Correction of aberrations in in-line electron holography

Abstract

To provide a process for electron holography image aberration reduction.SOLUTION: A system can comprise: a memory that stores computer executable components; and a processor that executes the computer executable components. The computer executable components can comprise: a propagating component that reduces hologram aberration of an electron hologram (EH) image by modifying of a pair of sequenced parameters of an array upon which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; and a generating component that generates a propagated EH image using a propagator comprising the modified array.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 11

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Scientific instruments for use in materials analysis can be useful for determining the composition and properties of unknown compositions. In one or more examples, the scientific instruments can provide reconstruction of an energy-based hologram to enable better visualization of features of the unknown composition. Preparation of pixel data prior to reconstruction can include one or more modifications of the raw or original energy-based hologram image. Additionally and / or alternatively, preparation of pixel data prior to reconstruction can include one or more correction determinations corresponding to hardware and / or software used to acquire and / or generate a propagated version of the acquired hologram. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0002] The embodiments will be readily understood from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals refer to like structural elements. The embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that one or more of the figures may include illustrative illustrations of a blur effect, characterized by a lack of image clarity. [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example scientific instrument for performing one or more operations according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 2] 2 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method of performing operations using the scientific instrument of FIG. 1 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 3] 1 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be used in performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 4]1 illustrates a block diagram of an example computing device capable of performing one or more of the methods disclosed herein, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 5] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an image generation device according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 6] 9 shows a flow diagram of a set of processes one or more of which may be used by the image preparation systems of FIGS. 7 and 8, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 7] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example non-limiting system that can facilitate a process for image background extraction in electro-holography, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates a block diagram of another exemplary non-limiting system that can facilitate a process for image background extraction in electro-holography, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 9] 9 illustrates a set of propagator functions that may be used by the image preparation system of FIG. 8 in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 10] 10 illustrates a flow diagram of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 8 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 11] 10 illustrates another flow diagram of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 8 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 12] 12 illustrates a continuation of the flow diagram of FIG. 11 of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 8 in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 13] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example scientific instrument system capable of performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary operating environment into which embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be incorporated. [Figure 15] 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic block diagram of a computing environment with which the subject matter described herein can at least partially interact and / or be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0003] overview The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments described herein. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements and / or delineate the scope of particular embodiments or the scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description presented later. In one or more embodiments, the systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus, and / or computer program products described herein can provide a process for electro-holographic image propagation and, in particular, can address one or more inconsistencies corresponding to the propagator software and / or hardware used to generate the propagation hologram. As a result, the process can provide more accurate reconstruction of holograms resulting from electro-holographic imaging (e.g., from the application of an energy source to a target composition), such as electron energy hologram imaging.

[0004] According to one embodiment, a system can include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components. The computer-executable components can include a propagating component that reduces holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying a pair of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array, and a generating component that generates a propagated EH image using a propagator that includes the modified array.

[0005] As used herein, "propagator" may refer to a calculation and / or model that represents as a function how electromagnetic waves propagate and / or how the phase changes relative to the acquired EH signal.

[0006] According to another embodiment, a computer-implemented method may include: a system operably coupled to a processor modifying a pair of sequence parameters of an array from which an electro-hologram (EH) image is constructed, thereby reducing holographic aberrations in the EH image to result in a modified array; and generating, by the system, a propagated EH image using a propagator including the modified array.

[0007] According to yet another embodiment, a computer program product facilitates a process for electro-holographic aberration reduction, the program instructions being executable by a processor to cause the processor to reduce holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying, by the processor, pairs of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array, and to generate, by the processor, a propagated EH image using a propagator including the modified array.

[0008] One or more embodiments described herein may be implemented within, in association with, and / or coupled to an electro-holographic (EH) imaging device.

[0009] One or more embodiments disclosed herein may achieve improved performance compared to existing approaches, such as reducing aberrations in the resulting propagated and / or reconstructed EH images based at least on applying a propagator function to pairs of sequence parameters of the arrays from which the EHs are constructed.

[0010] As used herein, the term "aberration" can refer to astigmatism, coma, and the like.

[0011] That is, during the existing process of backward propagation of an EH image from a detector to an object, aberrations that cause inaccurate acquisition of pixel data along one reference direction (e.g., the u or x direction) relative to inaccurate acquisition of pixel data along a second reference direction (e.g., the v or y direction) can be adjusted through the use of a propagator function (also referred to herein as a propagator). In this way, the overall blurring, contraction, expansion, and / or distortion of the resulting propagated and / or reconstructed EH image (e.g., reconstructed following the use of a propagator) along one or more directions can be reduced, allowing for the generation of a more accurate reconstructed image. Thus, the preparation of the electro-holographic (EH) signal on which the reconstructed image is based can be more accurate compared to existing techniques that cannot recognize the effects of such aberrations.

[0012] Detailed Description The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the embodiments and / or their application or uses. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied information presented in the Summary of the Invention section or the Detailed Description section above. One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0013] Various operations may be described sequentially as multiple discrete actions or operations in a manner that is most helpful for understanding the subject matter disclosed herein. However, the order of description should not be construed as implying that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations may be performed in an order different from the order presented. Operations described may be performed in an order different from the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and / or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments.

[0014] Referring now to the subject of materials analysis and one or more embodiments described herein, one method of obtaining compositional imaging may be electronic imaging, where a target composition is targeted by an energy source, ultimately resulting in a signal that can be used to generate an energy-based hologram, such as an in-line electron hologram, or for in-line holography with other waves and particles, such as light (EM waves), sound (pressure waves), and / or neutron and / or proton waves (matter waves). That is, the embodiments described herein are applicable to different types of holograms, including in-line holograms, electronic energy holograms, and / or other types of holograms, even though only one example of an energy-based or electronic energy hologram is used and / or described.

[0015] From the hologram, a reconstructed image of the target composition can be reconstructed. As used herein, an "illumination pattern" is the underlying data signal corresponding to the image / hologram. As used herein, "image" can be used interchangeably with "hologram" and / or "holograph." As used herein, the term "image" can refer to any image of any one or more objects, backgrounds, environments, targets, materials, and / or the like.

[0016] Reconstruction can use backward and / or forward propagation, among other methods. That is, reconstruction of holograms, such as low-energy electron holograms (LEEH), can use Fourier-optics wave propagation techniques. The hologram is measured by a detector with a finite number of pixels (e.g., N×N, such as −N / 2×N / 2 or 512×512). In one or more embodiments, the EH signal 551 itself can be inaccurate and / or misaligned due to electromagnetic interference, interference with other signals and / or illumination patterns, one or more aspects of noise, and / or mismatches between the hardware / software used. In one or more embodiments, the EH signal 551 itself can be inaccurate and / or misaligned due to one or more aberrations in the original EH hologram 553, such as due to electron phase shifts caused by nonlinear trajectories of electrons emitted from the emitter 548, thus affecting the EH signal 551. Nonlinearities in the electron trajectories can be caused, for example, by the shape of the electric field from imperfect object-substrate alignment (e.g., alignment of the object 550 on the support substrate) or by ambient electromagnetic fields affecting the EAD 500. This inaccuracy and / or misalignment may be unintentional and / or may be natural and / or due to the setup / configuration. This can lead to image contamination, but can also lead to image aberrations. As used herein, "aberration" refers to the magnification, contraction, stretching, and / or distortion of the resulting reconstructed image. Astigmatism, a type of aberration, can refer to such aberration in at least one direction along the hologram relative to one or more other directions along the hologram.

[0017] To avoid image aberrations and thus provide aberration reduction of the EH signal from which the reconstructed image is reconstructed, aberration reduction processing of the image and / or the signal on which the image is based can be performed. As a result, expansion, contraction, stretching, and / or distortion of the resulting reconstructed image in at least one direction along the hologram relative to one or more other directions along the hologram can be reduced and / or completely eliminated. This can therefore help to provide a more accurate reconstructed image.

[0018] 9, which shows an example / image 900 / 902 before aberration reduction compared to a more accurate example / image 950 / 952 after aberration reduction as may be provided by one or more embodiments described herein. That is, by aberration correcting the signals and / or images from which a holographic reconstruction can be generated using one or more embodiments described herein, the reconstruction quality of the holographic reconstruction can be improved compared to existing signal and / or image preparation frameworks.

[0019] This inaccuracy and / or misalignment may be unintentional and / or may result from natural and / or setup / configuration. Indeed, in existing frameworks, such aberrations may unfortunately be ignored as inadjustable and / or unintended consequences of the hardware, software, firmware, processes, and / or equipment used for EH image and / or signal preparation. However, the inventors of the subject matter described herein have discovered that such aberrations are at least reducible, if not reversible.

[0020] Thus, to account for one or more inadequacies and / or deficiencies of existing frameworks (e.g., existing image preparation frameworks), one or more embodiments are described herein that can use a unique image preparation framework to achieve image aberration correction, thereby enabling accurate information collection from signals resulting from the application of energy flow to a target composition. One or more image preparation frameworks described herein can be hybrid frameworks, and can perform image and / or underlying signal correction, such as by combining one or more blurring techniques with the application of one or more aberration reduction techniques. With or without additional blurring techniques, one or more aberration reduction techniques used herein can enhance subsequent image reconstruction quality. That is, they can reduce, limit, and / or prevent undesired aberrations (e.g., contraction, expansion, elongation, and / or distortion) of images and / or pixels as generated from hologram signals acquired during hologram signal acquisition.

[0021] The discussion now turns to a general discussion of one or more scientific instrument systems, and associated methods, computing devices, and computer-readable media disclosed herein. For example, in one or more embodiments, a system may include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components stored in the memory. The computer-executable components may include a propagation component that performs a correction operation on a set of sequence parameters of an array from which a hologram (e.g., an original EH image) is constructed, resulting in a corrected array, and a generation component that generates, for the propagation hologram, a set of corrected pixel values ​​based on the corrected array.

[0022] Briefly, the corrective actions may include directly modifying one or more of the sequence parameters, adding an aberration correction function to the sequence parameters, and / or multiplying the sequence parameters with an aberration correction function.

[0023] One or more embodiments disclosed herein can achieve improved performance compared to existing techniques. For example, based on the application of a combination of aberration parameter determination, aberration correction, backward propagation, and / or forward propagation, they can provide a reduction in undesirable image aberrations (e.g., aberrations such as magnification, contraction, elongation, and / or distortion) associated with generating an object image from a hologram. That is, the use of one or more aberration reduction frameworks described herein can enable improved accuracy and counteract physical misalignments, such as those resulting from electron traversal between an emitter (e.g., in an electro-holographic device) and an object.

[0024] Moreover, an embodiment described herein can beneficially provide aberration reduction for multiple targets at least partially in parallel with one another. For example, for holograms from two or more targets acted upon by two or more different energy sources, the respective propagators can be determined at least partially in parallel with one another by the same image preparation system and / or separate image preparation systems, depending on the particular electro-holographic device being used.

[0025] Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can provide improvements in scientific instrument technology (e.g., improvements in the computer technology supporting such scientific instrumentation, among other improvements), which can be used in a variety of fields, including, but not limited to, optics, signal processing, spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

[0026] Various embodiments disclosed herein can improve upon existing techniques to achieve the technical advantages of high-information and / or accurate information reconstruction, corresponding to low aberration generation in such reconstruction. That is, use of the image preparation framework provided herein can significantly reduce generated image aberrations by addressing system-induced aberrations. Note that this is different from completely avoiding aberrations.

[0027] Such technical advantages are not achievable by routine and / or existing techniques, and all user entities of a system including such embodiments can benefit from these advantages (e.g., by assisting the user entity in performing a technical task, such as, for example, identifying one or more target compositions by image preparation using the image preparation framework discussed herein).

[0028] Thus, the technical features of the embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., modifications to the backward propagator and / or forward propagator used to generate the propagation hologram), as well as combinations of the features of the embodiments disclosed herein, are clearly unconventional in the fields of materials analysis, as well as, but not limited to, the fields of optics, signal processing, spectroscopy, and / or NMR.

[0029] As discussed further herein, various aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein can improve the functionality of the computer itself. That is, the computational and user interface features disclosed herein do not merely involve the collection and comparison of information, but instead apply new analytical and technological techniques to modify the operation of the computer analysis of material compounds. For example, based on parameters defining the acquisition of signals resulting from energy flow interacting with a target composition and parameters defining aberrations affecting the acquisition, the subsequent automated computer-directed process of image propagation can be made more accurate through the provision of a modified propagator. This modified propagator can be used to generate one or more propagation holograms, resulting in one or more reconstructed holograms, each hologram having reduced effects of aberrations (e.g., reduced inaccurate magnification, contraction, stretching, and / or distortion in one or more directions). Thus, one or more non-limiting systems described herein, including image preparation systems, can self-improve by automatically providing and using a modified propagator for the electro-holography system and / or setup being used for a particular use case.

[0030] Thus, the present disclosure introduces functionality that neither existing computing devices nor humans can perform. Rather, such existing computing devices are ineffective at removing, recognizing, and / or processing image aberrations, resulting in loss of signal or inaccurate aberrations corresponding to the original image generated by the image generating device (e.g., using LEEH). Given the associated loss of time, energy, and / or data, it is impractical to operate within existing approaches.

[0031] Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may serve any of a number of technical purposes, such as controlling a particular technical system or process, determining how to control machinery from measurements, digital audio, image, or video enhancement or analysis, separating material sources in mixed signals, generating data for reliable and / or efficient transmission or storage, providing estimates and confidence intervals for material samples, or providing faster processing of sensor data. In particular, the present disclosure provides technical solutions to technical problems, including but not limited to, hologram correction, image / signal blurring, applying combined blurring techniques, and / or subsequent image reconstruction, resulting in faster, more complete, and / or more efficient processing of the generated image and, therefore, the imaged material sample or other target composition.

[0032] Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed herein provide improvements in materials analysis techniques (eg, improvements in computer techniques supporting materials analysis, among other improvements).

[0033] As used herein, the phrase "based on" should be understood to mean "based at least in part on," unless otherwise specified.

[0034] As used herein, the term "component" can refer to an atomic element, a molecular element, a phase of an atomic or molecular element, or a combination thereof.

[0035] As used herein, the term "data" can include metadata.

[0036] As used herein, the terms “entity,” “requesting entity,” and “user entity” may refer to a machine, device, component, hardware, software, smart device, party, organization, individual, and / or human being.

[0037] One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like drawing elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0038] Furthermore, it should be understood that the embodiments depicted in one or more figures described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and thus the architecture of the embodiments is not limited to the systems, devices, and / or components depicted herein, nor to any particular ordering, connection, and / or coupling of the systems, devices, and / or components depicted herein.

[0039] Referring now particularly to one or more figures, and initially to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of a scientific instrument module 100 for performing material analysis operations using combined holographic blurring techniques is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments described herein. The scientific instrument module 100 may be implemented by circuitry (e.g., including electrical and / or optical components) such as a programmed computing device. The logic of the scientific instrument module 100 may be contained in a single computing device or may be distributed across multiple computing devices that communicate with each other as needed. An example of a computing device in which the scientific instrument module 100, alone or in combination, may be implemented is discussed herein with reference to the computing device 400 of FIG. 4 , and an example of a system of interconnected computing devices in which the scientific instrument module 100 may be implemented across one or more of the computing devices is discussed herein with reference to the scientific instrument system 2100 of FIG. 21 .

[0040] The scientific instrument module 100 may include first logic 102, second logic 104, third logic 106, and fourth logic 108. As used herein, the term "logic" may include an apparatus that performs a set of operations associated with the logic. For example, any of the logic elements included in the module 100 may be implemented by one or more computing devices programmed with instructions to cause one or more processing devices of the computing devices to perform a set of operations associated with the computing devices. In particular embodiments, a logic element may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed by one or more processing devices of the one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform a set of operations associated with the computing devices. As used herein, the term "module" may refer to a collection of one or more logic elements that together perform a function associated with the module. Different logic elements within a module may take the same form or different forms. For example, some logic within a module may be implemented by a programmed general-purpose processing device, while other logic within the module may be implemented by an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In another example, different ones of the logic elements in a module may be associated with different sets of instructions executed by one or more processing devices. A module may omit one or more of the logic elements depicted in the associated figure, but, for example, a module may include a subset of the logic elements depicted in the associated figure if the module performs a subset of the operations discussed herein with reference to that module.

[0041] The first logic 102 can receive, find, locate, download, request, measure, and / or otherwise determine the astigmatism angle φ and astigmatism magnitude m associated with the astigmatism affecting the original EH signal, i.e., the first logic 102 can process and obtain data for later use in generating a propagator (e.g., a propagator function, whether a backward propagator function or a forward propagator function).

[0042] The second logic 104 can generate a propagator function by using a pair of sequence parameters of the array in which the original EH hologram is constructed based on the original EH signal, i.e., the second logic 104 can use the output of the first logic 102 to generate a propagator function that can be used to generate a modified pixel array.

[0043] The third logic 106 can receive, find, locate, download, request, and / or otherwise obtain signals corresponding to energy-based holograms (e.g., resulting from electronic input to the target composition), i.e., the first logic 102 can obtain data for processing and later use in generating a reconstructed image of a target, such as the target composition.

[0044] The fourth logic 108 may generate one or more result pixel values ​​based on use of the modified array output from the second logic 104 (and thus based on use of the propagator) to be applied to the acquired signal output from the third logic 106. That is, the fourth logic 108 may generate pixel values ​​corresponding to the brightness and / or color values ​​of one or more pixels included in the modified image (e.g., an image acted upon by the second logic 104 and / or the third logic 106).

[0045] 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 200 of performing operations by a scientific instrument module 100, according to various embodiments. The operations of method 200 may be illustrated with reference to particular embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., the scientific instrument module 100 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 1 , the GUI 300 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 3 , the computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 , and / or the scientific instrument system 1300 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 13 ), but method 200 may be used in any suitable configuration to perform any suitable operations. Although the operations are illustrated in FIG. 2 once each and in a particular order, the operations may be reordered and / or repeated as desired and appropriate (e.g., different operations performed may be performed in parallel when suitable).

[0046] A first operation may be performed at 202. For example, the first logic 102 of the module 100 may perform the first operation 202. The first operation 202 may include receiving, finding, locating, downloading, requesting, measuring, and / or otherwise determining data including an astigmatism angle φ and an astigmatism magnitude m associated with the astigmatism affecting the original EH signal 551.

[0047] A second operation may be performed at 204. For example, the second logic 104 of the module 100 may perform the second operation 204. The second operation 204 may include using the output of the first operation 202 to generate a propagator function that may be used to generate a modified pixel array.

[0048] A third operation may be performed at 206. For example, the third logic 106 of the module 100 may perform the third operation 206. The third operation 206 may include obtaining a signal corresponding to an energy-based hologram (e.g., resulting from an electron input to the target composition).

[0049] At 208, a fourth operation may be performed. For example, the fourth logic 108 of the module 100 may perform the fourth operation 208. The fourth operation 208 may include generating a set of pixel values ​​for a set of pixels included in the propagated EH image based on the original EH image. This set of pixel values ​​may be used, for example, to generate an image reconstruction.

[0050] Scientific instrument methods disclosed herein can include interactions with a user entity (e.g., via a user local computing device 1320, discussed herein with reference to Figure 13). These interactions can include providing information to the user entity (e.g., information regarding the operation of a scientific instrument such as the scientific instrument 1310 of Figure 13, information regarding a sample being analyzed or other tests or measurements performed by the scientific instrument, information obtained from a local or remote database, or other information), or providing options for the user entity to enter commands (e.g., to control the operation of a scientific instrument such as the scientific instrument 1310 of Figure 13 or to control the analysis of data generated by the scientific instrument), queries (e.g., to a local or remote database), or other information. In some embodiments, these interactions may be performed through a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes a visual display on a display device (e.g., display device 410, discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 ) that provides output to a user entity and / or prompts the user entity to provide input (e.g., via one or more input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, or touchscreen included in other I / O (Input / Output) devices 412, discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 ). The scientific instrument system 1300 disclosed herein may include any suitable GUI for interaction with a user entity.

[0051] 3, an exemplary GUI 300 is depicted that may be used in performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to various embodiments described herein. As noted above, the GUI 300 may be provided on a display device (e.g., the display device 410 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) of a computing device (e.g., the computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) of a scientific instrument system (e.g., the scientific instrument system 1300 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 13), and a user entity may interact with the GUI 300 using any suitable input device (e.g., any of the input devices included in the other I / O devices 412 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) and input technique (e.g., cursor movement, motion capture, facial recognition, gesture detection, voice recognition, button actuation, etc.).

[0052] GUI 300 can include a data display area 302, a data analysis area 304, a scientific instrument control area 306, and a settings area 308. The particular number and arrangement of areas depicted in Figure 3 is merely illustrative, and any number and arrangement of areas containing any desired features can be included in GUI 300.

[0053] The data display area 302 may display data generated by a scientific instrument (e.g., the scientific instrument 1310 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 13). For example, the data display area 302 may display one or more output results that may include, but are not limited to, text, graphs, notifications, charts, matrices, and / or spectra.

[0054] The data analysis area 304 can display the results of the data analysis (e.g., the results of analyzing the data illustrated in the data display area 302 and / or other data). For example, the data analysis area 304 can display one or more of the output results. In one or more cases, the data analysis area 304 can display a list, flow chart, or other schematic of captured actions taken and / or recommended for the experiment. In one or more embodiments, the data display area 302 and the data analysis area 304 can be combined in the GUI 300 (e.g., to include data output from scientific instruments and some analysis of the data in a common graph or area).

[0055] The scientific instrument control area 306 may include options that enable a user entity to control a scientific instrument (e.g., the scientific instrument 1310 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 13). For example, the scientific instrument control area 306 may include one or more controls for inputting one or more metrics, device and / or setup parameters, and / or aberration parameters (e.g., astigmatism parameters) of interest.

[0056] Settings area 308 may include options that enable a user entity to control features and functionality of GUI 300 (and / or other GUIs) and / or perform common computing operations related to data display area 302 and data analysis area 304 (e.g., saving data on a storage device such as storage device 404 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4, transmitting data to another user entity, labeling data, etc.). For example, settings area 308 may include one or more options for changing the color, fill, or format of a diagram, such as the diagram of any aspect of FIG. 9 and / or other images, whether actual, representative, and / or schematic, as described below.

[0057] As noted above, the scientific instrument module 100 can be implemented by one or more computing devices. Accordingly, considering now FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a computing device 400 capable of performing some or all of the scientific instrument methods disclosed herein, according to various embodiments. In one or more embodiments, the scientific instrument module 100 can be implemented by a single computing device 400 or by multiple computing devices 400. Furthermore, as discussed below, the computing device 400 (or multiple computing devices 400) implementing the scientific instrument module 100 can be part of one or more of the scientific instrument 1310, user local computing device 1320, service local computing device 1330, or remote computing device 1340 of FIG. 13.

[0058] 4 is illustrated as having several components, any one or more of which may be omitted or duplicated as suitable for the application and setting. As illustrated, these components may include one or more of a processor 402, a storage device 404, an interface device 406, a battery / power circuitry 408, a display device 410, and other input / output (I / O) devices 412, as described below.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the components included in computing device 400 may be mounted on one or more motherboards and housed within a housing (e.g., comprising plastic, metal, and / or other materials). In one or more embodiments, some of these components may be fabricated on a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) (e.g., an SoC may include one or more processors 402 and one or more storage devices 404). Additionally, in one or more embodiments, computing device 400 may omit one or more of the components illustrated in FIG. 4. In one or more embodiments, computing device 400 may include interface circuitry (not shown) for coupling to one or more components using any suitable interface (e.g., a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI®) interface, a Controller Area Network (CAN) interface, a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) interface, an Ethernet interface, a wireless interface, or any other suitable interface). For example, computing device 400 may omit display device 410 but may include display device interface circuitry (eg, connector and driver circuitry) to which display device 410 can be coupled.

[0060] Computing device 400 may include a processor 402 (e.g., one or more processing devices). As used herein, the term "processing device" may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and / or memory and converts the electronic data into other electronic data that can be stored in registers and / or memory. Processor 402 may include one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or other processors. ASIC, Central Processing Unit This may include a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a cryptographic processor (a dedicated processor that executes cryptographic algorithms in hardware), a server processor, or any other suitable processing device.

[0061] The computing device 400 may include a storage device 404 (e.g., one or more storage devices). The storage device 404 may include random access memory (RAM) (e.g., static RAM). The storage device 404 may include one or more memory devices, such as static RAM (SRAM) devices, magnetic RAM (MRAM) devices, dynamic RAM (DRAM) devices, resistive RAM (RRAM) devices, or conductive-bridging RAM (CBRAM) devices, hard-drive-based memory devices, solid-state memory devices, network drives, cloud drives, or any combination of memory devices. In one or more embodiments, the storage device 404 may include memory sharing a die with the processor 402. In such embodiments, the memory may be used as cache memory and may include, for example, embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) or spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). In one or more embodiments, the storage device 404 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions thereon that, when executed by one or more processing devices (e.g., the processor 402), cause the computing device 400 to perform any suitable ones of the methods or portions of those methods disclosed herein.

[0062] Computing device 400 may include interface device 406 (e.g., one or more interface devices 406). Interface device 406 may include one or more communication chips, connectors, and / or other hardware and software to manage communications between computing device 400 and other computing devices. For example, interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications for transferring data to and from computing device 400. The term "wireless" and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communication channels, etc. that can communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation over a non-solid medium. This term does not imply that the associated devices do not include any wiring, although in one or more embodiments, the associated devices may not include any wiring. The circuitry included in interface device 406 for managing wireless communications may implement any of several wireless standards or protocols, including, but not limited to, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards including the IEEE 802.16 standard (e.g., the IEEE 802.16-2005 Amendment), the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) project (e.g., the Advanced LTE project, the Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB) project (also referred to as "3GPP®2"), etc.) with any amendments, updates, and / or revisions.In one or more embodiments, the circuitry included in the interface device 406 for managing wireless communications may be compatible with any of the following wireless communication standards: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (Evolved HSPA), and the like. In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may operate in accordance with a HSPA, E-HSPA, or LTE network. In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications that may operate in accordance with a GSM Evolution (EDGE) network, a GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or an Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications that may operate in accordance with a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), or an LTE network. Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Communications (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Evolution-Data Optimization EV-DO (Echo Optimized, EV-DO), and derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may include one or more antennas (e.g., one or more antenna arrays) for receiving and / or transmitting wireless communications.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wired communications, such as electrical, optical, or any other suitable communications protocol. For example, interface device 406 may include circuitry supporting communications according to Ethernet technology. In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may support both wireless and wired communications and / or may support multiple wired and / or wireless communications protocols. For example, a first set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to short-range wireless communications, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, while a second set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to long-range wireless communications, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, EV-DO, or others. In one or more embodiments, a first set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to wireless communications, while a second set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to wired communications.

[0064] Computing device 400 may include battery / power circuitry 408. Battery / power circuitry 408 may include one or more energy storage devices (e.g., batteries or capacitors) and / or circuitry for coupling components of computing device 400 to an energy source (e.g., AC line power) separate from computing device 400.

[0065] Computing device 400 may include a display device 410 (e.g., multiple display devices). Display device 410 may include any visual indicator, such as a heads-up display, a computer monitor, a projector, a touchscreen display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode display, or a flat panel display.

[0066] Computing device 400 may include other input / output (I / O) devices 412, such as, for example, one or more audio output devices (e.g., speakers, headsets, earphones, alarms, etc.), one or more audio input devices (e.g., microphones or microphone arrays), location devices (e.g., a GPS device that communicates with a satellite-based system to receive the location of computing device 400, as is known in the art), audio codecs, video codecs, printers, sensors (e.g., thermocouples or other temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, vibration sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.), image data capture devices such as cameras, keyboards, cursor control devices (e.g., a mouse, stylus, trackball, or touchpad), barcode readers, Quick Response (QR) code readers, or radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) readers may be mentioned.

[0067] Computing device 400 may have any suitable form factor for its application and configuration, such as a handheld or mobile computing device (e.g., a cell phone, a smartphone, a mobile Internet device, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook computer, an ultrabook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra-mobile personal computer, etc.), a desktop or server computing device, or other network computing component.

[0068] 5 and 6, there is shown an imaging device (e.g., electronic application device 500) of FIG. 5 and one or more schematic flow diagrams (e.g., flow diagram 600 of FIG. 6) of various processes that may be performed in association with electronic application device 500.

[0069] 5, an electron application device 500 or other imaging device can include an energy source such as an electron source 548, a sample 550 or other target or target composition, and a detector 544, such as an electron detector. Note that the distances between any of the object 550, the emitter 548 (e.g., electron source 548), and the detector 544 may be exaggerated in FIG. 5 for illustrative purposes. The electron source 548 can generate an electron projection path 549 that generates an image signal 551 as a result of the interaction of electrons from the electron source 548 at the detector 544. The generated image can include an original image 553 that includes a projected hologram image 552 of the sample 550.

[0070] As shown schematically in FIG. 6 , two subsets of parallel processes can be performed by an imaging system 601 that includes and / or is communicatively coupled to an electronic application device 500 to result in a reconstructed image 638. A first subset of processes 600A can include use of the electronic application device 500 and can result in a propagation hologram 618. A second subset of processes 600B can include determining an aberration correction 634 for use with a propagator 636, which can be used to generate the propagation hologram. That is, use of the propagator 636 in determining operation 608 can be a point of combination of the first subset of processes and the second subset of processes 600B. In other words, determining operation 608 can include use of the propagator 636 and the acquired original hologram 553 (e.g., more specifically, the IFFT 616 resulting from the original hologram 553).

[0071] It should be noted that most of the operations of the first subset of process 600A and the third subset of process 600C (e.g., resulting from decision operation 608) are only briefly described herein to provide background for the detailed description relating to the second subset of process 600B.

[0072] Thus, briefly referring first to the first subset of processes 600A, in accordance with the description of the electronic application device 500 of FIG. 5 , the imaging system 601 can perform the first subset of processes 600A. An acquisition operation 602 can be performed to acquire a hologram 552 that can be described at least in part by a set of hologram pixels 613 of the hologram 552. One or more pre-processing operations 604 can be performed by the imaging system 601, resulting in a pre-processed hologram 614 having pre-processed pixels 615. The pre-processing operations 604 can include, but are not limited to, hologram spatial equalization, hologram normalization, and / or hologram apodization. Furthermore, the imaging system 601 can perform an inverse Fourier transform operation 606 by applying an inverse Fourier transform (IFFT) 616 to the pre-processed hologram 614, resulting in an IFFT hologram having pixels 617. A determining operation 608 can then be performed by the imaging system 601 based on a second subset of the process 600B, such as using a propagator 636 and associated aberration correction 634.

[0073] 7-9, a first calculation operation 622 may be performed by imaging system 601 for propagator 636, and more specifically for pixels 639 of propagator 636. Following calculation operation 622, imaging system 601 may further perform an aberration correction operation 624 and a propagator value modification operation 626, which are described in more detail below.

[0074] 7 and 8, in one or more embodiments, the non-limiting systems 700 and / or 800 illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, and / or the systems may further comprise one or more computers and / or computing-based elements described herein with reference to a computing environment, such as computing environment 1500 illustrated in Figure 15. In one or more described embodiments, the computers and / or computing-based elements may be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, components, and / or computer-implemented operations shown and / or described in connection with Figures 7 and / or 8 and / or other figures described herein.

[0075] 7, which illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting system 800 that may include an image preparation system 702 and an electron application device (EAD) 500. The image preparation system 702 may facilitate a process for electron holographic aberration reduction of the original signal 551 / original image 553 based on the output from the electron application device 500. The non-limiting system 700 may be used in conjunction with a holography system, such as an in-line electronic or laser holography system, that includes, for example, the EAD 500.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 702 may be configured, at least in part, by the computing device 400 .

[0077] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 may comprise, at least in part, the energy application device 500, and / or vice versa.

[0078] It should be noted that image preparation system 702 is merely briefly detailed to provide an introduction to a more complex and / or more extensive image preparation system 802 as illustrated in Figure 8. That is, further details regarding processes that may be performed by one or more embodiments described herein are provided below in connection with the non-limiting system 800 of Figure 8.

[0079] 7, image preparation system 702 can include at least memory 704, bus 705, processor 706, propagation component 714, and / or generation component 718. Processor 706 can be the same as processor 402, can be included in processor 402, or can be different from processor 402. Memory 704 can be the same as storage device 404, can be included in storage device 404, or can be different from storage device 404.

[0080] Using the above-described components, the image preparation system 702 can facilitate the process of at least partially modifying the original image 553 and / or its corresponding original EH signal 551 to at least partially reduce aberrations thereof.

[0081] In general, the propagation component 714 can reduce holographic aberrations in the electro-holographic (EH) image 553 by modifying the pair of sequence parameters u and v (e.g., x and y) 730 of the array 732 on which the EH image 553 is constructed, resulting in a modified array 742 containing modified sequence parameters 740.

[0082] Briefly, the corrective actions may include directly modifying one or more of the sequence parameters, adding an aberration correction function to the sequence parameters, and / or multiplying the sequence parameters with an aberration correction function.

[0083] The generation component 718 can generate the propagated EH image 618 using a propagator 750 (eg, propagator function 750 ) with the modified array 742 .

[0084] As a result of these components, image and / or signal aberrations can be facilitated to be reduced, which can occur on a pixel-by-pixel basis, as described in more detail below with respect to FIG.

[0085] The propagation component 714 and / or the generation component 718 may be operatively coupled to a processor 706, which may be operatively coupled to the memory 704. A bus 705 may provide the operative coupling. The processor 706 may facilitate the execution of the propagation component 714 and / or the generation component 718. The propagation component 714 and / or the generation component 718 may be stored in the memory 704.

[0086] In general, the non-limiting system 700 can use any suitable communication method (e.g., electronic, telecommunications, internet, infrared, fiber, etc.) to provide communication between the image preparation system 702, the electronic application device 500, and / or any devices associated with the user entity.

[0087] Referring now to Figure 8, a non-limiting system 800 is illustrated that may include an image preparation system 802 and an electronic application device 500. Repetitive descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for brevity. The description regarding the embodiment of Figure 7 may be applicable to the embodiment of Figure 8. Similarly, the description regarding the embodiment of Figure 8 may be applicable to the embodiment of Figure 7.

[0088] In general, the image preparation system 802 can facilitate a process of at least partially modifying the original image 553 and / or its corresponding original EH signal 551 to at least partially reduce aberrations thereof.

[0089] The non-limiting system 800 can be used in conjunction with a holography system, such as an in-line electronic or laser holography system, that includes the electronic application device 500 .

[0090] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 802 may be configured, at least in part, by the computing device 400 .

[0091] One or more communications between one or more components of the non-limiting system 800 may be provided by wired and / or wireless means, including, but not limited to, using a cellular network, a Wide Area Network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), and / or a Local Area Network (LAN). Suitable wired or wireless technologies for supporting communications include, but are not limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global Mobile Communications (GMC), and the like. System for Mobile communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Communication System (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), WiMAX (worldwide Interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced General Packet Radio Service (enhanced GPRS), third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE), third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed ​​Packet Access (High This includes 802.XX wireless technologies and / or legacy telecommunications technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave, ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocols and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols.

[0092] Image preparation system 802 may be associated with (eg, accessible via) a cloud computing environment, such as cloud computing environment 1500 of FIG.

[0093] Image preparation system 802 may include multiple components, which may include memory 804, processor 806, bus 805, interface connection component 810, aberration component 812, backpropagation component 814, forwardpropagation component 816, generation component 818, reconstruction component 820, and / or notification component 822. Using these components, image preparation system 802 may output at least a propagator 850 (e.g., propagator 636), a propagated EH image 618, and / or propagated pixels 619 corresponding to the propagated EH image 618.

[0094] Consider now the processor 806, memory 804, and bus 805 of image preparation system 802. For example, in one or more embodiments, image preparation system 802 may comprise a processor 806 (e.g., a computer processing unit, a microprocessor, a classical processor, a quantum processor, and / or the like). In one or more embodiments, components associated with image preparation system 802 may include one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or executable components and / or instructions, as described herein with or without reference to one or more figures of one or more embodiments, that may be executed by processor 806 to provide for the execution of one or more processes defined by such components and / or instructions. In one or more embodiments, processor 806 may comprise an interface component 810, an aberration component 812, a backpropagation component 814, a forward propagation component 816, a generation component 818, a reconstruction component 820, and / or a notification component 822.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, image preparation system 802 may comprise computer-readable memory 804, which may be operatively coupled to processor 806. Memory 804 may store computer-executable instructions that, when executed by processor 806, cause processor 806 and / or one or more other components of image preparation system 802 (e.g., interfacing component 810, aberration component 812, backpropagation component 814, forwardpropagation component 816, generation component 818, reconstruction component 820, and / or notification component 822) to perform one or more operations. In one or more embodiments, memory 804 may store computer-executable components (e.g., interfacing component 810, aberration component 812, backpropagation component 814, forwardpropagation component 816, generation component 818, reconstruction component 820, and / or notification component 822).

[0096] The image preparation system 802 and / or its components described herein may be communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or otherwise coupled to one another via a bus 805. The bus 805 may include one or more of a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, an external bus, a local bus, a quantum bus, and / or another type of bus that may use one or more bus architectures. One or more of these examples of the bus 805 may be used.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, image preparation system 802 can be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or with similar functionality) to one or more external systems (e.g., an electrical output generating system, not illustrated, one or more output target controllers, and / or output target controllers), sources, and / or devices (e.g., classical and / or quantum computing devices, communication devices, and / or similar devices), such as via a network. In one or more embodiments, image preparation system 802 and / or one or more of the components of non-limiting system 600 can reside in the cloud and / or can reside locally (e.g., at a designated location) within a local computing environment.

[0098] In addition to the processor 806 and / or memory 804 described above, the image preparation system 802 may include one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or instructions that, when executed by the executable components and / or processor 806, may provide for the performance of one or more operations defined by such components and / or instructions.

[0099] Referring now to additional components of image preparation system 802 (e.g., interface connection component 810, aberration component 812, backpropagation component 814, forwardpropagation component 816, generation component 818, reconstruction component 820, and / or notification component 822), in general, image preparation system 802 can perform a set of processes that can be separated into various steps, including, but not limited to, backpropagation, forwardpropagation, use of propagator 850, and / or notification using notification 890.

[0100] First, it should be noted that in one or more embodiments, the interface connection component 810, the aberration component 812, the backward propagation component 814, the forward propagation component 816, the generation component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notification component 822 can be implemented independently without one or more of the interface connection component 810, the aberration component 812, the backward propagation component 814, the forward propagation component 816, the generation component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notification component 822. Additionally and / or alternatively, the interface connection component 810, the aberration component 812, the backpropagation component 814, the forwardpropagation component 816, the generation component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notification component 822 can be configured by the high-level analysis component 803, and one or more of the below-described functions of the interface connection component 810, the aberration component 812, the backpropagation component 814, the forwardpropagation component 816, the generation component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notification component 822 can be configured by the high-level analysis component 803. and / or the interfacing component 810, the aberration component 812, the backpropagation component 814, the forwardpropagation component 816, the generating component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notifying component 822 may be omitted if the high-level analysis component 803 performs one or more of the below-described functions of one or more of the omitted interfacing component 810, the aberration component 812, the backpropagation component 814, the forwardpropagation component 816, the generating component 818, the reconstruction component 820, and / or the notifying component 822.

[0101] Turning first to the interfacing component 810, this component can generally obtain an original signal 551. The original signal 551 can originate from and / or be caused by the energy application device 500. That is, the original signal 551 can be the result of the application of an energy stream to a target 550 by an energy source 548, which can be an electron energy source that generates an electron beam and / or electron stream. In one or more embodiments, the target 550 can be fixed by the electron application device 500. As shown in FIG. 6 introduced above, this signal 551 can be used in a propagator value correction operation 626 that uses an aberration correction 634 output by the counterpropagation component 814.

[0102] Referring now to the aberration component 812, this component can determine one or more aberration parameters, such as astigmatism parameters such as the astigmatism angle (Phi) and the astigmatism magnitude (m) associated with the EH image 553.

[0103] For example, referring to Figure 9, and in particular to diagram 950, the magnitude of astigmatism m can be defined by the ratio between major radius 981 and minor radius 982. See, for example, Eq.

[0104] Formula 0:m=1-((major radius:minor radius) / 2).

[0105] In one or more embodiments, the aberration component 812 can obtain one or more of these parameters by using a parameter space search, which can be performed by performing backpropagation on the image with the adjusted parameter values ​​and subsequently analyzing the results.

[0106] This parameter space search can be based at least in part on exemplary levels 983, which are the intersections between the three-dimensional (3D) functions (e.g., PF = Equation 2, 3, or 4) of diagram 950 and the respective horizontal lines. Similarly, level curve 903 can be based on the three-dimensional (3D) functions (e.g., u 2 +v 2 ) and the respective horizontal line.

[0107] In general, the backward propagation component 814 can reduce holographic aberrations in the electro-holographic (EH) image 553 by modifying the pairs of sequence parameters u and v (e.g., x and y) 830 of the array 842 from which the EH image 553 is constructed, resulting in a modified array 832 containing the modified sequence parameters 840.

[0108] Briefly, the correction operations can include one or more direct modifications of the sequence parameters (e.g., see Equations 1 and 2 below), addition of an aberration correction function to the sequence parameters (e.g., see Equations 1 and 4 below), and / or multiplication of the sequence parameters with an aberration correction function (e.g., see Equations 1 and 3 below).

[0109] That is, the corresponding propagator 850, more specifically the backward propagator 850B, can be represented by and / or include Equation 1, and the propagator function PF can be replaced by any one of Equation 2, Equation 3, or Equation 4. In the existing framework, (u 2 +v 2 Note that ) is simply used in place of PF.

[0110] In these equations, u and v are a sequence of consecutive integers ranging from −N2 to N / 2 for a sensor having N×N (or stated another way, N / 2×N / 2 pixels). That is, u and v each represent a set of sequence parameters corresponding to an axis, and the pair of axes to which the pair of sequence parameters u and v correspond may be axes that represent and / or define array 832 (e.g., the array of values ​​from which original image 553 is constructed, as used by detector 544). In one or more embodiments, the pair of corresponding axes may be orthogonal axes, such as the x-axis and the y-axis.

[0111] In these equations, λ refers to the electron wavelength of the electrons emitted by the emitter 548 , z 0 is the distance between the object 550 and the emitter 548 , and D is the physical size of the detector 544 .

[0112] Formula 1: PropagatorBackward(u,v)=exp(ι * λ * z0 * (1 / (D^2)) * PF),

[0113] Equation 2: (u 補正 2 +y 補正 2 ),

[0114] Equation 3: (u 2 +v 2 ) * f(u,v), and

[0115] Equation 4: (u 2 +v 2 )+g(u,v).

[0116] In these equations, u 補正 is expressed as Equation 5, and v 補正 is expressed as in Equation 6, f(u,v) is expressed as in Equation 7, and g(u,v) is expressed as in Equation 8.

[0117] Equation 5:u 補正 =u* cos(Phi) * (1+m)+v * sin(Phi) * (1+m),

[0118] Equation 6:v 補正 =u * sin(Phi) / (1+m)-v * cos(Phi) / (1+m),

[0119] Equation 7: f(u,v)=cos((arctan(v,u)-Phi) * 2) * m+1.0, where Phi is the astigmatism angle and m is the magnitude of the astigmatism determined by the aberration component 812;

[0120] Equation 8: g(u,v)=(u 2 +v 2 ) * cos((arctan(v,u)-Phi) * 2) * m, where Phi is the astigmatism angle and m is the magnitude of the astigmatism determined by the aberration component 812.

[0121] Optionally, the forward propagation component 816 can direct the execution of a series of forward propagations alternating with backward propagations. That is, backward propagation can refer to the process of backward propagation of the EH image from the detector to the object, as described above (e.g., performed and / or directed by the backward propagation component 814). In one or more embodiments, a secondary forward propagation can be performed, e.g., the propagation of the EH image from the object to the detector. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, this sequence of backward propagation and forward propagation can further complete one or more additional times, including a series of N alternating backward and forward propagations (e.g., backward propagation 1, forward propagation 1, backward propagation 2, forward propagation 2...backward propagation N, forward propagation N). In one or more embodiments, such a series may instead end with backward propagation N, thereby omitting the final forward propagation N.

[0122] That is, the corresponding propagator 850, more specifically forward propagator 850F, can be represented by and / or include Equation 9, the propagator function PF can be replaced by any one of Equation 2, Equation 3, or Equation 4, and the additional variables and / or sub-equations 5-7 are the same as those shown above with respect to Equation 1 and reverse propagator 850B.

[0123] Equation 9: PropagatorForward(u,v)=exp(-ι * λ * z0 * (1 / (D 2 )) * (u 2 +v 2 )).

[0124] The generation component 818 can use a propagator 850 (e.g., propagator function 850) with a modified array 842 to generate the propagated pixel set 619 and / or the propagated EH image 618. This modified array 842 can be the result of one or more backward propagations performed by the backward propagation component 814 and / or can be based on a series of one or more backward propagations alternating with one or more forward propagations as directed by the forward propagation component 816.

[0125] As a result of these components, image and / or signal aberrations can be facilitated to be reduced, and this reduction can occur on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

[0126] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system can include a reconstruction component 820 and / or a notification component 822 .

[0127] In one or more embodiments, the reconstruction component 820 can generally use a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) function of the product of a propagator 850 (e.g., a propagator function 850) and a normalized inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) function 616 (based on pixels 617) of the EH image to generate the reconstructed EH image 638 and / or reconstructed pixels 639. That is, the preprocessing operation 604 can include a normalization operation that scales the values ​​of the pixels 613 of the original hologram 553, such as between values ​​of 0 and 1, as described above.

[0128] In one or more embodiments, notification component 822 can generate notification 890 corresponding to a determination that propagated EH image 618 and / or reconstructed EH image 638 include a reduced level of aberrations compared to the original level of aberrations in original EH image 553. In one or more embodiments, this determination can be made by generation component 818 during generation of propagated EH image 618 and / or by reconstruction component 820 during generation of reconstructed EH image 638. Such a determination can include identifying a differential amount of contraction, dilation, stretching, and / or distortion (e.g., aberrations) along at least one direction (e.g., astigmatism) of original EH image 553 compared to the contraction, dilation, stretching, and / or distortion along at least one direction of propagated EH image 618 and / or reconstructed EH image 638.

[0129] With the above-described components and their functionality now summarized, reference is now made to Figure 10, which illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1000 that can facilitate a process for electro-holographic image aberration reduction according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as non-limiting system 800 of Figure 8. Although non-limiting method 1000 is described with respect to non-limiting system 800 of Figure 8, non-limiting method 1000 may also be applicable to other systems described herein, such as non-limiting system 700 of Figure 7. Repeated descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0130] At 1002, the non-limiting method 1000 may include, by a system (e.g., backpropagation component 814) operatively coupled to a processor (e.g., processor 806), modifying a pair of sequence parameters (e.g., sequence parameters u, v, 830) of an array (e.g., array 832) from which an EH image (e.g., original image 553) is constructed, resulting in a modified array (e.g., modified array 842).

[0131] At 1004, non-limiting method 1000 may include determining, by the system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), whether a first set of pixel values ​​(e.g., of pixel 619 of propagation hologram 618) resulting from the modification operation have been modified relative to an original set of pixel values ​​(e.g., of pixel 617 of IFF 616 or pixel 613 of original hologram 553). If no, non-limiting method 1000 may return to step 1002 to re-perform the modification operation. If yes, non-limiting method 1000 may proceed to step 1006.

[0132] At 1006, the non-limiting method 1000 can include generating, by a system (e.g., generation component 918), a propagated EH image (e.g., propagation hologram 618) using a propagator (e.g., propagator 636, 850) including the modified array.

[0133] 11 and 12, a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1100 is illustrated that can facilitate a process for electro-holographic image aberration reduction according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as non-limiting system 800 of FIG. 8. Although non-limiting method 1100 is described with respect to non-limiting system 800 of FIG. 8, non-limiting method 1100 may also be applicable to other systems described herein, such as non-limiting system 700 of FIG. 7. Repeated descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0134] At 1102, the non-limiting method 1100 can include determining, by a system (e.g., aberration component 812) operatively coupled to a processor (e.g., processor 906), an astigmatism angle (e.g., Phi) and an astigmatism magnitude (e.g., m) associated with an original electro-holographic (EH) image (e.g., original image 553).

[0135] At 1104, the non-limiting method 1100 can include modifying, by a system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), a pair of sequence parameters (e.g., sequence parameters u, v, 830) of an array (e.g., array 832) from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array (e.g., modified array 842).

[0136] In one or more embodiments, the sequence parameter pair includes a sequence of consecutive integers ranging from −N / 2 to N / 2, where the range corresponds to a sensor having −N / 2×N / 2 pixels, and the sensor is being used to generate the EH image.

[0137] At 1106, step 1104 can include modifying, by the system (eg, the backpropagation component 814), a pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

[0138] At 1108, step 1104 may include generating, by the system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), a propagator (e.g., propagator 850) that is a function of the sum of squares of the modified pair of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

[0139] At 1110, step 1104 can include generating, by a system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), a propagator that is a function of the exponential function of the distance between the object (e.g., object 550) and the emitter (e.g., emitter 548) being used to generate the EH image of the object, the physical size of the detector (e.g., detector 544) being used to receive the electrons (e.g., in electron path 549) from the emitter, and the wavelength of the electrons.

[0140] At 1112, step 1104 may include generating, by the system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), a propagator that is a function of the sum of squares of the initial pair of sequence parameters, the sum of squares multiplied by an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the determined angle and magnitude of the astigmatism.

[0141] At 1114, step 1104 may include generating, by the system (e.g., backpropagation component 814), a propagator that is a function of the sum of squares of the initial pair of sequence parameters, which sum is summed with an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the determined angle and magnitude of the astigmatism.

[0142] At optional 1116, non-limiting method 1100 can include an optional step of optionally directing, by the system (e.g., forward propagation component 816), the performance of a series of forward propagations alternating with backward propagations, wherein the use of a propagator by the propagator component to reduce hologram aberrations in an electro-hologram (EH) image provides a backward propagation of the backward propagations, and the forward propagation of the forward propagations also includes the use of a modified array.

[0143] At 1118, the non-limiting method 1100 can include generating, by the system, a propagated EH image using a propagator that includes the modified array.

[0144] At 1120, the non-limiting method 1100 may include determining, by the system (e.g., the backpropagation component 814), whether the first set of pixel values ​​resulting from the modification operation are modified relative to the original set of pixel values. If no, the non-limiting method 1100 may return to step 1104 to re-perform the modification operation. If yes, the non-limiting method 1000 may proceed to step 1120.

[0145] At 1122, non-limiting method 1100 can include generating, by the system (e.g., notification component 822), a notification (e.g., notification 890) corresponding to a determination that the reconstructed EH image includes a reduced level of aberration compared to the original aberration level of the EH image.

[0146] Additional Overview For ease of explanation, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies provided herein are depicted and / or described as a series of acts. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the illustrated acts and / or by the order of the acts; for example, acts may occur in one or more orders and / or simultaneously, as well as with other acts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts may be utilized to implement computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with the described subject matter. Additionally, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via state diagrams or events. Additionally, the computer-implemented methodologies described below and throughout this specification may be stored on an article of manufacture for transmission and transfer to a computer. The term article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storage medium.

[0147] Systems and / or devices are described (and / or further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include components or subcomponents specified herein, one or more of the specified components and / or subcomponents, and / or additional components. Subcomponents may be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides aggregate functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those skilled in the art.

[0148] In summary, one or more systems, computer program products, and / or computer-implemented methods provided herein relate to a process for reducing aberrations in electro-holographic images. The system may include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components. The computer-executable components may include a propagation component that reduces holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying pairs of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array, and a generation component that generates a propagated EH image using a propagator that includes the modified array.

[0149] One or more embodiments disclosed herein can achieve improved performance compared to existing techniques. For example, aberrations in the resulting propagated EH image and / or reconstructed EH image can be reduced based at least on the application of a propagator function to a pair of sequence parameters of an array in which the EH is configured. That is, aberrations that cause inaccurate acquisition of pixel data along one reference direction (e.g., the u or x direction) relative to inaccurate acquisition of pixel data along a second reference direction (e.g., the v or y direction) during the existing process of backward propagation of the EH image from the detector to the object can be adjusted through the use of a propagator function (also referred to herein as a propagator). In this way, the overall blurring, contraction, dilation, and / or distortion of the resulting propagated EH image and / or reconstructed EH image (e.g., reconstructed following the use of a propagator) along one or more directions can be reduced, allowing for a more accurate reconstructed image to be generated. Therefore, the preparation of the electro-holographic (EH) signal on which the reconstructed image is based can be more accurate compared to existing techniques that cannot recognize the effects of such aberrations.

[0150] One or more embodiments described herein may be implemented within, in association with, and / or coupled to an electro-holographic (EH) imaging device, such as imaging system 500 illustrated schematically in FIG. 5.

[0151] Indeed, in view of one or more embodiments described herein, a practical application of one or more systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products described herein may be the ability to provide aberration reduction in a reconstructed image reconstructed using an EH imaging device during the process of preparing the corresponding EH signal on which the reconstructed image is based. That is, compared to existing frameworks that cannot provide this capability, one or more embodiments described herein may provide new results (e.g., corrected propagator 636 values ​​637 and / or aberration-adjusted pixels 639 of reconstructed image 638) that were previously unavailable.

[0152] These are useful and practical applications of computers, thus providing enhanced (e.g., improved and / or optimized) material analysis and pixel value data output. Overall, such computerized tools can constitute concrete and tangible technological improvements in the field of materials analysis, and more specifically, in materials analysis using electro-holographic techniques.

[0153] Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein can be used in real-world systems based on the disclosed teachings. For example, as noted above, in the case of hardware / software, acquisition interferometry, etc., one or more embodiments described herein can successfully prepare pixel values ​​(e.g., corresponding to at least aberration reduction) prior to reconstruction of a hologram, resulting in a reconstruction that is less magnified, contracted, stretched, and / or distorted in at least one direction along the hologram relative to one or more other directions along the hologram, as compared to existing techniques. Thus, embodiments disclosed herein can provide improvements to scientific instrument technology (e.g., improvements to the computer technology supporting such scientific instrumentation, among other improvements).

[0154] Systems and / or devices are described (and / or further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include components or subcomponents specified herein, one or more of the specified components and / or subcomponents, and / or additional components. Subcomponents may be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides aggregate functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those skilled in the art.

[0155] One or more embodiments described herein may, in one or more embodiments, be inherently and / or inseparably linked to computer technology and cannot be implemented outside of a computing environment. For example, one or more processes performed by one or more embodiments described herein may provide for more efficient and even more viable execution of programs and / or program instructions, such as for materials analysis using holograms, compared to existing systems and / or techniques that use holograms. Systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products that provide the performance of these processes are highly useful in the field of materials analysis, such as involving the use of electron energy holograms, and cannot be equally practically implemented, in a reasonable manner, outside of a computing environment.

[0156] One or more embodiments described herein may employ hardware and / or software to solve problems that are highly technical, not abstract, and cannot be performed as a series of mental acts by a human. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may provide a process that one or more humans, or even thousands of humans, cannot efficiently, accurately, and / or effectively analyze electronic energy holograms and associated digital pixel data. Furthermore, neither the human mind nor humans using pen and paper can perform one or more of these processes as performed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0157] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes described herein may be executed by one or more special-purpose computers (e.g., a special-purpose processing unit, a special-purpose classical computer, a special-purpose quantum computer, a special-purpose classical / quantum hybrid system, and / or another type of special-purpose computer) to perform defined tasks associated with one or more of the techniques described above. One or more embodiments described herein and / or components thereof may be used to solve new problems that arise through the use of the above-referenced technological advancements, quantum computing systems, cloud computing systems, computer architectures, and / or other techniques.

[0158] One or more embodiments described herein may be fully operational to perform one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on, fully running, and / or another function) while performing one or more of the operations described herein.

[0159] To provide a further overview, a list of embodiments and their features is provided below.

[0160] A system comprising: a memory that stores computer-executable components; and a processor that executes the computer-executable components stored in the memory, the computer-executable components comprising: a propagation component that reduces holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying a pair of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; and a generation component that generates a propagated EH image using a propagator that comprises the modified array.

[0161] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the pair of sequence parameters includes a sequence of consecutive integers having a range from -N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having -N / 2 x N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

[0162] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises an aberration component that determines an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image, and wherein the propagation component modifies the pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

[0163] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of a modified pair of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

[0164] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is an exponential function of the distance between the object and the emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, the physical size of the detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and a function of the wavelength of the electrons.

[0165] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises a reconstruction component that generates a reconstructed EH image based on the propagated EH image using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) function of the product of the propagators and an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) function of the normalization of the EH image.

[0166] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises an aberration component that determines an astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image, wherein the propagator is a function of a sum of squares of an initial pair of sequence parameters, the sum of squares multiplied by an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude.

[0167] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises an aberration component that determines an astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image, wherein the propagator is a function of a sum of squares of an initial pair of sequence parameters, the sum of squares being summed with an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude.

[0168] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, further comprising a forward propagation component that directs the execution of a series of forward propagations alternating with backward propagations, wherein the use of a propagator by the propagation component to reduce holographic aberrations in the electro-holographic (EH) image provides a reverse propagation of the backward propagations, and the forward propagation of the forward propagations also includes the use of a modified array.

[0169] The system of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises a notification component that generates a notification corresponding to a determination that the propagated EH image includes a reduced level of aberration compared to the original aberration level of the EH image.

[0170] A computer-implemented method comprising: by a system operatively coupled to a processor, reducing holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying a pair of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; and generating, by the system, a propagated EH image using a propagator including the modified array.

[0171] The computer-implemented method of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the pair of sequence parameters comprises a sequence of consecutive integers having a range from -N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having -N / 2 x N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

[0172] The computer-implemented method of any of the preceding paragraphs, further comprising: determining, by the system, an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH; and modifying, by the system, a pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

[0173] The computer-implemented method of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of modified pairs of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

[0174] The computer-implemented method of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is a function of the exponential function of the distance between the object and the emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, the physical size of the detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and the wavelength of the electrons.

[0175] 1. A computer program product that facilitates a process for electro-holographic aberration reduction, comprising: a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied thereon, the program instructions being executable by a processor to cause the processor to reduce holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying, by the processor, pairs of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; and to generate, by the processor, a propagated EH image using a propagator comprising the modified array.

[0176] 10. The computer program product of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the pair of sequence parameters includes a sequence of consecutive integers having a range from -N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having -N / 2 x N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

[0177] 10. The computer program product of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the program instructions are further executable by a processor to cause the processor to determine an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with EH, and to modify, by the processor, a pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

[0178] The computer program product of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of modified pairs of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

[0179] The computer program product of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the propagator is a function of an exponential function of the distance between the object and the emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, the physical size of the detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and the wavelength of the electrons.

[0180] Scientific Instrument System Description Referring now to Figure 13, a detailed description of additional context for one or more embodiments described herein in Figures 1-12 is provided. One or more computing devices implementing any of the scientific instrument modules or methods disclosed herein may be part of a scientific instrument system. Figure 13 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary scientific instrument system 1300 capable of performing one or more of the scientific instrument methods or other methods disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments described herein. The scientific instrument modules and methods disclosed herein (e.g., scientific instrument module 100 of Figure 1 and method 200 of Figure 2) may be implemented by one or more of the scientific instrument 1310, user local computing device 1320, service local computing device 1330, and / or remote computing device 1340 of the scientific instrument system 1300.

[0181] Any of the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, the service local computing device 1330, and / or the remote computing device 1340 may include any of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4, and any of the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, the service local computing device 1330, and / or the remote computing device 1340 may take the form of any suitable one or more of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4.

[0182] One or more of the scientific instruments 1310, user local computing devices 1320, service local computing devices 1330, and / or remote computing devices 1340 may include a processing device 1302, a storage device 1304, and / or an interface device 1306. The processing device 1302 may take any suitable form, including any form of processor 402 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4. The processing devices 1302 included in different ones of the scientific instruments 1310, user local computing devices 1320, service local computing devices 1330, and / or remote computing devices 1340 may take the same form or different forms. The storage device 1304 may take any suitable form, including any form of storage device 404 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4. The storage devices 1304 included in different ones of the scientific instruments 1310, user local computing devices 1320, service local computing devices 1330, and / or remote computing devices 1340 may take the same form or different forms. The interface devices 1306 may take any suitable form, including any of the forms of the interface devices 406 discussed herein with reference to Figure 4. The interface devices 1306 included in different ones of the scientific instruments 1310, the user local computing device 1320, the service local computing device 1330, and / or the remote computing device 1340 may take the same or different forms.

[0183] The scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, the service local computing device 1330, and / or the remote computing device 1340 can communicate with other elements of the scientific instrument system 1300 via communication paths 1308. As shown, the communication paths 1308 can communicatively couple the interface devices 1306 of different elements of the scientific instrument system 1300 (e.g., according to any of the communication techniques discussed herein with reference to the interface device 406 of the computing device 400 of FIG. 4 ) and can be wired or wireless communication paths. While the particular scientific instrument system 1300 depicted in FIG. 13 includes communication paths between each pair of the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, the service local computing device 1330, and the remote computing device 1340, this “fully connected” implementation is merely illustrative, and various embodiments can omit various ones of the communication paths 1308. For example, in one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 1330 may omit the direct communication path 1308 between its interface device 1306 and the interface device 1306 of the scientific instrument 1310, and instead may communicate with the scientific instrument 1310 via the communication path 1308 between the service local computing device 1330 and the user local computing device 1320, and / or the communication path 1308 between the user local computing device 1320 and the scientific instrument 1310.

[0184] The scientific instrument 1310 may include any suitable scientific instrument, such as a separation or MS instrument, or other instrument that facilitates material analysis.

[0185] The user local computing device 1320 may be a computing device near a user of the scientific instrument 1310 (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of the computing device 400 discussed herein). In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 1320 may also be near the scientific instrument 1310, but need not be. For example, a user local computing device 1320 associated with a home, office, or other building associated with a user entity may be remote from but in communication with the scientific instrument 1310 such that the user entity can control and / or access data from the scientific instrument 1310 using the user local computing device 1320. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 1320 may be a laptop, smartphone, or tablet device. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 1320 may be a portable computing device. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 1320 may be deployed in the field.

[0186] The service local computing device 1330 may be a computing device (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein) that is proximate to an entity that provides services to the scientific instrument 1310. For example, the service local computing device 1330 may be proximate to the manufacturer of the scientific instrument 1310 or a third-party service company. In one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 1330 may communicate with the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, and / or the remote computing device 1340 (e.g., via a direct communication path 1308 or via multiple “indirect” communication paths 1308, as discussed above) to receive data regarding the operation of the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, and / or the remote computing device 1340 (e.g., results of self-diagnostic tests of the scientific instrument 1310, calibration coefficients used by the scientific instrument 1310, measurements of sensors associated with the scientific instrument 1310, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 1330 can communicate with the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, and / or the remote computing device 1340 (e.g., via a direct communication path 1308 or via multiple “indirect” communication paths 1308, as discussed above) and transmit data to the scientific instrument 1310, the user local computing device 1320, and / or the remote computing device 1340 (e.g., to update programmed instructions such as firmware in the scientific instrument 1310, to initiate the execution of a test or calibration sequence in the scientific instrument 1310, to update programmed instructions such as software in the user local computing device 1320 or the remote computing device 1340, etc.).A user entity of the scientific instrument 1310 can communicate with the service local computing device 1330 to utilize the scientific instrument 1310 or the user local computing device 1320 to report problems with the scientific instrument 1310 or the user local computing device 1320, to request a technician visit to improve the operation of the scientific instrument 1310, to order consumables or replacement parts associated with the scientific instrument 1310, or for other purposes.

[0187] The remote computing device 1340 may be a computing device that is remote from the scientific instrument 1310 and / or from the user local computing device 1320 (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of the computing device 400 discussed herein). In one or more embodiments, the remote computing device 1340 may be included in a data center or other large-scale server environment. In one or more embodiments, the remote computing device 1340 may include network-attached storage (e.g., as part of the storage device 1304). The remote computing device 1340 may store data generated by the scientific instrument 1310, perform analysis of the data generated by the scientific instrument 1310 (e.g., according to programmed instructions), facilitate communications between the user local computing device 1320 and the scientific instrument 1310, and / or facilitate communications between the service local computing device 1330 and the scientific instrument 1310.

[0188] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the elements of the scientific instrument system 1300 illustrated in FIG. 13 may be omitted. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, more than one of various elements of the elements of the scientific instrument system 1300 of FIG. 13 may be present. For example, the scientific instrument system 1300 may include multiple user local computing devices 1320 (e.g., different user local computing devices 1320 associated with different user entities or different locations). In another example, the scientific instrument system 1300 may include multiple scientific instruments 1310 that are all in communication with a service local computing device 1330 and / or a remote computing device 1340. In such an embodiment, the service local computing device 1330 may monitor these multiple scientific instruments 1310, and the service local computing device 1330 may cause updates or other information to be "broadcast" to the multiple scientific instruments 1310 simultaneously. Different scientific instruments 1310 in the scientific instrument system 1300 can be located near each other (e.g., in the same room) or far from each other (e.g., on different floors of a building, in different buildings, in different cities, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the scientific instruments 1310 can be connected to an Internet-of-Things (IoT) stack that enables command and control of the scientific instruments 1310 through web-based applications, virtual or augmented reality applications, mobile applications, and / or desktop applications. Any of these applications can be accessed by a user entity operating a user local computing device 1320 that is in communication with the scientific instruments 1310 through an intervening remote computing device 1340. In one or more embodiments, the scientific instruments 1310 can be sold by a manufacturer together with one or more associated user local computing devices 1320 as part of a local scientific instrument computing unit 1312.

[0189] In one or more embodiments, different ones of the scientific instruments 1310 included in the scientific instrument system 1300 may be different types of scientific instruments 1310. For example, one scientific instrument 1310 may be an EDS device and another scientific instrument 1310 may be an analytical device that analyzes the results of the EDS device. In some such embodiments, the remote computing device 1340 and / or the user local computing device 1320 may combine data from the different types of scientific instruments 1310 included in the scientific instrument system 1300.

[0190] Example Operating Environment 14 is a schematic block diagram of an operating environment 1400 with which the described subject matter can interact. The operating environment 1400 includes one or more remote components 1410. The remote components 1410 can be hardware and / or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). In one or more embodiments, the remote components 1410 can be a distributed computer system connected via a communications framework 1440 to local autoscaling components and / or programs that use resources of the distributed computer system. The communications framework 1440 can include wired network devices, wireless network devices, mobile devices, wearable devices, radio access network devices, gateway devices, femtocell devices, servers, etc.

[0191] The operating environment 1400 also includes one or more local components 1420. The local components 1420 can be hardware and / or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). In one or more embodiments, the local components 1420 can include auto-scaling components and / or programs that communicate with / use remote resources such as 1410 and 1420 connected to a remotely located distributed computing system via a communication framework 1440.

[0192] Possible communication between the remote component 1410 and the local component 1420 can be in the form of data packets adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes. Another possible communication between the remote component 1410 and the local component 1420 can be in the form of circuit-switched data adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes in radio time slots. The operating environment 1400 includes a communication framework 1440 that can be used to facilitate communication between the remote component 1410 and the local component 1420 and can include an air interface, such as an interface for a UMTS network over an LTE network. The remote component 1410 can include a hard drive, solid-state drive, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, electronic SIM card, or other storage device that can be used to store information on the remote component 1410 side of the communication framework 1440. The local component 1420 may be operably connected to one or more remote data stores 1450, such as a SIM, eSIM, device memory, etc. Similarly, the local component 1420 may be operably connected to one or more local storage devices 1430 that can be employed to store information on the local component 1420 side of the communications framework 1440.

[0193] Exemplary Computing Environment To provide additional context for the various embodiments described herein, Figure 15 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment 1500 in which various embodiments of the embodiments discussed herein may be implemented. While the embodiments have been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may be executed on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments may also be implemented in combination with other program modules and / or as a combination of hardware and software.

[0194] Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform tasks or implement abstract data types. Furthermore, the methods may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, and personal computers, handheld computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, etc., each of which may be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

[0195] The illustrated embodiments of the present specification may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0196] Although a computing device typically includes a variety of media, which may include a computer-readable storage medium, a machine-readable storage medium, and / or a communication medium, these two terms are used differently herein as follows. A computer-readable storage medium or a machine-readable storage medium may be any available storage medium that can be accessed by a computer, and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example and not limitation, a computer-readable storage medium or a machine-readable storage medium may be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storing information, such as computer-readable or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.

[0197] A computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray Disc (BD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassette, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage device, solid state drive or other solid state storage device, or other tangible and / or non-transitory medium that can be used to store the desired information. In this regard, the terms "tangible" or "non-transitory" as applied to storage, memory, or computer-readable medium herein exclude only the propagating transitory signal itself as a modifier, and do not disclaim any right to all standard storage, memory, or computer-readable medium that do not merely propagate the transitory signal itself.

[0198] The computer-readable storage medium can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices for various operations on the information stored by the medium, for example, via access requests, queries, or other data retrieval protocols.

[0199] Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal, such as a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transmission media. The term "modulated data signal" or signal refers to a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

[0200] 15, an exemplary computing environment 1500 in which one or more embodiments described herein can be implemented includes a computer 1502, which includes a processing unit 1504, a system memory 1506, and a system bus 1508. The system bus 1508 couples system components, including but not limited to the system memory 1506, to the processing unit 1504. The processing unit 1504 can be any of a variety of commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also be used as the processing unit 1504.

[0201] The system bus 1508 may be any of several types of bus structures that may be further interconnected to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1506 includes a ROM 1510 and a RAM 1512. The basic input / output system (BIOS) may be stored in non-volatile memory such as a ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or EEPROM, and contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 1502, such as during start-up. The RAM 1512 may also include a high-speed RAM, such as static RAM, for caching data.

[0202] The computer 1502 also includes an internal hard disk drive. The computing environment 1500 may further include an internal HDD (HDD) 1514 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), and may include one or more external storage devices 1516 (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1516, a memory stick or flash drive reader, a memory card reader, etc.). While the internal HDD 1514 is shown as being located within the computer 1502, the internal HDD 1514 may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, although not shown in the computing environment 1500, a solid-state drive (SSD) may be used in addition to or in place of the HDD 1514.

[0203] Other internal or external storage devices may include at least one other storage device 1520 having a storage medium 1522 (e.g., a solid-state storage device, a non-volatile memory device, and / or an optical disk drive capable of reading from removable media such as CD-ROM disks, DVDs, BDs, etc.). The external storage device 1516 may be facilitated by a networked virtual machine. The HDD 1514, the external storage device 1516, and the storage device (e.g., drive) 1520 may be connectable to the system bus 1508 by an HDD interface 1524, an external storage interface 1526, and a drive interface 1528, respectively.

[0204] The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide non-volatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, etc. In the case of computer 1502, the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the above description of computer-readable storage media refers to each type of storage device, other types of storage media readable by a computer, whether currently existing or developed in the future, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, and further, any such storage media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein.

[0205] A number of program modules, including an operating system 1530, one or more application programs 1532, other program modules 1534, and program data 1536, may be stored in the drives and RAM 1512. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and / or data may also be cached in RAM 1512. The systems and methods described herein can be implemented using various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0206] Computer 1502 may optionally include emulation technology. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary may emulate the hardware environment of operating system 1530, where the emulated hardware may optionally differ from the hardware illustrated in FIG. 15 . In such an embodiment, operating system 1530 may include one of multiple virtual machines (VMs) hosted on computer 1502. Additionally, operating system 1530 may provide a runtime environment, such as the Java Runtime Environment or the .NET Framework, for application 1532. A runtime environment is a consistent execution environment that allows application 1532 to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operating system 1530 may support containers, where application 1532 may be in the form of a container, which is a lightweight, standalone executable package of software that includes, for example, code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings for the application.

[0207] Additionally, the computer 1502 may include a trusted processing module. This can be enabled with a security module such as a Trusted Platform Module (TPM). For example, with a TPM, a boot component can then hash the boot component in time and wait for the result to match a secure value before loading the next boot component. This process can occur at any layer within the code execution stack of computer 1502, and can be applied at the application execution level or the operating system (OS) kernel level, for example, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution.

[0208] A user entity can enter commands and information into the computer 1502 through one or more wired / wireless input devices, such as a keyboard 1538, a touch screen 1540, and a pointing device such as a mouse 1542. Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control, or other remote controls, a joystick, a virtual reality controller and / or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image input device such as a camera, a gesture sensor input device, a visual motion sensor input device, an emotion or face detection device, a biometric input device such as a fingerprint or iris scanner, etc. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1504 through an input device interface 1544, which can be coupled to the system bus 1508, but can also be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH interface, etc.

[0209] A monitor 1546 or other type of display device can also be connected to the system bus 1508 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1548. In addition to the monitor 1546, computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

[0210] The computer 1502 can operate in a networked environment using wired and / or wireless logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 1550. The remote computer 1550 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, a portable computer, a microprocessor-based entertainment device, a peer device, or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1502, although for simplicity, only a memory / storage device 1552 is illustrated. The depicted logical connections include wired / wireless connections to a local area network (LAN) 1554 and / or a wide area network (e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1556). Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and businesses and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.

[0211] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1502 can be connected to the local network 1554 via a wired and / or wireless communication network interface or adapter 1558. The adapter 1558 can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1554, and the LAN can also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 1558 in a wireless mode.

[0212] When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1502 may include a modem 1560 or may be connected to a communications server on the WAN 1556 via other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1556, such as the Internet. The modem 1560 may be internal or external, and a wired or wireless device, and may be connected to the system bus 1508 via the input device interface 1544. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1502, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory / storage device 1552. The network connections shown are examples, and other means of establishing a communications link between computers may be used.

[0213] When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, computer 1502 can access a cloud storage system or other network-based storage system in addition to, or instead of, external storage device 1516, as described above. Generally, the connection between computer 1502 and the cloud storage system can be established via LAN 1554 or WAN 1556, for example, by adapter 1558 or modem 1560, respectively. Upon connecting computer 1502 to an associated cloud storage system, external storage interface 1526, with the aid of adapter 1558 and / or modem 1560, can manage the storage provided by the cloud storage system in the same way as other types of external storage. For example, external storage interface 1526 can be configured to provide access to cloud storage sources as if those sources were physically connected to computer 1502.

[0214] The computer 1502 may be operable to communicate with any wireless device or entity operatively arranged for wireless communication, such as a printer, a scanner, a desktop and / or portable computer, a portable data assistant, a communications satellite, any equipment or location associated with a radio-detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, a newsstand, a store shelf, etc.), and a telephone. This may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, communication may be in a defined structure similar to an existing network, or simply ad-hoc communication between at least two devices.

[0215] Additional Information The embodiments described herein may be directed to one or more of a system, a method, an apparatus, and / or a computer program product at any possible level of technical detail of integration. The computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program instructions for causing a processor to execute aspects of one or more embodiments described herein. The computer-readable storage medium may be a tangible device capable of holding and storing instructions for use by an instruction-execution device. The computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a superconducting storage device, and / or any suitable combination thereof. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of computer-readable storage media can also include: portable computer diskettes, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, mechanically encoded devices such as punch cards or ridge-in-groove structures having instructions recorded thereon, and / or any suitable combination of the foregoing. As used herein, computer-readable storage media should not be construed as being ephemeral signals per se, such as radio waves and / or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides and / or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through fiber optic cables), and / or electrical signals transmitted over wires.

[0216] The computer-readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded from a computer-readable storage medium to each computing / processing device and / or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and / or a wireless network. The network may include copper transmission cables, optical fiber transmissions, wireless transmissions, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing / processing device receives the computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer-readable program instructions for storage in a computer-readable storage medium in the respective computing / processing device. The computer-readable program instructions for carrying out the operations of one or more embodiments described herein may be source code and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including assembler instructions, Instruction-Set-Architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, integrated circuit configuration data, and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Smalltalk, C++, etc., and / or procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language and / or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program instructions may execute entirely on the computer, partially on the computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the computer, and / or partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer and / or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the computer via any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) and / or a wide area network (WAN), and / or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In one or more embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), can execute computer-readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer-readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry to perform aspects of one or more embodiments described herein.

[0217] Aspects of one or more embodiments described herein will be described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions. These computer-readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and / or other programmable data processing apparatus to generate a machine such that the instructions, executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the function(s) / act(s) specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram. These computer-readable program instructions can be stored on a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to function in a particular manner, whereby the computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored therein can include an article of manufacture containing instructions that can implement aspects of the function(s) / act(s) specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram. The computer-readable program instructions may also be loaded into a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be executed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device to generate a computer-implemented process, whereby the instructions executing on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device implement the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams.

[0218] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and / or operation of possible implementations of systems, computer-implementable methods, and / or computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, and / or portion of an instruction, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In one or more alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may be executed substantially concurrently and / or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending on the functionality involved. It should also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and / or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by a special-purpose hardware-based system capable of performing the specified functions and / or acts and / or executing one or more combinations of special-purpose hardware and / or computer instructions.

[0219] While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions for a computer program product executed on one and / or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments herein can also be implemented, at least in part, in parallel with one or more other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, and / or data structures that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types. Furthermore, the computer-implemented methods described above can be practiced with single-processor and / or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputing devices, mainframe computers, and other computer system configurations, including computers, handheld computing devices (e.g., PDAs, phones), and / or microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and / or industrial electronic devices. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network. However, one or more, if not all, aspects of one or more embodiments described herein can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0220] As used herein, the terms “component,” “system,” “platform,” and / or “interface” can refer to and / or include computer-related entities or entities associated with an operating machine having one or more particular functions. The entities described herein can be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and / or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and / or thread of execution, but a component can also be localized on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, each component can execute from various computer-readable media having various data structures stored thereon. Components may communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to signals comprising one or more data packets (e.g., data from a local system, another component in a distributed system, and / or one component interacting across a network such as the Internet with other systems via signals). As another example, a component may be a device having a particular functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuitry operated by software and / or firmware applications executed by a processor. In such cases, the processor may be internal and / or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software and / or firmware applications.As yet another example, a component may be a device that provides a particular functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, but the electronic component may include a processor and / or other means for executing software and / or firmware that at least partially provides the functionality of the electronic component. In one aspect, a component may emulate the electronic component, for example, via a virtual machine in a cloud computing system.

[0221] Additionally, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or." That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from context, "X employs A or B" is intended to mean all natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A, then X employs B, or if X employs both A and B, then "X employs A or B" is satisfied under any of the foregoing cases. Furthermore, the articles "a" and "an" as used in this specification and the accompanying drawings should generally be interpreted to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clear from context to refer to the singular form. As used herein, the terms "example" and / or "exemplary" are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter described herein is not limited by such examples. Additionally, any aspect or design described herein as "example" and / or "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, and is not meant to exclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0222] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to substantially any computing processing unit and / or device, including, but not limited to, a single-core processor, a single processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor, a multi-core processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading techniques, a parallel platform, and / or a parallel platform with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, and / or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Furthermore, a processor may utilize nanoscale architectures, such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum dot-based transistors, switches, and / or gates, to optimize space usage and / or enhance the performance of associated equipment. A processor may be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

[0223] As used herein, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component associated with the operation and functionality of a component are used to refer to a “memory component,” an entity embodied in a “memory,” or a component that includes a memory. The memory and / or memory components described herein may be either volatile or nonvolatile memory, or may include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of example and not limitation, nonvolatile memory may include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, and / or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM)). Volatile memory may include, for example, RAM, which may function as external cache memory. By way of example and not limitation, RAM may be synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), or the like. Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synch-link DRAM (SLDRAM), Direct Rambus RAM Rambus RAM, DRRAM, Direct Rambus Dynamic RAM (Direct Rambus Dynamic RAM (DRDRAM) and / or Rambus Dynamic RAM (Rambus Dynamic Memory may be available in many forms, such as RAM, RDRAM, etc. Additionally, the memory components of the systems and / or computer-implemented methods described herein are intended to comprise, but are not limited to, these and / or any other suitable types of memory.

[0224] What has been described above includes merely example systems and computer-implemented methods. Of course, it is not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and / or computer-implemented methods for purposes of describing one or more embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and / or permutations of one or more embodiments are possible. Furthermore, to the extent that terms such as "includes," "has," "possesses," and the like are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices, and / or drawings, such terms are intended to be as inclusive as the term "comprising," as "comprising" is interpreted when used as a transitional term in a patent claim.

[0225] Descriptions of various embodiments may be referred to as "an embodiment," "various embodiments," "one or more embodiments," or the like. The phrases "some embodiments" and / or "some embodiments" may be used, each of which may refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments.

[0226] The descriptions of various embodiments are presented for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments described herein. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein has been selected to best explain the principles of the embodiments, practical applications and / or technical improvements over technology found in the market, and / or to enable those skilled in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.

Claims

1. 1. A system comprising: a memory for storing computer-executable components; a processor for executing the computer-executable components stored in the memory, the computer-executable components comprising: a propagation component for reducing holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying pairs of sequence parameters of an array from which said EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; a generation component that generates a propagated EH image using a propagator that includes the modified array.

2. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the pair of sequence parameters comprises a sequence of consecutive integers ranging from −N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having −N / 2×N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

3. the computer-executable components: an aberration component that determines an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image; The system of claim 1 , wherein the propagation component uses the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude to modify the pair of sequence parameters.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of modified pairs of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

5. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the propagator is an exponential function of the distance between an object and an emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, a physical size of a detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and a function of the wavelength of the electrons.

6. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer-executable components further comprise a reconstruction component that generates a reconstructed EH image based on the propagated EH image using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) function of a product of the propagator and an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) function of a normalization of the EH image.

7. the computer-executable components: an aberration component that determines an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the propagator is a function of a sum of squares of an initial pair of sequence parameters, the sum of squares multiplied by an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude.

8. the computer-executable components: an astigmatism component that determines an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the propagator is a function of a sum of squares of an initial pair of sequence parameters, the sum of squares being summed with an aberration correction function that includes an astigmatism adjustment using the astigmatism angle and astigmatism magnitude.

9. a forward propagation component that directs the execution of a series of forward propagations alternating with backward propagations; the use of the propagator by the propagation component to reduce holographic aberrations of the electro-holographic (EH) image provides a counterpropagation of the counterpropagation; The system of claim 1 , wherein the forward propagation also includes use of the modified array.

10. the computer-executable components: The system of claim 1 , further comprising a notification component that generates a notification corresponding to a determination that the propagated EH image includes a reduced level of aberration compared to an original aberration level of the EH image.

11. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: a system operatively coupled to a processor, the system modifying a pair of sequence parameters of an array from which an electro-hologram (EH) image is constructed, thereby reducing holographic aberrations in the EH image to result in a modified array; the system generating a propagated EH image using a propagator comprising the modified array.

12. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the pair of sequence parameters comprises a sequence of consecutive integers having a range from −N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having −N / 2×N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

13. the system determining an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image; The computer-implemented method of claim 11 , wherein the system further comprises modifying the pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

14. The computer-implemented method of claim 11 , wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of modified pairs of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

15. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the propagator is a function of an exponential function of the distance between an object and an emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, a physical size of a detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and a wavelength of the electrons.

16. 1. A computer program product that facilitates a process for electro-holographic aberration reduction, the computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied thereon, the program instructions being executable by a processor, the computer program product comprising: reducing holographic aberrations in an electro-holographic (EH) image by modifying, by the processor, pairs of sequence parameters of an array from which the EH image is constructed, resulting in a modified array; generating a propagated EH image using a propagator comprising the modified array.

17. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the pair of sequence parameters comprises a sequence of consecutive integers having a range from −N / 2 to N / 2, the range corresponding to a sensor having −N / 2×N / 2 pixels, the sensor being used to generate the EH image.

18. The program instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the processor to: determining, by the processor, an astigmatism angle and an astigmatism magnitude associated with the EH image; 17. The computer program product of claim 16, further comprising: causing the processor to modify the pair of sequence parameters using the astigmatism angle and the astigmatism magnitude.

19. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the propagator is a function of the sum of squares of modified pairs of sequence parameters resulting from the modification.

20. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the propagator is a function of an exponential function of the distance between an object and an emitter used to generate the EH image of the object, a physical size of a detector used to receive electrons from the emitter, and a wavelength of the electrons.

Images