refrigerator

Abstract

While achieving a smaller configuration, this design prevents the compressor from stopping when the door opening mechanism is activated to open the door. [Solution] The refrigerator of the embodiment includes a door opening device that opens and closes a door that opens and closes an opening in a storage compartment, a cooling device that cools the storage compartment, and a control board for controlling the cooling components that constitute the door opening device and the cooling device. The control board includes a door opening drive unit that drives the door opening device, an electronic component included in a cooling control unit that operates at a second power supply voltage lower than the first power supply voltage which is the power supply voltage of the door opening drive unit and controls the operation of the cooling components, and a reference potential wiring which is wiring that supplies a reference potential to the door opening drive unit and the electronic component. The reference potential wiring includes a first branch connected to the door opening drive unit and a second branch connected to the electronic component. The width of the first branch is wider than the width of the second branch.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate to a refrigerator.

Background Art

[0002] Conventionally, as disclosed in Patent Document 1, there is a refrigerator provided with a door opening device that automatically opens a door for opening and closing an opening of a storage compartment. The door opening device includes a solenoid and is configured to open the door in response to energization of the solenoid. Further, the refrigerator is provided with a control board on which electronic components related to a cooling function for cooling the storage compartment are mounted. Such electronic components include an IC, a microcomputer, and the like.

[0003] In the above configuration, in order to achieve miniaturization of the configuration, a design is considered in which a drive circuit that supplies power to and drives the solenoid of the door opening device is mounted on the above-described control board. However, in such a configuration, when the door opening device is operated to open the door, a phenomenon may occur in which the operation of the above electronic components stops and the drive of a compressor that constitutes a refrigeration cycle for cooling the storage compartment stops. [[ID=1۸]]

Prior Art Documents

[0007] [Figure 1] A schematic perspective view showing the configuration of a refrigerator according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] A schematic diagram showing part of the electrical configuration of a refrigerator according to one embodiment. [Figure 3] This diagram schematically shows the configuration mounted on a control board according to one embodiment. [Figure 4] A schematic diagram showing the circuit configuration of the power supply unit according to one embodiment. [Figure 5] A schematic diagram showing the circuit configuration of the door opening drive unit according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] This figure schematically shows the circuit configuration of the cooling drive unit according to one embodiment. [Figure 7] A diagram illustrating the effect of noise generated during high-current driving according to one embodiment. [Figure 8] Figure 1 schematically shows an example of the layout of a control board according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] Figure 2 schematically shows an example of the layout of a control board according to one embodiment. [Figure 10] A diagram showing an example of the wiring structure of a ground pattern according to one embodiment and a comparative example. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0008] An embodiment of a refrigerator will be described below with reference to the drawings. As shown in Figure 1, the refrigerator 1 of this embodiment has, in the main body 2, a refrigerator compartment, a vegetable compartment, an ice maker and upper freezer compartment arranged side by side (though not shown in the figure), and a lower freezer compartment, arranged from top to bottom. These refrigerator compartment, vegetable compartment, ice maker, upper freezer compartment and lower freezer compartment function as storage compartments for storing items.

[0009] The front opening of the refrigerator compartment is opened and closed by a rotating left door 3 and a right door 4, which are positioned side by side. In other words, the left door 3 and the right door 4 are double doors. The left door 3 and the right door 4 are examples of doors that open and close the opening of the storage compartment. The vegetable compartment's front opening is opened and closed by a pull-out vegetable compartment door 5, which is formed integrally with a storage box (not shown). Similarly, the ice maker compartment's front opening is opened and closed by a pull-out ice maker compartment door 6, the upper freezer compartment's front opening is opened and closed by a pull-out upper freezer compartment door 7, and the lower freezer compartment's front opening is opened and closed by a pull-out lower freezer compartment door 8.

[0010] Note that the configuration of refrigerator 1 shown in Figure 1 is just one example, and there may be configurations with different numbers and arrangements of storage compartments, or configurations that include a chiller compartment or a switchable compartment with a changeable temperature setting instead of the upper freezer compartment. Also, there may be a configuration with only one door opening and closing the front opening of the refrigerator compartment. Furthermore, each door may be fitted with a decorative panel, for example, made of glass.

[0011] Refrigerator 1 has a door opening device 9 on the upper side of the main body 2 that opens the left door 3 and the right door 4. The door opening device 9 consists of a left door opening device 9a that opens the left door 3 and a right door opening device 9b that opens the right door 4. Each door opening device 9a and 9b has a push rod (not shown) and solenoids 44a and 44b shown in Figure 5. When the user performs a door opening operation described later, the solenoids 44a and 44b are driven to push the push rod forward, thereby opening the corresponding door.

[0012] Specifically, the left door opening device 9a opens the left door 3 when the user touches the left door opening switch 10a, which is composed of an electrostatic touch sensor located on the left door 3, indicating that an opening operation has been performed. Similarly, the right door opening device 9b opens the right door 4 when the user touches the right door opening switch 10b, which is composed of an electrostatic touch sensor located on the right door 4, indicating that an opening operation has been performed. However, the configuration of the door opening device 9 is not limited to this; a motor may be provided at the hinge, which is the pivot point of the door, and the door may be opened and closed by the rotational force of the motor. In addition, the right door 4 is provided with an operation panel 11 that functions as an operating means for the user. The operation panel 11 is composed of an electrostatic touch sensor and is equipped with a nameplate, LEDs, etc., that indicate the operating part to be operated by the user.

[0013] As shown in Figure 2, the refrigerator 1 is equipped with a control unit 21. The control unit 21 is mainly composed of a microcomputer equipped with a CPU, ROM, RAM, etc. (not shown), and controls the refrigerator 1, primarily temperature control, by executing programs stored in the ROM, etc. The control unit 21 is connected to the left door opening device 9a, the right door opening device 9b, the left door opening switch 10a, the right door opening switch 10b, the operation panel 11, etc. The control unit 21 is also connected to a temperature sensor 22, a compressor 23, a blower fan 24, etc.

[0014] The temperature sensor 22 measures the temperature of the storage chamber. Although Figure 2 shows only one temperature sensor 22 for simplicity of explanation, multiple temperature sensors 22 are provided, for example, one for each storage chamber, or in the storage chambers for refrigeration and the storage chambers for freezing. The compressor 23 is located in the machine room at the lower rear of the main body 2. The compressor 23, together with radiators, throttles, refrigeration coolers, freezing coolers, etc. (not shown), constitutes a well-known refrigeration cycle. The compressor 23 is equipped with a motor M shown in Figure 6 and is driven by that motor M.

[0015] When the refrigerant circulates due to the driving of the compressor 23 in the refrigeration cycle described above, cold air is generated in the refrigerator cooler and the freezer cooler. Then, the generated cold air is appropriately supplied into each storage chamber by the blowing action of the blower fan 24. That is, the blower fan 24 circulates the air cooled by the refrigeration cycle into the storage chamber. Thereby, cooling of each storage chamber is performed. That is, the refrigeration cycle functions as a cooling device for cooling the storage chamber. And the compressor 23 corresponds to a cooling component that constitutes the cooling device.

[0016] The refrigerator 1 includes a plurality of control boards on which various configurations for realizing the above-described various functions are mounted. In FIG. 3, the configuration mounted on the control board 31, which is one of the plurality of control boards, is schematically shown in the form of functional blocks. As shown in FIG. 3, the control board 31 is a board for controlling the door opening device 9 and the compressor 23 that constitutes the refrigeration cycle, and includes a power supply unit 33 connected to the commercial power supply 32 shown in FIG. 4, a door opening drive unit 34 for driving the door opening device 9, a cooling drive unit 35 for driving the compressor 23, a cooling control unit 36 for controlling the operation of the compressor 23, various functional units 37, 38 for realizing other functions, a ground pattern 39, and the like.

[0017] As shown in FIG. 4, the power supply unit 33 includes connection terminals P1, P2 that function as connection parts connected to an external commercial power supply 32. The power supply unit 33 is a voltage doubler full-wave rectification circuit that voltage doubler full-wave rectifies the AC voltage supplied from the commercial power supply 32 via the connection terminals P1, P2 by a full-wave rectification circuit 41 composed of a diode bridge and two capacitors C1, C2 connected in series, and generates a DC voltage VDC of about 280V.

[0018] In the above configuration, the terminal on the high-potential side of the capacitor C1 is connected to the power supply pattern 42 that supplies the DC voltage VDC to the subsequent circuit or the like. Also, in the above configuration, the terminal on the low-potential side of the capacitor C1 is connected to the ground pattern 39 that supplies the reference potential of the circuit. The ground pattern 39 functions as a reference potential wiring that supplies the ground, which is the reference potential, to each part including the door-opening drive unit 34 and the cooling control unit 36.

[0019] The ground pattern 39 has a wiring structure that branches from the position connected to the capacitor C2 to the power supply ground P-GND, the control grounds S-GND1 and S-GND2 respectively. The power supply ground P-GND is connected to the door-opening drive unit 34, the cooling drive unit 35, etc., and corresponds to the first branch portion. The control ground S-GND1 is connected to the electronic components etc. included in the cooling control unit 36, and corresponds to the second branch portion. The control ground S-GND2 is connected to the electronic components etc. included in the various functional units 37, and corresponds to the second branch portion.

[0020] As shown in FIG. 5, the door-opening drive unit 34 includes connection terminals P3 to P6, and switches 43a and 43b each constituted by a switching element such as a MOSFET. The connection terminal P3 is connected to one terminal of the solenoid 44a that constitutes the left door-opening device 9a, and is connected to the power supply pattern 42 in the door-opening drive unit 34. The connection terminal P4 is connected to one terminal of the solenoid 44b that constitutes the right door-opening device 9b, and is connected to the power supply pattern 42 in the door-opening drive unit 34.

[0021] Connection terminal P5 is connected to the other terminal of solenoid 44a, which constitutes the left door opening device 9a, and in the door opening drive unit 34, it is connected to the power ground P-GND via switch 43a. Connection terminal P6 is connected to the other terminal of solenoid 44b, which constitutes the right door opening device 9b, and in the door opening drive unit 34, it is connected to the power ground P-GND via switch 43b. With the above configuration, when switch 43a is turned on, solenoid 44a is energized and the left door 3 opens, and when switch 43b is turned on, solenoid 44b is energized and the right door 4 opens.

[0022] As shown in Figure 6, the cooling drive unit 35 includes connection terminals P7, P8, and P9, and an inverter circuit 45. Connection terminals P7 to P9 are connected to the respective terminals of the motor M that constitute the compressor 23. The inverter circuit 45 has a configuration in which switching elements such as IGBTs and power MOSFETs are connected in a three-phase bridge between the power supply pattern 42 and the power supply ground P-GND.

[0023] Each switching element of the inverter circuit 45 is driven by a drive circuit configured as an IC included in the cooling control unit 36. The drive circuit operates according to a control signal output from a microcontroller included in the cooling control unit 36. The inverter circuit 45 converts the DC voltage VDC into three AC voltages, for example U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase, with predetermined frequencies, and supplies them to the motor M via connection terminals P7 to P8.

[0024] As previously mentioned, the electronic components included in the cooling control unit 36 ​​that controls the operation of the compressor 23 include, for example, ICs and microcontrollers. These electronic components operate with a power supply voltage of, for example, 5V. On the other hand, the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 operate with a DC voltage VDC of, for example, 280V as the power supply voltage. If we consider the power supply voltage of the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 as the first power supply voltage, and the power supply voltage of the electronic components included in the cooling control unit 36 ​​as the second power supply voltage, then it can be said that the electronic components included in the cooling control unit 36 ​​operate with a second power supply voltage that is lower than the first power supply voltage.

[0025] As shown in Figure 3, the control board 31 is divided into two electrically isolated regions, the first region A1 and the second region A2. The first region A1, one of the two regions, is where the power supply unit 33 connected to the commercial power supply 32 is located, and is the primary side region where electronic components with relatively high operating voltages are mounted. The second region A2, the other of the two regions, is where various functional units 38 are located, and is the secondary side region where electronic components with relatively low operating voltages are mounted.

[0026] In the control board 31 with the above configuration, the door opening drive unit 34, the cooling drive unit 35, and the cooling control unit 36 ​​are all located in the first region A1. Signal exchange between the electronic components located in the first region A1 and the electronic components located in the second region A2 is performed in an isolated manner, for example, via a photocoupler.

[0027] As described above, in the refrigerator 1 of this embodiment, the door opening drive unit 34, the cooling drive unit 35, and the cooling control unit 36 ​​are mounted on the same control board 31. With such a configuration, the following problems may arise. That is, the door opening drive unit 34 that drives the door opening device 9 and the cooling drive unit 35 that drives the compressor 23 are parts that generate relatively large currents, i.e., high currents, among the various parts mounted on the control board 31.

[0028] When the door opening device 9 is driven or the compressor 23 is started, a large current is generated, and this large current also flows into the ground pattern 39. In the following, the time when neither the door opening drive unit 34 is driven nor the compressor 23 is started will be referred to as the normal time, and the time when at least one of the door opening drive unit 34 is driven or the compressor 23 is started will be referred to as the high-current drive time.

[0029] When a large current is driven, a large current flows through the ground pattern 39, causing a voltage fluctuation corresponding to the slight resistance component of the ground pattern 39. As shown in Figure 7, if a voltage fluctuation of, for example, 2V occurs when transitioning from normal operation to high-current drive, this voltage fluctuation, from the perspective of the door opening drive unit 34 or cooling drive unit 35 operating at a relatively high first power supply voltage, is a small change of about 1% of the normal first power supply voltage of 280V. However, from the perspective of the cooling control unit 36 ​​operating at a relatively low second power supply voltage, it is a very large change of about 50% of the normal second power supply voltage of 5V.

[0030] Therefore, when driven with high current, the ICs and microcontrollers in the cooling control unit 36 ​​are affected by very large noise levels, approximately 50% of the second power supply voltage. If the ICs and microcontrollers in the cooling control unit 36 ​​malfunction or stop working due to such noise, it could directly lead to the cessation of the cooling function in the refrigerator 1, which could be an extremely serious problem. To prevent such problems from occurring, the refrigerator 1 of this embodiment incorporates the following measures.

[0031] In other words, in this embodiment, the width of the power supply ground P-GND connected to the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 in the ground pattern 39 is wider than the width of the control ground S-GND1 connected to the cooling control unit 36 ​​or the control ground S-GND2 connected to the various functional units 37 in the ground pattern 39. Here, "width" corresponds to the wiring width. Specifically, the ratio of the width of the power supply ground P-GND to the widths of the control grounds S-GND1 and S-GND2 is "0.5α to α:1". However, α is the value obtained by dividing the value of the first power supply voltage by the value of the second power supply voltage.

[0032] An example of a control board 31 layout that reflects these points is shown in Figure 8. As shown in Figure 8, the grounds of the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 are set to a common power ground P-GND, and the return circuit of this ground is made thicker, while the control ground S-GND1 connected to the IC and microcontroller of the cooling control unit 36 ​​is made thinner.

[0033] It is desirable to aim for a ratio of 20:1 or greater between the width of the power supply ground P-GND and the widths of the control grounds S-GND1 and S-GND2. In this case, the power supply ground P-GND of the ground pattern 39 is positioned near the solenoid terminals 51 corresponding to the connection terminals P3 to P6 of the door opening drive unit 34 and the compressor terminals 52 corresponding to the connection terminals P7 to P9 of the cooling drive unit 35.

[0034] In this embodiment, the ground pattern 39 has a wiring structure that branches out from the point where it is connected to the capacitor C2 that constitutes the power supply unit 33, which is a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, to the power supply ground P-GND and the control grounds S-GND1 and S-GND2, respectively. An example of a layout of the control board 31 that reflects this point is shown in Figure 9. As shown by the dotted arrow in Figure 9, the ground pattern 39 is wired to start from the low-potential terminal of the capacitor C2 and branch out from that starting point.

[0035] In other words, the ground pattern 39 of this embodiment has a wiring structure as shown in the lower part of Figure 10. That is, the ground pattern 39 of this embodiment is wired so that there are no ground loops like the comparative example shown in the upper part of Figure 10. The first load 61, the second load 62, and the third load 63 are any of the electronic components to which the reference potential is supplied by the ground pattern 39.

[0036] In the comparative example's wiring structure, for example, the current returning from the third load 63 to the capacitor C2 affects the ground of the second load 62 and the first load 61. Therefore, in the comparative example's wiring structure, there is a risk of malfunctions occurring in the second load 62 and the first load 61 due to such effects. In contrast, in the wiring structure of this embodiment, for example, the current returning from the third load 63 to the capacitor C2 does not affect the ground of the second load 62 and the first load 61, and as a result, malfunctions due to such effects do not occur.

[0037] In this embodiment, the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 are located in close proximity. In particular, the parts of each unit that are connected to the power supply pattern 42 and the ground pattern 39 are located in close proximity. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the capacitors C1 and C2 that constitute the power supply unit 33, which is a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, are positioned close to the aforementioned locations. This makes it possible to minimize the length of the power supply pattern 42 and the ground pattern 39 from the capacitors C1 and C2 to the aforementioned locations.

[0038] According to the embodiment described above, the following effects can be obtained. In this embodiment, a single control board 31 is equipped with a door opening drive unit 34 that drives the door opening device 9, a cooling drive unit 35 that drives the compressor 23, and a cooling control unit 36 ​​that controls the operation of the compressor 23. This makes it possible to reduce the number of control boards provided in the refrigerator 1 and, consequently, to miniaturize the configuration. In this configuration, the ground pattern 39 provided on the control board 31 is branched into a power ground P-GND connected to the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35, and a control ground S-GND1 connected to the IC and microcontroller of the cooling control unit 36, with the width of the power ground P-GND being wider than the width of the control ground S-GND1, etc.

[0039] This creates an impedance difference between the power supply ground P-GND and the control ground S-GND1. This is because current flows less easily through narrow areas, resulting in a larger resistance component, while current flows more easily through wider areas, resulting in a smaller resistance component. When there is an impedance difference between the power supply ground P-GND and the control ground S-GND1, large currents are less likely to flow into the control ground S-GND1 during high-current driving. As a result, the ICs and microcontrollers of the cooling control unit 36 ​​are prevented from failing or ceasing to operate due to noise.

[0040] With this configuration, when the door opening device 9 is operated to open the left door 3 or the right door 4, or when the compressor 23 is started, the noise generated by these operations will not affect the IC or microcontroller of the cooling control unit 36. Therefore, according to this embodiment, it is possible to prevent the compressor 23 from stopping when the door opening device 9 is operated or when the compressor 23 is started, thus preventing the cooling function of the refrigerator 1 from malfunctioning.

[0041] The effects described above can be enhanced by increasing the ratio between the width of the power ground P-GND and the width of the control ground S-GND1. However, due to the limited area of ​​the control board 31, the ratio of each ground cannot be increased indefinitely. The inventors have found a range of ratios for each ground that reliably obtains the effects described above, depending on the value of the first power supply voltage for operating the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35, and the value of the second power supply voltage for operating the cooling control unit 36.

[0042] Taking this into consideration, in this embodiment, if α is the value obtained by dividing the value of the first power supply voltage for operating the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 by the value of the second power supply voltage for operating the cooling control unit 36, then the ratio of the width of the power supply ground P-GND to the width of the control ground S-GND1 is "0.5α to α:1". In this way, the above-mentioned effects can be reliably obtained while keeping the occupied area of ​​the ground pattern 39 on the control board 31 to the minimum necessary.

[0043] In this embodiment, the control board 31 is divided into two electrically insulated regions, and the ICs and microcontrollers for the power supply unit 33 connected to the commercial power supply 32, the door opening drive unit 34, the cooling drive unit 35, and the cooling control unit 36 ​​are installed in one of these two regions, the first region A1. Since the ICs and microcontrollers are installed in the first region A1, the number of signal lines and components for transmitting control command signals is reduced, and as a result, the area of ​​the ground pattern 39 in the first region A1 can be increased. Therefore, with the above configuration, the effect of preventing malfunctions caused by noise can be further enhanced.

[0044] In this embodiment, the ground pattern 39 has a wiring structure that branches out from the point where it is connected to the capacitor C2 of the power supply unit 33, which is a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, to the power supply ground P-GND and the control grounds S-GND1 and S-GND2, respectively. As a result, there is no ground loop, so the current returning from each load to the capacitor C2 does not affect other loads as noise, and malfunctions caused by such influences are prevented.

[0045] In this embodiment, the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35 are located in close proximity to each other. In particular, the parts of each unit that are connected to the power supply pattern 42 and the ground pattern 39 are located in close proximity to each other. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the capacitors C1 and C2 that constitute the power supply unit 33, which is a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, are located close to the aforementioned locations. With this configuration, the contact area between the door opening drive unit 34 and the cooling drive unit 35, which could be sources of noise, and the surrounding circuits is kept small, thereby reducing the possibility of noise interference.

[0046] Furthermore, with the above configuration, the length of the power supply pattern 42 and ground pattern 39 leading from capacitors C1 and C2 to the above location can be made as short as possible, resulting in the following effect. That is, the longer the wiring from capacitors C1 and C2, the greater the resistance component between the area directly below capacitors C1 and C2 and the load such as the solenoids 44a and 44b of the door opening drive unit 34, leading to an increase in ground noise. In contrast, in this embodiment, the wiring from capacitors C1 and C2 can be kept short, so the resistance component is kept small, and as a result, ground noise can also be kept small.

[0047] (Other embodiments) It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and shown in the drawings, and can be arbitrarily modified, combined, or expanded without departing from its essence. The numerical values ​​and other figures shown in the above embodiments are illustrative and not limiting.

[0048] The wiring structure of the ground pattern 39 is not limited to that shown in the above embodiment, and may include a first branch connected to the door opening drive unit 34 and a second branch connected to the electronic components included in the cooling control unit 36, provided that the width of the first branch is greater than the width of the second branch. The specific structure can be modified as appropriate.

[0049] Although several embodiments of the present invention have been described above, these embodiments are presented as examples only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. These embodiments and their variations are included in the scope and spirit of the invention, as well as in the claims of the invention and its equivalents. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0050] In the drawing, 1 is the refrigerator, 9 is the door opening device, 31 is the control board, 32 is the commercial power supply, 33 is the power supply unit, 34 is the door opening drive unit, 35 is the cooling drive unit, 36 is the cooling control unit, 39 is the ground pattern, A1 is the first region, A2 is the second region, C1 and C2 are capacitors, P-GND is the power supply ground, and S-GND1 and S-GND2 are the control grounds.

Claims

1. A refrigerator comprising: a door opening device for opening and closing a door that opens and closes the opening of a storage compartment; a cooling device for cooling the storage compartment; and a control board for controlling the cooling components that constitute the door opening device and the cooling device, The control board is A door opening drive unit that drives the aforementioned door opening device, The electronic components included in the cooling control unit, which controls the operation of the cooling components, operate at a second power supply voltage lower than the first power supply voltage which is the power supply voltage of the door opening drive unit, A reference potential wiring which supplies a reference potential to the door opening drive unit and the electronic components, Equipped with, The reference potential wiring comprises a first branch connected to the door opening drive unit and a second branch connected to the electronic component. A refrigerator in which the width of the first branch is wider than the width of the second branch.

2. If we let α be the value obtained by dividing the value of the first power supply voltage by the value of the second power supply voltage, The refrigerator according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the width of the first branch to the width of the second branch is "0.5α to α:1".

3. The control board is divided into two regions that are electrically insulated from each other. In the first region, which is one of the two regions mentioned above, a power supply unit connected to a commercial power supply is provided. The refrigerator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein both the door opening drive unit and the electronic component are provided in the first region.

4. The door opening drive unit includes a capacitor that constitutes a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, The refrigerator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reference potential wiring has a wiring structure that branches out from the position where it is connected to the capacitor to the first branch and the second branch, respectively.

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