Ingestible device with propulsion and imaging capabilities

Abstract

To provide an ingestible device with propulsion and imaging capabilities.SOLUTION: Introduced herein is an ingestible device with propulsion and imaging capabilities comprising a capsule, a camera, an antenna, and a propulsion component. The camera can capture images of various in vivo environments as the ingestible device traverses the gastrointestinal tract, and these images can be wirelessly transmitted to an electronic device located outside the living body. The images may be transmitted to the electronic device for review by an operator involved in controlling the ingestible device.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6A

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 868,109, entitled "Ingestible Device with Propulsion and Imaging Capabilities," filed June 28, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to devices designed to generate images of biological structures located inside a living body and then transmit the images to an electronic device located outside the living body. [Background technology]

[0003] Endoscopy is a medical procedure during which structures within the body are visually inspected using a camera affixed to the end of a flexible tube. Alternatively, an optical fiber exposed near the end of the flexible tube may carry light reflected by structures within the body to a camera located outside the body. The flexible tube is used to position the camera or optical fiber at a desired location. Medical personnel can diagnose conditions affecting the body by examining images generated by the camera. For example, during an upper endoscopy, a flexible tube is inserted through the mouth or nose so that the medical personnel can examine the esophagus, stomach, or upper portion of the small intestine (also called the "duodenum"). During a lower endoscopy (also called a "colonoscopy"), a flexible tube is inserted through the rectum so that the medical personnel can examine the large intestine (also called the "colon").

[0004] Advances have been made in the quality, reliability, and safety of endoscopy. For example, improvements in camera resolution have enabled medical professionals to provide more informative (and therefore more accurate) views. However, endoscopy is an invasive procedure and therefore has several potential complications. Patients may suffer from infection, unexpected reactions to sedation (including death), bleeding (e.g., due to the removal of tissue for testing as part of a biopsy test), or tissue tearing due to the friction of advancing a flexible tube through a curve, particularly in cancer patients where chemotherapy drugs weaken the tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or in pediatric patients whose anatomical structures are more fragile and / or physically smaller.

[0005] Furthermore, endoscopy can be a time-consuming procedure that requires expensive hospital resources. For example, a patient may be prepared for an endoscopy while at home, travel to a medical facility, and then be instructed to remain at the medical facility until sufficient recovery has occurred. This experience can take as long as 8 to 12 hours, even though the endoscopy itself lasts only 15 to 30 minutes. The recovery time associated with sedation spent at a medical facility, such as a hospital or clinic, can be a significant contributor to the overall cost of the procedure. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Modern research has begun to explore ways to monitor the in vivo environment in a more effective manner. For example, several entities have developed cameras capable of capturing images of the digestive tract. Typically, these cameras are placed in a vitamin-sized capsule that can be swallowed by the patient. The camera can generate hundreds or thousands of images as the capsule progresses through the digestive tract, and these images can be transmitted wirelessly to an electronic device carried by the patient. This procedure is called "capsule endoscopy."

[0007] Capsule endoscopy allows medical professionals to observe in vivo environments, such as the small intestine, that cannot be easily reached using conventional endoscopes. However, capsule endoscopy remains a relatively rare procedure. One reason for this is the lack of control of the camera following ingestion of the capsule. The area of ​​interest may be missed by the camera due to the orientation of the capsule as it naturally progresses through the digestive tract. Another reason is that the device used for capsule endoscopy can take several hours to reach the target anatomical structure and then several more hours to record the images. The patient may then need to return to a medical facility (e.g., a hospital or clinic) and deliver the recorded images.

[0008] What is introduced herein, therefore, is a propelled ingestible device (also referred to as a "pill" or "pillbot") that includes a capsule (also referred to as an "enclosure"), a camera, an antenna, and one or more propulsion and control components. Because the ingestible device is designed to propel itself through the living body, the ingestible device may be referred to as a "propelled device."

[0009] The camera can generate images as the ingestible device traverses the digestive tract. The camera can be designed to capture images at various frame rates, for example, 2, 6, or 15 frames per second (fps). In some embodiments, the camera can capture images at greater than 15 fps. The frame rate can vary based on the speed at which the ingestible device travels. For example, the ingestible device can be designed to increase the frame rate as speed increases. Images generated by the camera are transferred to an antenna for transmission to an electronic device located outside the body. More specifically, a processor can transmit the images to a transceiver, which is responsible for modulating the images onto the antenna for transmission to the electronic device. In some embodiments, the images are transmitted to the electronic device in real time so that medical personnel can take appropriate action based on the content of the images. For example, medical personnel may find an area of ​​interest requiring further examination in response to reviewing the images. In such a scenario, a propulsion component can orient the propulsive ingestible device so that the camera is focused on the area of ​​interest. Such measures may enable the ingestible device to collect additional data (eg, in the form of images, biological measurements, etc.) about the area of ​​interest.

[0010] The medical practitioner may be a general practitioner, a specialist (e.g., a surgeon or gastroenterologist), a nurse, or a technician involved in managing the ingestible device as it progresses through the body. However, unlike traditional endoscopy, the medical practitioner need not be located in close proximity to the patient (also referred to as the "subject") being examined. For example, the medical practitioner may review images generated by a camera on an electronic device located in a remote hospital while the patient is in another environment, such as at home, on a battlefield, or elsewhere. In this way, the capabilities of a traditional GI department may be expanded using the techniques described herein. The present invention provides, for example, the following. (Item 1) 1. A device designed for uptake by a living organism, said device comprising: a capsule having a pair of rounded ends, said capsule including an interior surface defining a cavity; a camera configured to generate an image of the in vivo structure; a plurality of pushers configured to control movement of the device about three mutually perpendicular axes while the device is located within the living body; and The antenna and a processor configured to cause wireless transmission of the image via the antenna to a receiver located outside the living body; a transceiver configured to modulate data representing the image prior to transmission by the antenna; A device comprising: (Item 2) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the camera is located at a first rounded end of the pair of rounded ends. (Item 3) Item 3. The device of item 2, wherein the plurality of pushers are located at a second rounded end of the pair of rounded ends. (Item 4) The processor further comprises: receiving an input indicating a request to position the capsule; generating a plurality of signals for driving the plurality of thrusters based on the input; transmitting each of the plurality of signals to a corresponding one of the plurality of thrusters; Item 1. The device of item 1, configured to: (Item 5) The processor further comprises: receiving an input indicating a request to modify the position and / or orientation of the capsule; driving at least one of the plurality of propellers based on the input; and Item 1. The device of item 1, configured to: (Item 6) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein all externally exposed surfaces of the capsule are made of a biocompatible material. (Item 7) Item 10. The device of item 1, further comprising an antimicrobial layer coated along the exterior surface of the capsule. (Item 8) 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the antimicrobial layer comprises antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). (Item 9) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the multiple thrusters and the transceiver are located in close proximity to the capsule to improve heat dissipation. (Item 10) Item 10. The device of item 1, further comprising a power supply electrically coupled to the camera, the antenna, the processor, or the transceiver. (Item 11) Item 11. The device of item 10, wherein the power supply is a battery sealed within the capsule. (Item 12) The processor further comprises: determining a status of the power supply indicative of the amount of energy currently available; causing wireless transmission of said state via said antenna to said receiver located outside said living body; Item 11. The device of item 10, configured to: (Item 13) further comprising a light sensor sensitive to visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light; the processor is further configured to cause the device to remain in a low power state in response to the light sensor detecting a change in light intensity. Item 1. The device according to item 1. (Item 14) Further comprising a magnetic sensor sensitive to a magnetic field; the processor is further configured to cause the device to remain in a low power state in response to detection by the magnetic sensor of a change in a magnetic field. Item 1. The device according to item 1. (Item 15) Item 10. The device of item 1, further comprising an illumination source configured to illuminate at least a portion of the field of view of the camera. (Item 16) A flexible substrate, the flexible substrate having a plurality of electronic components mounted thereon. Furthermore, The flexible substrate comprises: a plurality of rigid areas on which the plurality of electronic components are mounted; a conductive layer serving as a connection between the plurality of electronic components; a non-conductive layer positioned adjacent to the conductive layer; and Item 1. The device of item 1, comprising: (Item 17) Item 17. The device of item 16, wherein the plurality of electronic components include the camera, the antenna, the processor, the transceiver, or any combination thereof. (Item 18) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the antenna is a loop antenna. (Item 19) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the antenna is a straight, bent, curved, or serpentine antenna having an electrical length of one-eighth to one-third of the operating wavelength of the transceiver. (Item 20) 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is capable of performing a self-diagnostic test in response to (i) determining that the device has been activated or (ii) determining that a request has been received, the self-diagnostic test involving causing the camera to generate a test image. (Claim 21) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the data representing the image is compressed and / or encrypted prior to transmission by the antenna. (Item 22) The processor further comprises: Initiate communication with the receiver according to a pairing protocol Item 1. The device according to item 1, configured to: (Item 23) Item 23. The device of item 22, wherein the pairing protocol involves frequency hopping. (Item 24) Item 10. The device of item 1, wherein the processor is further configured to automatically adjust image resolution and / or frame rate based on where the device is located within the living body. (Item 25) 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a control circuit, a first input indicative of instructions to operate a camera of an ingestible device designed for ingestion by a living organism; causing the camera to generate an image of the in vivo structure in response to the first input by the control circuitry; transferring, by said control circuitry, said image to a transceiver for modulation onto an antenna for wireless transmission to a receiver; A method comprising: (Item 26) receiving, by the control circuitry, a second input indicating a request to alter the position and / or orientation of the ingestible device; driving, by the control circuitry, a propulsion component of the device based on the second input; 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: (Item 27) examining, by the control circuitry, data generated by a sensor configured to generate a value indicative of a measure of a characteristic of the living body; generating, by said control circuitry, signals for driving said propulsion components in real time based on said second input and data generated by said sensors; 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: (Item 28) 1. A method comprising: forming a hole in a flexible substrate; Positioning a motor shaft through a hole in the flexible substrate; forming a seal between the flexible substrate and the motor shaft around the periphery of the hole; A method comprising: (Item 29) 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the motor shaft has a larger diameter than the hole, and the forming includes expanding the hole in the flexible substrate around the motor shaft in a manner such that a resilient interference fit is created between the flexible substrate and the motor shaft. (Item 30) Item 29. The method of item 28, wherein the flexible substrate comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). (Item 31) Item 29. The method of item 28, further comprising bonding the flexible substrate to a motor housing along a periphery to form a hermetic seal. (Item 32) Item 32. The method of item 31, wherein the flexible substrate is adhered using a UV-curable adhesive. (Item 33) Item 29. The method of item 28, wherein the hole is one of a plurality of holes in the flexible substrate, each of the plurality of holes forming a seal around a corresponding motor shaft. (Item 34) 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the flexible substrate is one of a plurality of flexible substrates expanded around the motor shaft, each of the plurality of flexible substrates forming a separate seal along the motor shaft. (Item 35) 1. An ingestible device comprising: a capsule having a central axis defined therethrough; four rotors arranged in a cross configuration such that rotors radially opposite one another relative to the central axis share common handedness, while rotors rotatably adjacent one another relative to the central axis have opposite handedness; Equipped with each rotor of the four rotors is located within a different channel defined through the capsule; Each channel is an inlet through which fluid is admitted by the corresponding rotor; an outlet through which the fluid is expelled by the corresponding rotor; 1. An ingestible device comprising: (Item 36) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each rotor of the four rotors has a fixed pitch. (Item 37) 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein the capsule includes a substantially cylindrical compartment interconnected between a first rounded compartment and a second rounded compartment. (Item 38) an inlet of each of the channels is located within a generally cylindrical compartment of the capsule; The outlet of each channel is located within a first rounded section of the capsule. 38. The ingestible device of item 37. (Item 39) further comprising four motors configured to provide power to the four rotors; Each of the four motors is responsible for independently driving a corresponding rotor of the four rotors. 36. The ingestible device of item 35. (Item 40) an inlet of each said channel having a first diameter; the output of each channel has a second diameter less than the first diameter. 36. The ingestible device of item 35. (Item 41) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein the four rotors are arranged along a radial plane perpendicular to the central axis. (Item 42) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each rotor of the four rotors includes a single blade. (Item 43) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each rotor of the four rotors comprises a biocompatible material. (Item 44) 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each rotor of the four rotors comprises a stainless steel alloy, a polymer, a fiber-reinforced polymer, or a combination thereof. (Item 45) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each rotor of the four rotors has a hydrophobic coating or a hydrophilic coating. (Item 46) Item 36. The ingestible device of item 35, wherein each channel further includes a filter through which fluid entering through the inlet is passed by the corresponding rotor to remove suspended objects above a certain size. (Item 47) 1. A device designed for progression through a living organism, said device comprising: Capsules and a camera configured to generate an image of the in vivo structure; a pusher configured to cause movement of the device; a processor configured to generate and provide to the propulsor a signal for controlling the propulsor; A device comprising: (Item 48) Item 48. The device of item 47, wherein the capsule has a generally cylindrical body interconnected between a pair of ends, and the camera is located at a first end of the pair of ends. (Item 49) Item 49. The device of item 48, wherein the pusher is one of a plurality of pushers located at a second end of the pair of ends. (Item 50) Item 48. The device of item 47, further comprising at least one electric motor configured to provide power to the propulsor. (Item 51) The processor further comprises: receiving an input indicating a request to position the capsule; generating a plurality of signals for driving the at least one electric motor based on the input; transmitting each signal of the plurality of signals to a motor of the at least one motor involved in providing power to a corresponding one of the plurality of propulsors; Item 51. The device of item 50, configured to perform the following: (Item 52) A flexible substrate, a plurality of rigid surfaces on which the camera, the processor, and the at least one motor are mounted; a conductive layer, the conductive layer serving as a connection between the camera, the processor, and the at least one motor; a non-conductive layer positioned adjacent to the conductive layer; and a flexible substrate comprising: Item 51. The device of item 50, further comprising: (Item 53) Item 48. The device of item 47, further comprising a plurality of hydrodynamic surfaces located in proximity to the propeller to control or reduce vortex components of fluid motion induced by the propeller. (Item 54) 1. An ingestible device comprising: an elongated structural body, the elongated structural body having a central axis therethrough; a first pair of thrusters, the first pair of thrusters being disposed at locations radially offset from the central axis and at different angular offsets about the central axis; at least one motor configured to provide power to the first pair of propellers; 1. An ingestible device comprising: (Item 55) Item 55. The ingestible device of item 54, wherein each thruster of the first pair of thrusters is configured to generate thrust along a vector substantially parallel to the central axis. (Item 56) Item 55. The ingestible device of item 54, wherein the first pair of propellers are arranged radially opposite one another relative to the central axis. (Item 57) 1. A processor, comprising: receiving an input indicating a request to alter a position and / or orientation of the ingestible device; driving at least one thruster of the first pair of thrusters in response to the input; a processor configured to: 55. The ingestible device of item 54, further comprising: (Item 58) further comprising a plurality of channels defined through the elongated structure body in a direction generally parallel to the central axis; each thruster of the first pair of thrusters is located in a different channel of the plurality of channels; 55. The ingestible device of item 54. (Item 59) a second pair of thrusters arranged radially about the elongated structural body perpendicular to the central axis; the second pair of thrusters are arranged radially opposite one another relative to the central axis; 57. The ingestible device of item 56. (Item 60) the first pair of propellers are configured to rotate in a clockwise direction about the central axis; the second pair of propellers are configured to rotate counterclockwise about the central axis; the first pair of thrusters and the second pair of thrusters are arranged such that rotatably adjacent thrusters rotate in opposite directions; Item 59. The ingestible device of item 59. (Item 61) 1. A processor, comprising: receiving an input indicating a request to position the ingestible device at a desired location and / or orientation; in response to an input indicating a desire to position the ingestible device at a desired location and / or orientation; a first pair of signals for driving the first pair of thrusters; a second pair of signals for driving the second pair of thrusters; To generate a processor configured to: Item 59. The ingestible device of item 59, further comprising: (Item 62) Item 55. The ingestible device of item 54, wherein each thruster of the first pair of thrusters is independently driven by a different motor. (Item 63) 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a processor within a propulsive device located within a living body, an input indicating a request to alter the position and / or orientation of the propulsive device within the living body; driving, by the processor, a propulsion device thruster in response to the input; A method comprising: (Item 64) generating, by the processor, signals to drive thrusters of the propulsive device based on the input; transmitting, by the processor, the signal to a motor connected to the propulsion device to cause movement of the propulsion device; Item 64. The method of item 63, further comprising: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0011] Various features of the present technology will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the detailed description in conjunction with the drawings, in which: Embodiments of the present technology are illustrated, by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the drawings, in which like reference numerals may indicate similar elements.

[0012] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 includes a cross-sectional view of an example of a propulsive ingestible device designed to monitor an in-vivo environment as it progresses under its own power through a living body, such as a human or animal body.

[0013] [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A includes a front perspective view of a loading section of an ingestible device.

[0014] [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B includes a rear perspective view of the loading section of the ingestible device of FIG. 2A.

[0015] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 includes a perspective view of the power section of the ingestible device.

[0016] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 includes a perspective view of a drive section of an ingestible device.

[0017] [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A includes a perspective view of a propulsion section of an ingestible device.

[0018] [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B includes a transparent perspective view of the propulsion section of the ingestible device of FIG. 5A.

[0019] [Figure 5C] FIG. 5C illustrates how the pushers can be arranged adjacent to the stator blades within the distal element of the ingestible device.

[0020] [Figure 5D] FIG. 5D is an isolated posterior view of the distal element of FIG. 5C.

[0021] [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A includes a perspective view of an ingestible device having a rounded structural body with a central shaft therethrough.

[0022] [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B includes a side view of the ingestible device of FIG. 6A.

[0023] [Figure 6C] FIG. 6C includes a rear view of the ingestible device of FIG. 6A.

[0024] [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A includes a cross-sectional view of an ingestible device illustrating how reducing the size of the seal formed by the die-cut or perforated sheet compared to the diameter of the motor shaft allows a single line of contact to be created between the seal and the motor shaft.

[0025] [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B illustrates how the orifice disc may be secured within the pocket formed when the seal is potted inside the main seal body.

[0026] [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A depicts an embodiment of a flexible printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) in an expanded configuration.

[0027] [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B depicts the flexible PCBA of FIG. 8A in a folded configuration.

[0028] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 includes a high-level illustration of the communication between a device designed for ingestion by a living organism and a controller through which movement of the ingestible device is controlled.

[0029] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 depicts a flow diagram of a process for monitoring an in vivo environment using a device designed for uptake by a living organism.

[0030] [Figure 11]FIG. 11 depicts a flow diagram of a process for controlling a propulsive ingestible device with an optical sensor as it progresses through a living organism.

[0031] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 depicts an example of a communication environment including a propelled ingestible device communicatively coupled to a controller.

[0032] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a processing system in which at least some of the operations described herein may be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] Embodiments may be described with reference to particular capsule shapes, propulsion components, sensors, networks, etc. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that features of these embodiments are equally applicable to other capsule shapes, propulsion components, sensors, networks, etc. For example, while certain features may be described in the context of an ingestible sensor having multiple propellers arranged in a cross-shaped configuration, the features may be embodied in ingestible sensors having another type of propeller, or propellers in a different arrangement, or combinations thereof. Overview of Ingestible Devices

[0034] FIG. 1 includes a cross-sectional view of an example of an ingestible device 100 designed to monitor an in-vivo environment as it progresses through a living body, such as a human or animal body. Note that FIG. 1 and other illustrations herein are not drawn to scale and are shown significantly enlarged for added clarity. Because ingestible device 100 can be designed to propel itself through a living body, ingestible device 100 may be referred to as a "propulsive device." Ingestible device 100 includes a capsule 102 with a cylindrical body 104 and hydrodynamically atraumatically shaped ends 106a-b. One example of a hydrodynamically atraumatically shaped end is a rounded shape that does not cause injury upon contact with living tissue, such as the approximately hemispherical end shown in FIG. 1. This geometric shape may be referred to as a "spherical cylinder." While ingestible device 100 shown in FIG. 1 has an approximately hemispherical end, ends of other hydrodynamic shapes may also be included in other embodiments. For example, at least one end of capsule 102 may be dome-shaped with a flat portion through which light can be directed toward the optical sensor. As another example, at least one end of capsule 102 may be a truncated cone. At least one end of capsule 102 may also feature a fillet, leaving a flat or minimally curved surface along those ends. Cylindrical body 104 and hemispherical ends 106a-b may collectively be referred to as the "structural components" of capsule 102. To avoid contamination of the interior cavity defined by cylindrical body 104 and / or hemispherical ends 106a-b, the structural components may be hermetically sealed to one another.

[0035] In some embodiments, these structural components comprise the same material. For example, the structural components may comprise plastic (e.g., polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate, nylon, etc.), stainless steel, a titanium-based alloy, or another biocompatible material. The term "biocompatible," as used herein, means not harmful to living tissue. The biocompatible polymer may be three-dimensionally (3D) printed, machined, sintered, injection molded, or otherwise formed around the components of ingestible device 100. In other embodiments, these structural components comprise different materials. For example, hemispherical end 106a, within which optical sensor 110 is mounted, may be made of transparent plastic, while the other hemispherical end 106b and cylindrical body 104 may be made of a polymer or metal alloy. Additionally, these structural components may include a coating that prevents exposure of the structural components themselves to the in vivo environment. For example, these structural components may be coated with silicone rubber, diamond-like carbon, Teflon, or some other biocompatible, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic coating that aids in the safety, durability, or operational efficiency of ingestible device 100. Additionally or alternatively, these structural components may be coated with an antimicrobial material, such as antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).

[0036] As shown in FIG. 1 , at least one hemispherical end 106 a can include an opening 108 through which the field of view of optical sensor 110 extends. In some embodiments, opening 108 is filled with a transparent material, such as glass or plastic. Alternatively, optical sensor 110 may be positioned so that its outermost lens is substantially aligned with the exterior surface of hemispherical end 106 a, or optical sensor 110 may be positioned such that the focal length of the lens is similar to the radius of hemispherical end 106 a, ensuring that the focal point is at any anatomical structure that directly contacts ingestible device 100. While hemispherical end 106 a shown in FIG. 1 includes a single opening, other embodiments of hemispherical end 106 a may include multiple openings (e.g., for multiple optical sensors, biometric sensors, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, hemispherical end 106 a is composed entirely of a transparent material. In such embodiments, hemispherical end 106a may not include a dedicated opening for optical sensor 110, as optical sensor 110 can generate image data using electromagnetic radiation transmitted through the transparent material. Hemispherical end 106a may include surface features that diffuse or direct illumination exiting ingestible device 100. Additionally, a portion of hemispherical end 106a may be made substantially opaque to block or eliminate internal reflections of light that may interfere with optical sensor 110.

[0037] For manufacturing convenience, opening 108 will often be circular. However, opening 108 can have other shapes. For example, in some embodiments, opening 108 is rectangular, while in other embodiments, opening 108 has a rectangular portion with circular ends. These circular ends may be oriented on opposite sides of hemispherical end 106 a so that optical sensors positioned directly below the circular ends can observe the in vivo environment along both sides of propulsive ingestible device 100.

[0038] In various embodiments, the capsule 102 may have any of a variety of different sizes, such as any of those listed in Table I. [Table 1]

[0039] As shown in FIG. 1 , ingestible device 100 can include four segments with different roles: load segment 200, power segment 300, drive segment 400, and propulsion segment 500. Each of these segments is described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Although these segments are illustrated as distinct from one another, the components associated with each segment are not necessarily located within the corresponding boxes shown in FIG. 1 . For example, power segment 300 may include a power distribution unit that extends into load segment 200, drive segment 400, and / or propulsion segment 500 and delivers power to the components within those segments.

[0040] 2A includes a front perspective view of the loading section 200 of the ingestible device, while FIG. 2B includes a rear perspective view of the loading section 200 of the ingestible device. The loading section 200 may include an optical sensor 202, a power and data bus 204, a control unit 206, a manipulator controller 208, a hermetic seal 210, and an illumination source 212. Embodiments of the ingestible device may include some or all of these components and other components not shown here. For example, if the ingestible device is designed only for imaging, the loading section 200 may not include the manipulator controller 208 because no manipulation would be performed.

[0041] As the ingestible device traverses the GI tract, optical sensor 202 can generate image data based on electromagnetic radiation reflected by structures located within the GI tract. For example, if optical sensor 202 is a camera, images or video may be captured as the ingestible device progresses through the body. Another example of optical sensor 202 is an infrared sensor. Other embodiments of the ingestible device may include an acoustic sensor, such as ultrasound, instead of or in addition to optical sensor 202. Thus, the ingestible device may include one or more sensors configured to generate image data based on energy reflected by structures within the body. An illumination source 212 (also referred to as a "light source") housed within the ingestible device will typically be responsible for generating the electromagnetic radiation. An example of illumination source 212 is a light-emitting diode (LED). Here, illumination source 212 is arranged such that electromagnetic radiation is emitted through the same opening in the capsule through which reflected electromagnetic radiation is received. In other embodiments, the illumination source 212 is arranged such that electromagnetic radiation is emitted through a first opening in the capsule while reflected electromagnetic radiation is received through a second opening in the capsule.

[0042] Some embodiments of a propulsive ingestible device include multiple optical sensors 202. For example, the ingestible device may include a camera equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor assembly capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible range and an infrared sensor capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range. Collectively, these optical sensors can generate distinct data sets that provide meaningful information that can be useful in providing diagnosis and assisting spatial positioning. Here, for example, the infrared sensor may be capable of measuring heat emitted by objects contained within a color image captured by the camera.

[0043] Power and data bus 204 (also referred to as a "bus" or "bus connector") may be responsible for distributing data and / or power to various components within the propulsive ingestible device. For example, bus 204 may transfer image data generated by optical sensor 202 to control unit 206, which may transfer the image data to a transceiver configured to modulate the data onto an antenna for transmission to a receiver located outside the body. As described further below, the receiver may be part of an electronic device on which an individual may view images corresponding to the image data, control the ingestible device, etc. Bus 204 may include cables, connectors, a wireless chipset, a processor, etc. In some embodiments, bus 204 manages data and power on separate channels. For example, bus 204 may manage data using a first set of cables and power using a second set of cables. In other embodiments, bus 204 manages data and power on a single channel (e.g., with components capable of transferring data and power simultaneously).

[0044] The control unit 206 may be responsible for managing other components within the propulsive ingestible device. For example, the control unit 206 may be responsible for analyzing input received by the antenna and then providing appropriate instructions to other components within the propulsive ingestible device. As described further below, an individual may provide input using a controller device (or simply, "controller") located outside the body. The input may represent a request to start generating image data using the optical sensor 202, start transmitting image data using the antenna, stop generating image data using the optical sensor 202, stop transmitting image data using the antenna, or move the propulsive ingestible device to a desired location. The control unit 206 may include any combination of a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a microcontroller, a logic assembly, or other similar processing units.

[0045] In some embodiments, the propelled ingestible device is designed to manipulate the in vivo environment in some manner. In such embodiments, the payload section 200 may include interventional components such as a biopsy accessory, a needle, a cutting mechanism, a pushing mechanism, a cauterization mechanism (e.g., an ohmic or radiofrequency cauterization), or a drug delivery mechanism. The manipulator controller 208 can control these interventional components. For example, the manipulator controller 208 may control a biopsy accessory that extends through the capsule and collects tissue based on commands received from the control unit 206.

[0046] To prevent fluid from entering the capsule, the load section 200 and the power section 300 may be hermetically sealed to one another. Thus, a hermetic seal 210 may be bonded along the interface between the load section 200 and the power section 300. The hermetic seal 210 may be comprised of epoxy, metal, glass, plastic, rubber, ceramic, glue, or another sealing material. One factor in determining whether the materials used to form the hermetic seal 210 are suitable is whether the surface energy of the materials is similar to the surface energy of the substrate to which the hermetic seal 210 is bound. Thus, the composition of the hermetic seal 210 may depend on the composition of the structural components of the capsule. For example, if the structural components of the capsule include stainless steel, the hermetic seal 210 may be comprised of an epoxy resin with metal (e.g., stainless steel) particles suspended therein. Alternatively, the hermetic seal 210 may be formed using a flexible gasket, adhesive film, weld, seal, or the like.

[0047] 3 includes a perspective view of a power section 300 of an ingestible device. Power section 300 can include power components 302, a power distribution unit 304, and sealing seals 306a-b secured along each end. Sealing seals 306a-b can be substantially similar to sealing seal 210 secured to load section 200 as described with respect to FIG. 2. Furthermore, sealing seal 210 secured to the lower end of load section 200 can be the same seal as sealing seal 306a secured to the upper end of power section 300. Thus, a single sealing seal can join load section 200 and power section 300.

[0048] Power component 302 (also referred to as an "energy storage component") can be configured to provide power to other components of the propulsive ingestible device, such as any optical sensors, biometric sensors, processors, communication components (e.g., transmitters, receivers, transceivers, and antennas), and any other components that require power. For example, power component 302 may be responsible for providing the power needed to generate image data by an optical sensor (e.g., optical sensor 202 of FIG. 2). As another example, power component 302 may be responsible for generating drive energy to be applied to an antenna to cause wireless transmission of image data to a receiver located outside the body.

[0049] Power component 302 can be, for example, a silver oxide battery, a nickel-cadmium battery, a lithium battery (e.g., with a liquid cathode cell, a solid cathode cell, or a solid electrolyte cell), a capacitor, a fuel cell, a piezoelectric component, or another energy capture and / or storage device. In some embodiments, power component 302 includes one or more battery plates exposed to the fluid through which the ingestible device travels. In such embodiments, power component 302 can be designed to glide on a fluid (e.g., bodily fluids such as stomach acid) that is readily accessible within the in vivo environment for which the ingestible device is designed. Typically, batteries operate by shuttling positively charged ions from one location to another through a solution, called an electrolyte, which has positively and negatively charged particles. However, in the case of exposed battery plates, a pair of metal electrodes can be affixed to the exterior surface of the ingestible device. One metal electrode (e.g., made of zinc) can release ions into the fluid, which acts as an electrolyte by carrying a small electrical current to the other metal electrode (e.g., made of copper).

[0050] In some embodiments, power component 302 is designed to receive power wirelessly from a source located outside the body. In such embodiments, the source can generate a time-varying electromagnetic field that transmits power to power component 302. Power component 302 can extract power from the electromagnetic field and then provide it to other components within the ingestible device as needed. Power may be received either using the same antenna as that used for data transmission, or using a different antenna, an inductively coupled coil, or a capacitively coupled structure. The source may be a controller used to control the ingestible device, an electronic device used to review image data, or some other electronic device (e.g., a cell phone or wireless charger belonging to the patient). Alternatively, the wireless power source may be included in an article, such as a belt or band, that can be worn to be located near the ingestible device as the wireless power source travels through the body. Such wearable articles may include a battery pack, integrated within the article itself or attached to the patient. Additionally, such wearable articles may include one or more antennas for data transmission.

[0051] Power component 302 may be designed to fit within a particular compartment of the ingestible device. Here, for example, power component 302 has a button cell configuration, which allows power component 302 to be secured within the cylindrical body of the capsule. However, other embodiments of power component 302 may be designed to fit within the hemispherical end of the capsule or another area within the capsule.

[0052] As mentioned above, power distribution unit 304 may be responsible for distributing the power stored in power component 302 to other components within the ingestible device. Thus, components of power distribution unit 304 may extend within payload section 200, drive section 400, and / or propulsion section 500. For example, power distribution unit 304 may include cables connected to optical sensors, bus connectors, control units, control sensors, and / or manipulator controllers, which may be located within payload section 200. Power distribution unit 304 may also include components for regulating, stabilizing, or modifying the power to be distributed. Examples of such components include voltage regulators, converters (e.g., DC / DC converters), metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), capacitors, transformers, resistors, or inductors.

[0053] 4 includes a perspective view of a drive section 400 of an ingestible device. The drive section 400 can include an energy / transfer converter 402, a heat transfer component 404, and sealing seals 406a-b secured along each end. The sealing seals 406a-b can be the same as or substantially similar to the sealing seal 210 secured to the load section 200 as described with respect to FIG. 2. Furthermore, the sealing seal 306b secured to the lower end of the power section 300 can be the same seal as the sealing seal 406a secured to the upper end of the drive section 400. Thus, a single sealing seal can join the power section 300 and the drive section 400.

[0054] In response to receiving power from a power distribution unit (e.g., power distribution unit 304 in FIG. 3 ), mechanical power converter 402 can drive another component of the ingestible device. Here, for example, drive section 400 can include multiple motors, each responsible for driving a different propeller. Examples of motor 402 include DC or AC electric motors, drivers made of shape memory alloys, electromagnets, shafts, piezoelectric components, etc. The propellers may be connected to the motors by one or more shafts, gears, levers, bearings, etc.

[0055] Components within the ingestible device may generate heat that must be dissipated to avoid causing damage within the body. For example, components such as the energy / transfer converter and motor housing may generate heat if the propeller is driven for extended periods of time. Therefore, these components may include or be connected to heat transfer component 404, which can help dissipate this heat. In some embodiments, heat transfer component 404 directly bleeds heat into the fluid surrounding the ingestible device (e.g., water, bile, stomach acid, and mixtures thereof). For example, the motor housing may be made of a material (e.g., stainless steel) with acceptable thermal conductivity to aid in heat dissipation. In other embodiments, heat transfer component 404 bleeds heat into the capsule. Once heat is bled into the capsule, it may inevitably transfer into the fluid surrounding the ingestible device through conduction and convection.

[0056] 5A includes a perspective view of a propulsion section 500 of an ingestible device, while FIG. 5B includes a transparent perspective view of the propulsion section 500 of the ingestible device. The propulsion section 500 can include one or more pushers 502, one or more suction sections 504, and a sealing seal 508 secured along its upper edge. The sealing seal 508 can be substantially similar to the sealing seal 210 secured to the loading section 200 as described with respect to FIG. 2. Furthermore, the sealing seal 508 can be the same seal as the sealing seal 406b secured to the lower end of the drive section 400. Thus, a single sealing seal can join the drive section 400 and the propulsion section 500.

[0057] As mentioned above, an ingestible device may include one or more propulsion components (also referred to as a "propulsion system" or "thrust component"). Each propulsion component may include a propeller configured to generate thrust for moving the ingestible device and an energy-to-motion converter configured to provide power to the propeller. Here, for example, propulsion section 500 includes four rotors 502 driven by four motors located within drive section 400. In some embodiments, each propeller is driven by a different mechanical power converter. In other embodiments, multiple propellers may be driven by a single energy-to-motion converter. For example, a single motor may be responsible for providing power to multiple propellers, but the speed of each propeller may be varied through a mechanical connection (e.g., a clutch system or gear system).

[0058] As described further below, multiple propellers 502 can be arranged to facilitate movement along different axes. In Figures 5A-B, for example, four propellers 502 are arranged radially about a central axis 516 defined in a cross-shaped configuration through the capsule. More specifically, the propellers 502 are positioned at locations radially offset from the central axis and at different angular offsets about the central axis. By independently driving the propellers 502, movement can be achieved in any direction or orientation, in a manner similar to a quadrotor. Thus, the ingestible device may be commanded to move forward and backward at different speeds. Furthermore, the ingestible device may be commanded to change its orientation through rotation about three mutually perpendicular axes. These changes in orientation and forward / backward motion can be translated into variations in yaw (vertical axis), pitch (lateral axis), and roll (longitudinal axis), and thus movement to any location can be represented in three-dimensional space.

[0059] In Figures 5A-B, propeller 502 is a rotor capable of forcing fluid through suction 504 formed within the capsule. The term "rotator," as used herein, refers to a component capable of rotating and creating propulsion. An example of a rotor is a propeller. However, other propellers may be used instead of or in addition to a rotor. Examples of propulsion components include helices, fins, whip-like attachments (also referred to as "flagellum"), wave mechanisms, etc. Furthermore, propulsion components may be arranged along the cylindrical body of the capsule instead of, or in addition to, the hemispherical ends of the capsule. For example, the ingestible device may include oscillating fins arranged along opposite sides of the cylindrical body of the capsule. These oscillating fins may be used in conjunction with propellers, helices, or whip-like attachments located within the hemispherical ends of the capsule to provide further control of the movement of the ingestible device.

[0060] As shown in FIGS. 5A-B, the capsule may include one or more channels through which fluid can be introduced by a propeller 502. Each channel includes an inlet 504 through which fluid can be introduced and an outlet 506 through which fluid can be extracted. Examples of inlets 504 include ducts, lumens, vanes, tubes, etc. While the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 includes the same number of propellers 502 and inlets 504, this need not always be the case. For example, propellers mounted within the hemispherical end of the capsule may be able to introduce fluid through one or more inlets and prevent moving components, such as the propellers 502, from contacting living tissue. The efficiency of rotating propellers may be optimized with fixed stator vanes to control vortices, increase speed, and increase controllability, as discussed further below with respect to FIGS. 5C-D. In some embodiments, coaxial counter-rotating propellers may be used to eliminate fixed stator vanes entirely. Propeller and vane blade count and geometry may be adjusted to optimize bubble and debris clearance as a function of diameter, speed, and fluid properties.

[0061] In some embodiments, a filter is placed within at least one of the channels defined through the capsule. For example, a filter may be secured within each channel defined through the capsule. A filter may be necessary to ensure that objects above a certain size suspended in the fluid entering through inlet 504 are removed. For example, if the ingestible device is designed for use within the digestive tract, the filter may be designed to prevent solid particulates, such as food particles, from contacting propeller 502.

[0062] Another issue is that propellers, unless properly designed, tend to impart a rotational motion (or "kneading") on the fluid rather than creating thrust. This problem can be addressed by adding one or more stator vanes (also referred to as "stator blades") to each flow channel. The terms "stator vane" and "stator blade" refer to fixed blades positioned within the flow channel through which fluid enters and is then expelled by the propeller. FIG. 5C illustrates how propellers 502 can be arranged adjacent to stator vanes 514 within the distal element 512 of the ingestible device of FIGS. 5A-B. These stator vanes 514 can serve to straighten the fluid flow, reducing the kneading effect and increasing thrust and thrust consistency. As shown in FIG. 5C, each propeller 402 can be connected to a separate motor housing 510, within which the motor responsible for driving the propeller is located. The propulsors 502 (and therefore the motor housings 510) may be arranged in a cross-shaped configuration to better control the propulsive forces.

[0063] Figure 5D is an isolated rear view of the distal element 512 shown in Figure 5C. In embodiments in which the distal element 512 includes multiple stator vanes 514, the stator vanes 514 may be arranged radially around the geometric center of the distal element 512. Generally, the stator vanes 514 are arranged approximately uniformly about the geometric center, as shown in Figure 5D. However, in some embodiments, the stator vanes 514 are arranged in a non-uniform manner about the geometric center.

[0064] 6A-C include perspective, side, and rear views of an ingestible device 600 having an atraumatic structural body 602 with a central axis 612 therethrough. The structural body 602 shown in Figures 6A-C is a spherocylinder including cylindrical sections interconnected between hemispherical sections. In other embodiments, the structural body 602 may be oval, rectangular, teardrop-shaped, etc.

[0065] As mentioned above, ingestible device 600 can include one or more propellers for controlling movement along three mutually perpendicular axes. Here, for example, ingestible device 600 includes four rotors 604a-d arranged radially about structural body 602, perpendicular to central axis 612. The four rotors 604a-d may include a first pair of rotors 604a-b arranged radially opposite each other relative to central axis 612, and a second pair of rotors 604c-d arranged radially opposite each other relative to the central axis. Each pair of rotors may be configured to share the same handedness. For example, both rotors 604a-b may generate forward thrust when rotating clockwise relative to central axis 612. At the same time, the rotor pairs may be configured to have opposite handedness. For example, when all four rotors rotate clockwise about the central axis 612, rotors 604a-b may generate forward thrust, while rotors 604c-d may generate rearward thrust. As shown in FIG. 6C , first and second pairs of rotors 604a-d may be arranged in a cross-shaped configuration such that adjacent rotors rotate in opposite directions and generate thrust in the same direction, while radially opposed rotors rotate in the same direction and generate thrust in the same direction. Such a configuration allows independent control of thrust, pitch, yaw, and roll through the combined effects of the individual rotors. Thus, position and orientation control can be achieved in a manner similar to a quadrotor.

[0066] Each rotor may be located within a different channel defined through structural body 602, and each channel may include an inlet 606 through which fluid enters the corresponding rotor and an outlet 608 through which fluid exits the corresponding rotor. Generally, the channels are defined through structural body 602 in a direction generally parallel to the central axis. Here, for example, each channel's inlet 606 is located within a cylindrical section of structural body 602, while each channel's outlet 608 is located within a hemispherical section of structural body 602. In operation, rotors 604a-d can cause fluid to enter through inlet 606, creating a flow 610 that propels the ingestible device in a particular direction. In some embodiments, the channels are tapered. For example, each channel's inlet 606 may have a smaller diameter than its outlet 608, or each channel's inlet 606 may have a larger diameter than its outlet 608.

[0067] In some embodiments, each rotor is designed to rotate in a primary and secondary direction. For example, the first pair of rotors 604a-b may be configured to be capable of rotating in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction relative to the central axis 612. Similarly, the second pair of rotors 604c-d may be capable of rotating in a counterclockwise and clockwise direction relative to the central axis 612. Thus, although flow 610 is shown as flowing toward the first end 614 (also referred to as the "distal end") of the ingestible device 600, flow 610 may instead flow toward the second end 616 (also referred to as the "proximal end") of the ingestible device 600.

[0068] As mentioned above, the term "rotator," as used herein, refers to a component that is capable of rotating and creating a propulsive force. Propulsive force imparts momentum to a surrounding fluid, generating movement. Structural body 602 can be fitted with one, two, three, four, or more rotors, depending on the speed and maneuvering requirements of ingestible device 600. In FIGS. 6A-C , for example, four rotors are arranged in a cross configuration within first end 614 of structural body 602. In other embodiments, three rotors are arranged in a triangular configuration within first end 614 of structural body 602.

[0069] Each rotor may be independently driven by a different motor. In Figures 6A-C, for example, ingestible device 600 includes four motors configured to provide power to four rotors 604a-d. In other embodiments, multiple rotors may be driven by a single mechanical power converter. For example, a single motor may be responsible for providing power to a first pair of rotors 604a-b, but the speed of these rotors may be varied through mechanical connections (e.g., a clutch system or gear system).

[0070] In some embodiments, each rotor has a fixed pitch. In Figures 6A-C, for example, four rotors 604a-d are fixedly arranged along a radial plane perpendicular to central axis 612. In other embodiments, at least one rotor has a variable pitch. In such embodiments, further control of the movement of ingestible device 600 can be achieved by simultaneously controlling the pitch and rotation of rotors 604a-d.

[0071] The rotors may be made of one or more biocompatible materials. Examples of biocompatible materials include titanium alloys, stainless steel, ceramics, polymers, fiber-reinforced polymers (e.g., fiberglass or carbon fiber), plastics (e.g., polycarbonate, nylon, PEEK, or ABS), resins, composites, etc. Additionally, each rotor may have an antibacterial, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic coating applied thereto. For example, each rotor may be coated with antibiotic-loaded PMMA. The coating applied to the rotor may depend on the type of in vivo environment for which ingestible device 600 is designed.

[0072] Generally, to create a rotor, several blades are affixed to a hub through welding, gluing, or alternatively, by forging the entire rotor into one piece. The number of blades may depend on the desired efficiency, speed, acceleration, maneuverability, etc. For example, a three-blade rotor exhibits better acceleration compared to other types of rotors, while a four-blade rotor exhibits better maneuverability compared to other types of rotors. Rotors with a higher blade count (e.g., those with five or six rotor blades) exhibit better retention in turbulent in vivo environments, such as those with high flow rates. Single-blade rotors may have advantages in manufacturability and durability. In the embodiment shown in Figures 6A-C, each rotor includes three helical surfaces that act together to rotate through a fluid (e.g., water, bile, etc.) with a screw effect.

[0073] One of the difficulties in generating thrust at small scales is persistent bubbles that can become trapped near rotors, such as propellers, and prevent the rotors from properly engaging the fluid. This problem can be addressed by carefully designing the shape, number, and arrangement of blades along each rotor to aid in bubble elimination. Careful matching of blade pitch, lumen shape, motor speed, rotor-to-wall clearance, rotor-to-stator blade clearance, and surface material properties affect bubble generation and elimination.

[0074] The rotor may be formed based on a simple truncated Archimedean spiral geometry. Alternatively, as discussed above, the rotor may feature a plurality of individual blades featuring curvatures optimized for thrust in the forward or aft direction. Similarly, the stator blades may feature flat or curved blades if they are positioned within channels through which the rotor admits and then expels fluid.

[0075] It is also important to prevent fluids from entering the ingestible device, particularly within the propulsion section, including the moving motor interface. Thus, ingestible devices may implement tight tolerances, hydrophobic and / or hydrophilic materials, or mechanical seals. Seals can maintain tolerances on a microscale and are therefore useful for maintaining safety and consistency without requiring complex assembly processes. Figures 7A-B illustrate how low-profile, low-friction seals can be implemented to prevent fluids from entering the motor housing of ingestible device 700.

[0076] FIG. 7A includes a cross-sectional view of an ingestible device 700 illustrating how undersizing the seal 704 formed by a stamped or perforated sheet relative to the diameter of the motor shaft 702 allows a single contact line 706 to be created between the seal 704 and the motor shaft 702. Sealing action, static friction, and dynamic friction can be optimized by adjusting the dimensional interference and the resulting embedding tension. The stamped or perforated sheet may be made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or a similar material (e.g., ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene). This design can be easily produced using relatively few machining operations. Another advantage of this approach is that several seals can be produced at once using a simple drill jig. Hoop tension (also referred to as "hoop stress") is generated by drilling a small hole one size smaller into the sheet (e.g., 0.5-0.6 mm diameter for a 0.7 mm diameter motor shaft) and then expanding it over the motor shaft 702. The hoop tension will cause the expanded holes to protrude slightly, creating a minimal contact line 706 with the motor shaft 702, reducing friction while providing a seal.

[0077] The seal 704 can be produced using a die cut of the hypotube. Multiple seals can be drilled simultaneously on a lathe while still inside the hypotube using a simple fixture and drill guide. The assembly process may be completed by placing the seal 704 onto the motor shaft 702 and then securing it in place using a curable adhesive (e.g., a UV-curable adhesive), radio frequency (RF) welding, heat welding, etc. The seal 704 can be inflated over the motor shaft 702 and then potted inside the main seal body 708 using a curable adhesive or another sealing technique.

[0078] As shown in FIGS. 7A-B, the primary seal body 708 may be connected to the motor housing 710 using a curable adhesive or another sealing technique. One or more seals may be implemented on a single motor shaft to optimize shaft friction and seal reliability. A continuous peripheral seal with different clearances may help optimize energy efficiency, aging, and overall safety and performance. As shown in FIG. 7B, a pocket 712 may be formed when the seal 704 is potted inside the primary seal body 708. An orifice disk 714 having a hole defined therethrough to receive the motor shaft 702 may be positioned within the pocket to further prevent leakage into the motor housing 710. The orifice disk 714 may be made of plastic, metal, rubber, Viton, Teflon, UHMW polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, or similar materials.

[0079] Thus, a manufacturer may obtain a flexible substrate having a generally circular shape, form a hole in the geometric center of the flexible substrate (e.g., by punching or drilling the hole), and then expand the hole in the flexible substrate around the motor shaft, which has a diameter larger than the hole. Such an approach may create a resilient interference fit between the flexible substrate and the motor shaft, thereby forming a seal. The manufacturer may then bond the flexible substrate along its periphery to form a hermetic seal. For example, as mentioned above, the flexible substrate may be bonded using a curable adhesive, RF welding, heat welding, etc.

[0080] Some or all of the electronic components described herein as contained within an ingestible device may be mounted on a flexible printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). FIGS. 8A-B depict an example of a flexible PCBA 800 in its expanded and folded configurations, respectively. As shown in FIG. 8A, the flexible PCBA may include at least two rigid areas 802 that serve to provide support for components 804 and associated solder joints mounted thereon and help define the structure of the PCBA 800 as a whole. These rigid areas 802 may be connected by a flexible area 806 that can be folded to allow the PCBA 800 to fit within the ingestible device. The PCBA 800 may include conductive connections between the electronic components, enabling the transfer of power and / or data therebetween. More specifically, the PCBA 800 may include one or more conductive layers that serve as connections between the electronic components mounted on the rigid areas 802. Each pair of conductive layers may be separated by an insulating layer (also referred to as a "non-conductive layer") made of a non-conductive material such as polyimide.

[0081] 9 includes a high-level illustration of communication between device 900, which is designed for ingestion by a living organism, and controller 950, through which movement of ingestible device 900 is controlled. Because images generated by ingestible device 900 can be reviewed on controller 950, controller 950 can also be referred to as a "data review station" or "data review unit." Initially, controller 950 transmits a first input indicating instructions for operating a camera stored within ingestible device 900 (step 901). Alternatively, ingestible device 900 may be designed to automatically operate the camera when the device is first powered on or activated by removal from its packaging.

[0082] Ingestible device 900 can cause the camera to generate an image of a structure within the living body in response to a first input (step 902). The structure can be a biological structure or a non-biological structure (also referred to as a "foreign body"). Ingestible device 900 can then transmit the image to controller 950 for review (step 903). More specifically, the processor responsible for processing the image generated by the camera can forward the image to a transmitter for modulation on an antenna for wireless transmission to the controller. In some embodiments, the transmitter is part of a transceiver capable of transmitting communications to and receiving communications from controller 950.

[0083] Controller 950 may further transmit a second input indicating a request to alter the position and / or orientation of ingestible device 900 (step 904). This second input may be referred to as a "steering command" or a "propulsion command." In ingestible device 900 may activate at least one propeller in response to the second input (step 905). In cases where multiple propellers are activated in response to the second input, ingestible device 900 may generate multiple signals to activate the multiple propellers. These signals may be different from one another. For example, each propeller of the multiple propellers may rotate at a different speed. As another example, some propellers of ingestible device 900 may be rotated while other propellers of ingestible device 900 are held stationary.

[0084] 10 depicts a flow diagram of a process 1000 for monitoring an in vivo environment using a device designed for ingestion by a living organism. Initially, a subject ingests an ingestible device as part of a capsule endoscopy procedure to observe the digestive tract (step 1001). The ingestible device (and its control software) may support several different data collection modes. For example, the ingestible device may support a "general mode" suitable for open navigation and / or a "swallow mode" suitable for a unidirectional journey through the esophagus.

[0085] An optical sensor included within the ingestible device can then begin generating image data as the ingestible device progresses through the living body (step 1002). In some embodiments, the ingestible device causes the optical sensor to begin generating image data in response to receiving a command to do so. The command may be submitted, for example, by an operator through a controller communicatively coupled to the ingestible device. In other embodiments, the ingestible device automatically generates image data in response to determining that a predetermined criteria has been met. For example, the ingestible device may cause the optical sensor to begin generating image data in response to determining that the ingestible device has entered a particular in-vivo environment. The ingestible device may reach such a determination by examining biometric data generated by a biometric sensor. For example, the ingestible device may establish whether it is currently in the stomach by examining biometric data representing pH measurements. Images may be captured using any of a variety of resolutions, such as 48x48 pixels, 320x240 pixels, or 640x480 pixels. In other embodiments, images may be captured using higher or lower resolutions. The image data may be stored, at least temporarily, in a memory located within the ingestible device (step 1003).

[0086] The ingestible device can then cause wireless transmission of at least some of the image data via the antenna to a receiver located outside the body (step 1004). In some embodiments, the receiver is stored in an electronic device associated with the subject. For example, the image data may be transmitted to a mobile phone associated with the subject, which may forward the image data to another electronic device for review by an operator responsible for controlling the ingestible device. In some embodiments, the image data is transmitted to the receiver on a periodic basis (e.g., every 3 seconds, 5 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, etc.). In other embodiments, the image data is transmitted to the receiver in real time. That is, the ingestible device may stream image data to the receiver as it is generated by the optical sensor.

[0087] To reduce the amount of raw data that must be transported across a bus or wireless link, image data (and identification data, telemetry data, etc.) may be compressed to reduce quantity without significantly affecting the user's perception of quality. For example, algorithms may be employed that reduce color / hue as distinct from intensity, or that reduce high-frequency components as distinct from low-frequency components. Standardized image and / or video compression algorithms, such as JPEG, H.264 (MPEG), H.265, and the like, may be employed to compress the data. To further reduce the amount of data, image resolution may be reduced before compression and transmission. For example, an optical sensor may generate images with a 640x480 pixel resolution, but the images may be downsampled to a 320x240 pixel resolution prior to JPEG compression. The resolution may be adjusted to achieve a desired tradeoff between image quality and frame rate during operation (e.g., image quality may be reduced to increase frame rate while the ingestible device is advanced through the esophagus). Other compression algorithms may also be used after the data is transmitted over the wireless link, such as when the data is transmitted to a controller that has available computing and memory resources to execute more demanding compression algorithms than are feasible to implement on the ingestible device itself. This additional compression may be used to reduce the size of the data stored on the controller or some other electronic device. Data may be encrypted on the ingestible device, controller, or some other electronic device to prevent unauthorized third-party access to patient-identifying information (PII) or medically sensitive information.

[0088] 11 depicts a flow diagram of a process 1100 for controlling an ingestible device having an optical sensor as it progresses through a living organism. First, the ingestible device is inserted into the living organism (step 1101). For example, if the ingestible device is designed to monitor the digestive system, the ingestible device may be ingested by the subject. As the ingestible device progresses through the living organism, the ingestible device may receive a first input from a controller located outside the living organism indicating a command to begin recording image data (step 1102).

[0089] The ingestible device may cause the optical sensor to begin generating image data in response to the first input (step 1103). Alternatively, the optical sensor may be configured to automatically begin generating image data after the ingestible device is removed from its packaging or after a mechanical switch accessible along the exterior surface of the ingestible device is activated. In some embodiments, the ingestible device can be remotely activated by a source located ex vivo via an RF signal, a magnetic signal, an optical signal, etc. For example, the optical sensor may begin generating image data in response to determining that the ingestible device has been outside of its package for a certain amount of time (e.g., 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.). As another example, the optical sensor may begin generating image data in response to determining that the ingestible device has entered a particular in-vivo environment.

[0090] The ingestible device can then wirelessly transmit at least some of the image data to a receiver using an antenna (step 1104). For example, the processor may transmit the image data to a transceiver, which is responsible for modulating the image data on the antenna for transmission to the receiver. In some embodiments, the image data is transmitted in its original (i.e., raw) form. In other embodiments, the image data is transmitted in a processed form. For example, the processor may filter values ​​from the image data, add metadata (e.g., defining location, time, or identifiers associated with the living body), etc. As mentioned above, the receiver may be part of a controller or some other electronic device. For example, a medical professional may view the image data and control the ingestible device using a mobile workstation that is wirelessly connected to the ingestible device. As another example, a medical professional may view the image data on a tablet computer and control the ingestible device using a dedicated input device similar to a controller for a video game console.

[0091] In some cases, the medical professional may desire to visualize a particular in vivo structure. Thus, the ingestible device may receive a second input indicating a command to move so that the structure can be observed by the optical sensor (step 1105). In other words, the ingestible device may move so that the structure is located within the field of view (FoV) of the optical sensor. The ingestible device may move by altering its position and / or orientation. The ingestible device may determine appropriate drive signals for each propulsion component based on the desired location and / or characteristics of the in vivo environment, such as viscosity, flow rate, temperature, etc. Once the ingestible device reaches the desired location, it may automatically maintain that position until a predetermined time interval has elapsed or until a command to move to a new location is received from the controller.

[0092] The ingestible device may then actuate at least one propeller in response to the second input (step 1106). In some embodiments, the propeller is actuated entirely based on the second input. For example, if the second input represents a command to move forward, the propeller may be actuated to achieve the forward movement.

[0093] For embodiments of ingestible devices that are powered using an on-board battery, it is generally desirable to minimize battery discharge before the ingestible device is ready to be used to maximize the amount of power available during operation. To avoid battery discharge during shipping and storage prior to deployment, the ingestible device may enter a low-power inactive state, in which current drawn from the battery is minimized, or the battery is disconnected from other components (e.g., with a mechanical switch, a transistor such as a MOSFET, or some other means). To leave this state, the ingestible device may be activated by a sensor.

[0094] Some embodiments of the ingestible device employ a light sensor that prompts activation when light is detected. The light sensor may be configured to generate a reading indicating the level of visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light that is currently detectable. In these embodiments, the ingestible device may be shipped and stored in substantially opaque packaging to prevent inadvertent or premature activation of the light sensor. When the package is opened, the light sensor is exposed to light and the ingestible device can be activated. Other embodiments of the ingestible device employ a low-power magnetic sensor that activates when the ingestible device is exposed to a magnetic field. Alternatively, the ingestible device may include a low-power magnetic sensor that activates when the ingestible device is not exposed to a magnetic field. For example, a magnet may be included in the package so that the ingestible device is constantly exposed to a magnetic field during shipping and storage. This embodiment has several advantages. First, there is a minimal risk of premature activation because the package is likely to accompany the ingestible device until deployment is imminent. Second, the individual responsible for deploying the ingestible device does not need to introduce an activation signal, such as a magnetic field. Other embodiments of the ingestible device may use a reed relay as a mechanical power switch to activate the ingestible device in response to exposure to a magnetic field. In embodiments in which the ingestible device is activated by exposure to a magnetic field, a single- or multi-use magnetic fastener may be used to facilitate activation by holding the magnet in the correct orientation relative to the ingestible device. Other embodiments of the ingestible device may be activated by a mechanical element (e.g., a switch or button) located along the exterior surface of the enclosure so as to be sealed to prevent fluid ingress but accessible.

[0095] As discussed above, the ingestible device may have built-in features such as sensors, software, and the like for performing self-diagnostic tests. Using these built-in features, the health and performance capabilities of the ingestible device can be periodically tested. These built-in features can also be useful for debugging and exploring new operational regimes. Examples of self-diagnostic tests include checksum errors, software version control, battery voltage, power consumption per motor, testing of other major components, etc. Alternatively, or in addition, the camera may be commanded to generate a test image (e.g., of the package) to be transmitted to a destination (e.g., a controller), which may be compared to an expected reference image. Successful transmission of the test image would require the ingestible device to function properly. If the test image is not received or is incorrect, it may indicate a defect (e.g., in the ingestible device, the communication channel, etc.), regarding which an alert may be generated indicating that the ingestible device should not be deployed. Communication environment

[0096] 12 depicts an example of a communication environment 1200 including an ingestible device 1202 communicatively coupled to a controller 1204. An operator can control the ingestible device 1202 using the controller 1204. Additionally, the ingestible device 1202 can be configured to transmit data (e.g., image data or biometric data) to one or more electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices include a monitor 1206, a computer server 1208, and a mobile phone 1210. The ingestible device 1202, the controller 1204, and the electronic devices may collectively be referred to as "networked devices."

[0097] In some embodiments, the networked devices are connected to each other via a point-to-point wireless connection, as shown in Figure 12. For example, the ingestible device 1202 may be communicatively coupled to the controller 1204 via Bluetooth®, near field communication (NFC), Wi-Fi® Direct (also referred to as "Wi-Fi P2P"), Zigbee®, another commercial point-to-point protocol, or a proprietary point-to-point protocol. In other embodiments, the networked devices are connected to each other via a network, such as a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a cellular network, or the Internet. For example, the ingestible device 1202 may be communicatively coupled to the monitor 1206 and the computer server 1208 via separate LoRa® communication channels.

[0098] The connections established between networked devices may be bidirectional or unidirectional. For example, controller 1204 may be enabled to transmit data to ingestible device 1202 even though ingestible device 1202 may not be able to transmit data to controller 1204. Similarly, ingestible device 1202 may be enabled to transmit data to an electronic device even though the electronic device may not be able to transmit data to ingestible device 1202.

[0099] Embodiments of communication environment 1200 may include some or all of the networked devices. For example, some embodiments of communication environment 1200 include ingestible device 1202 and a single device (e.g., a mobile phone, tablet computer, or mobile workstation) that serves as a controller and an electronic device on which the image data is reviewed. As another example, some embodiments of communication environment 1200 include ingestible device 1202 and a computer server 1208 on which the image data is stored for subsequent review. In such embodiments, communication environment 1200 need not include controller 1204 because the image data will be reviewed at some later point in time. As another example, some embodiments of communication environment 1200 include controller 1204 and a dedicated input device, without display capabilities, that serves as an electronic device, such as a tablet computer or mobile phone, on which the image data is reviewed. In such embodiments, the dedicated input device may be communicatively coupled to the ingestible device and / or the electronic device.

[0100] Because the ingestible device 1202 can operate in vivo, proximity to fluids, tissues, and the like can affect the electromagnetic operating characteristics of the antenna. To address this, the antenna may be designed and / or selected to minimize the effects of nearby materials with relative dielectric constants significantly different from free space. As an example, embodiments may use a small loop antenna with one or more windings, which interacts primarily with magnetic field components at close range and is therefore less significantly affected by the proximity of high-dielectric materials. Alternatively, the antenna may be designed and / or selected to compensate for the effects of fluids inside the living body. As an example, embodiments may use a straight, bent, curved, or serpentine antenna (e.g., a monopole antenna) with an effective electrical antenna length of one-eighth and one-third of the transceiver operating wavelength when the ingestible device 1202 is surrounded by the fluid or anatomical structure of the living body. For example, embodiments may use a monopole or “whip” antenna that is significantly shorter than a quarter wavelength in free space. Although this antenna would not be optimally tuned in air, proximity to a high-dielectric fluid may cause the antenna to behave electrically as if it were significantly longer and properly tuned to the frequency of interest. Such an approach also has the advantage of allowing the use of antennas significantly smaller than would be optimal for operation in dry air. The mechanical structure of the antenna may be designed to conform to the enclosure of the ingestible device 1202.

[0101] The antenna and transceiver circuitry may be designed so that a single antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving data. Alternatively, multiple antennas may be used. For example, different antennas may provide better performance in certain orientations or fluid conditions, and the performance of each antenna may be monitored during operation to select the antenna with the best performance at any given time. In embodiments using wireless power transfer, the ingestible device 1202 may be configured to use a single antenna for both power and data transmission to eliminate the need for additional antennas. Alternatively, different antennas or electromagnetically coupled structures may be used for power and data transmission, allowing each to be optimized for its respective task.

[0102] To allow multiple ingestible devices to operate within close proximity (e.g., multiple patients receiving treatment in the same room or building), the communication channels discussed above may be established using a pairing feature. The pairing feature may be employed to ensure that each ingestible device communicates with a single controller. To accomplish this, each ingestible device may be assigned a unique identification number during manufacture. When a communication channel is established with an ingestible device, the ingestible device may transmit its identifier to establish whether the communication channel has been established with the appropriate controller. Additionally or alternatively, the ingestible device may add an identifier (or a shortened / modified identifier) ​​to data packets as an indicator to designate the appropriate controller. Thus, each controller may assume that data packets without the correct identifier are intended to be received by another controller and can therefore be ignored. As part of this process, the ingestible device and corresponding controller may choose to switch to a different communication channel or frequency to avoid having to share time and bandwidth with other pairs of ingestible devices and controllers. An ingestible device and corresponding controller may choose to change communication frequencies as needed during operation to avoid conflicts with interfering devices; this strategy is known as "frequency hopping." Processing System

[0103] 13 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a processing system 1300 in which at least some operations described herein may be implemented. Components of processing system 1300 may be hosted on an ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100 of FIG. 1).

[0104] Processing system 1300 may include a central processing unit ("processor") 1302, a main memory 1306, a non-volatile memory 1310, a wireless transceiver 1312, an input / output device 1318, a control device 1320, a drive unit 1322 including a storage medium 1324, and a signal generating device 1328 communicatively coupled to a bus 1316. Bus 1316 is illustrated as an abstraction representing one or more physical buses and / or point-to-point connections connected by appropriate bridges, adapters, or controllers. Bus 1316 may thus be any of a variety of buses, including a system bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express bus, a HyperTransport bus, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I-IC), a Serial Bus (SPI), a Serial Interface (SI), a Serial Communication Interface (SPI), a Serial Data Interface (SCI), a Serial Data Interface (SCI), a Serial Communication Protocol (SCI), a Serial Data Integrator ... 2 C) bus, or a bus conforming to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1394.

[0105] Processing system 1300 may share a computer processor architecture similar to that of a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile phone, a video game console, a wearable electronic device (e.g., a watch or endurance tracker), a network-connected (“smart”) device (e.g., a television or home assistant device), an augmented or virtual reality system (e.g., a head-mounted display), or another electronic device capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by processing system 1300.

[0106] Although main memory 1306, non-volatile memory 1310, and storage medium 1324 are shown as a single medium, the terms "storage medium" and "machine-readable medium" should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store one or more sets of instructions 1326. The terms "storage medium" and "machine-readable medium" should also be taken to include any medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by processing system 1300.

[0107] Generally, the routines executed to implement embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or sequence of instructions (collectively referred to as a "computer program"). A computer program typically comprises instructions (e.g., instructions 1304, 1308, 1326) that are stored at various times in various memory and storage devices within an electronic device. When read and executed by processor 1302, the instructions cause processing system 1300 to perform operations for carrying out various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0108] While embodiments are described in the context of a fully functional electronic device, those skilled in the art will understand that various embodiments can also be distributed as program products in various forms. The present disclosure applies regardless of the particular type of machine- or computer-readable medium used to actually effect the distribution. Further examples of machine- and computer-readable media include recordable-type media, such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices 1310, removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs) and digital versatile disks (DVDs)), cloud-based storage, and transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communication links.

[0109] The wireless transceiver 1312 enables the processing system 1300 to mediate data within a network 1314 with entities external to the processing system 1300 through any wireless communication protocol supported by the processing system 1300 and the external entities. The wireless transceiver 1312 may include, for example, an integrated circuit (e.g., enabling communication via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi), a network adapter card, or a wireless network interface card.

[0110] The techniques introduced herein can be implemented using software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of such forms. For example, aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented using special purpose hardwired (i.e., non-programmable) circuitry in the form of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and the like. remarks

[0111] The foregoing description of various embodiments has been provided for illustrative purposes. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to understand the claimed subject matter, various embodiments, and various modifications that are suitable for the particular use contemplated.

[0112] Although the detailed description describes various embodiments, the technology can be practiced in many ways, regardless of how the detailed description appears. Embodiments may vary significantly in their implementation details while still being encompassed by this specification. Specific terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of various embodiments should not be taken to imply that the terminology, as redefined herein, is limited to any specific characteristic, feature, or aspect of the technology with which it is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the technology to the specific embodiments disclosed herein unless those terms are expressly defined herein. Thus, the actual scope of the technology encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the embodiments.

[0113] The terms used herein are primarily chosen for readability and instructional purposes, and are not chosen to bound or limit the subject matter. Therefore, it is intended that the scope of the technology be limited not by the detailed description of the invention, but rather by any claims issuing from an application based on this specification. Thus, the present disclosure of various embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the technology as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

1. A device designed for uptake by a living organism, said device comprising: a capsule having a cylindrical body interconnected between a pair of rounded ends, the capsule including an interior surface defining a cavity and having three or more channels defined therethrough, each of the three or more channels having (i) an inlet disposed within the cylindrical body of the capsule, (ii) an outlet disposed within a first of the pair of rounded ends, and (iii) a fluid path between the inlet and the outlet, the fluid path being distinct from the fluid paths of each of the three or more channels, the inlets of the three or more channels being equally radially spaced around a circumference of the cylindrical body of the capsule; a camera configured to generate an image of the in vivo structure; three or more thrusters configured to control yaw, pitch, and roll of the device while the device is disposed within the living body, each thruster of the three or more thrusters being disposed within a different one of the three or more channels defined through the capsule; and a light sensor sensitive to visible light, infrared light, or ultraviolet light; The antenna and a processor configured to control the three or more propulsors and to activate the device in response to determining that the light sensor detects light of at least a predetermined intensity; a transceiver configured to modulate data representing the image prior to transmission by the antenna; 1. A circuit board assembly comprising an alternating stack of conductive layers and insulating layers above a substrate, said circuit board assembly comprising: a plurality of rigid regions on which a plurality of electronic components including the processor and the transceiver are mounted; at least one flexible region, each of the at least one flexible region forming a connection between a pair of rigid regions of the plurality of rigid regions; a circuit board assembly having Equipped with When the circuit board assembly is folded at each flexible region, the rigid regions are positioned substantially parallel to one another, and the circuit board assembly can be placed within the cavity of the capsule; a device, wherein each conductive layer is capable of serving as an electrical connection between at least two of the plurality of conductive layers and extends from a first rigid region of the plurality of rigid regions to a second rigid region of the plurality of rigid regions, through any flexible regions between the first rigid region and the second rigid region.

2. The device described in claim 1, wherein the camera is positioned at a second rounded end of the pair of rounded ends.

3. The device described in claim 2, wherein the three or more thrusters are positioned at the first rounded end of the pair of rounded ends.

4. The processor, receiving an input indicating a request to position the capsule; generating a plurality of signals for driving the three or more thrusters based on the input; transmitting each signal of the plurality of signals to a corresponding one of the three or more thrusters; The device of claim 1 , further configured to:

5. The processor, receiving an input indicating a request to modify the position and / or orientation of the capsule; driving at least one of the three or more propellers based on the input; and The device of claim 1 , further configured to:

6. The device described in claim 1, wherein all surfaces exposed to the outside of the capsule are made of biocompatible materials.

7. The device described in claim 1, further comprising an antibacterial layer coated along the outer surface of the capsule.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein the antibacterial layer comprises polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) loaded with an antibiotic.

9. The device described in claim 1, wherein the three or more thrusters and the transceiver are positioned in close proximity to the capsule to improve heat dissipation.

10. The device described in claim 1, further comprising a power supply source electrically coupled to the camera or the antenna or the processor or the transceiver.

11. The device described in claim 10, wherein the power source is a battery sealed within the capsule.

12. The processor, determining a status of the power supply indicative of the amount of energy currently available; causing wireless transmission of said state via said antenna to a receiver located outside said living body; The device of claim 10 , further configured to:

13. The processor, causing wireless transmission of said image via said antenna to a receiver located outside said living body; The device of claim 1 , further configured to:

14. A device designed for uptake by a living organism, said device comprising: a capsule having a cylindrical body and a pair of rounded ends, the capsule including an inner surface defining a cavity and three or more channels defined therethrough, the three or more channels being equally radially spaced around the capsule, each of the three or more channels having a fluid path that is distinct from the fluid path of each of the three or more channels; a video camera configured to generate a live video image of the in-vivo structure; an illumination source configured to illuminate at least a portion of the field of view of the video camera; three or more pushers configured to control movement of the device about three mutually orthogonal axes while the device is disposed within the living body, each pusher of the three or more pushers being disposed within a different one of the fluid paths of the three or more channels defined through the capsule; and a light sensor sensitive to visible light, infrared light, or ultraviolet light; a processor configured to activate the device and control operation of the device in response to determining that the light sensor detects light of at least a predetermined intensity; a transceiver configured to transmit data representing the live video image to a receiver located ex vivo; 1. A circuit board assembly comprising an alternating stack of conductive layers and insulating layers above a substrate, said circuit board assembly comprising: a plurality of rigid regions having a plurality of electronic components mounted thereon, each of the plurality of rigid regions including at least one aperture defined therethrough, the at least one aperture configured to accommodate a motor shaft used to drive at least one of the three or more propulsors; at least one flexible region, each of the at least one flexible region forming a connection between a pair of rigid regions of the plurality of rigid regions; a circuit board assembly having Equipped with each conductive layer is capable of serving as an electrical connection between at least two of the plurality of conductive layers and extends from a first rigid region of the plurality of rigid regions to a second rigid region of the plurality of rigid regions, through any flexible regions between the first rigid region and the second rigid region; When the circuit board assembly is folded in each of the at least one flexible region, the multiple rigid regions are positioned substantially parallel to each other within the capsule, and the circuit board assembly can be placed within the cavity of the capsule.

15. The processor, receiving an input indicating a request to position the capsule; generating a plurality of signals for driving the three or more thrusters based on the input; transmitting each signal of the plurality of signals to a corresponding one of the three or more thrusters; The device of claim 14 , further configured to:

16. The processor, receiving an input indicating a request to modify the position and / or orientation of the capsule; driving at least one of the three or more propellers based on the input; and The device of claim 14 , further configured to:

17. The device of claim 14, wherein all surfaces exposed to the exterior of the capsule are made of a biocompatible material.

18. The device of claim 14, further comprising an antibacterial layer coated along the outer surface of the capsule.

19. The device of claim 18, wherein the antibacterial layer comprises polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) loaded with an antibiotic.

20. The device further comprising a power source within the capsule; The processor: determining a state of the power source indicative of the amount of energy currently available; causing wireless transmission of the state of the power source via an antenna of the device to the receiver located outside the living body; The device of claim 14 , further configured to:

21. The device of claim 14, further comprising a loop antenna coupled to the transceiver.

22. The device described in claim 14, further comprising an antenna coupled to the transceiver, the antenna being a straight, bent, curved, or serpentine antenna having an electrical length of one-eighth to one-third of the operating wavelength of the transceiver.

Images