40 weeks of supplementation with the 2G food composition (hydroxytyrosol 25 ppm (0.0025%), 10 tannins / gallic acid 22.5 ppm (0.00225%), and carnosic acid 11 ppm (0.0011%)) beneficially impacts local immunity and intestinal inflammation in dogs.

[0468] Although the subject matter of the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application, as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, and steps described herein. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate from this disclosure of the subject matter of the present disclosure, any now-existing or later-developed process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, method, or step that performs substantially the same function or achieves substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiment described herein can be utilized in accordance with the subject matter of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

[0469] All patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols are cited throughout this application, the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail.

[0470] Embodiment 1 an effective amount (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) Tannin source A food composition comprising a combination of:

[0471] Embodiment 2 2. The food composition of embodiment 1, wherein the tannin source is present in an amount less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0472] Embodiment 3 3. The food composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the (i) source of carnosic acid, (ii) source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) source of tannins are each present in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0473] Embodiment 4 4. The food composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the (i) carnosic acid source, (ii) hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) tannin source are each present in an amount ranging from about 3 ppm (about 0.0003%) to less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0474] Embodiment 5 5. The food composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the tannin source is a hydrolyzable tannin source.

[0475] Embodiment 6 2. The food composition of embodiment 1, wherein the tannin source is a gallotannin source, an ellagitannin source, or a combination thereof.

[0476] Embodiment 7 2. The food composition of embodiment 1, wherein the tannin source is a source of tannic acid, a source of gallic acid, a source of ellagic acid, or a combination thereof.

[0477] Embodiment 8 2. The food composition of embodiment 1, wherein the tannin source is a combination of tannic acid sources.

[0478] Embodiment 9 2. The food composition of embodiment 1, wherein the tannin source is a combination of a tannic acid source and a gallic acid source, the ratio of tannic acid:gallic acid ranging from about 1:5 to about 1:50.

[0479] Embodiment 10 10. The food composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, which does not contain tocopherol.

[0480] Embodiment 11 11. The food composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, characterized in that it is a functional food, a diet, a food additive, a food preservative, a supplement, a drug, a food, or a nutritionally complete food composition.

[0481] Embodiment 12 12. A companion animal food product comprising the food composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 11.

[0482] Embodiment 13 13. The companion animal food product of embodiment 12, which is tocopherol-free.

[0483] Embodiment 14 1. A kit for preparing a companion animal food product, comprising: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) Tannin source Includes a kit.

[0484] Embodiment 15 15. Use of the food composition, product or kit of any one of embodiments 1 to 14 as a preservative in an animal food product.

[0485] Embodiment 16 15. A food composition, product or kit according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14 for use as a pharmaceutical.

[0486] Embodiment 17 15. The food composition, product or kit of any one of embodiments 1 to 14 for use in a method for eliciting or increasing an immune response in an animal, or for preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of infection and / or an allergic reaction in an animal.

[0487] Embodiment 18 15. The food composition, product or kit according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, for use in eliciting or increasing an immune response against a viral or bacterial or parasitic infection.

[0488] Embodiment 19 A method for producing a companion animal food product, comprising the steps of mixing (i) a source of carnosic acid, (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol, and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0489] Embodiment 20 A method for maintaining the PV (peroxide value) of a companion animal food product, comprising contacting the companion animal food product with a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0490] Embodiment 21 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein said PV of said companion animal food product is less than 10 mEq (10 millimoles) per kg fat for at least 12 months.

[0491] Embodiment 22 The method of embodiment 20 or 21, wherein (i) the carnosic acid source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) the tannin source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0492] Embodiment 23 A method for maintaining the hexanal level of a companion animal food product, comprising contacting the companion animal food product with a combination of: (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins.

[0493] Embodiment 24 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the hexanal level of the companion animal food product is less than about 15 ppm (about 0.0015%) for at least about 12 months.

[0494] Embodiment 25 The method of embodiment 23 or 24, wherein (i) the carnosic acid source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), (ii) the hydroxytyrosol source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%), and (iii) the tannin source is in an amount of less than about 40 ppm (about 0.004%).

[0495] Embodiment 26 A method for treating, preventing or reducing the likelihood of cellular oxidative stress, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0496] Embodiment 27 A method for treating, preventing, or reducing the likelihood of inflammation or the occurrence of an inflammatory disorder, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0497] Embodiment 28 A method for inducing or preventing an immune response in a companion animal, comprising the steps of providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and administering an effective amount of the food composition or companion animal food product or kit to the companion animal.

[0498] Embodiment 29 A method of treatment as defined above, such as for preventing or reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of infection and / or allergic reactions in companion animals, comprising: a) providing a food composition or companion animal food product or kit comprising effective amounts of at least a combination of (i) a carnosic acid source, (ii) a hydroxytyrosol source, and (iii) a tannin source; and b) administering an effective amount of said food composition or companion animal food product or kit to said companion animal. A method of treatment comprising:

Claims

[Claim 1] an effective amount (i) a source of carnosic acid; (ii) a source of hydroxytyrosol; and (iii) a source of tannins A food composition comprising a combination of:

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