Security document, system for manufacturing a security document, and method for manufacturing a security document

Abstract

The present invention relates to a security document, a method for manufacturing a security document, and a system for manufacturing a security document. The security document (1) comprises an absorption area (30) for forming at least one personalized information (3), and the security document (1) is processed within the absorption area (30) and / or can be processed within the absorption area (30), whereby at least one personalized information (3) becomes visible via absorption of light incident on the first side. The security document further comprises a first security element (2) having an optically variable effect, and when observing the first side, the first security element (2) is arranged behind the absorption layer (52, 31), the first security element (2) is arranged in a first area (20), the first area (20) overlaps the absorption area (30) partially or entirely, the first area (20) does not overlap the absorption area (30) in a background area (21) directly adjacent to the absorption area (30), and at least one personal information (3) has a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a luminance contrast, in a second area (22) formed at least by a partial area of the absorption area (30) and a partial area of the background area (21) directly adjacent thereto.

Description

【Technical Field】 【0001】 The present invention relates to security documents, a system for manufacturing security documents, and a method for manufacturing security documents. 【Background Art】 【0002】 In security documents such as identity cards or passports, a photograph of the document owner, as well as further personalized data, such as date of birth, gender, place of residence, nationality, etc., are usually shown. Counterfeiters attempt to manipulate this personalized data and thus, for example, attempt to change or replace it. To prevent counterfeiting, the personalized data has hitherto been equipped with optically variable security elements covering it, for example. In particular, operations from the front side, such as changing a photograph by printing it on the surface, for example, will thereby be made more difficult. 【0003】 However, the personalized data of security documents exists statically in the form of a printed layer or blackening by laser radiation. Therefore, they do not have an optically variable effect and as a result, can be relatively easily manipulated and changed by counterfeiters. Furthermore, the contrast, especially the luminance contrast, of the static background, for example, of the personalized data having an offset print on or above a diffusely scattering opaque substrate or layer, is limited. 【0004】 In addition, for example, by splitting the layer of the security document, an attempt at manipulation is carried out from the center of the security document, or, for example, the carrier material of the security document is ground down to the photographic surface and then different photographs are printed, and the attempt at manipulation is carried out from the back side. Conventional solutions for making the manipulation from the center or from the back side more difficult are based, for example, on optically variable security elements arranged on the back side of the security document or in a window close to the photograph. However, the conventional solutions have a complex structure and, for example, some sides of the security element need to be scrutinized and thus the security document needs to be rotated completely for the observer, which is complex for checking authenticity. Furthermore, the security elements on the back side are costly because they require a complex and delicate structure to ensure a certain level of protection against forgery. 【Summary of the Invention】 【Problems to be Solved by the Invention】 【0005】 Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an improved security document, an improved system for manufacturing a security element, and an improved method for manufacturing a security element, in particular to provide improved protection against forgery and easier checkability of the authenticity of the security document. 【Means for Solving the Problems】 【0006】 This object is achieved by the security document according to claim 1. The security document comprises a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The security document further comprises at least one absorption layer having an absorption area for forming at least one personalized information. The security document is processed and / or processable within the absorption area such that at least one personalized information is visible via absorption of light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye. The security document further comprises a first security element having an optically variable effect. In the case of observing the first side of the security document, the first security element is arranged behind the absorption layer. Further, the first security element is arranged in a first area which overlaps the absorption area partially or over the entire surface. In this process, the first area does not overlap the absorption area in the background area directly adjacent to the absorption area, whereby at least one personalized information has a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a luminance contrast, in a second area formed by at least a partial area of the absorption area and a partial area of the background area directly adjacent thereto. 【0007】 This object is further achieved by the system according to claim 32 for manufacturing a security document according to the invention. A system for manufacturing a security document comprises an auxiliary carrier, and a first partial element of the security document and a second partial element of the security document are arranged on the auxiliary carrier, and the first partial element can be adapted to cover the second partial element by bending the auxiliary carrier. The first partial element has a first security element, the second partial element has an adhesive layer and at least one coating and / or a second security element, the at least one coating and / or the second security element is preferably transparent and / or partially metallized, preferably provided over the entire surface of the second partial element, the adhesive layer is arranged on the side of the coating and / or the second security element opposite the auxiliary carrier, and an absorption layer having an absorption region is arranged on the side of the first partial element opposite the auxiliary carrier or can be attached to the side of the first partial element opposite the auxiliary carrier. Preferably, the first partial element has an optional first carrier element and the second partial element has an optional second carrier element. 【0008】 This object is further achieved preferably by using the system according to the invention, by the method according to claim 39 for manufacturing a security document, in particular a security document according to the invention. The manufactured security document has a first side and a second side opposite the first side. In this method, the following steps, namely, providing at least one absorption layer having an absorption region for forming at least one personalized information, wherein the security document is processed or is processed and / or can be processed within the absorption region such that at least one personalized information is visible through absorption of light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye, and / or providing a first security element having an optically variable effect, and In the case of observing the first side of the security document, the step of arranging the absorption layer and the first security element such that the first security element is arranged behind the absorption layer and the first security element is arranged in the first region is executed in a specifically specified order. The first region overlaps with the absorption region partially or over the entire surface, and the first region does not overlap with the absorption region in the background region directly adjacent to the absorption region, whereby at least one personalized information has a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a luminance contrast, in a second region formed by at least a partial region of the absorption region and a partial region of the background region directly adjacent thereto. 【0009】 According to the invention, personalized information can be backed by an optically variable security element having a flexible and cost-effective design over a part of the surface or over the entire surface, as a result of which costs are reduced, protection against forgery is enhanced, and authenticity checks are facilitated. Advantageously, changes and / or forgeries of personal data can be more easily reconciled by the human eye, and the manipulation can be easily noticeable even when observed from only one side, i.e., the first side of the security document. Thus, the manipulation attempt becomes recognizable even to laypersons without the need to use a specific device. This is achieved, for example, in that personal information having absorption properties provided by laser blackening or printing locally covers the optically variable effect of the first security element and largely extinguishes it. Thereby, a non-forged security document is completely reconciled, and thus, having an accurately defined positional relationship with the boundary of the absorption area and the background area can already be perceptible to the human eye. Since the background area is directly adjacent to the absorption area and the first area extends within the absorption area, complete alignment between the more strongly illuminated background and the absorption area that is less strongly illuminated or not illuminated at all when the security document is tilted can be achieved and recognized by a human observer. Thus, in particular, manipulation of the absorption layer, for example, by applying a background area that is illuminated in front of the absorption area and attempting to omit the absorption area accordingly, always involves a decrease in positional accuracy or alignment tolerance, so that authenticity can be particularly easily verified by checking the alignment tolerance. Thus, the optically variable effect of the first security element underlying the personalization cannot be imitated, especially since the corresponding optically variable effect is arranged on the front side of the security document. Since the forger cannot completely match the subsequently applied optically variable effect to the outer shape of the personalized data, it becomes easier to see that a forgery exists. 【0010】 The inspection of security documents is also made particularly easier because the recognition of personal information, such as photographs, personalized data, or document identification markings, can be improved by an increase in luminance contrast present at a specific viewing angle. The increase in luminance contrast of personalized information can be perceived as "backlighting" of the personalized information and can in particular be enabled by the optically variable effect of the first security element. The background of the personalized information or thereof, in particular the background of the photograph of the document owner, may appear even more optically variable when the security document is tilted and / or rotated, as a result of which the personalized information no longer appears only statically. In addition, the verification of the security document can be carried out sufficiently also from one side, for example from the front side. For example, since the first security element can already be recognized from the front side, the scrutiny of the back side of the security document can in some cases be omitted, where the first security element is arranged behind the absorption layer in any case for forming the personalized information and thus prevents grinding from the back side. Thus, the verification of the security document is speeded up, which is useful, for example, in the case of long waiting times at border control. 【0011】 For example, disruptive effects at a specific viewing angle, such as specular reflection or diffraction effects of a diffractive optically variable security element located on and overlapping the personalized information, can be further accentuated, as a result of which good recognition of the personalized information is ensured and the verification of the security document is made easier. 【0012】 Since further security elements can be applied to the front side, a particularly high level of protection against forgery of the security document can also be further achieved in that the personalized data can be overlapped by the security elements from the front side and from the back side over at least a part of the surface. Thus, any attempt at manipulation from either side involves, for the forger, the risk that the security element is damaged and thus the security document becomes unusable. 【0013】 Further advantageous designs of the invention are described in the dependent claims. 【0014】 In particular, the use of the system according to the invention for producing a security document according to the invention in the method according to the invention is conceivable. 【0015】 The security document is preferably a passport, identity card, identity certificate, driving license, label or tax sticker, or can be used therefor. At least one personalization information is preferably selected individually or in combination from an image, portrait, motif. 【0016】 The motif is in particular selected individually or in combination from a graphically designed contour, graphical representation, image, symbol, logo, portrait, alphanumeric character, text, rasterization. 【0017】 By "motif shape" is particularly meant being in the form of a motif. 【0018】 By "visible to the human eye" it is meant to be visible, in particular, in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm, in particular 430 nm to 690 nm. The wavelengths visible to people are in particular in the range between 380 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus in particular violet, and 780 nm, thus in particular dark red, and the relative sensitivity of the eye below 430 nm and above 690 nm is less than 1% of the maximum value at 555 nm. By "transparent" it is preferably meant a transmittance of more than 70%, in particular more than 90%, for wavelengths in the range of in particular 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. By "translucent" it is preferably meant a transmittance in the range of 30% to 70% for wavelengths in the range of in particular 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. By "opaque" it is preferably meant a transmittance of less than 30%, in particular less than 10%, for wavelengths in the range of in particular 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. By transmittance it is preferably meant the ratio of the amount of light irradiating and / or incident on the medium to the amount of light appearing on the opposite side of the medium, preferably with no significant change in the spectral path of the light. The light not transmitted is preferably reflected, scattered and / or absorbed by the medium. Thus, for example, if the transmittance of the medium is 0.9 or 90%, 90% of the irradiating light is perceptible on the opposite side of the medium. When the transmittance of a layer is considered, in particular the reflection at the interface of this layer is ignored. 【0019】 In the absorption region, in particular, the security document according to the invention is treated or processed, preferably processed, by the method according to the invention such that at least one personalized information is visible through the absorption of the light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye. On the first side, here the light incident outside the absorption region is advantageously reflected and / or scattered more strongly in the absorption region. 【0020】 During the placement of the absorbent layer and the first security element, in particular the absorbent layer and the first security element are joined or joined to each other, and at least one personalized information is in particular then introduced or applied by generating the absorption area, or preferably introduced or applied. 【0021】 The absorption area is preferably delimited by one or more outer shapes, and the outer shapes form a shape by joining adjacent absorption areas to the background area, and the joined absorption areas are jointly assigned to personalized information such as, for example, a portrait, in particular a halftone portrait, or alphanumeric characters. Some pixels generated by laser or printing technology, for example in the case of a halftone image, are assigned to the information, for example, and the outermost pixels adjacent to the background area form the outer shape of the absorption area. 【0022】 By "background area" is preferably meant the area or sub-area of a second area that is directly adjacent to the absorption area, which does not contain personalized information but preferably provides a contrasting background, so that the personalized information is visible. 【0023】 By "area" is here in particular meant the defined surface area of the layer, film or ply that is occupied when observed perpendicular to the plane covered by the corresponding layer, film or ply in any case. Area, overlap, width and length are particularly considered in the case of observation perpendicular to the plane covered by the corresponding layer, and preferably the covered plane exists ignoring the layer thickness of the corresponding layer. The area extends through the security document or system, in particular with this defined surface area as the base surface. The layer is preferably a substantially two-dimensional structure. In particular, the layer can be single-layer or multi-layer by itself. 【0024】 Optically variable effects can be selected individually or in combination, in particular, from viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular brightness variations, viewing angle-dependent color variations, viewing angle-dependent motion effects, viewing angle-dependent motif variations, holographic representations, and dynamic representations. The viewing angle of a security element, in particular of a first security element, can be varied by the observer, in particular by tilting, rotating, and / or bending the security element. The security element is preferably formed as a laminate film or is formed or is formed from the transfer primer of a transfer film. 【0025】 By "aligned" and "alignment accuracy", the positional accuracy of two or more primers, elements, regions and / or layers relative to each other is meant. The alignment accuracy should be within a predefined alignment tolerance that should be as small as possible. At the same time, the alignment accuracy of several primers, elements, regions and / or layers relative to each other is an important feature not only to enhance process reliability and / or product quality but also to enhance protection against counterfeiting. Highly accurate or positionally accurate positioning can be carried out, in particular sensorially and preferably optically, by means of alignment marks that can be detected. These alignment marks can represent specific individual primers, elements, regions and / or layers or can be part of the primers, elements, regions and / or layers that are to be positioned themselves. By "perfect alignment", in particular, it is meant that there is no alignment tolerance. 【0026】 The viewing angle-dependent contrast is in particular a viewing angle-dependent luminance contrast, which is preferably provided or is provided by a defined luminance difference and / or preferably by a defined difference in luminance differences when observed at different defined viewing angles. 【0027】 Observation of the first side of the security element can in particular be carried out at predefined observation angles which in particular adopt a defined value for the luminance contrast, for example. These predefined observation angles can in particular also be determined by an angular range and do not necessarily correspond to individual values in particular. The defined observation angle is in particular an angular range which extends between the incident light on the plane covered by the layer or ply of the first security element, or the normal to the covered plane, and the observer or recipient. In particular, the first security element can be moved into an ON state which is visible to the human eye at a defined observation angle at which an optically variable effect is defined, and can be moved into an OFF state which is not visible to the human eye at different defined observation angles at which the optically variable effect is different. The optically variable effect of the first security element is preferably visible at a predefined first observation angle and in particular not visible at a second predefined observation angle, and in particular the first security element is preferably transparent at the second observation angle. 【0028】 Preferably at a predefined first viewing angle at which specular reflection is not visible, in particular the maximum amount of light reflected or diffracted by the first security element is visible. Here, advantageously, in particular since 20% of the incident light as a whole is reflected or diffracted, the structure of the first security element is such that most of the reflected or diffracted light is concentrated in a narrow angular range and is in particular directed towards the observer, so that it can appear very bright to the observer. The remaining, in particular 80%, of the incident light is scattered only diffusely, for example by the first side of the security element, in particular by the substrate, and appears darker in comparison. The substrate can be formed, for example, by at least preferably an opaque layer core or a paper substrate. Advantageously, the absorption region, in particular the blackening, is at least partially in front of the first security element, for example weakening the reflective part compared to a background region that lights up brightly corresponding to the absorption region, in particular the blackening, so that at least one personalized information is particularly easily recognizable when observed at a predefined first viewing angle. The observation of the security document at the first predefined angle preferably corresponds to the ON state of the first security element, in particular the first security element lights up in at least a partial region and preferably lights up uniformly or over the entire surface in at least some regions. 【0029】 At a third predefined viewing angle, specular reflection is preferably visible. In particular, the light source reflecting on the first side of the security document is visible here. This situation can occur in particular in the case of a security document made of plastic with a smooth surface. Here, a typical reflection of about 5% of the incident light can accentuate the personalized information. For example, an absorption region including blackening can hardly be recognized, for example because a preferably bright substrate is scattered diffusely and does not appear bright enough to the observer. 【0030】 The second predefined viewing angle means an observation angle outside the first predefined viewing angle, in particular where specular reflection of the light source is not directly visible, and thus preferably outside the predefined third viewing angle. The observation of the security document at the second predefined angle preferably corresponds to the OFF state of the first security element. 【0031】 The luminance difference between the background area and the absorption area in the second area is preferably stronger at a predefined first viewing angle than at a predefined second viewing angle. Stronger means, in particular, that the delta ON value described below is greater than delta OFF. 【0032】 In particular, light incident on the first side of the security document is not reflected as strongly in the absorption area as in the surrounding area, so that the personalized information is visible, preferably visible to the human eye, especially in the ON state and the OFF state. 【0033】 In particular, when the first side is observed, preferably when the first side is observed at a second viewing angle via absorption of light incident on the first side, a further absorption layer is arranged under the first security element and / or at least one personalized information is formed or formed in a further area, where the absorption also takes place, in particular, under the first security element, so that the luminance difference between the background area and the absorption area in the further area may be weaker at a predefined first viewing angle than at a predefined second viewing angle. Weaker means, in particular, that the delta ON value described below is smaller than delta OFF. 【0034】 Two embodiments can preferably be combined. An embodiment is conceivable in which a first difference in luminance between the background area and the absorption area in the second area is stronger at a predefined first viewing angle than at a predefined second viewing angle, and a second difference in luminance between the background area and the absorption area in the further area is weaker at a predefined first viewing angle than at a predefined second viewing angle. 【0035】 Personalization of the document is typically carried out, preferably via overprinting from a preferably dark color to black, or via the action of laser radiation, in particular via blackening by laser radiation. In particular, in the case of printed personalization, a colored overprint is also possible, and preferably dark colors such as dark blue or dark green or dark red are used. In order to make the personalized information easily recognizable, preferably a light substrate is advantageously used. This can be an unprinted area of the substrate, a print where the area is white, or preferably something similar with a light print. This can be a color with low chroma, i.e., low absorption, and / or low surface coverage. In the case of a security document made of plastic, such as a card or a data page containing polycarbonate (PC) or PET, the surface coverage of the printing ink on the layer is preferably less than 50% so as not to overly weaken the bonding of the final product. In the case of a security document made of plastic, usually, a ply, for example with a core layer, containing a filler such as TiO2 is present to make the document body largely opaque and achieve good contrast for the personalized information. In particular, due to the filler, this ply scatters incident light diffusely over a wide angle range and appears white or white-toned. 【0036】 The ply, in particular the core layer, can contain a filler or a colorant, and as a result, a colored ply, in particular the core layer, can be present as a substrate, and in particular can be present behind at least one personalized information and behind the first security element when the first side is observed. Here, a white tone is preferably used. Thus, a white ply, in particular a white core layer, can also preferably be present as a substrate, and in particular can also be present behind at least one personalized information and behind the first security element when the first side is observed. 【0037】 When the absorption layer is blackened by the action of laser radiation, the blackening is preferably easily recognizable, especially in contrast to a substrate providing a white background. The personalized information preferably usually includes image information and further data. At least one piece of personalized information is preferably introduced or to be introduced as image information so that different gray tones can exist and / or be perceived. The further personalized information preferably exists in the form of data of uniform blackening since no graduation of the blackening is required. 【0038】 As a measure of blackening, the optical density can be determined with reference to the K value. The optical density is preferably measured in accordance with ISO 13655:2017(E) "Graphic technology - Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images". The measurement device will illuminate a sample that is to be measured, in particular via a light ring that illuminates the sample at 45°. The LED preferably functions as a light source. The measurement is performed by a spectrometer with an observation perpendicular to the surface of the sample. The light backscattered by the measured object is measured at 10 nm intervals in the spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm. 【0039】 To determine the K value of the optical density, the first measurement is preferably carried out without blackening in the security document as a reference, and the second measurement is carried out with blackening at the same point, which functions as a reference. Preferably, first, it is possible to execute the measurement so that a reference measurement of the optical density is carried out, where this reference measurement of the optical density is carried out on a blank document that is not personalized, preferably not blackened, at the same point as the region that will be blackened later, or on the same document at an equivalent point to a similar non-blackened substrate. Thus, in particular, the measurement of the region having the optical characteristics that the security document would have at the non-blackened measurement point is carried out as the reference measurement value. A subsequent second measurement of the optical density is carried out in the blackened region, and the K value can be calculated from the difference. The optical density results from the negative base-10 logarithm of the quotient of the measurement value of the reflection with blackening and the measurement value without blackening. Thus, a higher optical density or a higher K value is associated with a stronger blackening. 【0040】 To adapt the measurement value to the region to be measured, different diaphragms can be used. The typical diameter of the measurement diaphragm is in the range of 1 mm to 7 mm. For a 45°:0° measurement geometry using an x-rite exact device (manufactured by X-Rite, Siemensstraße 12b, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany), the following K values for the optical density can be measured. 【0041】 Preferably, the blackening in the absorption layer for forming at least one piece of personalized information in the portrait form is measurable with reference to the K value. The absorption region is preferably processed or is to be processed such that the K value of at least one piece of personalized information is in the range between 0 and 3. A value of 0 means the absence of blackening, particularly a bright spot without blackening. A value of 3 is a dark blackening, preferably already clearly visible. With the maximum value of 3, it is advantageously achieved that damage to the product, such as the formation of air bubbles, is prevented, particularly when foreign objects such as security elements are present in the absorption region. When the contrast of at least one piece of personalized information, particularly a portrait, is low, the K value is particularly between 0 and 1. When the contrast of at least one piece of personalized information, particularly a portrait, is high, the K value is between 0 and 2. 【0042】 The K value is a measure of how strongly the blackening absorbs the incident light and corresponds to the optical density of the blackening. The K value is preferably measured in the OFF state. 【0043】 This measurement method detects the overall blackening, particularly in the case of a structure as shown in, for example, FIG. 1g. That is, it is both the blackening in the absorption layer and, in some cases, in a further layer above the first security element, and in some cases, preferably the blackening arranged under the preferably transparent first security element. 【0044】 The luminance contrast in the second region, particularly the luminance contrast of at least one piece of personalized information in the portrait form, is preferably calculated as follows. In particular, the viewing angle-dependent luminance contrast is preferably provided or is to be provided by the viewing angle-dependent difference in luminance between the background region and the absorption region, preferably a predefined one. 【0045】 The difference in luminance between the background area and the absorption area, preferably the darkening in the absorption area, can in particular be determined for delta ON and delta OFF according to the following formula, where "ON" indicates when observed at a predefined first viewing angle and "OFF" indicates when observed at a predefined second viewing angle. The abbreviation MW represents the measured value confirmed for luminance. The difference between the confirmed measured values is in any case divided by the measured value at an appropriate position within the substrate in order to compensate for the difference in reflection behavior or scattering behavior or illumination between the first viewing angle and the second viewing angle. In this process, the observed background area, or an area of the substrate having properties equivalent to the absorption area and in particular existing as close as possible adjacent thereto, is used. Preferably, the security document has, without being processed in order to make at least one personalized information visible via absorption of the light incident on the first side, and thus in particular without darkening, at the point of the MW absorption area and / or at the point of the MW background without the first security element, corresponding optical properties such that it is possible to select the measured values of the area having these properties as the MW substrate, which area can in particular be an area existing adjacent to the first and / or second area, the background area and / or the absorption area when the first side is observed in the corresponding security document. 【Number】 【Number】 According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, 【Number】 【0046】 The standardized difference D between delta ON and delta OFF is preferably greater than the minimum value. 【Number】 【0047】 The appropriate minimum value of the standardized difference D is 5%, preferably 10%, particularly preferably 15%. 【0048】 In a preferred embodiment, the minimum value is applied to the region where the standardized difference D is maximum. 【0049】 The larger the value of D, the greater the difference in luminance of the measured values between the ON state and the OFF state, and in particular, the change from the OFF state to the ON state is made clearer. In addition, this criterion ensures that the blackening in the absorption region in the ON state can also be easily recognized. 【0050】 In particular, the difference in luminance difference when observed at different defined viewing angles can preferably be defined by the standardized difference D. 【0051】 Personalized information can have fine details and accordingly can greatly vary the blackening locally. Therefore, measurement by a conventional densitometer is only possible with difficulty. Measurement by a camera with a corresponding resolution still makes it possible to provide information. 【0052】 Depending on the resolution of the measuring instrument, the measured values can vary within a certain range in some cases. When the measurement gives different values for a certain region, particularly a partial region of the absorption region and / or the background region, the median or arithmetic mean of the corresponding region, particularly the absorption region and / or the background region, is preferably used as the measured value. 【0053】 In particular, a dimensionless gray scale or luminance value is preferred as the measured value for reflection. The following settings can be used to identify contrast or optical density or luminance. 【0054】 For this purpose, the security document is advantageously arranged such that the first side of the security document is visible or can be captured by a camera, has an x-axis and a y-axis perpendicular thereto, and in particular spans a plane having the origin of coordinates at the center of the security document. Perpendicular to this plane, and thus in particular perpendicular to the thickness direction of the security document, can be considered as the z-axis. The camera is preferably arranged above the security document in the z-direction. The light source is arranged offset with respect to the security document and the camera such that the light diffracted or backscattered by the first security element at least partially hits the aperture of the camera. Observation is preferably carried out by a camera perpendicular to the first security element, in particular perpendicular to the xy-plane. Illumination is carried out laterally such that the light diffracted or scattered backward by the first security element at least partially hits the aperture of the camera. Illumination can be carried out, for example, by a fluorescent tube. The following table shows exemplary test settings where the lamp is preferably a fluorescent tube. 【Table 1】 Due to the offset of the 90 mm lamp, the center of the lamp is arranged, in particular, on the x-axis passing through the center of the security element. The values in the above table show the setting values for image acquisition using a camera. The position of the lamp can be adapted in each case to the characteristics of the first security element such that the ON state is captured and thus observation is carried out at a predefined first observation angle. In the case of a blazed structure, the important parameters are, in particular, the angle α of the inclination of the facets of the structure together with the refractive index n, as explained, for example, in connection with FIG. 3b. 【0055】 The grayscale value is determined, in particular, from the color value signals (R, G, B) of the camera according to the formula: grayscale value = 0.200 * red component + 0.587 * green component + 0.114 * blue component. The result is a value representing the luminance of the image point, independent of color. 【0056】 The relative difference in gray-scale values between the ON state and the OFF state can depend on, for example, not only the substrate such as the type and density of printing or coloring of an opaque core layer that can be arranged behind the first security element when the first side is observed, but also on the type of light source, in particular its range. A point light source results in a greater relative difference than a broad light source. The measurement settings described represent an intermediate stage. 【0057】 At a second predefined observation angle, that is, in particular in the OFF state where the first security element does not deflect light towards the observer and is thus not visible, a first luminance value of the measurement area occurs. This is defined by the average gray-scale value. The arithmetic mean, or in the case of a particularly noisy measurement area, the median is used as the average gray-scale value. However, at a first predefined observation angle where the first security element deflects light towards the observer and is thus visible, that is, in particular in the ON state, a second luminance value of this measurement area defined by the relevant average gray-scale value occurs. The second average gray-scale value is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and particularly preferably at least 15% higher compared to the first average gray-scale value. The arithmetic mean of the reflections in the first area and / or the measured values of the reflected light and / or scattered light is preferably at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 15% greater at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle. Thus, the difference obtained by dividing the measured value in the ON state, which is less than the measured value in the OFF state, by the amount of the measured value in the OFF state is in particular at least 0.05, preferably at least 0.1, preferably at least 0.15. 【0058】 At a predefined first observation angle, in particular, in the second region, preferably the strongest difference in luminance between the background and the absorption region is greater at the predefined first observation angle than the strongest difference in luminance between the background and the absorption region at the predefined second observation angle. Preferably, here, in the partial region of the personalized information, in particular in the absorption region, the reflection is weaker than in the partial region of the second region where the absorption region is absent. This can be verified by the described settings, in particular by checking the measured values of the corresponding regions. 【0059】 In other words, the luminance can be increased more strongly in the background region than in the absorption region when changing from the second predefined observation angle to the first predefined observation angle. 【0060】 A preferred embodiment in which the luminance difference in the second region is stronger at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle preferably means that the contrast in the second region calculated from the ratio of the arithmetic mean of the measured values of the reflection in the absorption region to the arithmetic mean of the measured values of the reflection in the background region has a lower value at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle. 【0061】 The first security element can also be designed such that when changing from the observation at the predefined second observation angle to the observation at the predefined first observation angle, in particular the increase in luminance in the second region is smaller in the absorption region than in the background region. 【0062】 The absorption region can also have an optical density with a maximum K value of 3, at least in a partial region in at least the first region, especially measured according to ISO 13655:2017(E). The contrast between the absorption region and the background region in the second region can have a value of at most 0.1, preferably 0.15, at the first viewing angle. At a predefined first viewing angle, the contrast of blackening between a partial region of the second region outside the absorption region and a partial region within the absorption region preferably lies within the range of 0.1 to 3. 【0063】 The optically variable effect of the first security element is preferably visible only when the first side is observed. The security document can preferably have a translucent or opaque contrast layer behind the first security element in order to increase the contrast of personalized information, especially at an observation angle that is not the same as the predefined first observation angle, preferably at a second observation angle, when observed from the first side. The contrast layer preferably contains a filler, especially TiO2, for preferably diffuse scattering of the incident light. The contrast layer preferably does not have an optically variable effect. In particular, the core layer is coated with the contrast layer or represents the contrast layer. For this purpose, the core layer can especially contain a filler such as TiO2 and / or can scatter white light or can have a colored white print on the surface. The security document is preferably translucent or transparent, especially not opaque, between the absorption layer and the first security element. This can achieve the advantage that it is made more difficult to scrape off from the second side in the case of an attempt at manipulation. In particular, it can be difficult for a forger to recognize that the first security element provides protection against scraping off from the second side before damaging the first security element. 【0064】 The security document can also comprise, in a third region, a second security element having an optically variable effect, the second security element being arranged in front of the absorption layer when the first side is observed, in particular the third region not overlapping the absorption region or overlapping the absorption region partially or over its entire surface. Preferably, the optically variable effect is not visible at a predefined first viewing angle. Advantageously, the second security element can be highlighted by the first security element at a predefined first viewing angle. The first security element and the second security element are preferably visible at different viewing angles when the first side is observed, in particular also visible to the human eye. Thereby, the advantage can be achieved that the check of the manipulation attempt can be carried out quickly and easily from only one side, namely the first side. 【0065】 The first security element and the second security element, and in particular also the absorption region, preferably overlap in the overlapping region. When the first side is observed, the security element having the optically variable effect is in any case provided both in front of and behind at least a part of the absorption region. These two security elements preferably at least partially overlap, in particular in a top view on the plane covered by the security document. The second security element in front of the absorption region is preferably designed to be translucent or transparent. More preferably, the first and second security elements are designed to be translucent or transparent. Thus, for example, scraping off a part of the surface and replacing the personalized information is made more difficult because at least one of the security elements is damaged in the process in order to manipulate the entire personalized information. 【0066】 The optically variable effects of the first security element and of the second security element can also interact with each other in such a way that there is a logical combination of two planes which are in particular visible to the human eye and / or measurable and / or perceptible to a human observer, thereby further enhancing the protection against forgery. 【0067】 In particular, a combination of the first and second security elements can be considered such that backlighting of the partial metallization of the second security element takes place. Thereby, the metallized regions may appear darker in contrast to the non-metallized regions. This can be utilized, inter alia, for design integration. For example, the partial metallization can have the shape of a house, where the windows are designed to be metal-free. When the second security element is backlit via the optical effect of the first security element, the windows light up as if a person had switched on the light. 【0068】 A combination of the first and second security elements can also be considered such that a shadow of the partial metallization of the second security element is cast onto the reflective layer of the first security element. The partial metallization can have, for example, the shape of letters. The greater the distance of the first security element from the second security element, the more pronounced the movement of the shadow cast onto the reflective layer of the first security element when the security document is tilted, in particular when the security document is tilted left and right or forwards and backwards. 【0069】 The combination of the first and second security elements can also be considered to be designed such that the partial metallization is in the form of a so-called exposure layer for a moiré effect, for example in the form of a fine demetallization line or hole grid having regular intervals between lines, or hole centers, or hole edges, preferably in the range between 5 μm and 200 μm, and the line width or hole diameter is preferably selected such that a maximum of 50%, preferably a maximum of 30%, and particularly preferably a maximum of 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the line or hole grid. More preferably, the optical effect of the first security element is formed in the shape of a moiré pattern that matches the line or hole grid, for example in the shape of a lit moiré icon or a similar micro-image. Thus, a moiré-like magnification and / or movement effect can preferably be achieved in the completed security document. The connected regions of the two security elements are realized, in particular, such that one is on top of the other here or is realized as such. 【0070】 The hole size is preferably the same throughout the partially metallized area. As a result, the brightness of the optical effect of the first security element is approximately the same. Alternatively, the hole size can vary in a targeted manner across the partially metallized area of the first security element, thereby, for example, generating a brightness gradient and thus enabling, for example, a fade-in or fade-out of the optical effect in the edge area of the partial metallization. 【0071】 Furthermore, the first security element and / or the second security element can be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, in particular having a transmittance in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, which is selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably 430 nm to 690 nm. Thereby, advantageously, even in the OFF state or at a predefined second viewing angle, a high degree of design freedom for the security document is guaranteed for the optical effect in the background area. For example, further information or decoration can be shown on the first side behind the first security document, or a high-contrast substrate can be provided in the absorption area, in particular by the core layer or a layer printed thereon. Pigments that fluoresce under UV irradiation or light up under IR radiation, in particular fine security prints and / or pigments having an optically variable effect in particular, are particularly preferred. A further advantage compared to opaque, in particular metallic, security elements is that in the case of a translucent and / or transparent design, the first security feature is hardly visible or not visible at all in the OFF state, thereby achieving a surprising effect for the observer in the case of a change to the ON state, which advantageously further enhances protection against forgery. 【0072】 The second security element can be designed to be opaque, in particular having a transmittance selected from the range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably 1% to 10%, in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. 【0073】 The absorption area is preferably arranged in alignment with the background area, preferably in complete alignment or without alignment tolerance. As already mentioned above, this can achieve improved protection against forgery and simplify the authenticity check. 【0074】 The security document can also have a window area where the core layer is preferably transparent or omitted. The absorption area for forming further optical information, in particular further personalization information, is preferably at least partially introduced into or introduced onto the recording layer within the window area. When the first side of the security document is observed, the third security element or a further area of the first security element is preferably arranged behind the further optical information. Thereby, the recognizability of the further optical information in the reflected light can be designed to be low because a contrasting, for example, "white" background is missing. Further backlighting of the further optical information at a further predefined angle can be achieved via the third security element or a further area of the first security element, and thus, in particular, the further optical information can be easily checked by "switching on and off". The further area of the first security element is preferably designed here in exactly the same way as the first security element within the second area. 【0075】 The first security element and / or the second security element particularly have a carrier that includes or consists of PET or PEN in particular. The carrier preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 5 μm to 150 μm, more preferably 5 μm to 50 μm, and even more preferably 10 μm to 25 μm. 【0076】 The first security element and / or the second security element can also have at least one replication layer. In particular, at least one replication layer has a layer thickness in the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm. 【0077】 The first security element and / or the second security element can also have at least one reflective layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, more preferably 40 nm to 100 nm. The reflective layer can preferably be made of a material having a refractive index that differs from the refractive index of the replication layer by at least 0.2. The reflective layer preferably comprises or consists of a metal layer or a high refractive index layer (=HRI layer, a layer having a high refractive index) or a combination thereof. Preferred materials for the HRI layer are, for example, ZnS and / or TiO2. Thus, the reflective layer preferably comprises ZnS or TiO2 or particularly consists of ZnS or TiO2. The HRI layer can comprise or consist of materials selected individually or in combination from SiOx, MgO, TiOx, Al2O3, ZnO, ZnS. The variable x is preferably in a continuous range from 1 to 3. The reflective layer can individually or in combination comprise or consist of the following metals, namely chromium, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, indium, silver, and alloys of one or more of the above metals. The thickness of the metal layer is particularly in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably 15 nm to 100 nm. The reflective layer can also preferably comprise one or more metal oxides selected individually or in combination from aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof. In the case of the HRI layer, the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index exceeding 1.9 in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably in the wavelength range of 420 nm to 780 nm. 【0078】 The reflective layer is particularly arranged over a part or over the entire surface of the security document and / or of the first security element and / or of the second security element. In particular, the reflective layer has different layer thicknesses over at least a part of the surface. 【0079】 The first security element and / or the second security element preferably has a release layer. The release layer ensures that the transfer primer layer composite is removable from the carrier primer of the transfer film, especially during application. The release layer is arranged, in particular, on the side of the security element opposite the adhesive layer or the stabilizing layer. When the security element is laminated to the layer composite, the release layer can further provide good adhesion to an adjacent polycarbonate ply, or an adjacent PVC ply (PVC = polyvinyl chloride), or an adjacent PET ply, or an adjacent adhesive layer. The thickness of this release layer is in the range of 0.2 μm to 10 μm, preferably in the range of 0.2 μm to 5 μm. The thickness of the optionally present wax layer is in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm. The release of the carrier primer of the transfer film can be further improved by one or more thin wax layers. One or more of the one or more wax layers can remain on the release layer of the security document and / or one or more of the one or more wax layers can be peeled off together with the carrier primer. 【0080】 The first security element and / or the second security element can also have one or more functional layers arranged between the release layer and the reflective layer. Such a functional layer can be a stabilizing layer having a stabilizing mechanical effect against degradation during lamination, especially between further layers made of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The stabilizing layer is thermally stabilized, or preferably thermally stabilized, in particular by crosslinking by radiation, especially UV radiation, or by a chemical reaction. 【0081】 The first security element and / or the second security element can also have at least one stabilizing layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, more preferably 1.0 μm to 10 μm, the stabilizing layer being in particular a single layer or a multi-layer and preferably comprising an adhesion promoter layer. The stabilizing layer is arranged, in particular, on the side of the replication layer opposite the release layer. 【0082】 The first security element and / or the second security element can also have at least one adhesive layer having a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, more preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm. In particular, the adhesive layer is formed of a hot melt adhesive or a cold glue, and the adhesive layer is preferably designed as a single layer or multiple layers. The adhesive layer is particularly arranged on the side of the replication layer opposite to the release layer, and in particular on the side of the stabilization layer opposite to the release layer. 【0083】 In particular, the first security element and / or the second security element in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer can also have at least one relief structure, and the at least one relief structure deflects incident light within a predetermined angular range, and in particular diffracts and / or reflects it. 【0084】 In a preferred embodiment, the first security element appears achromatic in the second region, particularly in the background region, when observed at a predefined first observation angle. Advantageously, the first security element preferably has a microstructure having an achromatic appearance. Examples of microstructures having an achromatic appearance are, for example, diffraction gratings, particularly blazed gratings or diffraction structures having a grating period exceeding 3 μm, particularly exceeding 5 μm, matte structures that scatter isotropically or anisotropically, light-reflecting micromirrors or facets, and white light diffraction computer-generated holograms (CGHs). 【0085】 The first security element can also be translucent or transparent in the second region when the first side is observed at a predefined second observation angle. 【0086】 The first security element is preferably further such that it appears achromatic when observed at a predefined first viewing angle, at least in a first partial region of the absorption region that forms a grayscale or multicolor image, preferably a portrait. The first security element, in particular the second region, can form only a partial region on the first side of the security document. Preferably, the first security element is in a closed coherent region having a minimum width and / or minimum length of 80%, preferably 100%, of the region provided in the first partial region of the absorption region, and is preferably arranged to partially overlap or overlap the entire surface of at least one first partial region of the absorption region that forms a grayscale or multicolor image of a portrait. In particular, the region provided is the region defined for the portrait in the security document. The second region formed by at least the partial region of the absorption region and the partial region of the background region directly adjacent thereto preferably has the outline of a portrait or a frame around the portrait. The maximum width and / or maximum length of the closed coherent region is preferably 110% of the region provided in the first partial region of the absorption region. 【0087】 It is also conceivable that the first security element has a further region separate from the second region, in particular a region designed differently. The second region formed by at least the partial region of the absorption region and the partial region of the background region directly adjacent thereto can further have a width in the range of 10 mm to 50 mm and a length in the range of 15 mm to 70 mm. Through the above characteristics, in particular the viewing angle-dependent contrast can be assigned to the personalized information, so that the first security element is not simply perceived as a stand-alone motif. In particular, it can be achieved that the absorption region is intuitively perceived as optically variable as a portrait together with the first security element. Furthermore, in particular, an achromatic effect that preferably forms a certain type of backlighting of the portrait can be checked particularly easily by the human eye, even by laypeople, and as already mentioned above, it is difficult to disguise a perfect match, so the authenticity check is improved. 【0088】 The first security element is preferably colored in the fourth region, particularly preferably multicolored, where the fourth region preferably overlaps a second sub-region of the absorption region formed from alphanumeric characters, particularly in a certain region. As a result, since the backlighting is preferably partially absent, the protection against forgery can be further improved, and as a result, a region with a more complex security element can be provided. As a result, on the one hand, the portrait can be easily checked, and at the same time, it becomes difficult to disguise the front side. 【0089】 The first security element can advantageously have an optically variable effect that is substantially achromatic, preferably in at least a sub-region, particularly preferably in the second region. This effect has the advantage of increasing the contrast with at least one personalized information being absorbed, preferably black-absorbed, at least at a predefined first viewing angle, and behaving independently of color, unlike a colored optically variable effect. This is particularly advantageous when overlapping the portrait by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing. This is because the influence of color, if any, is perceived by the observer as disturbing or confusing, and as a result, particularly easy checking by the observer can be enabled here. 【0090】 The first security element preferably has an achromatic effect selected individually or in combination from the following. - An effect of lighting up white by tilting, particularly by tilting forward and backward and / or left and right, preferably the first security element lights up white at a predefined first viewing angle, preferably uniformly white, and does not light up white at a predefined second viewing angle, particularly being semi-transparent or transparent. - An achromatic luminance pattern, such as a luminance band, that moves when the security document is tilted, particularly when tilted forward and backward and / or left and right, particularly moving linearly or radially, or in a more complex shape. - A security document that moves when tilted, especially left - right and / or up - down, preferably floats virtually in front of or behind the plane of the security element, and is recognizable especially when illuminated by a point light source, is an icon that lights up white or a dark icon on a white - lit background, preferably where the icon means, preferably, a motif, such as a two - dimensional or flat object like one or more characters, a logo or a barcode. - A achromatic convex or concave curved lens shape or freeform shape that preferably appears to jump virtually in front of or behind the document plane. 【0091】 Such achromatic optically variable effects can be generated by different types of microstructures, for example, a grating structure having a grating period exceeding 3 μm, especially exceeding 5 μm, preferably a blazed grating, or by a computer - generated hologram, or by a micromirror, or by a Fresnel lens structure, or by a matte scattering structure, or by a light - directed diffraction structure. 【0092】 At least one relief structure of the first security element is preferably a blazed structure having a grating period exceeding 3 μm, more preferably exceeding 5 μm, especially up to a maximum of 25 μm, and / or is in the range of 3 μm to 25 μm. The first security element preferably has a blazed structure with an angle range of tilt α in the range of 0 to 40 degrees, preferably in the range of 3 to 30 degrees, more preferably in the range of 5 to 25 degrees. The reflective layer of the first security element is preferably formed by an HRI layer (HRI: high refractive index). Preferably, the layer thickness of the HRI layer is especially in the range of 30 nm to 280 nm, preferably 50 nm to 120 nm. 【0093】 The first security element can also show a particularly achromatic movement sequence in the first area when the first side is observed at a first predefined viewing angle. In particular, the preferably achromatic movement sequence is visible by tilting the security document. For this purpose, a blazed structure or a micromirror having a particularly changing azimuth angle, and thus a particularly changing orientation, or a blazed structure or a micromirror in which the period of the blazed structure or the Frank angle of the micromirror changes can be used. 【0094】 The first security element can also have an element area, in particular preferably an element area having a dimension below the resolution of the human eye when the first side is observed at a distance in the range of more than 30 cm. Different from the relief structure of the surrounding area of the first area, a relief structure in the form of a motif shape in particular is provided in the element area. The maximum width of the element area is preferably in the range of 2 μm to 250 μm. The surface coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%. 【0095】 The first security element, which optionally has notches that function particularly as coupling bridges and is preferably in the form of a wide patch, is preferably located behind the portrait and, in part, behind further personalized information, in particular personalized data, when the first side is observed. Thus, the first security element partially arranged within the security document has, in particular, an interruption as a coupling bridge for the surrounding layer. In particular, the first security element can also be present over the entire surface of the security document. In other words, the first area preferably includes the entire security element. 【0096】 The first security element is arranged or can be arranged in several separate areas, or the first security element and further security elements can be arranged or can further be arranged in the same plane. For this purpose, the first security element, or the first security element and further security elements, are applied or are to be applied, in particular directly or indirectly via a further layer, preferably to the same layer, preferably the core layer or the coating layer, preferably the first coating layer. Some separate areas of the security element or the first security element are more preferably obtained from exactly the same transfer ply of the transfer film during application. In particular, this can improve the alignment accuracy of the applied security elements relative to each other. Alternatively, each area and / or each security element is provided with and applied with its own separate transfer film. 【0097】 The first and / or second security element can preferably also comprise a diffraction grating. Such a diffraction grating is preferably selected individually or in combination from linear gratings, crossed gratings. The diffraction grating preferably has a grating period in the range from 200 nm to 10 μm. The diffraction grating in particular has a grating depth in the range between 50 nm and 2 μm, preferably between 80 nm and 1.5 μm. Diffraction gratings with a grating period of less than 500 nm, preferably less than 400 nm, are further conceivable. These are sub-wavelength gratings which have a zero diffraction order and thus in particular a color impression and / or color effect of direct reflection when a high refractive index layer or a metal layer is provided on these gratings. When a high refractive index layer is provided on the grating, in particular the so-called RICS color effect occurs. When a metal layer, for example aluminum, is provided on the grating, in particular a plasmon color effect occurs. The absorption area is advantageously sufficiently contrasting with the color impression of the diffraction grating, so that the personalization information can be checked more easily by the observer without the security element being in the background and compared to previously known personalization in the prior art. 【0098】 The first security element preferably has a partial metal layer as a reflective layer in a region outside the absorption region. As a result, for example, a marked and easily checkable effect can be produced without the laser destroying the metal layer. 【0099】 At least one personalized information is formed in the security document or preferably formed in the manufacturing method by the operation of the absorption layer by a laser, in particular via blackening and / or via a printed layer constituted or formed by the absorption layer by printing. The blackening can have different intensities corresponding to the energy introduced and / or being introduced or to be introduced in a grid pattern, so that, for example, a grayscale can also be implemented. In particular, personalized information in portrait form is formed or preferably formed by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing. The background region preferably means a partial region of a first region where no laser printing or operation is arranged. 【0100】 The absorption layer particularly contains or consists of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when it is a laser-processable absorption layer. The absorption layer is preferably transparent outside the absorption region. It is also possible for the absorption layer to be transparent within the absorption region before at least one personalized information is formed. The absorption layer can preferably be written or written by a laser having a wavelength of about 1064 nm. 【0101】 When the first side is observed, it is also possible for a further absorption layer to be arranged behind the first security element. Here, preferably, at least one personalized information can be composed of the absorption layer and the further absorption layer in the OFF state or when observed at a second viewing angle. 【0102】 The second region can be formed by the first region. It is also conceivable that the first region has a further region that does not overlap with the second region. The outer shape of the second region can also form a frame of the first personalized information among at least one piece of personalized information, particularly around the portrait. 【0103】 The security document can have further security elements such as a third security element. In any case, the above observation angles can be defined independently of each other, and as a result, for example, the first observation angle assigned to the first security element can mean an observation angle of the security document that is different from the observation of the third security element at its first predefined observation angle. 【0104】 The security document can further have at least one preferably opaque core layer. The security document can also have at least one preferably transparent coating layer on the first side and / or the second side. 【0105】 The security document preferably has, in particular in a specified order from the first side to the second side, the following layers, namely, In particular, a transparent first coating layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), A second security element partially arranged between the first coating layer and the absorption layer, An absorption layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), A first security element partially arranged between the absorption layer and the core layer, In particular, an opaque core layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), In particular, a transparent second coating layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and has one or more of them. 【0106】 The security document has the following layers, in particular in the specified order from the first side to the second side, namely, In particular, at least one relief structure that preferably forms the transparent outermost layer of the security document and has a preferably diffractive optically variable effect due to the difference in refractive index in the relief structure, preferably a second security element over the entire surface. In particular, a transparent first coating layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). An absorption layer in the form of a printed layer arranged in the region between the coating layer and the substrate. In particular, a substrate selected individually or in combination from paper, Teslin, PVC, ABS, PET and composites It is also possible to have one or more of them. 【0107】 The second security element is preferably present in the system for manufacturing the security document over the entire surface of the second sub - element and can comprise a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer. In particular, a relief structure having a diffractive optical effect is formed in the reflective layer. 【0108】 The second security element may preferably be a second security element over substantially the entire surface that covers the surface of the security document, preferably the visible surface when the first side is observed, and / or more than 80%, preferably more than 90% of the second sub - element. 【0109】 The folding edge can also be arranged between the first sub - element of the security document and the second sub - element of the security document. The folding edge separates the first sub - element of the security document and the second sub - element of the security document such that the sub - elements can be overlapped by folding at the folding edge or such that they are overlapped during the manufacturing process. 【0110】 The bent edge is present in an area where neither the first carrier element nor the second carrier element is provided, or the first and second carrier elements can also be formed by a layer that separates the first partial element and the second partial element, particularly by a recess, notch or perforation forming the bent edge and connecting weaknesses. 【0111】 The first security element can also be arranged on the first partial element of the security document on the side of the first carrier element opposite the auxiliary carrier. The second security element can also be arranged on the second partial element of the security document between the carrier element and the adhesive layer, preferably over a part of the surface or over the entire surface. 【0112】 At least one carrier layer can also be arranged on the side facing the auxiliary carrier in the first partial element and / or the second partial element, and the carrier layer consists particularly of PET or contains PET. 【0113】 The second partial element of the security document can also have a protective layer, and the protective layer is arranged on the side of the adhesive layer opposite the carrier element. The protective layer is particularly removable from the adhesive layer and consists particularly of silicone or contains silicone. The protective layer is preferably constituted by a coating. 【0114】 Particularly before or after arranging the absorption layer and the first security element, the following step, namely The step of introducing at least one personalized information can also be carried out. The introduction of at least one personalized information is preferably carried out by a laser by blackening the absorption layer and / or printing on the absorption layer. 【0115】 For example, the security document can also be joined or joined by lamination to form a strong layer composite. 【0116】 The lamination for manufacturing a security document or for joining an absorbent layer to the core layer of a security element is preferably at 10 N / cm 2 ~400 N / cm 2 and preferably at 40 N / cm 2 ~200 N / cm 2 and is carried out or effected by a pressure of, or is carried out or effected on at least one or more layers selected from the absorbent layer, the first security element, the second security element, the core layer, the coating layer, in particular the first and / or the second coating layer. The lamination is carried out or can be carried out by a temperature above 150 °C, preferably between 160 °C and 210 °C, this temperature acting on at least one or more layers selected from the absorbent layer, the first security element, the second security element, the core layer, the coating layer, in particular the first and / or the second coating layer, from a heat source, in particular one or more of the heated rollers or one or more of the heated plates. The lamination is preferably carried out or effected by a contact time between the heat source and at least one or more layers selected from the absorbent layer, the first security element, the second security element, the core layer, the coating layer, in particular the first and / or the second coating layer, in the range of 1 minute or more to 30 minutes or less. In this process, the contact between the heat source and one or more of the above layers is preferably effected directly or indirectly via a further layer. The above settings are preferably used for a core layer, an absorbent layer and a coating layer, in particular the first and second coating layers, made of or comprising polycarbonate. For other materials, such as for example polyvinyl chloride, settings regarding temperature and pressure adapted to the material to be processed can be used instead. 【0117】 In order to produce a security document, the arrangement is carried out such that, in particular, preferably after the lamination and / or adhesion of the layers of the security document, blackening is introduced by means of a laser into the absorption regions, and / or a printing layer as an absorption layer is provided or provided on a first security element, in particular on a first sub-element of the system according to the invention, and then preferably joined, in particular by bending the system, to a further layer of the security element, in particular to a second sub-element. Thus, in particular, the following steps carried out during the arrangement, namely, The step of bending the system so that the first sub-element and the second sub-element overlap and at least one personalized information has a viewing angle-dependent contrast in a second region formed by at least a partial region of the absorption region and a partial region of the background region directly adjacent thereto is also conceivable. 【0118】 In the following, the invention will be described by way of example with reference to some embodiments using the accompanying drawings. Therefore, the embodiments shown should not be understood as limiting. 【Brief Description of the Drawings】 【0119】 【Figure 1a】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1b】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1c】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1d】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1e】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1f】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1g】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1h】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security document. 【Figure 1i】It is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a security document. 【Figure 2a】 It is a schematic diagram of a system for manufacturing a security document. 【Figure 2b】 It is a schematic diagram of a security document manufactured using a system for creating a security document. 【Figure 3a】 It is a schematic diagram of a transfer film. 【Figure 3b】 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a security element. 【Figure 4a】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4b】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4c】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4d】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4e】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4f】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4g】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4h】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4i】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 4j】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5a】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5b】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5c】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5d】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5e】 It is a schematic diagram of an observation of the first side of a security document. 【Figure 5f】 It is a schematic diagram of the observation of the first side of the security document. 【Figure 6】 It is a diagram showing, as an example, a method for manufacturing a security document. 【Mode for Carrying Out the Invention】 【0120】 Figs. 1a to 1i show schematic cross-sectional views of different structures of the security document 1. They are preferably plastic-based cards. The plastic-based security document 1 preferably consists of several layers, and these layers are preferably joined to each other or are to be joined by a lamination process. The total thickness of the security elements after lamination is preferably designed according to standard specifications. In the case of card-based ID documents (ID-1 format), they are particularly about 780 μm according to ISO / IEC 7810:2019. Advantageously, the individual layers are made of similar materials such as, for example, polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), so that a stable and substantially uniform composite is formed after lamination. However, in some cases, one or more adhesive layers made of, for example, polyurethane, or heat-sealable adhesives can be used to join different materials to each other. Such adhesives can also be post-crosslinked, so that they do not melt again under the action of heat. 【0121】 Fig. 1a shows, as an example, in cross-section the first structure of the security document 1 having a core that is usually colored white and is preferably substantially opaque. The core is particularly formed by the core layer 55. The core layer 55 is preferably arranged in the middle. Transparent layers are attached to the core layer 55, in this example layers 54 and 56, etc., particularly above and below it. However, the core layer 55 can also include a transparent zone that can be utilized as a window area, as seen in Fig. 1h for example. Optional electronic components that can be arranged within the core layer 55, such as RFID antennas and chips, are not shown. The core layer 55 can be composed of several layers, and it is possible that the core layer 55 is not composed of a homogeneous material. 【0122】 Some of the transparent layers, one of which is designed in particular as an absorbent layer 52 in the form of a layer that can be laser-processed, are also shown in FIG. 1a. Thus, in the absorbent layer 52 of the security document 1, blackening can preferably be carried out, in particular by laser radiation, for the formation of at least one item of personalized information 3. The degree of blackening can be influenced in particular by the selected laser parameters. In FIG. 1a, the blackening is shown only in the region 30 above the first security element 2, and further personalized information can also be arranged outside this region, although it is not explicitly depicted. 【0123】 At least one item of personalized information 3 can also be carried out, for example, by a printing process on a layer above the first security element 2, or sealed directly onto the first security element 2, in particular by lamination with a further layer, as described in connection with, for example, one of FIGS. 1f, 2a, 2b and 5a - 5d. 【0124】 A combination of the absorbent layer 52 bonded to a colored print on a further layer of the security document 1 or on the surface of the security document 1, in particular blackening by laser personalization, is also possible. In addition to or instead of the second security element 4, a further security element having an optically variable effect can be applied to the surface of the security document. 【0125】 FIG. 1a schematically shows a cross-section of an exemplary security document 1. The security document 1 described in connection with FIGS. 1a and 1b can preferably have the appearance schematically shown in FIG. 4b at a first viewing angle, in particular in the ON state, and can have the appearance schematically shown in FIG. 4a at a second viewing angle, in particular in the OFF state. FIG. 4a shows, by way of example, in the form of alphanumeric characters, a further partial region of the absorption region 30 having further personalized information 32. 【0126】 The regions, overlaps, widths and lengths will be observed, in particular, in top view as seen in FIG. 4 and from above downwards on the first side of FIG. 1. 【0127】 The first security element 2 is contained in the security document 1, in particular in the form of a patch. The security element in the form of a patch is introduced into the multilayer structure, or in particular introduced, by adhering it, for example, to the recording layer 52, or to the transparent layer 54, or to the core layer 55, before the layers of the security document 1 are preferably joined by lamination. The first security element 2 is preferably implemented transparently, in particular using ZnS as the HRI layer, and is preferably arranged between the absorption layer 52 and the core, in particular the core layer 55, and more preferably between the absorption layer 52 and a printed layer printed preferably by offset printing. The printed layer is in particular a layer printed on the transparent layer 54 or a layer printed on the core layer 55. 【0128】 The security document 1 has a first side, which is visible in FIGS. 1a and 1b when observed from top to bottom, and is shown, for example in FIGS. 4a and 4b, together with a second side opposite the first side. The security document 1 further comprises an absorption layer 52 having an absorption region 30 for forming at least one personalized information 3. 【0129】 The security document 1 is processed within the absorption region 30 such that at least one personalized information 3 is visible through the absorption of light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye. Alternatively or additionally, in particular, it is also possible for the security document 1 to be processed within the absorption region 30 such that at least one personalized information 3 is visible through the absorption of light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye. 【0130】 Security document 1 further comprises a first security element 2 having an optically variable effect, as shown by way of example in FIGS. 4a and 4b. In the case of observation from the first side, the first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52, and the first security element 2 is arranged in a first region 20, where the first region 20 overlaps the absorption region 30, for example, over the entire surface. The first region 20 can also overlap the absorption region 30 only over a part of the surface. The first region 20 does not overlap the absorption region 30 with the background region 21 directly adjacent to the absorption region 30, whereby at least one personalized information 3 has a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a luminance contrast, more preferably a difference in luminance, in a second region 22 formed by at least a partial region of the absorption region 30 and a partial region of the background region 21 directly adjacent thereto. In the example of FIG. 1a, the second region 22 preferably comprises the absorption region and the background region completely. 【0131】 As can be further seen in FIG. 1a and in particular in FIG. 4a, the first security element 2 is particularly translucent or transparent in the second region 22 when the first side is observed at a predefined second viewing angle. Thus, in particular, the change to the ON state shown in FIG. 4b can be perceived, for example, as an increase in the luminance of the background of the personalized information 3 or of the background region 21, which is associated with an emphasis of the information and better legibility for the observer. 【0132】 Figure 1a shows, by way of example, a security document 1 having a coating layer 51 which is preferably transparent. The coating layer 51 comprises or consists of, in particular, PC or PVC. When the first side is observed, the absorption layer 52 is arranged below the coating layer. An optional second security element 4 is arranged between the coating layer 51 and the absorption layer 52 in a region which partially overlaps the absorption region 30 and in a region which does not partially overlap the absorption region 30. Furthermore, the security document 1 shown in Figure 1a has further optional transparent layers 53, 54 and 56 which consist of or comprise, in particular, PC or PVC. The transparent layer 53 is arranged between the absorption layer 52 and the transparent layer 54. The first security element 2 is arranged between the transparent layer 53 and the transparent layer 54. The core layer 55, which is preferably opaque, is arranged below the layer 54. The core layer 55 comprises or consists of, in particular, PC or PVC. A further transparent layer 56 is arranged, in particular, below the core layer 55. The layer 56 comprises or consists of, in particular, PC or PVC. Thus, when the second side of the security element and thus the bottom to top in Figure 1a is observed, the core layer 55 is visible, for example. One or more printing layers which are visible, in particular, from the first side in the OFF state of the first security element 2 can be printed on the core layer 55 or on one or more of the layers 51 to 54. Printing layers which are visible from the second side can also be printed, for example, on the core layer 55 or on the layer 56. The security document 1 preferably has a translucent or opaque contrast layer behind the first security element 2 when observed from the first side, in particular in order to increase the contrast of the personalized information 3 at an angle which is not the same as the first predefined angle, and the contrast layer preferably contains a filler, in particular TiO2, for preferably diffusive scattering of the incident light. The contrast layer can preferably be applied, for example, over the entire surface between the core layer 55 and the layer 54. The contrast layer preferably does not have an optically variable effect. 【0133】 Security document 1 can have one or more prints. The printing methods used are, for example, offset printing and / or digital printing, especially for graphic design and / or as security features, and especially screen printing for special effect inks such as OVI TM or metallic pigments. One or more prints can be attached to the core layer 55. One or more prints can also be attached to the outside or inside of one or more layers arranged between the transparent layer 51 and the transparent layer 56. Such prints are preferably distributed among different layers. 【0134】 The optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is visible only when, in particular, the first side is observed, thus when observed from top to bottom in FIG. 1a or as shown in FIG. 4b, where, in particular with respect to the light source, a predefined first observation angle predominates. 【0135】 Security document 1 is preferably semi-transparent or transparent between the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 2 and is in particular not opaque. Advantageously, in particular due to the strong absorption of the incident light in a part of the absorption region 30, when the first side is observed by the human eye, the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is not visible or hardly visible in the absorption region 30. In particular, this can achieve a complete alignment or misalignment tolerance-free arrangement between the outer shape of the absorption region 30 and the adjacent background region 21. The absorption region 30 is arranged in alignment with or preferably arranged relative to the first security element 2, and as a result, there is also an arrangement with high alignment accuracy with respect to the outer shape of the optically variable effect in particular. 【0136】 As shown in Fig. 1a, the security document 1 can also comprise a second security element 4 having an optically variable effect in the third region 40, the second security element 4 being arranged in front of the absorption layer 52 when the first side is observed, and in particular the third region 40 partially overlapping the absorption region 30. As shown by way of example in Fig. 1f, preferably, a second security element 4 covering more than 80%, more preferably more than 90% of the visible surface of the surface of the security document 1, preferably when the first side is observed, of the entire surface or in particular of substantially the entire surface is also conceivable. The first security element 2 and the second security element 4 can be visible when the first side is observed, in particular visible to the human eye, as can be seen, for example, in Figs. 4 and 5. The first security element 2 and the second security element 4, and in particular also the absorption region 30, preferably overlap in the overlapping region. In this way, in particular the part of the absorption region in the form of a portrait is arranged embedded between the first security element and the second security element, so that advantageously attempts at forgery from the front and from behind are made more difficult. 【0137】 The first security element 2 and the second security element 4 can be designed as will be explained in more detail in particular in connection with Figs. 3a and 3b. 【0138】 In a preferred design, the optical effects of the first and second security elements 2, 4 interact with each other, so that a visible and / or measurable combination of two planes of each security element is achieved. Examples of such combinations are as follows. The combination of the first and second security elements may also be designed such that the partial metallization is in the form of a so-called exposure layer for the moiré effect, for example, in the form of a fine demetallization line or hole grid having a regular spacing between line or hole centers or hole edges, preferably in the range between 5 μm and 200 μm, and the line width or hole diameter is preferably selected such that a maximum of 50%, preferably a maximum of 30%, and particularly preferably a maximum of 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the line or hole grid. More preferably, the optical effect of the first security element is formed in the shape of a moiré pattern that coincides with the line or hole grid, for example, in the shape of a lit moiré icon or a similar microimage. Thus, a moiré-like magnification and / or movement effect can preferably be achieved in the finished security document. The connected regions of the two security elements are realized, in particular, such that one is on top of the other here or is realized as such. 【0139】 Furthermore, the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, in particular, having a transmittance in the wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably 430 nm to 690 nm. Thereby, advantageously, a high level of design freedom can be guaranteed for the security document 1 due to the optical effect in the background region 21 even in the OFF state or at a predefined second viewing angle. For example, further information or decoration can be shown on the first side behind the first security element 2, or a high-contrast substrate can be provided in the absorption region 30, in particular, by the core, preferably the core layer 55, or a layer printed thereon. 【0140】 The first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52, in particular over a large surface area or over the entire surface, in order to form at least one personalization information 3 which is preferably a portrait. In front of the absorption layer 52 for forming at least one personalization information 3 which is preferably a portrait, a second security element 4 is optionally arranged, preferably offset, with respect to the absorption region 30, in particular with respect to the absorption region of the portrait within the absorption layer 30. Thus, advantageously, the portrait can be protected against manipulation attempts on both sides, and in particular it is easy to check its authenticity by virtue of their interaction with the two security elements and the absorption region. For example, by simply tilting the security document 1 back and forth, the first security element 2 behind the absorption layer 52 can be activated and deactivated and thus brought into the ON state and the OFF state. As a result, in the ON state, the incident light is diffracted, for example, by the relief structure of the first security element 2, whereby the absorption region 30, in particular the portrait, can be perceived by the observer under the first security element 2 separated from the substrate, and can appear, for example, as if it were arranged in front of a light box, where the optionally printed background is accentuated by the first security element 2. In this way, the first security element 2 behind the absorption layer 30 can be used in the ON state to facilitate a targeted inspection of the portrait by stronger accentuation against the background. If the first security element 2 is moved into the OFF state by tilting the security document 1 at different viewing angles, a further document inspection is preferably possible, for example by means of the second security element 4 or a further security element. 【0141】 Thus, the difference in luminance in the second region 22 is advantageously stronger at a predefined first viewing angle, particularly in the ON state, than at a predefined second viewing angle, particularly in the OFF state. The arithmetic mean of the measured values of the reflected and scattered light in the first region, measured as a luminance value or gray-scale value, is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 15% greater at the predefined first viewing angle than at the predefined second viewing angle. 【0142】 In particular, the maximum and strongest contrast in the second region 22, preferably between the background 21 and the absorption region 30, is greater at the predefined first viewing angle than at the predefined second viewing angle in the second region 22, particularly the maximum and strongest contrast between the background and the absorption region 30. Preferably here, the reflection is weaker in the partial region of the personalized information 3, particularly the absorption region 30, than in the partial region of the second region where there is no absorption region. The first security element 2 can also be designed such that the increase in luminance in the second region 22 is smaller in the absorption region 30 than in the background region 21, particularly when changing from observation at the predefined second viewing angle to observation at the predefined first viewing angle. The absorption region 30 can also have an optical density with a maximum optical density of 3, particularly measured in accordance with ISO 13655:2017(E), at least in the first region. It is advantageous for the relative difference in luminance between the partial region of the second region 22 outside the absorption region and the partial region within the absorption region 30 to be in the range of 5% to 99.9% at the predefined first viewing angle. 【0143】 Figure 1b shows the security document 1 described in connection with Figure 1a, except that the layers 52 and 53 are shown transposed. 【0144】 Figures 1b and 1c show, by way of example, an embodiment having a different series of materials between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4. The important differences between the layers relate, in particular, to their behavior under the influence of a laser. By the behavior under the influence of a laser is meant, in particular, to what extent blackening, or generally a change in color, occurs strongly. Differently colored layers, in particular the type and concentration of the pigment, can react to different intensities of laser energy. The thickness of the individual layers can vary very differently, for example between 20 μm and 500 μm, and a thickness in the range of 30 μm to 150 μm is preferably used for the transparent layer. 【0145】 In the case of layers 57 and 58 of Figure 1c, a transparent layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC), PVC or PET is preferred. 【0146】 Figure 1d shows the security document 1 described in connection with one of Figures 1a to 1c, except that the space between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 is formed only by an absorption layer as the laser-processable layer 52. In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the laser-processable layer 52 is arranged over the entire space between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4. 【0147】 The security document 1 shown as an example in FIG. 1e shows the security document 1 described in relation to FIG. 1d, where the first security element 2 is divided into sub-regions. The security document described in relation to FIG. 1e may appear, for example, like the security document 1 schematically shown in FIG. 4f from a predefined first viewing angle. In other words, the first security element 2 is present only partially in the absorption region 30 in particular, and preferably has interruptions and / or cutouts. By dividing the first security element 2 into sub-regions in this way, a bonding bridge between the layers where the materials of the layers are directly joined to each other can be achieved, particularly in the regions of the interruptions and / or cutouts. With regard to the material, the second security element 2 represents in particular foreign matter and may lead to the weakening of the composite material. Exactly, in the case of a larger extent of the second security element 2, there may be problems with the durability of the security document 1, or an attack surface may be presented that can occur when a forger attempts to split the composite material. As a result, it has been shown that improved protection against forgery and improved durability can advantageously be achieved through the interruptions and / or cutouts. In the case of an appropriate design, the interruptions can also further function as design elements or additional security features. 【0148】 It is also conceivable that the first security element 2 has only a partially arranged reflective layer arranged corresponding to the region 20 shown in relation to FIG. 1e or FIG. 4f, for example. 【0149】 FIG. 1f shows a security document 1 which is, for example, a paper document or a polymer card having a substrate 7 and an absorption area 30 covered by a printing layer 31. Thus, the absorption layer can preferably comprise the printing layer 31 instead of or in addition to a laser-processable layer. The substrate 7 is in particular selected individually or in combination from paper, Teslin, PVC, ABS, PET and composites. The second security element 2 is applied to a pre-printed substrate 7 such as, for example, a paper substrate or a polymer card. Optionally, a varnish which particularly enhances the adhesiveness to the print for forming the personalized information is applied at least in part. The printing layer 31 can be formed, for example, by inkjet printing, laser printer, thermal transfer, D2T2 (= dye diffusion thermal transfer) or retransfer printing, or a combination thereof. It is also possible that a receiving layer is already provided on the applied first security element 2, which particularly enhances the adhesiveness to the printing layer 31. After printing the personalized information 3, the application of the second security element 4 is preferably carried out, for example, over the entire surface or partially. The transparent covering layer 51 is usually formed by an adhesive layer for bonding the second security element 4, which is particularly formed as an overlay 6. The adhesive layer can be thermally activatable, radiation curable or chemically post-crosslinkable. In particular, the security element 4 can be an overlay 6. Such an overlay can not only protect against forgery, but can also serve to protect the personalization against wear or dirt. An overlay having a layer of PET having a thickness in the range of 10 μm to 150 μm, preferably in the range of 10 μm to 50 μm, provides, for example, a specific protection against wear. 【0150】 Figure 1g shows the security document 1 described in connection with FIGS. 1d and 1e, where the personalization information 3 is distributed over two layers, which may in particular be blackened by laser radiation, or may be blackened, or will be blackened. Thus, when the first side is observed, a further absorption layer 521 can be arranged behind the first security element 2, in particular at least one personalization information 3 being composed of the absorption layer 52 and the further absorption layer 521 when observed at a second viewing angle. In this case, the security document 1 has, in addition to the absorption layer 52, a further absorption layer 521 arranged under the first security element 2 when observed from the first side. Both layers 52 and 521 are laser-processable in this example. In this exemplary embodiment, one of the layers 52 and 521 is in particular arranged between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4. The degree of blackening achieved by the laser can be different in the two layers 52 and 521 represented. If the optical effect of the first security element 2 does not light up for the person observing, that person recognizes the personalization information composed of both blackenings. Thus, at the first viewing angle where the second security element 2 functions in particular as backlighting of the blackening of the absorption layer 52, substantially only the effect in the absorption layer 52 remains recognizable. 【0151】 Figure 1h shows the security document 1 described in connection with FIGS. 1d and 1e, having a window region 550. In the window region 550, further optical information 32 is realized by the absorption region 30. Thereby, the recognizability of the further optical information 32 in the reflected light can be designed to be low, for example, because a contrasting, for example, "white" background is missing. Further backlighting of the further optical information 32 at a further predefined angle can be achieved via the third security element 41, and thus in particular the further optical information 32 can be easily checked by being "switched on and off". 【0152】 Figure 1i shows a security document 1 having a total of four security elements 2, 4, 41, and 42. The first and second security elements 2 and 4 function to protect at least one piece of personalization information 3 in the form of a primary image, and the third and fourth security elements 41 and 42 similarly protect further information 31 in the form of a secondary image. 【0153】 In connection with FIGS. 1a to 1i, in particular in any case, only the structure of the completed security document 1 is schematically represented. In its manufacture, different layers are joined to each other to form a layer composite. One or more of the security elements 2, 4, 41, and 42 out of the first to fourth security elements can be applied on or under the same layer, in particular a polymer layer, or can be applied, or can be applied to different layers positioned relative to each other during joining to form a layer composite. The security document 1 is produced in particular by lamination and / or adhesion of layer packets. 【0154】 The layers 51 to 58 and 521 described in connection with FIGS. 1a to 1i preferably contain or consist of one or a combination of the following materials, namely polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PC is preferably used for the data page of an ID card or a passport. Alternative structures can be, for example, PVC- or PET-based, or can be composed of different plastic materials. 【0155】 Figure 2a shows a system 10 for manufacturing the security document 1. The system 10 is in particular a label. Using the system 10 shown in FIG. 2a, a security document 1 as shown in FIG. 2b is preferably manufactured or can be manufactured using it. The system 10 comprises an auxiliary carrier 105 on which a first partial element 11 of the security document 1 and a second partial element 12 of the security document 1 are arranged. 【0156】 The first sub-element 11 can be configured to cover the second sub-element 12 by bending the auxiliary carrier 105. The first sub-element 11 has a first security element 2, the second sub-element 12 has an adhesive layer 101 and a second security element 4, and the adhesive layer 101 is arranged on the side of the second security element 4 opposite to the auxiliary carrier 105. The absorbent layer 31 having the absorption region 30 and / or further absorbent layer 52 is arranged or can be arranged on the side of the first sub-element 11 opposite to the auxiliary carrier 105. 【0157】 The auxiliary carrier 105 can consist of, for example, paper or can contain paper. In either case, preferably, the first sub-element 11 and the second sub-element 12 each having a carrier element 103 or 104 are arranged on the auxiliary carrier 105. The carrier elements 103 and 104 can be, for example, polyester plies that are removable from the auxiliary carrier 105, in particular containing or consisting of PET. The carrier elements 103 and 104 are separated from each other or joined by mechanical weaknesses. Such mechanical weaknesses can include perforations or score lines or indentations. The joining of the two sub-elements 11 and 12 to form the final security document 1 can thereby advantageously be simplified. The carrier element 103 and / or the carrier element 104 can comprise further layers, in particular a replication layer and a partial release layer. 【0158】 On the left - hand side of the exemplary embodiment shown as an example in FIG. 2a, a second security element 4 is arranged on a second sub - element 12, and this second security element is present over the entire surface therein. A second security element 4 that is present over substantially the entire surface, covering more than 80%, preferably more than 90% of the visible surface when preferably the first side of the surface of the second sub - element 12 and / or the security document 1 is observed, is also conceivable. Here, the surface of the second sub - element 12 means the surface perpendicular to the plane covered by the second sub - element 12, and thus, for example, the surface in the case of observation from top to bottom in FIG. 2a. The second security element 4 particularly comprises a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, and in particular, a relief structure having a diffractive optical effect is formed on the reflective layer. An adhesive layer 101 is further arranged on the second sub - element 12. The adhesive layer 101 is preferably a so - called PSA (pressure - sensitive adhesive) that enables bonding to the first sub - element 11 on the right - hand side. The adhesive layer 101 is preferably removable or covered by a protective layer 102 after at least one personalized information 3 has been applied, preferably by printing, particularly on a printing layer 31, before the two sub - elements 11 and 12 are joined. The protective layer 102 preferably undergoes a silicon treatment. The protective layer 102 is preferably constituted by a coating or forms a coating. 【0159】 As an alternative to or in addition to the second security element 4, a coating, preferably transparent, can be provided on the left - hand sub - element 12. It is also possible that the second security element 4 is present only over a part of the surface and optionally, preferably a transparent layer, particularly a coating layer, is arranged on the side facing the auxiliary carrier 105 and / or on the side opposite to the auxiliary carrier 105. 【0160】 The adhesive layer 101 preferably forms the outermost side of the second sub - element 12 or the protective layer 102 forms the outermost side of the second sub - element 12 and covers the adhesive layer 101. 【0161】 The first security element 2 is preferably arranged on the side of the first carrier element 104 opposite the auxiliary carrier 105. The carrier element 104 of the first sub - element 11 can in particular have a printing layer 8. The printing layer 8 is preferably monochromatic. The printing layer 8 can consist of a white print or can include a white print and in particular can include a further overprint, for example by flexographic printing or offset printing. Alternatively, the printing layer 8 can be made of paper or synthetic paper, in particular pri made of Teslin. The first security element 2, which has the preferred function of "backlighting" the preferably printed absorption layer 31, which is particularly applicable or applied to form the personalized information 3, is arranged on this printing layer. For example, one or more layers that enhance the adhesiveness of the absorption layer 31 or increase its resolution can be provided on the side of the security element 2 opposite the carrier element 104. 【0162】 The first security element 2 is provided with or is to be provided with an absorption layer 31 for forming at least one personalized information 3, in particular in a printer, for example a toner printer or an inkjet printer or a thermal transfer printer. The preferably printed absorption layer 31 is only shown in the region of the first security element 2 in FIG. 2a. However, further information, preferably further personalized information, can also be provided or can be provided, preferably printed, in particular outside the first security element 2. 【0163】 The protective layer 102 can preferably be removed after the absorption layer 31 has been printed. It is further possible to join two partial elements 11 and 12 together to form the security document 1, in particular the security document 1 shown in Figure 2b. Here, the adhesive layer 101, in particular in the form of a PSA layer, ensures in particular the joining of the two partial elements 11 and 12. Thus, the security document 1 manufactured in this way can be removed from the auxiliary carrier 105. The auxiliary carrier 105 thus advantageously serves for simplified handling during the manufacture of the security document 1, in particular during the printing of the personalized information 3, and functions as a holder for ensuring a highly accurate joining of the partial element 11 and the partial element 12. 【0164】 As an alternative to or in addition to the printed layer 31, a laser-processable absorption layer can also be applied to one or more of the layers from the carrier element 104, the printed layer 8, the security element 2, the printed layer 31. The absorption layer preferably comprises or consists of PC or PVC. The absorption layer is in particular laser-processable and preferably transparent. The laser-processable absorption layer may, for example, be blackened in the absorption region 30 by a laser or may be blackened, as a result of which personalized information 3 or further information is introduced or is to be introduced. 【0165】 Figure 3a schematically shows the details of a transfer film having a transfer primer, where the transfer primer comprises a security element, in particular the first security element 2. 【0166】 Security elements having an optically variable effect typically consist of a series of layers performing different functions. As shown in Figure 3a, in the case of the layer structure of the transfer primer, the structure consists of a release layer 202, a replication layer 203, a reflective layer 204, a stabilization layer 205 and an adhesive layer 206. Individual layers may be omitted or, on the other hand, may consist of several sub-layers. Before application to the target substrate, these transfer primers are removably joined to the carrier 201. 【0167】 The release layer 202 ensures that the transfer prime layer composite is removable from the carrier prime 201 during application. As explained by way of example in connection with FIG. 6, when a security element is laminated to the layer composite, this layer further ensures that good adhesion to adjacent layers, in particular to the polycarbonate prime, is achieved. Separation from the carrier 201 can be further improved by one or more thin wax layers. The thickness of this release layer 202 is preferably in the range from 0.2 to 10 μm, preferably in the range from 0.2 to 5 μm. The thickness of the optionally present wax layer is in particular in the range from 1 nm to 50 nm. 【0168】 Preferably optically active structures which cause an optically variable effect are shaped into the replication layer 203 as a relief. The shaping can be carried out thermoplastically by structuring the surface under pressure and temperature, in particular by means of a tool having an optically active structure as a negative relief. Alternatively, it can be a polymerizable varnish consisting of monomers and oligomers which is polymerized after or during the introduction of the relief. This polymerization can be carried out by means of UV radiation or electron beam radiation. The thickness of this replication layer 203 is preferably in the range from 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably in the range from 0.2 μm to 10 μm. The replication layer can also be thermoplastically deformable and then cured or cured, so that it can also represent a hybrid form. 【0169】 A further layer which performs a further function can be arranged between the release layer 202 and the replication layer 203. This includes, for example, a stabilizing mechanical action against degradation during lamination, in particular during the lamination of the first security element 2 in the polycarbonate. For this purpose, such a layer is preferably thermally stabilized, for example by crosslinking by means of radiation or chemical reaction. 【0170】 The reflective layer 204 preferably consists of a material with a high refractive index that is vapor-deposited or sputter-vapor-deposited in a vacuum. In particular, the refractive index in the visible range for wavelengths from 420 nm to 780 nm is advantageously higher than 1.9. The layer thickness of layer 204 is particularly in the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, preferably in the range of 40 nm to 100 nm. Typical materials are ZnS or TiO2. This layer can also be designed to have different thicknesses only partially or in partial regions. 【0171】 The stabilizing layer 205 can be optionally applied. This helps to ensure the brilliance of the optical effects in the stack and to avoid warping of the transfer substrate. Such a stabilizing layer 205 can also be formed by a varnish that can be crosslinked by radiation or by a chemically reactive varnish such as an epoxy resin, for example. The thickness of the optional stabilizing layer is in the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, preferably in the range of 1.0 μm to 10.0 μm. The stabilizing layer 205 can also consist of several substrates and can include, for example, an adhesion promoter layer (not shown) for bonding to the reflective layer 204. 【0172】 The adhesive layer 206 helps to bond the transfer substrate to the substrate during application. This can be an adhesive layer 206 that is activated by heat and pressure. In particular, a heated stamp is used to determine the area where its shape will be transferred. The transfer area particularly forms a security element. 【0173】 Alternatively, the transfer can be carried out by so-called cold transfer. Here, an adhesive is printed, the substrate and the transfer substrate are brought into contact, and the adhesive is cured particularly by UV radiation. The transfer area is determined by the printing of the adhesive. The adhesive layer 206 can further be composed of several different layers and can include, for example, an adhesion promoter to ensure bonding of the adhesive layer 206 to the reflective layer 204 or, in some cases, to the stabilizing layer 205 that may be present. 【0174】 The adhesive layer preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm. 【0175】 As an alternative to the transfer of the transfer primer, the carrier 201 can also be transferred. In this process, the transfer primer described above is coupled to the carrier 201, and as a result, an adhesion promoter layer is present instead of the release layer 202. A thermally stable carrier 201 made of, for example, polyester can ensure that the optical effect is only slightly reduced in the laminate. Here, the carrier 201 is preferably designed into a desired shape before or during application, for example, by punching or laser cutting. Depending on the carrier 201 used, an additional adhesion promoter may be required on the back side to ensure good bonding of the security document to the layer disposed thereon, particularly the polycarbonate primer. The thickness of the carrier 201, which is preferably transferred as part of the security element, is in the range of 5 μm to 50 μm, preferably in the range of 10 μm to 35 μm. 【0176】 Therefore, in particular, the security elements transferred by the transfer primer can have the following characteristics. 【0177】 Possible optically variable security elements that can be provided in front of at least one personalized information when the first side is observed are, for example, transparent or even partially metallized security elements or other microstructure-based elements or film elements having a multilayer structure made of alternating high refractive index materials and low refractive index materials. Further possibilities are microstructures and / or macrostructures present on the surface of the security document. Possible optically variable security elements that can be provided behind at least one personalized information when observed are likewise, for example, diffraction security elements or other microstructure-based elements or film elements having a multilayer structure made of alternating high refractive index materials and low refractive index materials. Behind at least one personalized information, the optically variable security element can in some cases be opaque, in other words non-transparent. 【0178】 The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, particularly in a wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably 430 nm to 690 nm. The second security element can also be designed to be opaque, particularly having a transmittance selected from the range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably 1% to 10% in a wavelength range visible to the human eye. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can also particularly have a carrier made of PET or PEN, and the carrier preferably has a layer thickness selected from the range of 5 μm to 150 μm, more preferably 5 μm to 50 μm, even more preferably 10 μm to 25 μm. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can also have at least one replication layer, and particularly, the at least one replication layer has a layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 advantageously has at least one reflective layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, more preferably 40 nm to 100 nm, and the reflective layer is particularly formed from ZnS or TiO2, and / or the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index greater than 1.9 within a wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably 430 nm to 780 nm. The reflective layer can also be arranged over a part of or over the entire surface of the security document 1, and particularly, the reflective layer has different layer thicknesses over at least a part of the surface. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can also have at least one stabilizing layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, more preferably 1.0 μm to 10 μm, and the stabilizing layer is a single layer or a multilayer and preferably comprises an adhesion promoter layer.The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 can also have at least one adhesive layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, more preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm. In particular, the adhesive layer is formed of a hot melt adhesive or a cold glue, and the adhesive layer is designed as a single layer or a multi-layer. In particular, the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer can also have at least one relief structure, and at least one relief structure deflects incident light within a predetermined angular range, in particular diffracts and / or reflects it. At least one relief structure is preferably a blazed structure having a grating period of more than 3 μm, more preferably more than 5 μm, and in particular at most 25 μm. 【0179】 Figure 3b schematically shows an example of a cross-section of a security element in a security document, in particular having an achromatic effect. The first security element 2 preferably has a relief structure that substantially does not exhibit a particularly prominent diffraction color and particularly deflects incident light within a predetermined angular range, in particular diffracts or reflects it, with high efficiency. 【0180】 Figure 3b preferably shows the first security element 2. The security element 2 has at least one of the layers, namely the stabilization layer 205 and the adhesive layer 206, as will be further described in particular in relation to Figure 3a. The reflective layer 204 following the relief structure of the replication layer 203 is arranged adjacent thereto. The relief structure is in particular a blazed structure. Further layers, such as the release layer 202, as may be relevant for the transfer prime described in relation to Figure 3a, can also be arranged on the replication layer 203 or on the side of the replication layer 204 opposite the reflective layer 204. The security element 2 can further comprise, or be joined to, or be joinable to, the transparent layer 51. 【0181】 Compared with the wavelength of visible light, preferably in the range of 430 nm to 690 nm, the achromatic blazed structure has a large lattice period, preferably exceeding 3 μm, especially exceeding 5 μm. Their effects can be approximately explained by geometric optics. An example of such a structure is shown in FIG. 3b. Incident light at an incident angle Φ with respect to the normal of a security document or a security element passes through layer 51, which consists of or includes, for example, polycarbonate here, and is partially diffracted or reflected by the blazed structure and can be observed at an angle β with respect to the normal. Angle β is determined by, in addition to incident angle Φ, the tilt α of the facets of the blazed structure, and the refractive index of the layer on the structure, especially the replication layer 203 in FIG. 3b. 【0182】 For vertically incident light and a refractive index of the replication layer of n = 1.5, sin(β)=n*sin(2*α) results, or for small angles α, approximately β = 3*α. For small angles, the sine can be sufficiently approximated by the arc measure of the angle. Specifically, for α < 10°, the maximum error is < 4.5%, and for α < 7°, the maximum error is < 2.2%. For a period d > 3 μm, the incident light is deflected so that the color separation by the lattice structure is reduced for the observer, and as a result, especially the achromatic effect is referred to. In addition, the deflection is done very effectively, and as a result, most of the reflected light is concentrated in a narrow angular range of a few degrees. Thus, more than 65% of the reflected light can be concentrated in the vicinity of angle β + / - 5°. For a transparent HRI layer such as ZnS or TiO2, the amount of reflected light and its spectrum depend on the refractive index of the HRI layer, the refractive indices of two adjacent layers, and the layer thickness of the HRI layer. Assuming that the HRI layer is ZnS with a typical refractive index of 2.35, especially ignoring the wavelength dependence, in either case, n = 1.45 for the adjacent layers and there is a maximum reflection of about 20%. This means that when possible absorption is ignored, it is allowed that correspondingly about 80% of the incident light passes through. Thus, three observation ranges, especially a predefined first observation angle, a predefined second observation angle, and / or a predefined third observation angle can be achieved. 【0183】 The first security element 2 can advantageously have a substantially achromatic optically variable effect, at least in a partial region, preferably in a second region. Due to the backlighting, this effect absorbs at least one personalized information 3 at least at a predefined first viewing angle, and in many cases absorbs black, enhancing the recognizability in terms of this, and has the advantage of having a color-independent behavior, unlike a colored optically variable effect. This is particularly advantageous when overlapping a portrait. This is because the influence of color, if any, is perceived by the observer as disturbing or confusing, and as a result, particularly easy checking by the observer can be enabled here. In particular, the structure described in connection with FIG. 3b is suitable for the formation of an achromatic optically variable effect or the first security element, which is achromatic at a predefined first viewing angle or provides backlighting of at least one personalized information 3. 【0184】 Alternatively or additionally, the first and / or second security element can preferably comprise a diffraction grating. Such a diffraction grating is preferably selected individually or in combination from a linear grating, an intersecting grating. The diffraction grating preferably has a grating period in the range of 200 nm to 10 μm. The diffraction grating particularly has a grating depth in the range between 50 nm and 2 μm, preferably 80 nm and 1.5 μm. Diffraction gratings having a grating period of less than 500 nm, preferably less than 400 nm, are further contemplated. These are sub-wavelength gratings having a zero diffraction order, and thus particularly a color impression and / or color effect of direct reflection when a high refractive index layer or a metal layer is provided on these gratings. When a high refractive index layer is provided on the grating, a so-called RICS color effect particularly occurs. When a metal layer, such as aluminum, is provided on the grating, a plasmon color effect particularly occurs. The absorption region is advantageously sufficiently contrasting with the color impression of the diffraction grating, and as a result, the personalized information can be better checked by the observer than previous personalizations known in the prior art without the security element being behind. 【0185】 Figures 4a and 4b schematically show an example of a preferred embodiment of the security document 1 at different defined viewing angles. Figure 4b shows the observation at a predefined first viewing angle, particularly in the ON state. Figure 4a shows the observation at a predefined second viewing angle, particularly in the OFF state. The security document 1 can particularly have the structure described in relation to Figure 1a. 【0186】 Figures 4a and 4b show optional further personalization information 32, particularly in comparison with Figures 1a and 1b. These can be introduced into the absorption layer 52 in the same way, for example, by laser blackening. 【0187】 An example of the determination of luminance values, particularly as grayscale values, by a camera is described below. 【0188】 The median value, average value, and standard deviation were determined from several measurement values at different points. The median value is the so-called central value and is thus the central value in a series of measurements. In the case of five measurement values, this is, for example, the third value, and in the case of four measurement values, it is the average of the second and third values when the measurement values are sorted from the smallest result to the largest result. The average value is the so-called arithmetic mean and is thus the averaged value of a series of measurement values. For example, in the case of five measurement values, it is the sum of the five measurement values divided by five. The standard deviation indicates the scattering range of a series of measurements. These values for the ON-state portrait are summarized in the following table, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4b. 【Table 2】 【0189】 The range of available values for a preferred digital 8-bit encoding is luminance values particularly between 0 (completely dark) and 255 (maximum luminance value). Thus, there are 256 different grayscale levels, i.e., black (value 0) and white (value 255), with 254 gray tones in between. 【0190】 The background of the template can have a light print under the first security element 2. Here, due to the diffuse scattering of the core layer 55 designed in white, the substrate or area arranged both outside the absorption area 30 and outside the first area 20 appears relatively uniform with a slight variation in luminance distribution, approximately 100 luminance values, i.e., in the case of grayscale values, as can be seen from the rows of the fourth position. In the examples of FIGS. 4a and 4b, the substrate can be measured, in particular, in the area, for example, between the first security element 2 and the letters "IDENTITY CARD". In the area where the first security element 2 is lit, thus in the background area 21, there is a much higher luminance value of approximately 180, as can be seen from the rows of the third position. Furthermore, the distribution of the luminance values can be broadened due to a slight warp of the second security document that can form when the security document 1 is laminated. The variations can also be introduced in a standardized manner, for example, to expand the angular range of a predefined first viewing angle at which the background area 21 lights up, and can already be introduced during the manufacture of the first security element 2. The area of the forehead has, for example, only a slight darkening of the absorption layer 52, as a result, the measured luminance values are in the area of 150, while in the area of dark hair the value is approximately 30. 【0191】 The detected luminance variations are determined not only by the luminance variations of the first security element 2 but also by the type of absorption layer and the absorption area introduced. It should also be borne in mind that scattering can also be caused by the high resolution of the image acquisition. Lower resolution leads to averaging and thus to a reduction in scattering. In this way, it can be particularly confirmed how at least one personalized information 3, in particular a portrait, can preferably be achieved with predefined viewing angle-dependent contrast and / or differences in luminance with predefined viewing angles. 【0192】 In the OFF state shown as an example by FIG. 4a, the following values were confirmed in this example. 【Table 3】 【0193】 The following describes exemplary calculations of the luminance contrast between the absorption region, preferably a sub-region of the absorption region, and the background region, and the optical density calculated therefrom. 【0194】 ON state Bright forehead: Contrast = 150.4 / 180.6 = 0.83 Optical density = log(0.83) * (-1) = 0.08 【0195】 Dark hair: Contrast = 34.4 / 180.6 = 0.19 Optical density = log(0.19) * (-1) = 0.72 【0196】 OFF state Bright forehead: Contrast = 99.6 / 90.05 = 1.11 Calculated optical density = log(0.83) * (-1) = -0.04 【0197】 The optical density calculated in this way for the region of the bright forehead can occur, for example, as a result when there is printing on the background (position 3), while the forehead region does not contain printing but has a white substrate. 【0198】 Dark hair: Contrast = 8.6 / 90.05 = 0.096 Calculated optical density = log(0.096) * (-1) = 1.02 【0199】 Between the dark hair and the background region 21, a value of 1.00 results for delta OFF and a value of 1.45 results for delta ON. A value of 31% for D is obtained therefrom. 【0200】 In the OFF state, in particular the contrast and the optical density determined therefrom can be more prominent, at least in partial regions, preferably when blackening is also present under the first security element. In the OFF state, this blackening acts additively in particular to the blackening on the first security element, while in the ON state, the blackening on the first security element mainly acts. 【0201】 At the first viewing angle, the luminance difference, i.e. in particular delta ON, preferably has a maximum value greater than 10%, preferably greater than 15%, in the second region 22 between the absorption region 30 and the background region 21. 【0202】 The minimum value of the normalized difference D is in particular 5%, preferably 10%, preferably 15%, and in particular here the minimum value applies to the region where the normalized difference D is maximum. 【0203】 The first security element arranged behind the personalization information 3, in particular the portrait, when the first side is observed, is preferably implemented with an achromatic ON / OFF effect. In most viewing arrangements between the incident light, the structure of the first security element and the observer or recipient, the first security element 2 is not prominently visible. Then, as shown in FIG. 4a, this is inactive or in the OFF state. In particular, the first security element 2 lights up over the entire surface only at a predefined first viewing angle, which can also be an angular range extending between the incident light, the structure of the first security element and the observer or recipient, as shown by way of example in FIG. 4b. Then, this is active or in the ON state. The perception particularly associates a light box that is switched on / off behind the personalization. In this way, the contrast regarding the personalization information, in particular the portrait, can be enhanced in a targeted manner, as a result of which, for example, the check of information designed as a primary image becomes easier. Furthermore, the preferred primary images of the OFF state and the ON state of the security element 2 are preferably completely visible in alignment with each other, as a result of which forgeries are more easily noticeable. 【0204】 In a preferred embodiment, the first security element 2 is achromatic in the second region 22 when observed at a predefined first viewing angle. A structure particularly suitable for the first security element 2 as a light box, for example, is a so-called blazed structure, as schematically shown in cross-section in FIG. 3b. The first security element 2 preferably has a blazed structure with an angle range of inclination α in the range of 0 to 40 degrees, preferably in the range of 3 to 30 degrees, more preferably in the range of 5 to 25 degrees. In the case of a periodic structure such as a blazed structure, for example, the period d has a value greater than 3 μm, preferably greater than 5 μm. The structure depth h results as h = d * sin(α) from the angle α and the period d. 【0205】 The refractive index of the layer adjacent to the reflective layer 204 and facing the observer, for example, the replication layer 203, or in the case of reversed application, the layer 205, preferably has a refractive index in the range between 1.35 and 1.65, preferably in the range between 1.4 and 1.6. 【0206】 The reflective layer 204 preferably consists of a dielectric material having a high refractive index. The refractive index differs from the adjacent layer by at least 0.3 and exceeds 1.9, preferably exceeds 2.05. Common materials are, for example, ZnS or TiO2, which are applied with a layer thickness in the range of 40 nm to 250 nm, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 200 nm, particularly preferably in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm. 【0207】 By appropriately selecting the layer thickness of the reflective layer 204 as the HRI layer, the color impression of the first security element 2, particularly the light box, can be achieved. A layer thickness of the HRI layer in the range of 40 nm to 280 nm, more preferably 40 nm to 100 nm, is particularly preferred. In the case of a layer thickness in the range of 70 nm to 100 nm, the first security element 2, particularly the light box, may appear golden or copper-colored, for example, in direct reflection in the ON state. For example, in direct reflection in the ON state, the first security element 2, particularly the light box, may appear yellow for a layer thickness of 90 nm, blue for a layer thickness of 140 nm, red for a layer thickness of 200 nm, and green for a layer thickness of 280 nm. At the same time, the diffraction efficiency integrated over the entire visual spectrum range is reduced, and the first security element or the light box may not light up very brightly. Therefore, such coloring may be destructive in certain embodiments. Thus, a preferred embodiment having a layer thickness of less than 100 nm may be particularly advantageous. 【0208】 Furthermore, the first security element 2, particularly as a light box, can have a metallic reflective layer in a partial region. This partial region is preferably arranged in a region that is not personalized or is only slightly personalized by a laser, since laser personalization may lead to damage to the metal layer. This additional metallic effect can be utilized as a further feature that is easy to check. The presence of the light box can be further indicated by a slight coloring of the layer of the first security element 2. Here, the color can be present both above and below the reflective layer, and in the case of an active light box, only the color above the reflective layer becomes active. Therefore, in order to color the second region 22, coloring in one or more additional color layers and / or in the layers within the second region 22 is preferably provided above and / or below the reflective layer, for example, in a replication layer and / or a release layer. 【0209】 Therefore, at least in a first partial region of the absorption region 30 that forms a grayscale image or a multicolor image, particularly for forming a portrait, the first security element 2 is achromatic when observed at a predefined first viewing angle. The first security element 2 forms only a partial region on the first side of the security element 2, so that, in particular, the light box is visible. The first security element 2 is preferably arranged such that it partially overlaps or overlaps with a part of the surface of at least one first partial region of the absorption region 30 that forms a grayscale image or a multicolor image, particularly a portrait, in a closed coherent region having a minimum width or minimum length of 80%, preferably 100%, of the region provided in the first partial region of the absorption region 30. 【0210】 The region provided in the first partial region of the absorption region 30 is preferably the region of the security document 1 defined for the portrait. 【0211】 A second region 22 formed by at least a partial region of the absorption region 30 and a partial region of the background region 21 directly adjacent thereto preferably has the contour of a portrait or a frame around the portrait. The maximum width and / or maximum length of the closed coherent region is preferably 110% of the region provided for the portrait in this partial region of the absorption region 30. 【0212】 The first security element 2 can also be colored in a fourth region, where the fourth region particularly overlaps with a second partial region of the absorption region 30 that is preferably formed from alphanumeric characters in a certain region. 【0213】 At least one personalized information 3 is preferably formed by an operation of the absorption layer 52 with a laser, particularly via blackening and / or via a printing layer 31 constituted or formed by the absorption layer. The background region 21 preferably refers to a partial region of the first region 20 where no laser printing or operation is arranged. 【0214】 The first security element 2, which preferably lights up uniformly and is described in connection with FIGS. 4a and 4b, can further have an additional relief structure or mirror surface in the element area, as shown by way of example in FIG. 4c by an enlarged view in which the characters "KINEGRAM" are shown. For example, a diffraction grating having a period of 1 μm and a grating orientation of 90° can be present in the element area, so that the coloring diffraction effect of these element areas is only recognizable when the security document 1 is observed with a 90° inversion. As a result, this effect does not interfere with the achromatic ON / OFF effect of the first security element in the case of normal observation, and at the same time, the characters "KINEGRAM" can be checked more easily, especially when compared to the case where a mirror surface is provided. 【0215】 In particular, the first security element 2 that lights up uniformly at a predefined first observation angle or in the ON state can be extended by or can be extended by mini-elements, micro-elements, and / or nano-elements, or other preferably achromatic optically variable effects. By means of these, in particular, it is possible to create details that are only prominently visible when the first security element is activated or that can only be checked under optical magnification, for example, with a magnifying glass or a microscope. Therefore, it is possible to enhance the protection against forgery. 【0216】 Therefore, in particular, the first security element 2 can have an element area with dimensions below the resolution of the human eye, and different from the relief structure of the surrounding area of the first area, a relief structure, especially in motif form, is provided in the element area. The maximum width of the element area is preferably in the range of 2 μm to 250 μm. The surface coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%. 【0217】 However, as shown in FIG. 4d, instead of lighting up uniformly in the ON state, the first security element 2 can also be implemented such that a moving effect of brightly lighting up achromatically that passes behind the personalized information 3, especially as a portrait, for example in a certain type of scan, is generated via a defined tilting movement. The personalized information 3 then becomes optically variably recognizable with a stronger brightness, especially as a portrait, precisely at the location where the bar of light is currently lit. Thus, the first security element 2 is preferably capable of generating a moving effect, preferably achromatic, in the second region 22. For example, a blazed structure or micromirror with a changing azimuth angle, in other words a changing orientation, is used for this, or the period of the blazed structure or the flank angle of the micromirror is changed. 【0218】 FIG. 4e shows, as an example, the security document 1 described in connection with FIGS. 4a and 4b, where the first security element 2 can also be designed such that additional information becomes visible by using point light sources in the ON state. The additional information is shown in FIG. 4e by the letters "OK" and can be provided by the corresponding relief structure of the first security element 2. For example, for this purpose, the first security element 2 can be formed by a computer-generated hologram (CGH). 【0219】 FIG. 4f shows a further possibility for the design of the first security element 2 of the security document 1, especially described in connection with FIG. 1e. Here, the security element 2 has a reflective layer that overlaps the absorption region 30 only partially, or only partially overlaps the absorption region 30. Thus, the first security element 2 is preferably formed by actual and / or optical interruptions. By interruptions, notches are especially meant. The interruptions may be generated by one or more of the following notches, or may be generated. In particular, the actual cutout of the first security element 2 in the first region. In particular, the first region may have a motif shape, for example, it may have a complex shape. These cutouts form bonding bridges and thus further serve to meet the interlayer adhesion (peeling) requirements. 【0220】 Optical cutouts, for example in a nanotext or an element area, by using preferably unobtrusive structures such as, for example, an isotropic matte scattering structure, preferably a random structure. 【0221】 Optical cutouts by using a partially arranged reflective layer, in particular a partially arranged HRI layer. Here, in particular, only a part of the replication layer is thus occupied by the HRI layer and is therefore unconditionally visible in the first security element. 【0222】 The special shape advantageously further makes it more difficult to create a forgery while functioning as a design possibility. 【0223】 In addition to backing at least one personalized information 3 by means of the first security element 2 in the first region 20 and / or the second region 22, in particular, a further region of personalized information, such as further personalized information 32, etc., is backed by the first security element 2 or a further security element, in particular, it is also possible to implement the first security element 2 such that it is arranged behind the personalized information when the first side of the security document 1 is observed. 【0224】 As shown by way of example in FIGS. 4g and 4h, the security document 1 may have a further region behind it with the first security element 2 or a further security element arranged behind it when the first side of the security document 1 is observed, in particular having further personalized information 32 that is visible at a predefined first viewing angle. FIGS. 4g and 4h show, by way of example, a further security element or a further region in the shape of a star and a flag. 【0225】 In particular, this is a multi-patch implementation form. Here, several so-called patches 300 can underlie personalization information 3, 32 at different points when the first side is observed. Thereby, protection of a wide area against attempts at forgery from the back side is achieved. 【0226】 Separate areas of the first security element 2 or the first security element 2 and further security elements can in any case be applied individually as patches 300. The patches 300 can here in any case be arranged in different planes of the security document 1, in particular by application to one of the layers 53 to 58. Thus, the patches 300 can be arranged in different planes under personalization and are applied individually, thus with tolerances, in particular alignment tolerances, relative to one another, in a multi-patch implementation form. 【0227】 Furthermore, an implementation form as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. In contrast to the multi-patch deformation form, different design areas are arranged completely aligned with one another in the same plane. Here, several patches 300 are applied to or are being applied to the same layer, in particular at least one of the layers 53 to 58, preferably the same layer as the first security element 2. Thus, within the same plane, a further part of the personalization information can be protected against attempts at forgery from the back side by improved protection against forgery. 【0228】 Thus, in particular, as shown in FIGS. 4g and 4h, it is conceivable to integrate a further effect, where this further effect does not interfere with, for example, a color effect based on a high-frequency linear grating and / or a high-frequency crossed grating or a 3D effect based on a Fresnel lens structure. 【0229】 As shown by way of example in FIGS. 4i and 4j, the first security element 2 can be present across the entire surface of the security document 1. Here, as can be seen in FIG. 4j, when the first side of the security document 1 is observed at a predefined first viewing angle, it is preferable to see a preferably uniform achromatic effect that is visible, in particular, across the entire surface of the first side. Thus, the advantages of the present invention can also be extended, in particular, across the entire card surface. Since it is implemented as a purely achromatic surface, in the OFF state, the first security element 2 is not noticeable at all, as can be seen in FIG. 4i. Thus, advantageously, the inspection of further security elements, such as in particular the second security element 4, is possible without being impaired by the first security element 2. When the first security element 2 is moved to the ON state, the light box effect can be perceived across the entire card. The achromatic effect accentuates the layer and the security element on the first security element 2 and thus turns it off for the observer. As a result, the laser personalization, which is mostly black, can be perceived as a single layer, and its check can be carried out much more easily separately from other security features and design elements. 【0230】 FIGS. 5a - 5d show an example of a security document 1 which is, in particular, the data page of a passport booklet, preferably the paper data page of a passport booklet. Such a security document 1 is also described, for example, in connection with FIG. 1f. 【0231】 The paper data page can preferably comprise a printed layer including a security print. At least one personalization information 3 is applied to a substrate 7, in particular to the data page of a blank document, by means of a digital printing process, for example an inkjet printing, and is then preferably protected by the application of a second security element that is transparent over the entire surface. The second security element 4 is in particular a transparent optically variable layer, preferably a so-called TKO (transparent KINEGRAM overlay) or KINEGRAM® TKO, which in particular includes a design based on a relief structure, preferably comprises an HRI layer over the entire surface, as a result of which a motif-shaped optically variable effect is formed, which is in particular shown by way of example by the sun and the cactus in FIG. 5. The optically variable layer is in particular a layer having an optically variable effect. 【0232】 The security document 1 shown in FIG. 5a in particular preferably has a first transparent security element 2 as a patch and, optionally, preferably an overprintable layer as a patch. The overprintable layer is preferably an adhesion promoter layer that was or was included in the transfer ply of the first security element 2, or is printed in particular over an applied patch. The first security element 2 and the optional adhesion promoter layer are preferably applied to the substrate 7, in particular to a ready-made paper data page, in at least one application step or are to be applied. Thereafter, at least one personalization information 3 is introduced or attached, and then the second security element 4 is applied. In this way, it is possible to print at least one personalization information 3, in particular over the second region 22, and to embed the personalization information 3 at least partially in the second region between the two security elements, as a result of which it is advantageously particularly well protected against attempts at forgery. As shown by way of example in FIG. 5a, the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 can be visible in the OFF state or at a second predefined viewing angle, where at least one personalization information 3 can furthermore preferably be visible through the optically variable effect, and / or the security element 4 is translucent or transparent. 【0233】 As shown by way of example in FIG. 5b, both the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 and the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 can be visible in the ON state or at a first predefined viewing angle. Here, in particular, the first security element 2 in the ON state, preferably excluding the absorption layer 3 within the absorption region 30, can stand out the layer thereon, and thus the layer in front of the first security element 2 in the case of observation from the first side, and thus the second optically variable security element 4 thereon can also stand out. In particular, the visibility of the second security element 4 is reduced by the first security element 2, especially in a part of the second security element 4 that overlaps with the first security element 2, preferably the background region 21. In this way, for example, the contrast between the background region 21 and the absorption region 30 can be enhanced in a targeted manner, so that as a result, the check of at least one personalized information 3, especially the portrait, becomes easier. The at least one optical information 3 and the first security element 2 are further visible in complete alignment with each other. At the same time, in particular, a part of the second security element 4 that does not overlap with the first security element 2 or the first region 20 is visible in the ON state, and in particular clearly visible, so that forgeries are advantageously more easily noticeable. 【0234】 Figure 5c shows the security document 1, in particular in relation to Figures 5b and 5a. As shown by way of example in Figure 5c, the security document 1 can have a further area behind it or a further security element arranged behind it, the first security element 2, when the first side of the security document 1 is observed, and in particular can have further personalized information 32 which is visible at a predefined first viewing angle. Figure 5c shows, by way of example, a further security element or a further area of the first security element 2 in the shape of a star and a flag. The further area of the first security element 2 or of the further security element is preferably arranged behind it, overlapping the further personalized information 32 in at least some areas when the first side is observed. In particular, this is a multi-patch implementation form. Here, several so-called patches 300 can underlay the personalized information 3, 32 at different points when the first side is observed. Thereby, protection of a wide area against attempts at forgery from the rear side is achieved. The first security element 2 or the separate areas of the first security element 2 and the further security element can in each case be applied individually as a patch 300. The patch 300 can here in each case be arranged in different planes of the security document 1, in particular by application to the substrate or to a coating layer or to a second security element 4 over the entire surface. Thus, the patch 300 can be arranged in different planes under individualization and is applied individually in a multi-patch implementation form and thus with tolerances, in particular alignment tolerances, relative to one another. 【0235】 Furthermore, an implementation form as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. In contrast to the multi-patch deformation form, as can be exemplified in FIG. 5c, some elements, stars and flags, in different design areas, in the first rectangular area 20, are arranged completely aligned with each other in the same plane. Here, some patches 300 are applied or are to be applied in the same layer, particularly to the substrate 7 or to one of the layers 52 to 56, preferably to the same layer as the first security element 2. Thus, in the same plane, a further part of the personalized information can be protected against attempts at forgery from the back side by improved protection against forgery. 【0236】 The further area of the first security element 2 provided by the patch 300 or a further security element preferably has a coloring effect and / or a diffraction effect. 【0237】 FIG. 5d shows, by way of example, the security document 1 described in particular in connection with FIG. 5b, where the first security element 2 is present over the entire surface of the security document 1. Here, the optically variable effect of the second security element 4, which is preferably visible in the ON state, is accentuated by the first security element 2 and thus its visibility is particularly weakened. 【0238】 Figures 5e and 5f show the security document 1, which is in particular a plastic card. The ready-made plastic card blank used to manufacture the security document 1 preferably already has a printed layer which can include a security print. Then, at least one personalized information 3 is applied to the ready-made plastic card blank by means of a digital printing process, for example thermal transfer printing or direct thermal printing. The personalized information 3 is then preferably protected by the application of a second security element 4 over the entire surface, in particular KINEGRAM® TKO (transparent KINEGRAM overlay) or KINEGRAM® GUARD. KINEGRAM® GUARD preferably comprises a polyester carrier which, in particular, even more preferably functions as a protective layer for protection against abrasion, and an HRI layer which preferably generates or provides an optically variable effect. 【0239】 The plastic card shown as an example in Figure 5e includes a first security element 2 which is transparent. The first security element 2 is preferably already accommodated or applied by the ready-made plastic card blank, in particular before being printed thereon, with an absorption layer being at least partially applied to the first security element 2, in particular printed thereon. Next, in particular the introduction of the personalized information 3 is preferably carried out by means of a laser. Thereafter, the transparent second security element 4 is preferably applied to the security document over the entire surface, for example by lamination. 【0240】 Figure 5e in particular shows an observation at a predefined second viewing angle or in the OFF state, where in this state the optically variable effect of the second security element 4, shown by way of example by the sun and the cactus, is visible. 【0241】 Figure 5f shows the ON state of the security document 1 shown in Figure 5e. The first security element 2 stands out, especially in the region with the first region 20, at least here in the region represented by the sun, preferably in the layer above, excluding the absorption layer 3 within the absorption region 30, and thus the second security element 4 above it also stands out. Here, as an example, the optical effect of the second security element 4 represented by a cactus is visible in the region outside the first region 20. Therefore, as already explained, the protection against forgery can be particularly enhanced. 【0242】 The security document 1 described in relation to FIGS. 5a to 5f can be provided with a first security element 2 as described in relation to one of the other figures. The security document 1 described in relation to FIGS. 5a to 5f can also be provided with an interruption as described in relation to FIG. 4f in particular. 【0243】 The optical effect of the second security element 4 shown in the figure by way of example by the sun and the cactus can be particularly semi-transparent or transparent, so that at least one personalized information 3 is not completely hidden when the optical effect of the second security element 4 is visible and / or not visible. 【0244】 FIG. 6 shows a method for manufacturing the security document 1 described in relation to one of the previous figures in particular. 【0245】 In a method for manufacturing the security document 1, preferably using the system 10 according to the invention, the security document 1 comprises a first side and a second side opposite the first side, and the following steps, namely, Step 201 of providing at least one absorption layer 52 or one absorption layer 31 having an absorption region 30 for forming at least one personalized information 3, wherein the security document 1 is processed and / or can be processed within the absorption region 30 such that at least one personalized information 3 is visible through the absorption of light incident on the first side, in particular visible to the human eye. providing a first security element 2 having an optically variable effect, step 202; In the case of observing the first side of the security document 1, arranging the absorption layers 52, 31 and the first security element 31 such that the first security element 2 is disposed behind the absorption layers 52, 31 and the first security element 2 is disposed in the first region 20, wherein the first region 20 overlaps the absorption region 30 partially or over the entire surface and does not overlap the absorption region 30 in the background region 21 directly adjacent to the absorption region 30, whereby at least one personalized information 3 has a viewing angle-dependent contrast in a second region 22 formed by at least a partial region of the absorption region 30 and a partial region of the background region 21 directly adjacent thereto, step 203 of arranging; is executed in a specifically specified order. 【0246】 The arrangement is preferably carried out after the lamination and / or bonding of the layers of the security document 1 such that blackening is introduced into the absorption region 30 by a laser, and / or a printing layer such as the printing layer 31 described in connection with FIG. 2a, etc., is provided as the absorption layer 52 on the first partial element 11 of the system 10 according to the invention, in particular having the first security element 2, or is provided and then preferably joined by adhesion to a further layer of the security document 1, in particular the second partial element 12. 【0247】 It is also possible to execute the following step, i.e., the step of introducing at least one personalized information 3, before or after arranging the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 31 in particular. 【0248】 The introduction of at least one personalized information 3 is preferably carried out by a laser, in particular by blackening the absorption layer 52 and / or by printing the absorption layer 31. 【0249】 For example, security document 1 is joined by lamination or can be joined in order to form a strong layer composite, as is schematically shown in cross section, in particular by the figures. 【0250】 The lamination for manufacturing security document 1 or, in particular, for joining the absorbent layer 52 to the core layer 55 of the security element 2 is preferably between 10 N / cm 2 and 400 N / cm 2 and preferably between 40 N / cm 2 and 200 N / cm. 2Is carried out by the pressure, or is carried out and exerted on at least one or a plurality of layers selected from the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 4, the core layer 55, the coating layer, in particular at least one of the first coating layer 51 and / or the second coating layer 56. The lamination is carried out or can be carried out by a temperature exceeding 150 ° C, preferably between 160 ° C and 210 ° C, and this temperature is from a heat source, in particular one or more of the heated rollers, or one or more of the heated plates, acting on at least one or a plurality of layers selected from the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 44, the core layer 55, the coating layer, in particular at least one of the first coating layer 51 and / or the second coating layer 56. The lamination is preferably carried out or is carried out by the contact time between the heat source and at least one or a plurality of layers selected from the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 4, the core layer 55, the coating layer, in particular at least one of the first coating layer 51 and / or the second coating layer 56 in the range of 1 minute or more to 30 minutes or less. In this process, the contact between the heat source and one or more of the above layers is preferably carried out directly or indirectly through an additional layer. The above settings will preferably be used for the core layer 55, the absorption layer 52 and at least one coating layer, in particular the first coating layer 51 and / or the second coating layer 52, which are made of or contain polycarbonate. For other materials such as polyvinyl chloride, on the contrary, settings regarding temperature and pressure adapted to the material to be processed can be used. The application to the substrates of KINEGRAM® TKO and KINEGRAM® GUARD is also called lamination. Here, the TKO or GUARD product is preferably applied to the surface by placing a film on the substrate, and the adhesive is activated through a heated roller. In the case of TKO, the transfer primer is preferably transferred and the polyester carrier is peeled off. In the case of GUARD, the pre-punched film is transferred, in particular with a polyester carrier, where the polyester carrier helps to protect against wear. 【0251】 In order to manufacture the security document 1, the arrangement is carried out in such a way that, in particular, preferably after the lamination and / or adhesion of the layers of the security document 1, the blackening is introduced by laser into the absorption region 30, and / or a printing layer 31 as an absorption layer is provided on or provided to the first partial element 11 of the system according to the invention, in particular having the first security element 2, and then preferably by adhesion, in particular by bending the system 10, it is possible to be carried out so as to be joined to a further layer of the security element 2, in particular to the second partial element 12. Thereafter, in particular, the auxiliary carrier 105 can be removed from the carriers 103 and 104, and as a result, the completed personalized security document 1 is preferably manufactured. 【0252】 Of course, the variations of the embodiments listed can be combined with each other as desired and are not intended to be limiting. 【Explanation of Reference Numerals】 【0253】 1 Security document 10 System, label 11 First partial element 12 Second partial element 103, 104 Carrier layers 2 First security element 20 First region 21 Background region 22 Second region 3, 32 Personalized information 30 Absorption region 31 Printing layer 4 Second security element 41 Third security element 42 Fourth security element 51, 53, 54, 56 Transparent layers 52, 521 Absorption layers 55 Core layer 550 Window region 6 Overlay / transparent second security element 7 Substrate 8 Printing layer 101 PSA (Pressure Sensitive Adhesive) 102 Coating 103, 104 Carrier Element 105 Auxiliary Carrier 201 Carrier 202 Release Layer 203 Replication Layer 204 Reflective Layer 205 Stabilization Layer 206 Adhesive Layer 300 Patch α Facet Inclination β Reflection Angle Φ Incidence Angle h Height d Length

Claims

[Claim 1] It is a security document, A first side, and a second side facing the first side, At least one absorbing layer having an absorbing region for forming at least one piece of personalized information, wherein the security document is made visible through the absorption of light incident on the first side, and is processed and / or can be processed within the absorbing region of the at least one absorbing layer, A first security element having an optically variable effect, wherein, in the case of observation of the first side, the first security element is positioned behind the absorption layer, the first security element is positioned in a first region, the first region overlaps the absorption region partially or entirely over its surface, and the first region does not overlap the absorption region in a background region directly adjacent to the absorption region, thereby the first security element having a viewing angle-dependent contrast in a second region formed by at least a portion of the absorption region and a portion of the background region directly adjacent thereto, The optically variable effect of the first security element is visible at a predefined first observation angle and not visible at a second predefined observation angle, the first security element is transparent at the second observation angle, and in the second region, the first security element appears achromatic when observed at the predefined first observation angle. A security document wherein the arithmetic mean of the reflection in the first region, and / or the measured values ​​of the reflected and / or scattered light, is at least 5% greater at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle. [Claim 2] The difference in brightness between the background region and the absorption region in the second region is stronger at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle, and / or The arithmetic mean of the reflection in the first region, and / or the measured values ​​of the reflected and / or scattered light, is at least 10% greater at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle, and / or The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the first security element is designed such that, when the observation changes from the predefined second observation angle to the predefined first observation angle, the increase in brightness in the absorption region is smaller than in the background region. [Claim 3] The absorption region has an optical density having a maximum K value of 3 in at least the first region, and / or The security document according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the contrast between the absorption region and the background region in the second region has a maximum value of 0.1 at the first observation angle. [Claim 4] The optically variable effect of the first security element is visible only when the first side is observed, and / or The security document has a translucent or opaque contrast layer to increase the contrast of the personal information, and / or The security document (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it is semi-transparent or transparent between the absorbent layer and the first security element. [Claim 5] In the third region, the security document comprises a second security element having an optically variable effect, wherein the second security element is positioned in front of the absorption layer when the first side is observed, and / or The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the first security element and the second security element overlap in an overlapping region. [Claim 6] The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that, at least in a first subregion of the absorption region forming a grayscale image or a multicolor image, the first security element appears achromatic when observed at the predefined first observation angle. [Claim 7] The first security element forms only a portion of the first side of the security document, and / or The security document according to claim 1, wherein the first security element is positioned to partially overlap or overlap a portion of the surface of at least one first partial region of the absorption region that forms a grayscale image or a multicolor image, in a closed coherent region having a minimum width or length of 80% of the region provided in the first partial region of the absorption region, and the provided region is a region defined for a portrait. [Claim 8] The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one piece of personal information is formed by manipulating the absorption layer with a laser. [Claim 9] The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that when the first side is observed, an additional absorption layer is positioned behind the first security element. [Claim 10] The first security element and / or the second security element are designed to be semi-transparent and / or transparent, The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the second security element is designed to be opaque in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. [Claim 11] The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the absorption region is arranged in a manner consistent with the background region. [Claim 12] The first security element and / or the second security element have at least one replication layer, The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the first security element and / or the second security element have at least one reflective layer having a thickness selected from the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, the reflective layer being formed from ZnS or TiO2, and / or the reflective layer having a refractive index greater than 1.9 within the wavelength range visible to the human eye, and / or the first security element and / or the second security element having at least one relief structure. [Claim 13] The first security element and / or the second security element have at least one stabilizing layer having a thickness selected from the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, wherein the stabilizing layer is a single layer or a multilayer, and / or The security document according to claim 1, characterized in that the first security element and / or the second security element have at least one adhesive layer having a layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, and the adhesive layer is designed to be single-layer or multi-layer. [Claim 14] A method for manufacturing a security document according to claim 1, wherein the security document comprises a first side and a second side facing the first side, and the following steps: A step of providing at least one absorbing layer having an absorbing region for forming at least one piece of personalized information, wherein the security document is such that the at least one piece of personalized information is visible through the absorption of light incident on the first side, and is processed, processed, and / or can be processed within the absorbing region; The steps include providing a first security element having an optically variable effect, In the case of observing the first side of the security document, the steps of arranging the absorption layer and the first security element such that the first security element is positioned behind the absorption layer and the first security element is positioned in a first region, wherein the first region partially or entirely overlaps the absorption region, and the first region does not overlap the absorption region in a background region directly adjacent to the absorption region, thereby the at least one personalized information having a viewing angle-dependent contrast in a second region formed by at least a portion of the absorption region and a portion of the background region directly adjacent thereto, are performed. The optically variable effect of the first security element is visible at a predefined first observation angle and not visible at a second predefined observation angle, the first security element is transparent at the second observation angle, and in the second region, the first security element appears achromatic when observed at the predefined first observation angle. A method for producing a security document, characterized in that the arithmetic mean of the reflection in the first region, and / or the measured values ​​of the reflected and / or scattered light, is at least 5% greater at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle. [Claim 15] The following steps are performed, including the step of introducing at least one piece of personal information: A method for manufacturing a security document according to claim 14, characterized in that the introduction of the at least one personal information is performed by a laser by blackening the absorption layer and / or printing the absorption layer.

Images