Renewable kerosene fuel with excellent low-temperature properties

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kerosene base comprising at least 60.0% by weight of a mixture of C3n and C4n hydrocarbons, where n is a natural number selected from 3 and 4, and at least 80% by weight of the total weight of the kerosene base is isoparaffins, said kerosene base having excellent properties at low temperatures. The present invention also relates to any composition comprising said kerosene base, its preparation process and its use as a fuel in the aviation sector.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of bio-based fuels, more particularly to a kerosene base which is preferably renewable, meets current specifications, in particular those laid down in the ASTM D7566 standard, more particularly in Annex 5, and very advantageously has particularly satisfactory low temperature properties. The present invention also relates to any composition comprising such a kerosene base. [Background technology]

[0002] Airlines are focusing on carbon-neutral growth in commercial aviation, especially starting in 2021, and U.S. airlines are looking to achieve carbon neutral growth by 2050. 2 It has set a target of reducing emissions by 50% compared to 2005 levels. However, improvements in aircraft and engine efficiency have not proven sufficient to achieve carbon neutrality. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are therefore seen as key to achieving this objective.

[0003] It therefore appears necessary to develop at least partially bio-based kerosene having properties at least comparable to those of fossil kerosene.

[0004] Therefore, in Patent Document 1 a method for preparing a renewable fuel mixture is proposed, which involves converting fermentable isobutanol into synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK), which meets the specifications of the ASTM D7566-10a standard, Annex 1, and therefore has more specifically a freezing point of up to -40°C.

[0005] Patent Document 2 discloses a renewable kerosene fuel, which is at least partially derived from biomass and contains 5-20% by weight isoparaffins and 15-95% by weight naphthenes. More specifically, Patent Document 2 discloses a renewable kerosene fuel derived from biomass, which has a freezing point possibly of about -39°C, -40°C or -70°C, and more specifically a density of 819-839 kg / m at 15°C (i.e. 60°F). 3 A renewable kerosene fuel is described having a carbon content of 0.8192 g / cc to 0.8393 g / cc. The fuel composition from which the kerosene fuel is derived is predominantly n-paraffinic (>40 wt%) and contains about 7 wt% C9 compounds, 12 wt% C10 compounds, 8 wt% C11 compounds, 9 wt% C12 compounds and approximately 11% C14+ compounds, thus corresponding to a C9+ mixture containing about 35 wt% C9 and C12 compounds.

[0006] Patent document 3 then discloses a renewable kerosene fuel compound, more specifically obtained by the Fischer-Tropsch process, containing mainly isoparaffins, typically mainly C15-C18 paraffins, with C15-paraffins (thus containing less than 15 carbon atoms) present in an amount of less than 20% by weight, with a distillation range, more specifically 145°C to 280°C, and a freezing point of about -51°C. Patent document 3 also discloses a composition containing this type of renewable kerosene component in a mixture with kerosene of fossil origin (i.e. from petroleum) having a freezing point below -40°C, more specifically in the range of about -53°C to about -55°C.

[0007] Patent document 4 describes a renewable fuel product, which is composed mainly of isoparaffins (minimum 86.7% by weight) and contains 35.4 to 69.8% by weight of C9 to C12 paraffins (n- and iso-paraffins), i.e. paraffins containing 9 to 12 carbon atoms, in other words C9, C10, C11 and C12 paraffins. More specifically, Patent document 4 describes a renewable kerosene component, which contains 86.7% by weight of isoparaffins and is composed to the extent of 69.8% by weight of C9 to C12 paraffins (n- and iso-paraffins), is composed of 33.5% by weight of C9 and C12 paraffins, 19.5% by weight of C10 paraffins and 16.8% by weight of C11 paraffins, has a freezing point of -54°C and a density of 750.7 kg / m 3 It is.

[0008] However, none of the prior art documents mentions a method for producing kerosene, and more specifically, a method for producing kerosene which is at least partially biobased and meets all current specifications, in particular a density of 730-770 kg / m at 15°C. 3 and having a flash point of 38° C. or more particularly excellent low temperature properties, more particularly a very low freezing point, in particular below −60° C., preferably below −80° C., is not described. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0009] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 8,373,012 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2013 / 085980 [Patent Document 3] International Publication No. 2018 / 224730 [Patent Document 4] International Publication No. 2022 / 008534 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] (Summary of the invention) Therefore, the present invention relates to a kerosene base comprising at least 60.0% by weight of a mixture composed of C3n and C4n hydrocarbons (wherein n is a natural integer selected from 3 and 4), the kerosene base comprising at least 80% by weight of isoparaffins relative to the total weight of the kerosene base.

[0011] The advantage of the present invention lies in a substantial improvement in the low temperature properties of kerosene, more particularly mixtures of kerosene for aircraft engines, which meet all other specification standards for kerosene, more particularly the aviation specification standards, more particularly the specifications of the ASTM D7566 standard, in particular the specifications of Annex 5 of the ASTM D7566 standard, for example in particular a flash point of 38°C or more, a density of 730-770 kg / m at 15°C or more, 3 In fact, the freezing point of the kerosene base according to the invention is very low, in particular below -60°C, more particularly below -70°C, preferably below -80°C, and the freezing point of mixtures containing it meets current specifications, the freezing point being below -40°C.

[0012] Another advantage of the present invention is that the kerosene base according to the invention, used alone or in a mixture with other kerosenes of bio-based and / or fossil origin, is advantageously at least partially bio-based, which is advantageous in that it is at least partially bio-based, i.e. in the presence of CO 2 The bottom line is that it will help airlines achieve their objective of reducing emissions and therefore their carbon footprint. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013] (Description of the embodiment) According to the present invention, the expressions "of between A and B" and "between A and B" are synonymous and mean that both limits of the interval (A, B) are included in the stated range of values. If this is not the case and if both limits are not included in the stated range, such information is introduced by the present invention.

[0014] For purposes of the present invention, the different ranges of parameters given for the various features may be used alone or in combination.

[0015] In the remainder of the text, specific embodiments of the present invention may be described, which may be implemented separately or in combination together, with no limitation on combinations where this is technically feasible.

[0016] The term "biobased" refers to the fact that the product / compound it qualifies for is CO2-based, where carbon is present in the atmosphere. 2 This means that CO is an organic product / compound that originated from the atmosphere but was recently (on the human scale) fixed by solar energy (photosynthesis). 2 is captured or fixed by plants (e.g., agricultural crops or forest materials). In the oceans, CO 2 is captured or fixed by photosynthetic bacteria and phytoplankton. For example, bio-based materials 14 C / 12 The C isotope ratio is greater than 0. Conversely, the C isotope ratio of materials of fossil origin is 14 C / 12 The C isotope ratio is about 0. The terms "renewable" or "derived from renewable sources" may also be used. To determine whether a product / compound is biomass-based or derived from renewable sources, its present carbon content (or percent modern carbon (pMC)) is measured according to the ASTM D 6866-21 standard ("Determination of the Biobased Content of Natural-Range Materials via Analysis by Isotopic and Radiocarbon Ratio Mass Spectroscopy"). The method of this standard actually determines the amount of carbon in the sample. 14 C / 12 The C isotope ratio was measured and used as the standard biobased standard. 14 C / 12Compared with the C isotope ratio, it gives the percent biobased content of the sample; this standard gives a radiocarbon content roughly equivalent to the rate of atmospheric radiation in 1950. The pMC of a standard biobased standard material is therefore equal to 100%. The pMC of materials of fossil origin is around 0%. The pMC of biobased materials is strictly higher than 0%, for example 1% or higher. The pMC of current biobased materials may therefore be greater than 100%.

[0017] In this specification, the terms "T95" or "T95 temperature" are used interchangeably and indicate the temperature at which 95% by weight of the product in question has evaporated, as determined by standardized method ASTM D2887. In parallel, "T5" or "T5 temperature" is the temperature at which 5% by weight of the product in question has evaporated, as determined by the same standardized method ASTM D2887.

[0018] As used herein, the term "Cx" refers to a compound containing x carbon atoms. For example, a C3 chemical compound contains 3 carbon atoms. The term "Cx+" refers to a compound containing at least x carbon atoms. For example, a C9+ compound is a compound containing at least 9 carbon atoms (i.e., 9 or more carbon atoms). The term "Cx-" refers to a compound having up to x carbon atoms.

[0019] As used herein, the terms "3n carbon atoms" or "C3n" and "4n carbon atoms" or "C4n" (where n is a natural integer selected from 3 or 4) refer to 3×n (literally 3 times n) and 4×n (literally 4 times n) carbon atoms, respectively, i.e. - for n=3, 3×3=9 and 4×3=12 carbon atoms (i.e., C9 and C12), - For n=4, 3×4=12 and 4×4=16 carbon atoms (i.e., C12 and C16).

[0020] Similarly, the term "5n carbon atoms" or "C5n" (where n is a natural integer selected from 3 or 4) means 5 x n (literally 5 times n) carbon atoms; i.e., when n=3, 5 x 3 = 15 carbon atoms (i.e., C15), and when n=4, 5 x 4 = 20 (i.e., C20).

[0021] According to the present invention, the terms "olefin" and "monoolefin" are used interchangeably and refer to a hydrocarbon containing a single double bond.

[0022] In this specification, smoke point is a parameter determined by standardized tests described in the ASTM D1322 / IP 598 standard, which involves measuring the maximum height of the flame without emitting smoke in an oil lamp (lamp with a wick). The smoke point is expressed in mm. A higher smoke point indicates a lower C / H ratio, meaning the ratio between carbon C atoms and hydrogen H atoms, and correlates with a better kerosene quality, more specifically with a product of higher thermal stability. The smoke point is the temperature at which the oil or fat starts to emit smoke continuously. Above this temperature, the product starts to decompose and denature. In the case of kerosene, a low C / H ratio (or a high H / C ratio) is preferred, since kerosene must have a high specific energy. Moreover, a high C / H ratio means a higher flame emission, increased carbon deposits in aircraft engines, and therefore an increased smoke point.

[0023] The freezing point of a substance defines the temperature at which the liquid and solid states of the substance can coexist in equilibrium (ASTM D5972 and / or D7153).

[0024] More particularly, the present invention relates to a kerosene base comprising, and preferably consisting of: - at least 60.0% by weight, preferably at least 70.0% by weight, possibly at least 75.0% by weight, more preferably at least 80.0% by weight and even at least 90.0% by weight (maximum 100% by weight) is composed, preferably of a mixture, of hydrocarbons containing 3n carbon atoms (C3n hydrocarbons) and hydrocarbons containing 4n carbon atoms (C4n hydrocarbons), n being a natural integer selected from 3 and 4; the mixture is therefore advantageously composed of hydrocarbons containing 9 and 12 carbon atoms (i.e. C9 and C12 hydrocarbons) or of hydrocarbons containing 12 and 16 carbon atoms (i.e. C12 and C16 hydrocarbons), At least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, highly preferably at least 95% by weight of the total weight of the kerosene base is isoparaffins.

[0025] Advantageously, the kerosene base comprises mainly aliphatic, i.e. mainly acyclic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons; preferably, the kerosene base comprises at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, more preferably at least 99% by weight of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Preferably, the kerosene base comprises less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, more preferably less than 1.0% by weight, highly preferably less than 0.5% by weight of cyclic and / or aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, such as naphthene, benzene and / or naphthalene compounds. In a preferred manner, the kerosene base comprises strictly less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, more preferably less than 1.0% by weight, preferentially less than 0.5% by weight of naphthene compounds (also called cycloparaffins), and in a very preferred manner, it is free of naphthene compounds. In fact, naphthene compounds increase the density of the kerosene produced, the C / H ratio between carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms being greater than 1 of paraffins.

[0026] Highly advantageously, the kerosene base mainly comprises hydrogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, also called alkanes or paraffins, which means that the kerosene base preferably comprises at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, even more preferably at least 99% by weight of paraffins, i.e. normal paraffins (or n-paraffins) and branched paraffins (or isoparaffins). More specifically, the C3n and C4n hydrocarbons in the kerosene base mixture are mainly hydrogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, i.e. preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, even more preferably at least 99% by weight of C3n and C4n paraffins.

[0027] The kerosene base may optionally contain olefins, more particularly C3n and C4n olefins, preferably in an amount less than 5 wt%, preferably less than 1.0 wt%, highly preferably less than 0.5 wt%.

[0028] Preferably, the kerosene base mainly comprises branched paraffins (or isoparaffins), i.e. at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight of branched paraffins (or isoparaffins). Preferentially, the C3n and C4n hydrocarbons in the kerosene base mixture according to the invention are mainly branched hydrogenated hydrocarbons, and therefore at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, highly preferably at least 95% by weight of C3n and C4n isoparaffins, more particularly C9 and C12 isoparaffins or C12 and C16 isoparaffins. Highly advantageously, the isoparaffins, i.e. branched paraffins, are mainly polybranched. Preferentially, therefore, the kerosene base comprises at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, highly preferably at least 95% by weight of isoparaffins, and advantageously at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight of polybranched paraffins. The term "multi-branched paraffin" means that said paraffin has a branching index of at least 2 and preferably at most 9, highly preferably at most 6. Highly preferably, the kerosene base comprises at least 60.0% by weight, preferably at least 70.0% by weight, more preferably at least 80.0% by weight, even more preferably at least 90.0% by weight of a mixture of C3n and C4n isoparaffins, more particularly a mixture of C9 and C12 isoparaffins or a mixture of C12 and C16 isoparaffins, highly advantageously at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight of multi-branched C3n and C4n paraffins, more particularly a mixture of multi-branched C9 and C12 paraffins or a mixture of multi-branched C12 and C16 isoparaffins.

[0029] Highly preferably, the kerosene base comprises up to 10 wt% n-paraffins, preferably up to 7 wt% n-paraffins, more preferably up to 5 wt% n-paraffins, for example it may comprise a minimum of 2 wt% n-paraffins.

[0030] The hydrocarbons containing 3n and 4n carbon atoms are preferably present in the kerosene base in an amount by weight such that the weight ratio of C4n hydrocarbons to C3n hydrocarbons, C4n / C3n, is at least 0.10 and preferably at most 1.1, preferably at most 0.9, more preferably at most 0.5.

[0031] Advantageously, the kerosene base preferably comprises less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 30% by weight, possibly less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight or even less than 10% by weight of hydrocarbons containing m carbon atoms, m being a natural integer different from the integers 3n and 4n, n being as defined above, i.e. a natural integer selected from 3 and 4, which means that m is other than 9 and 12 or 12 and 16. In other words, the kerosene base preferably comprises less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 30% by weight, possibly less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight or even less than 10% by weight of Cm hydrocarbons, Cm being other than C9 and C12 or C12 and C16. In particular, the kerosene base preferably comprises less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 30% by weight, possibly less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight, even less than 10% by weight of C8-, C10, C11 and C13+ or C11-, C13, C14, C15 and C17+ hydrocarbons, respectively, when the mixture comprises, preferably consists of, C9, C12 or C12, C16 hydrocarbons. The kerosene base may optionally comprise C5n hydrocarbons, n being as defined above and therefore corresponding to C15 or C20 hydrocarbons, preferably in an amount of less than 15% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight.

[0032] Advantageously, the kerosene base according to the invention has an initial boiling point of greater than or equal to 140°C.

[0033] The kerosene base is advantageously at least partially, preferably completely, bio-based. Preferably, the percentage of modern carbon (pMC) of the kerosene base according to the invention is greater than or equal to 1%, preferably greater than or equal to 50%, more preferably greater than or equal to 75%, more particularly greater than or equal to 90% or even greater than or equal to 100%.

[0034] Said kerosene base is preferably obtained by a process comprising the steps of oligomerizing C3 (containing 3 carbon atoms) to C6 (containing 6 carbon atoms), preferably C3 and / or C4 olefins, in the presence of a heterogeneous oligomerization catalyst, and hydrogenating at least a portion of the reaction effluent from the oligomerization step. Said olefins are advantageously provided from a process for dehydrating alcohols, more particularly C3 to C6, preferably C3 and / or C4 alcohols, said alcohols being preferably biobased, for example resulting from the fermentation of sugars. The skilled person knows how to adjust the conditions of temperature, pressure and feed flow rate, depending in particular on the olefinic feed and on the nature of the oligomerization catalyst used. For example, the oligomerization step may be carried out in the presence of silica-alumina used as oligomerization catalyst, at a temperature of 20° C. to 300° C., preferably 25 to 220° C., more preferably 30° C. to 200° C., at a pressure of 1.5 to 6.5 MPa, preferably 2.0 to 4.0 MPa, and at an HSV (hourly space velocity; corresponding to the volumetric flow rate of the olefinic feed relative to the volume of the catalyst during operation) of 0.1 to 0.5 h . -1 , preferably 0.2 to 0.3 h -1The reaction effluent obtained at the end of the oligomerization step is preferably fractionated into at least a first fraction containing dimers and trimers and a second fraction having a T5 advantageously greater than or equal to 140° C., said first fraction being advantageously at least partially recycled to the inlet of the oligomerization step and the second fraction being advantageously at least partially sent to the hydrogenation step. The skilled person also knows how to adjust the operating conditions of the hydrogenation step, for example at a temperature of 50-300° C., preferably 60-200° C., a pressure of 0.5-5.0 MPa, preferably 1.0-5.0 MPa, preferably in the presence of hydrogen, preferably in an amount of 0.5-3% by weight relative to the weight of the part of the second fraction fed to the hydrogenation step.

[0035] More particularly, said kerosene base may be obtained by a preparation process comprising, preferably consisting of, the following steps: a') optional pre-treatment of the C3 to C6, preferably C3 and / or C4 olefinic feed, preferably using at least one adsorption section and / or water washing section and / or hydrotreating section and / or selective hydrogenation section; a"), optionally separating the olefinic feed; at least partially separating the C5 and C6 compounds present in said olefinic feed; a) an oligomerization step, which is supplied at least by an optionally pretreated and / or separated olefinic feed, a first recycle and a second recycle, the first recycle being preferably in a weight ratio relative to the olefinic feed of from 0.3 to 1.5, preferably from 0.5 to 1.2, and the second recycle being preferably in a weight ratio relative to the olefinic feed of from 0.5 to 10.0, preferably from 1.0 to 5.0, more preferably from 1.0 to 4.0, said step a). It is preferably operated in the presence of at least one preferably solid oligomerization catalyst, more particularly in the presence of silica-alumina, at a temperature of preferably 20-500° C., more particularly 20° C.-300° C., more particularly 25-220° C., or even 30° C.-200° C., at a pressure of preferably 1.0-10 MPa, more particularly 1.5-6.5 MPa, more particularly 2.0-4.0 MPa, and with an HSV of preferably 0.1-0.5 h -1 , more specifically 0.2~0.3h -1 resulting in a reaction effluent containing dimers, trimers and oligomers; b) fractionating the reaction effluent obtained at the end of step a) into: - a light fraction, comprising at least a portion of the olefinic feed not converted in step a); - an intermediate fraction, which contains at least a portion of the dimers and trimers formed in step a); and - a heavy fraction, containing oligomers present in the reactor effluent; c) a recycling step, comprising: preparation of a first recycle comprising, preferably consisting of, at least a portion of the light fraction from step b); preparation of a second recycle comprising, preferably consisting of, at least a portion of the intermediate fraction from step b); and transfer of the first and second recycles to the oligomerization step a); d) hydrogenating at least a portion of the heavy fraction separated in step b) in the presence of hydrogen to provide a hydrogenated heavy fraction comprising at least one kerosene base; e) Optionally, separating the hydrogenated heavy fraction; separating at least said kerosene base according to the invention.

[0036] Highly advantageously, the kerosene base according to the invention, as specified, more particularly at least partially biobased, meets the current specifications for kerosene, more particularly for aviation, more particularly the specifications of the ASTM D7566 standard, in particular the specifications defined in Annex 5 of the ASTM D7566 standard. More particularly, the final boiling point of the kerosene base is less than or equal to 300° C., advantageously the temperature difference T90-T10 (the difference between the boiling temperature at which 10% of the tested product can be recovered and the boiling temperature at which 90% of the tested product can be recovered) is greater than or equal to 21° C., preferably greater than or equal to 40° C. Furthermore, the flash point of the kerosene base according to the invention is advantageously greater than or equal to 38° C., and the density at 15° C. is preferably between 730 and 770 kg / m 3 Furthermore, the freezing point of the kerosene base according to the present invention is below -40°C, more particularly below -50°C, even more particularly below -60°C, even more particularly below -70°C, or even below -80°C.

[0037] The present invention also relates to any composition comprising the above-mentioned kerosene base, preferably at least 5% by weight of said kerosene base, preferably at least 10% by weight of said kerosene base, more preferably at least 30% by weight of kerosene base, highly preferably at least 50% by weight of kerosene base, and in some cases preferably less than 90% by weight, more preferably less than 60% by weight of kerosene base. In addition to the kerosene base, said composition comprises one or more biobased kerosene products other than the kerosene base according to the invention, and / or one or more kerosene products of fossil origin (also called fossil kerosene products or non-renewable kerosene products), for example so-called aromatic kerosene products.

[0038] The present invention also relates to a process for preparing such a composition, which comprises mixing a kerosene base according to the invention with at least one kerosene product other than said kerosene base, more particularly a bio-based and / or fossil kerosene product, preferably in a proportion of kerosene base: at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 30% by weight, highly preferably at least 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. Advantageously, said process for preparing a composition also comprises all of the steps for preparing a kerosene base according to the invention described above, before mixing of said kerosene base with said at least one kerosene product other than said kerosene base.

[0039] Such compositions and the methods for their preparation have the advantage that they advantageously allow simple improvement of the low temperature properties of kerosene fuels, especially those intended for aviation applications, while maintaining other characteristics and properties of kerosene to current specifications. A further advantage of these compositions is that they have a percentage of modern carbon (pMC) of 1% or more, preferably 10% or more, more preferably 25% or more, and more particularly 50% or more. Thus, the prepared compositions, containing the kerosene base according to the invention, allow airlines to use fixed CO 2 Reduction of emissions, more specifically, 50% CO in 2050 relative to 2005 levels 2 This could help achieve the goal of reducing emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

[0040] The invention also relates to the use of said composition as a fuel for an aircraft engine.

[0041] The following examples are illustrative of the present invention, and more specifically, certain embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0042] (Example) (Example 1 (according to the present invention)) A bio-based olefinic feed containing 94.5 wt.% isobutene and 5.5 wt.% isobutane was subjected to a thermal decomposition reaction in the presence of a silica-alumina catalyst at a temperature of 30-90°C, a pressure of 3.5 MPa and a reaction time of 0.3 h. -1 The oligomerization is carried out in three reactors in series, with intermediate exchangers between each reactor. Part of the hydrogenated final product obtained after hydrogenation is recycled to the oligomerization step to control the heat generation in the reactors.

[0043] The reaction effluent obtained at the end of the oligomerization step is separated by distillation into: a C4-fraction, which contains unreacted feed and represents about 7.1% by weight of the reaction effluent; said C4-fraction is returned in its entirety to the inlet of the oligomerization step; - a C5-140°C fraction, which represents about 31.4% by weight of the reaction effluent, which in total is recycled to the inlet of the oligomerization step, the weight ratio of the C5-140°C fraction to the fresh bio-based olefinic feed being 2.0; and - the 140-300°C fraction, which represents approximately 61.5% by weight of the reaction effluent, is sent to the hydrogenation step.

[0044] Hydrogenation was carried out in the presence of a nickel catalyst on an alumina support at 180° C. under 3.0 MPa hydrogen for 0.5 h. -1 and a hydrogen flow rate of 50NL / h.

[0045] The olefin content observed after hydrogenation is very low (bromine number <0.8 g / 100 g), which means that the degree of hydrogenation is high.

[0046] The hydrogenation effluent obtained is then sent to a distillation section. At the end of this distillation section, a kerosene fraction is obtained with a distillation range of 140° C. to 300° C.: this corresponds to the kerosene base. The kerosene base obtained is analyzed: its characteristics and properties are shown in Table 1.

[0047] [Table 1]

Claims

1. A kerosene base comprising a mixture consisting of at least 60.0% by weight of C3n hydrocarbons and C4n hydrocarbons, where n is a natural integer selected from 3 and 4, and comprising at least 80% by weight of isoparaffin relative to the total weight of the kerosene base.

2. The kerosene base according to claim 1, comprising at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, of isoparaffin.

3. The kerosene base according to claim 1, comprising at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 50% by weight, and more preferably at least 70% by weight of branched paraffin.

4. The kerosene base according to claim 1, comprising a mixture of C3n and C4n isoparaffins in an amount of at least 70.0% by weight, preferably at least 80.0% by weight, and more preferably at least 90.0% by weight.

5. The kerosene base according to claim 4, comprising at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 50% by weight, and more preferably at least 70% by weight of branched C3n and C4n paraffins.

6. The kerosene base according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of C4n hydrocarbons to C3n hydrocarbons, C4n / C3n, is 0.10 or more, preferably 1.1 or less, preferably 0.9 or less, and more preferably 0.5 or less.

7. The kerosene base according to claim 1, wherein the initial boiling point is 140°C or higher.

8. The kerosene base according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of modern carbon (%; pMC) is 1% or more, preferably 50% or more, more preferably 75% or more, more specifically 90% or more, and even more specifically 100% or more.

9. The kerosene base according to claim 1, wherein the freezing point is -50°C or lower, preferably -60°C or lower, more specifically -70°C or lower, and more specifically -80°C or lower.

10. A composition comprising a kerosene base according to any one of claims 1 to 9, preferably at least 5% by weight of the kerosene base according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The composition according to claim 10, further comprising at least one bio-based kerosene product other than the kerosene-based product described in any one of claims 1 to 9 and / or at least one fossil kerosene product.

12. A method for preparing the composition according to claim 10, comprising mixing a kerosene base according to any one of claims 1 to 9 with at least one kerosene product other than the kerosene base.

13. Use of the composition according to claim 10 as fuel for an aircraft engine.