Radio frequency (RF) exposure compliant

Abstract

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for determining transmit power based on a pattern and / or future conditions for transmission while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. [Solution] The method involves acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least partially on the pattern and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits, determining a first transmission power, determining a second transmission power based at least partially on the average transmission power over a certain time interval, selecting a third transmission power as the minimum of the first and second transmission powers, determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the third transmission power, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions with the determined transmission powers.

Description

Claim of priority

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 113,488 filed November 13, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 141,834 filed January 26, 2021, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 152,773 filed February 23, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 175,464 filed April 15, 2021, and each of these is expressly incorporated herein by reference in whole. [Technical Field]

[0002]

[0002] Aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly to determining transmit power while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. [Background technology]

[0003]

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunications services, including telephone, video, data, messaging, and broadcast. Modern wireless communication devices (such as cellular phones) are generally required to meet radio frequency (RF) exposure limits set by national and international standards and regulations. To ensure compliance with standards, such devices now undergo extensive certification processes before being shipped to the market. To ensure that wireless communication devices comply with RF exposure limits, techniques have been developed to enable wireless communication devices to assess RF exposure from the wireless communication device and adjust the transmit power of the wireless communication device accordingly to comply with the RF exposure limits. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0004]

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of the present disclosure each have several embodiments, and no single embodiment alone is responsible for the desired attributes of the present disclosure. Some features are briefly described below without limiting the scope of the present disclosure as expressed in the following claims. Considering this description, and especially reading the section titled “Modes for Carrying Out the Invention,” it will be understood how the features of the present disclosure provide advantages, including desired transmit power according to radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0005]

[0005] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a method of wireless communication by a user device (UE). The method generally includes acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and RF exposure limits, and transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0006]

[0006] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes a memory, a processor, and a transmitter. The processor is coupled to the memory, and the processor and memory are configured to acquire a pattern related to one or more first transmissions and to determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and the transmitter is configured to transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0007]

[0007] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes means for acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, means for determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and means for transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0008]

[0008] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computer-readable medium that stores instructions for taking patterns related to one or more first transmissions, determining transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the patterns and RF exposure limits, and transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0009]

[0009] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to acquire a pattern related to one or more first transmissions, determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits, and transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0010]

[0010] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to acquire data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, to determine a transmission time associated with the data, at least in part based on the radio conditions, and to transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0011]

[0011] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to select one transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the device to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission, and to transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power that is at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0012]

[0012] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device generally includes acquiring data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determining a transmission time associated with the data, at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0013]

[0013] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in devices for wireless communications. These devices generally include selecting one transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0014]

[0014] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for taking data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0015]

[0015] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for selecting one transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission, and for transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0016]

[0016] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in methods of wireless communication by wireless devices. The methods generally include: acquiring data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data, at least in part, based on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0017]

[0017] Some aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in methods of wireless communication by wireless devices. The methods generally include selecting one transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power that is at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0018]

[0018] In order to achieve the above and related objectives, one or more embodiments will have features that are described in detail below and, in particular, pointed out in the claims. The following description and accompanying drawings will describe in detail some exemplary features of one or more embodiments. However, these features will only illustrate some of the various ways in which the principles of the various embodiments may be adopted.

[0019]

[0019] More specific descriptions than those briefly summarized above can be obtained by referring to embodiments shown in part in the drawings, so that the above-described features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail. However, it should be noted that the accompanying drawings show only some typical embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be considered to limit the scope of the present disclosure, as such descriptions may apply to other equally valid embodiments. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0020] [Figure 1]

[0020] A block diagram conceptually illustrating an exemplary wireless communication network according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 2]

[0021] A block diagram conceptually illustrating the design of exemplary base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 3]

[0022] Block diagrams of exemplary radio frequency (RF) transceivers according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4]

[0023] A figure showing an example of the distribution of normalized relative absorption rate (SAR) combined with the distribution of normalized power density (PD) according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 5A]

[0024] A graph showing examples of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 5B] A graph showing examples of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 5C] A graph showing examples of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 6]

[0025] A flowchart illustrating exemplary operation for wireless communication according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 7A]

[0026] A graph showing exemplary patterns over time used to determine one or more transmit powers, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 7B] A graph showing exemplary patterns over time used to determine one or more transmit powers, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8A] A graph showing exemplary patterns over time used to determine one or more transmit powers, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8B]A graph showing exemplary patterns over time used to determine one or more transmit powers, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9A] A graph showing exemplary patterns over time used to determine one or more transmit powers, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9B]

[0027] A graph illustrating the application of a transmit power ceiling based on the pattern shown in Figure 9A, according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 10A]

[0028] A flowchart illustrating exemplary operation for wireless communication according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 10B] A flowchart illustrating exemplary operation for wireless communication according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Figure 11A]

[0029] Graph 1100A of transmit power over time (P(t)) showing a time-averaged mode using dynamic reserve power, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11B] Graph 1100B of the transmit power over time (P(t)) showing a time-averaged mode using dynamic reserve power, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11C] Graph 1100C of the transmitted power over time (P(t)) showing a time-averaged mode using dynamic reserve power, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 12]

[0030] A diagram showing a communication device (e.g., UE) which may include various components configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, according to some aspects of this disclosure. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0021]

[0031] For ease of understanding, the same reference numerals are used to designate the same elements common to each figure, where possible. It is intended that elements disclosed in one embodiment may be usefully utilized for other embodiments without specific demonstration.

[0022]

[0032] Aspects of this disclosure provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable media for ensuring radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance based on one or more patterns and / or future states.

[0023]

[0033] In some cases, time averaging of RF exposure may be performed to comply with RF exposure limits within a specified time window. A multimode / multiband wireless communication device may have multiple transmitting antennas configured to transmit simultaneously in one or more sub-6 GHz bands and / or one or more bands greater than 6 GHz, such as the mmWave (e.g., FR2) band or the FR3 band. As described herein, RF exposure in the sub-6 GHz band may be evaluated in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR), while RF exposure in bands greater than 6 GHz may be evaluated in terms of power density (PD). Regulations regarding simultaneous exposure may limit the maximum transmit power of a wireless communication device for the sub-6 GHz band and / or bands greater than 6 GHz.

[0024]

[0034] Aspects of this disclosure provide, for example, extended techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance based on one or more patterns and / or future conditions. Patterns may include transmit power patterns (e.g., instantaneous transmit power as a function of time) related to past transmissions over various time periods (e.g., past minutes, hours, or days), and / or application patterns indicating periodic bursts of traffic that an application (e.g., a voice call application or a video call application) may generate. In some aspects, patterns may be used to identify when the next transmission will occur, and patterns may be correlated with various characteristics related to the next transmission, such as transmit time, transmit power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, and sensor information.

[0025]

[0035] For example, if the pattern indicates that the transmission time for the next transmission may be relatively long (e.g., the transmission time is longer than the time window related to the RF exposure limit) and / or that consistent uplink transmission may be maintained over the time window, the transmitter may use a lower power level (e.g., P limit , here P limit <P max ) may be allocated to the next transmission. If the pattern indicates that the transmission time of the next transmission may be relatively short (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit) and / or that the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., there may be bursts and / or gaps), the transmitter may allocate higher instantaneous power (e.g., P) according to the RF exposure limit. limit A value higher than this can be allocated to the next transmission.

[0026]

[0036] In some embodiments, the UE may consider future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) when determining the transmit power for RF exposure compliance. Embodiments of this disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for switching between various transmit modes (e.g., as described herein) based on the transmit time related to data and / or radio conditions, while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some embodiments, the transmit time may be derived from the size related to the data (e.g., data buffer size) and the current data rate. For example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmit time is larger than the time window related to the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may use the maximum average power level (e.g., P limit) may operate in peak mode to enable continuous transmission. If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may operate in time-averaged mode and transmit at maximum power to complete the transmission if the reserve power margin is sufficient for high-power transmission. The transmission time may be determined based on the data buffer size and radio conditions. For example, the signal or communication environment may limit or indicate the throughput or amount of data that can be transmitted at a given moment or over a given period of time. In some embodiments, the determined transmission time may be based on actual values ​​or measurements. For example, radio conditions may be determined based on measured RSRP. In some embodiments, the determined transmission time may be based on predicted values, e.g., one or more patterns. For example, radio conditions may be determined based on the path loss that a user may experience at a given time or location as indicated by a pattern.

[0027]

[0037] The various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable desirable transmit power for data transmission. Desired transmit power may provide desirable uplink / sidelink performance, such as desirable data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell ends.

[0028]

[0038] The following description provides examples of RF exposure compliance in communication systems and does not limit the scope, applicability, or examples described in the claims. Modifications to the function and configuration of the elements discussed may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Various examples may, as appropriate, omit, replace, or add various procedures or components. For example, the methods described may be performed in a different order than described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described in some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be carried out using any number of embodiments described herein. In addition, the scope of this disclosure shall cover any such apparatus or method carried out using other structures, functions, or structures and functions in addition to, or other than, the various embodiments of this disclosure described herein. It should be understood that any embodiment of this disclosure disclosed herein may be carried out by one or more elements of the claims. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “acting as an example, case, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" should not necessarily be construed as being preferable or advantageous to any other embodiment.

[0029]

[0039] In general, any number of wireless networks can be deployed in a given geographical area. Each wireless network may support a specific radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. RATs are sometimes called radio technologies or air interfaces. Frequencies are sometimes called carriers, subcarriers, frequency channels, tones, or subbands. Each frequency may support a single RAT or multiple RATs in a given geographical area to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs.

[0030]

[0040] The techniques described herein may be used for a variety of wireless networks and wireless technologies. While embodiments may be described using terms generally associated with 3G, 4G, and / or newer wireless (e.g., 5G NR) technologies, embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to other generation-based communication systems and / or wireless technologies such as 802.11, 802.15, etc.

[0031]

[0041] NR access can support a variety of wireless communication services, including extended mobile broadband (eMBB) targeting wide bandwidths (e.g., 80 MHz or more), millimeter wave (mmWave) targeting high carrier frequencies (e.g., 24 GHz to 53 GHz or more), massive machine type communication MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission-critical services targeting ultra-high reliability low latency communication (URLLC). These services may have specific latency and reliability setpoints. These services may also have different transmit time intervals (TTIs) to meet their respective quality of service (QoS) setpoints. In addition, these services may coexist in the same subframe. NR supports beamforming, and beam direction can be dynamically configured. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission with precoding is supported, and multi-layer transmission may also be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported.

[0032]

[0042] Figure 1 shows an exemplary wireless communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. For example, the wireless communication network 100 may be an NR system (e.g., a 5G NR network), an Advanced Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) system (e.g., a 4G network), a Universal Mobile Communications System (UMTS) (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or may be configured for communication according to one or more IEEE standards such as the 802.11 standard.

[0033]

[0043] As shown in Figure 1, the wireless communication network 100 may include several BS110a-z (each also referred to individually as BS110 or collectively as BS110 in this specification) and other network entities. A BS110 may provide communication coverage to a specific geographic area, sometimes called a “cell,” which may be fixed or move according to the location of a mobile BS110. In some examples, BS110s may be interconnected with each other and / or with one or more other BS or network nodes (not shown) in the wireless communication network 100 through various types of backhaul interfaces (e.g., direct physical connection, wireless connection, virtual network, etc.) using any suitable transport network. In the example shown in Figure 1, BS110a, 110b, and 110c may be macro BS for macrocells 102a, 102b, and 102c, respectively. BS110x may be a pico BS for picocell 102x. BS110y and 110z can be femtoBS for femtocells 102y and 102z, respectively. A BS may support one or more cells.

[0034]

[0044] BS110 communicates with UE120a-y (each also referred to individually as UE120 or collectively as UE120 in this specification) in the wireless communication network 100. As shown in Figure 1, UE120a includes an RF exposure manager 122 that determines the transmit power for transmission to a receiving entity (such as BS110a or another UE120) based on various patterns and / or future states according to aspects of this disclosure. The UE120s (e.g., 120x, 120y, etc.) may be distributed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE120 may be stationary or mobile. The wireless communication network 100 may also include relay stations, also known as relays (e.g., relay station 110r), which receive transmissions of data and / or other information from upstream stations (e.g., BS110a or UE120r) and send transmissions of data and / or other information to downstream stations (e.g., UE120 or BS110) or relay transmissions between UE120s, in order to facilitate communication between devices.

[0035]

[0045] The network controller 130 may communicate with a set of BS110s and may coordinate and control these BS110s (for example, via backhaul). In some cases, the network controller 130 may include, for example, centralized units (CUs) and / or distributed units (DUs) in a 5G NR system. In some embodiments, the network controller 130 may communicate with a core network 132 (for example, a 5G core network (5GC)) which provides various network functions such as access and mobility management, session management, user plane functions, policy control functions, authentication server functions, integrated data management, application functions, network exposure functions, network repository functions, and network slice selection functions.

[0036]

[0046] Another wireless device in the wireless communication network 100 may include, as an alternative or addition, an RF exposure manager. For example, one or more of the BS110 may be configured as customer premises equipment (CPE), and an RF exposure manager configured as described herein may be implemented in the BS or CPE.

[0037]

[0047] Figure 2 shows exemplary components of the BS110a and UE120a (for example, the wireless communication network 100 in Figure 1) that may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure.

[0038]

[0048] In BS110a, the transmitting processor 220 may receive data from the data source 212 and control information from the controller / processor 240. The control information may be for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Group Common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data may be for the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), etc. A Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication structure that can be used for the exchange of control commands between wireless nodes. MAC-CEs may be carried on shared channels such as the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), or Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH).

[0039]

[0049] Processor 220 may process data and control information (e.g., encoding and symbol mapping) to acquire data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signals (DMRS), and channel status information reference signals (CSI-RS). Transmit (TX) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) processor 230 may, where applicable, perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, and / or reference symbols, and provide output symbol streams to modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t may process its respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to acquire an output sample stream. Each of the transceivers 232a to 232t may further process its output sample stream (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) to acquire a downlink signal. The downlink signals from transceivers 232a to 232t may be transmitted via antennas 234a to 234t, respectively.

[0040]

[0050] In UE120a, antennas 252a-252r can receive downlink signals from BS110a and feed the received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a-254r, respectively. Each of transceivers 254a-254r may adjust (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) its respective received signals to acquire input samples. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a-254r may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to acquire received symbols. MIMO detector 256 may acquire received symbols from all demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols where applicable, and provide the detected symbols. The receiving processor 258 may process the detected symbols (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode), provide the decoded data for UE120a to the data sink 260, and provide the decoded control information to the controller / processor 280.

[0041]

[0051] On the uplink, in UE120a, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from data source 262 (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) and control information from controller / processor 280 (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)). The transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS)). Symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, where applicable, further processed by modulators (MODs) and other components in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and transmitted to BS110a. In BS110a, the uplink signal from UE120a is received by antenna 234, processed by modulators and other components in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by MIMO detector 236 where applicable, and may be further processed by receiving processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE120a. The receiving processor 238 may provide the decoded data to data sink 239 and the decoded control information to controller / processor 240.

[0042]

[0052] Memories 242 and 282 can store data and program code for BS110a and UE120a, respectively. Scheduler 244 can schedule the UE for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.

[0043]

[0053] The antenna 252, processors 266, 258, 264, and / or controller / processor 280 of the UE120a, and / or the antenna 234, processors 220, 230, 238, and / or controller / processor 240 of the BS110a may be used to perform the various techniques and methods described herein. As shown in Figure 2, the controller / processor 280 of the UE120a has an RF exposure manager 281 that determines the transmit power for transmission to a receiving entity (such as the BS110a) based on various patterns and / or future states, in the manner described herein. Other components of the UE120a and BS110a, as shown in the controller / processor, may be used to perform the operations described herein.

[0044]

[0054] NR can utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with cyclic prefixes (CP) on the uplink and downlink. NR can support half-duplex operation using time-division duplexing (TDD). OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) divide the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, also commonly called tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. The modulation symbol can be transmitted in the frequency domain in OFDM and in the time domain in SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers can depend on the system bandwidth. The system bandwidth can also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband may cover multiple resource blocks (RBs).

[0045]

[0055] With reference to Figures 1 and 2, the UE120a is described as communicating with a BS and / or within a network, but the UE120a may be configured to communicate directly with / transmit directly to another UE120 or another wireless device without relaying the communication through a network. In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, the BS110a described above is an example of another UE120. Example RF transceiver

[0056] Figure 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary RF transceiver circuit 300 that may be used in any of the wireless devices described above, according to several aspects of the present disclosure. The RF transceiver circuit 300 includes at least one transmit (TX) path 302 (also known as a transmit chain) for transmitting a signal over one or more antennas 306 and at least one receive (RX) path 304 (also known as a receive chain) for receiving a signal over the antennas 306. When the TX path 302 and the RX path 304 share the antennas 306, the paths may be connected to the antennas via an interface 308, which may include any of a variety of suitable RF devices such as switches, duplexers, diplexers, and multiplexers.

[0046]

[0057] When receiving a common-phase (I) or four-phase (Q) baseband analog signal from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 310, the TX path 302 may include a baseband filter (BBF) 312, a mixer 314, a driver amplifier (DA) 316, and a power amplifier (PA) 318. The BBF 312, mixer 314, and DA 316 may be contained within one or more radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). The PA 318 may be located outside the RFIC in some implementations.

[0047]

[0058] The BBF312 filters the baseband signal received from the DAC310, and the mixer 314 mixes the filtered baseband signal with the transmitting local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the baseband signal of interest to a different frequency (for example, upconverting from baseband to a radio frequency). This frequency conversion process generates a sum frequency and a difference frequency between the LO frequency and the frequency of the baseband signal of interest. The sum frequency and difference frequency are called beat frequencies. The beat frequencies are generally in the RF range, and therefore the signal output by the mixer 314 is generally an RF signal, which can be amplified by the DA316 and / or PA318 before transmission by the antenna 306. Although only one mixer 314 is illustrated, several mixers may be used to upconvert the filtered baseband signal to one or more intermediate frequencies, and then to upconvert the intermediate frequency signals to frequencies for transmission.

[0048]

[0059] The RX path 304 may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 324, a mixer 326, and a baseband filter (BBF) 328. The LNA 324, mixer 326, and BBF 328 may be contained within one or more RFICs, which may or may not be the same RFIC containing the TX path components. The RF signal received via antenna 306 may be amplified by the LNA 324, and the mixer 326 mixes the amplified RF signal with the received local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the RF signal of interest to a different baseband frequency (e.g., down-convert). The baseband signal output by the mixer 326 may be filtered by the BBF 328 before being converted by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 330 into a digital I or Q signal for digital signal processing.

[0049]

[0060] Some systems may employ a frequency synthesizer with a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a stable, tuneable LO with a specific tuning range. Thus, the transmit LO may be generated by the TX frequency synthesizer 320, which may be buffered before being mixed with the baseband signal in the mixer 314 or amplified by the amplifier 322. Similarly, the receive LO may be generated by the RX frequency synthesizer 332, which may be buffered before being mixed with the RF signal in the mixer 326 or amplified by the amplifier 334.

[0050]

[0061] The controller 336 may direct the operation of the RF transceiver circuit 300, such as transmitting a signal via the TX path 302 and / or receiving a signal via the RX path 304. The controller 336 may be a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, individual hardware components, or any combination thereof. The memory 338 may store data and program code for operating the RF transceiver circuit 300. The controller 336 and / or the memory 338 may include control logic. In some cases, the controller 336 may determine a time-averaged RF exposure measurement based on the transmit power level applied to the TX path 302 (e.g., several levels of gain in PA 318) to set a transmit power level that conforms to the RF exposure limits set by national / foreign regulations and / or international standards, as further described herein. Exemplary RF exposure compliance

[0062] RF exposure can be expressed in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR), which measures the energy absorption by human tissue per unit mass and may have units of watts per kilogram (W / kg). RF exposure can also be expressed in terms of power density (PD), which measures the energy absorption per unit area and may have units of mW / cm². 2It may have units of . In some cases, a maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit for PD may be imposed for wireless communication devices using transmission frequencies above 6 GHz. The MPE limit is a regulatory metric for area-based exposure to prevent human exposure accidents represented by tissue temperature changes, for example, several x watts per square meter (W / m²) averaged over a defined area and time-averaged over a frequency-dependent time window. 2 This is the energy density limit defined as follows:

[0051]

[0063] SAR can be used to assess RF exposure for transmission frequencies below 6 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as 2G / 3G (e.g., CDMA), 4G (e.g., LTE®), 5G (e.g., NR in the 6 GHz band), and IEEE 802.11ac. PD can be used to assess RF exposure for transmission frequencies above 10 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, and 5G in the mmWave band. Therefore, different metrics may be used to assess RF exposure for different wireless communication technologies.

[0052]

[0064] A wireless communication device (e.g., UE120) may transmit signals simultaneously using multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, a wireless communication device may simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology operating below 6 GHz (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.) and a second wireless communication technology operating above 6 GHz (e.g., mmWave 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, or 802.11ay in the 24 to 60 GHz band). In some embodiments, a wireless communication device may simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology where RF exposure is measured with respect to SAR (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G in the sub-6 GHz band, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.) and a second wireless communication technology where RF exposure is measured with respect to PD (e.g., 5G in the 24 to 60 GHz band, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, etc.).

[0053]

[0065] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G in the sub-6GHz band, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.), a wireless communication device may include multiple SAR distributions for the first technology stored in memory (e.g., memory 282 in Figure 2 or memory 338 in Figure 3). Each of the SAR distributions may correspond to each of several transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the first technology. The transmission scenarios may correspond to various combinations of antennas (e.g., antennas 252a to 252r in Figure 2 or antenna 306 in Figure 3), frequency bands, channels, and / or body positions, as further described below. In some examples, one or more of the SAR distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value or a sum of peak values ​​determined based on the description below).

[0054]

[0066] A SAR distribution (also called a SAR map) for each transmission scenario may be generated based on measurements (e.g., E-field measurements) performed in a test laboratory using a human body model. After the SAR distribution is generated, it is stored in memory to allow a processor (e.g., processor 280 in Figure 2 or controller 336 in Figure 3) to assess RF exposure in real time, as will be further described below. Each SAR distribution may include a set of SAR values, where each SAR value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on a human body model). Each SAR value may have an averaged SAR value over 1g or 10g of mass at its respective location.

[0055]

[0067] Each SAR value in the SAR distribution corresponds to a specific transmit power level (for example, the transmit power level at which the SAR value was measured in the test laboratory). Since SAR scales using the transmit power level, the processor can scale the SAR distribution for any transmit power level by multiplying each SAR value in the SAR distribution by the following transmit power scaler.

[0056] [Number]

[0057] Here, Tx c is the current transmission power level for each transmission scenario, and Tx SAR is the transmission power level corresponding to the SAR value in the stored SAR distribution (e.g., the transmission power level at which the SAR value was measured in a test laboratory).

[0058]

[0068] As described above, the wireless communication device may support multiple transmission scenarios for the first technique. In some aspects, a transmission scenario may be specified by a set of parameters. The set of parameters may include antenna parameters indicating one or more antennas (i.e., active antennas) used for transmission, frequency band parameters indicating one or more frequency bands (i.e., active frequency bands) used for transmission, channel parameters indicating one or more channels (i.e., active channels) used for transmission, orientation parameters indicating the location of the wireless communication device relative to the location of the user's body (such as the head, torso, a location away from the body, etc.), and / or one or more of other parameters. When the wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, it may be very time-consuming and costly to perform measurements for each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory). To reduce the test time, the measurements may be performed on a subset of the transmission scenarios to generate the SAR distribution for the subset of the transmission scenarios. In this example, the SAR distribution for each of the remaining transmission scenarios may be generated by combining two or more of the SAR distributions for the subset of the transmission scenarios, as further described below.

[0059]

[0069] For example, SAR measurements may be performed for each antenna to generate a SAR distribution for each antenna. In this example, the SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more antennas are active may be generated by combining the SAR distributions for two or more active antennas.

[0060]

[0070] In another example, SAR measurements may be performed for each of multiple frequency bands to generate a SAR distribution for each of those bands. In this example, the SAR distribution for a transmission scenario where two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining the SAR distributions for two or more active frequency bands.

[0061]

[0071] In some embodiments, the SAR distribution can be normalized with respect to the SAR limit by dividing each SAR value in the SAR distribution by the SAR limit. In this case, the normalized SAR value exceeds the SAR limit when the normalized SAR value is greater than 1, and falls below the SAR limit when the normalized SAR value is less than 1. In these embodiments, each of the SAR distributions stored in memory can be normalized with respect to the SAR limit.

[0062]

[0072] In some embodiments, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions. For example, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario with two or more antennas active can be generated by combining the normalized SAR distributions for two or more active antennas. If different transmit power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized SAR distribution for each active antenna can be scaled by its respective transmit power level before combining the normalized SAR distributions for the active antennas. A normalized SAR distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas can be given by:

[0063]

number

[0064] Here, SAR lim This is the SAR limit, and SAR norm_combined is the combined normalized SAR distribution for simultaneous transmission from active antennas, where i is the index for the active antenna, and SAR i This is the SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna, and Tx i This is the transmit power level for the i-th active antenna, and Tx SARi is the transmit power level for the SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna, and K is the number of active antennas.

[0065]

[0073] Equation (2) can be rewritten as follows:

[0066]

number

[0067] Here, SAR norm_i is the normalized SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna. In the case of simultaneous transmission using multiple active antennas at the same transmission frequency (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO)), the combined normalized SAR distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized SAR distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as given by:

[0068]

number

[0069]

[0074] In another example, normalized SAR distributions for different frequency bands may be stored in memory. In this example, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmit scenario with two or more frequency bands active may be generated by combining normalized SAR distributions for two or more active frequency bands. If the transmit power levels differ for the active frequency bands, the normalized SAR distribution for each active frequency band may be scaled by their respective transmit power levels before combining the normalized SAR distributions for the active frequency bands. In this example, the combined SAR distribution may also be calculated using equation (3a), where i is the index for the active frequency band and SAR norm_i This is the normalized SAR distribution for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx i This is the transmit power level for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx SARi This is the transmit power level for the normalized SAR distribution over the i-th active frequency band.

[0070]

[0075] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a second technology (e.g., 5G in the 24 to 60 GHz band, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, etc.), a wireless communication device may include multiple PD distributions for the second technology stored in memory (e.g., memory 282 in Figure 2 or memory 338 in Figure 3). Each PD distribution may correspond to each of several transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the second technology. The transmission scenarios may correspond to various combinations of antennas (e.g., antennas 252a to 252r in Figure 2 or antenna 306 in Figure 3), frequency bands, channels, and / or body positions, as further described below. In some examples, one or more of the PD distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value or a sum of peak values ​​determined based on the description below).

[0071]

[0076] A PD distribution (also called a PD map) for each transmission scenario may be generated based on measurements (e.g., E-field measurements) performed in a test laboratory using a human body model. After the PD distribution is generated, it is stored in memory to allow a processor (e.g., processor 280 in Figure 2 or controller 336 in Figure 3) to assess RF exposure in real time, as will be further described below. Each PD distribution may contain a set of PD values, where each PD value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on a human body model).

[0072]

[0077] Each PD value in the PD distribution corresponds to a specific transmit power level (for example, the transmit power level at which the PD value was measured in the test laboratory). Since the PD scales with the transmit power level, the processor can scale the PD distribution for any transmit power level by multiplying each PD value in the PD distribution by the following transmit power scaler.

[0073]

number

[0074] Here, Tx c This is the current transmit power level for each transmit scenario, and Tx PD This is the transmit power level corresponding to the PD value in the PD distribution (for example, the transmit power level at which the PD value was measured in the test laboratory).

[0075]

[0078] As described above, a wireless communication device may support multiple transmission scenarios for the second technology. In some embodiments, a transmission scenario may be specified by a set of parameters. The set of parameters may include antenna parameters indicating one or more antennas used for transmission (i.e., active antennas), frequency band parameters indicating one or more frequency bands used for transmission (i.e., active frequency bands), channel parameters indicating one or more channels used for transmission (i.e., active channels), positional parameters indicating the location of the wireless communication device relative to the user's body location (e.g., head, torso, location away from the body), and / or one or more other parameters. If the wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, performing measurements for each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory) can be very time-consuming and expensive. To reduce test time, measurements may be performed on a subset of transmission scenarios to generate PD distributions for that subset of transmission scenarios. In this example, the PD distribution for each of the remaining transmission scenarios may be generated by combining two or more of the PD distributions for the subset of transmission scenarios, as will be further described below.

[0076]

[0079] For example, PD measurements may be performed for each antenna to generate a PD distribution for each antenna. In this example, the PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more antennas are active may be generated by combining the PD distributions for two or more active antennas.

[0077]

[0080] In another example, PD measurements may be performed for each of multiple frequency bands in order to generate a PD distribution for each of those bands. In this example, the PD distribution for a transmit scenario in which two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining the PD distributions for two or more active frequency bands.

[0078]

[0081] In some embodiments, the PD distribution can be normalized with respect to the PD limit by dividing each PD value in the PD distribution by the PD limit. In this case, the normalized PD value exceeds the PD limit when the normalized PD value is greater than 1, and falls below the PD limit when the normalized PD value is less than 1. In these embodiments, each of the PD distributions stored in memory can be normalized with respect to the PD limit.

[0079]

[0082] In some embodiments, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions. For example, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario with two or more antennas active can be generated by combining the normalized PD distributions for two or more active antennas. If different transmit power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized PD distribution for each active antenna can be scaled by their respective transmit power levels before combining the normalized PD distributions for the active antennas. A normalized PD distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas can be given by:

[0080]

number

[0081] Here, PD lim This is the PD limit, and PD norm_combined is the combined normalized PD distribution for simultaneous transmission from active antennas, where i is the index for the active antenna, and PD i This is the PD distribution for the i-th active antenna, and Tx i This is the transmit power level for the i-th active antenna, and Tx PDi L is the transmit power level for the PD distribution for the i-th active antenna, and L is the number of active antennas.

[0082]

[0083] Equation (5) can be rewritten as follows:

[0083]

number

[0084] Here, PD norm_i is the normalized PD distribution for the i-th active antenna. In the case of simultaneous transmission using multiple active antennas at the same transmission frequency (e.g., MIMO), the combined normalized PD distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized PD distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as given by:

[0085]

number

[0086]

[0084] In another example, normalized PD distributions for different frequency bands may be stored in memory. In this example, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining normalized PD distributions for two or more active frequency bands. If the transmit power levels differ for the active frequency bands, the normalized PD distribution for each active frequency band may be scaled by their respective transmit power levels before combining the normalized PD distributions for the active frequency bands. In this example, the combined PD distribution may also be calculated using equation (6a), where i is the index for the active frequency band and PD norm_i This is the normalized PD distribution for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx i This is the transmit power level for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx PDi This is the transmit power level for the normalized PD distribution over the i-th active frequency band.

[0087]

[0085] As described above, UE120 may transmit signals simultaneously using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, IEEE802.11ac, etc.) and a second technology (e.g., 5G, IEEE802.11ad, etc.), and RF exposure may be measured using different metrics for the first and second technologies (e.g., SAR for the first technology and PD for the second technology). In this case, processor 280 may determine a first maximum allowable power level for the first technology and a second maximum allowable power level for the second technology for transmission during future time slots that comply with RF exposure limits. During future time slots, the transmission power levels for the first and second technologies are further constrained (i.e., limited) by the determined first and second maximum allowable power levels, respectively, to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits, as described below. In this disclosure, the term “maximum allowable power level” means the “maximum allowable power level” imposed by the RF exposure limits, unless otherwise stated. Please understand that the "maximum permissible power level" is not necessarily equal to the absolute maximum power level that complies with the RF exposure limits, and may be lower than the absolute maximum power level that complies with the RF exposure limits (for example, to provide a safety margin). The "maximum permissible power level" may be used to set a power level limit for transmission in a transmitter so that the transmission power level cannot exceed the "maximum permissible power level" in order to ensure RF exposure compliance.

[0088]

[0086] The processor 280 may determine first and second maximum allowable power levels as follows: The processor may determine a normalized SAR distribution for the first technique to a first transmit power level, a normalized PD distribution for the second technique to a second transmit power level, and combine the normalized SAR distribution and the normalized PD distribution to generate a combined normalized RF exposure distribution (hereinafter simply referred to as the combined normalized distribution). The values ​​at each location in the combined normalized distribution may be determined by combining the normalized SAR value at the location with the normalized PD value at the location or by another technique.

[0089]

[0087] The processor 280 may then determine whether the first and second transmit power levels comply with the RF exposure limits by comparing the peak value in the combined normalized distribution with 1. If the peak value is 1 or less (i.e., condition ≤ 1 is satisfied), the processor 280 determines that the first and second transmit power levels comply with the RF exposure limits (e.g., SAR limits and PD limits) and may use the first and second transmit power levels as the first and second maximum permissible power levels, respectively, during future time slots. If the peak value is greater than 1, the processor 280 may determine that the first and second transmit power levels do not comply with the RF exposure limits. The conditions for RF exposure compliance for simultaneous transmission using the first and second techniques may be given by:

[0090]

number

[0091]

[0088] Figure 4 shows the normalized SAR distribution 410 and the normalized PD distribution 420, which are combined to generate a combined normalized distribution 430. Figure 4 also shows the conditions under which the peak value in the combined normalized distribution 430 is 1 or less in the case of RF exposure compliance. Although each of the distributions 410, 420, and 430 is shown as a two-dimensional distribution in Figure 4, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to this example.

[0092]

[0089] The normalized SAR distribution of equation (7) can be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions, as described above (for example, in the case of a transmission scenario using multiple active antennas). Similarly, the normalized PD distribution of equation (7) can be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions, as described above (for example, in the case of a transmission scenario using multiple active antennas). In this case, the conditions for RF exposure compliance in equation (7) can be rewritten using equations (3a) and (6a) as follows.

[0093]

number

[0094] In the case of MIMO, equations (3b) and (6b) may be combined instead. As shown in equation (8), the combined normalized distribution may be a function of the transmit power level for the first technique and the transmit power level for the second technique. All points in the combined normalized distribution may satisfy the normalization limit of 1 in equation (8). Furthermore, when combining the SAR distribution and the PD distribution, the SAR distribution and the PD distribution may be spatially aligned or aligned with their peak locations such that the combined distribution given by equation (8) represents the combined RF exposure at a given location on the human body.

[0095]

[0090] In some cases, the transmitter may ensure RF exposure compliance by operating under one of the following exemplary schemes: (a) a “no-backup time-averaged mode” without a backup margin that allows connections dropped during a time window; (b) a “peak mode” as described herein with respect to Figure 5B; or (c) a “time-averaged mode” as described herein with respect to Figure 5C.

[0096]

[0091] In some cases, time averaging of RF exposure may be performed to conform to the RF exposure limit within a specified time window (T) related to the RF exposure limit (e.g., 2 seconds for the 60 GHz band, 100 seconds or 360 seconds for the band ≤ 6 GHz). For example, Figure 5A is a graph of transmit power (P(t)) over time, varying over a time window (T) related to the RF exposure limit, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. As an example, the instantaneous transmit power is the maximum time-averaged transmit power level P at several transmit occasions within the time window (T). limit This can exceed the maximum time-averaged transmit power level P. limit It can be larger than that. In some cases, the UE is P, which is the maximum transmit power supported by the UE. max It can be transmitted at this level. In some cases, the UE may have a maximum time-averaged transmit power level P in some transmission occasions. limit Transmission is possible at the following transmission power levels: Maximum time-averaged transmission power level P limit This represents the time-averaged threshold of the RF exposure limit with respect to the transmitted power, and in some cases, P limit This is sometimes called the maximum time-averaged power level or limit, or the maximum average transmit power level. Graph 500A also shows the gaps between transmit bursts, where the gap represents the period during which no transmit was sent from the device.

[0097]

[0092] In some cases, the transmit power is the maximum average transmit power level (e.g., P) that is allowed for RF exposure compliance that enables continuous transmission during the time window. limit ) can be maintained. For example, Figure 5B shows a transmission power of P according to some aspects of the present disclosure. limit Graph 500B shows an example of the transmission power (P(t)) over time, which is limited to a certain value. As shown in the figure, the UE is limited to P according to the RF exposure limit. limit It can be sent continuously.

[0098]

[0093] Figure 5C is a graph of transmit power (P(t)) over time, showing a time-averaged mode that provides a reserve power margin to enable continuous transmission within a time window (T), according to some aspects of the present disclosure. As shown, the UE uses lower power (P(t)) to maintain continuous transmission during the time window (e.g., to maintain a radio connection with a receiving entity). reserve ) so that it can continue to transmit with sufficient transmit power margin (for example, P limit and P reserve Before the transmitter is switched off to ensure the difference between (P), the transmit power is set to the maximum instantaneous power (P max ) from backup power (P reserve ) can be backed off to. In some embodiments, P reserve It is set to the minimum power used to maintain the link, or to such minimum power plus a margin. max The transmission duration is sometimes called the burst transmission duration (or high-power duration). When more margin becomes available in the future (after T seconds), the transmitter will again transmit at higher power (for example, P max It may be possible to transmit (in short bursts).

[0099]

[0094] In time-averaging mode, P max and P reserve The duration is determined by the time-averaged power during the time window. limit The processor or control logic may be controlled to ensure that it does not exceed P. In some embodiments, the UE, in the time-averaged mode shown in Figure 5C, is higher than the average power level but P max It can transmit with less power than P. Figure 5C shows a single transmit burst, but the UE may instead utilize multiple transmit bursts within a time window (T), as described herein with respect to Figure 5A, for example, where the transmit burst is a transmit power of P. reserveIt will be understood that the following are separated by the duration maintained. Furthermore, the transmit power of each transmit burst may vary (within the burst and / or compared to other bursts), and at least a portion of the burst may have a maximum average power level (e.g., P limit It will be understood that transmission can be performed at power levels exceeding ).

[0100]

[0095] Figures 5A to 5C show continuous transmission across windows, occasions, bursts, etc., but it will be understood that a duty cycle for transmission can be implemented. In such an implementation, the transmission power can be periodically zero and maintained at a higher level (for example, the level shown in Figures 5A to 5C) during the rest of the duty cycle.

[0101]

[0096] In some embodiments, given P max , P limit , P reserve , and P calculated for T maxThe burst transmission time of P(t) can be scaled according to the duty cycle of the transmission to the receiving entity. For example, the burst transmission time may be adjusted by a coefficient (1 / duty_cycle) related to the duty cycle, where duty_cycle is between [0,1]. As used herein, the duty cycle of a transmission may refer to a portion of a particular period in which the transmission is scheduled or allocated. In some embodiments, the period related to the burst transmission time may be independent of the time window (T) used for RF exposure compliance. In some cases, the duty cycle may be normalized (e.g., predetermined) using a specific RAT, and / or may change over time due to changes in radio conditions, mobility, and / or user behavior, for example. In some examples, the duty cycle is determined by the base station (e.g., gNB) and communicated to the UE. At a 100% duty cycle, it may be assumed that the UE is scheduled for continuous transmission, which may produce the transmission power shown in Figure 5B. In another example, suppose the duration of the burst transmit time is shorter than the time window, and the period of the burst transmit time is longer than the time window, so that a single pulse of the burst transmit time is active (or occurs) within the time window. The transmitter will not transmit during a portion of the time window. max This can increase the burst transmission time (for example, P(t) may be zero during a portion of the time window). Exemplary transmission pattern-based RF exposure compliance

[0097] A multimode / multiband UE may have multiple transmitting antennas configured to transmit simultaneously in one or more sub-6GHz bands and / or one or more bands greater than 6GHz, such as the mmWave band. As described herein, RF exposure in the sub-6GHz band may be evaluated in terms of SAR, while RF exposure in bands greater than 6GHz may be evaluated in terms of PD. Regulations regarding simultaneous exposure may limit the maximum transmit power for wireless communication devices in the sub-6GHz band and / or bands greater than 6GHz.

[0102]

[0098] Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance based on one or more patterns. Patterns may include transmit power patterns related to past transmissions over various time periods (such as past minutes, hours, or days), and / or application patterns indicating periodic bursts of traffic that an application (e.g., a voice call application or a video call application) may generate, and / or indicating a specific application or type of application that is transmitting. In some aspects, patterns may be used to identify when the next transmission will occur, and patterns may be correlated with various characteristics related to the next transmission, such as transmission time, transmit power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, and sensor information.

[0103]

[0099] For example, if the pattern indicates that the transmission time of the next transmission is most likely to be relatively long (e.g., the transmission time is longer than the time window related to the RF exposure limit) and / or that consistent uplink transmission can be maintained over the time window, the transmitter will use a lower power level (e.g., P limit , here P limit <P max) may be allocated to the next transmission. If the pattern indicates that the transmission time of the next transmission is most likely to be relatively short (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit) and / or that the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., there may be bursts and / or gaps), the transmitter may allocate high instantaneous power (e.g., P limit Higher than, and / or P max The following can be allocated to the next transmission (for example, to at least one of the bursts), but still subject to RF exposure limits.

[0104]

[0100] Various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable desirable transmit power for data transmission. Desired transmit power may provide desirable uplink / sidelink performance, such as desirable data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell ends.

[0105]

[0101] Figure 6 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operation 600 for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Operation 600 may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE120a in wireless communication network 100). Operation 600 may be performed on one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280 in Figure 2) and implemented as an operating software component. Furthermore, the transmission of signals by the UE in operation 600 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 252 in Figure 2). In some aspects, the transmission and / or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquire and / or output signals.

[0106]

[0102] Operation 600 may begin in block 602, where the UE may acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions. For example, the UE may acquire a transmit power pattern showing transmit power over time (e.g., over the past few minutes, hours, or days) associated with past transmissions sent by the UE. As used herein, “pattern” generally refers to characteristics of a first transmission that may be a past transmission or a sample thereof, and / or, for example, when the pattern does not represent uplink traffic or sidelink traffic, characteristics of the transmitter in the absence of a first transmission. That is, a pattern may be associated with the transmitter as an addition or substitute for a first transmission. Characteristics may include, for example, a display of transmit power over time, network conditions over time, user behavior over time, application type over time, application behavior over time, whether voice and / or data are being transmitted over time, the type of data being transmitted over time, the priority or class of transmissions over time, antenna usage over time, sensor information over time, etc. In some embodiments, patterns may include periodic signatures of temporal characteristics, such as an indication that past transmissions had periodicity. In some embodiments, some patterns may be interpreted as "fingerprints" indicating some environment in which the UE is located or some scenario / user state for the UE.

[0107]

[0103] In block 604, the UE may determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the pattern and the RF exposure limit. As further described herein, the UE may correlate the pattern with the next transmit, the transmit time associated with the next transmit, the transmit power for the next transmit, and / or the transmit power limit associated with the RF exposure limit. For example, the transmit power pattern may indicate that the UE transmitted during a periodic burst over a certain period of time during the day. When the next transmit is consistent with the periodicity of past bursts, the UE may determine the transmit power for the next transmit based on the pattern associated with past bursts. In some embodiments, the UE may periodically store the pattern as a characteristic in memory (for example, in memory 282, or in memory tightly coupled with the processor 280 or modem) and retrieve the pattern for determining the transmit power in block 604.

[0108]

[0104] In some embodiments, unless it is determined that an additional RF exposure margin may be available based on the pattern obtained in block 602, the determined transmit power is P limit or close to it. If the UE determines that additional margins may be available, the UE will, P limit Higher than (for example, P max The transmit power (up to) can be determined. Deciding to transmit at a higher transmit power may be based on one or more other factors or patterns. For example, a higher transmit power may be used when it is further determined that a margin may be available and the UE is at or moving to the edge of the cell, or when a margin may be available and information of higher priority is being transmitted. In some embodiments, P limit In or near the default setting for transmit power, selectively increasing transmit power can (for example, increase throughput and / or reliability) make transmission P limitThis may increase the likelihood of transmission and / or reduce the amount of time transmission is performed at lower power or backed-off power (for example, to comply with exposure limits). In block 604, the UE may determine the transmission mode (for example, as described with respect to Figures 5A-5C), and the transmission power may be based on and / or in accordance with the determined transmission mode, P limit Or something close to that (for example, lower than that), or P limit It will be higher than (for example, P limit It may be determined that it will be increased to a value greater than or equal to.

[0109]

[0105] In block 606, the UE may transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power. For example, the UE may transmit a transmission to a base station (e.g., BS110a) at the determined transmit power. In some cases, the UE may transmit to another UE via a sidelink channel.

[0110]

[0106] The patterns in blocks 602 and 604 may include one or more patterns related to the first transmission. In some embodiments, the patterns may include at least one of other types of information and / or patterns, such as a transmit power pattern, a user behavior pattern, an antenna usage pattern, an application type, an application pattern, a wireless network pattern, a transmit type or priority pattern, or sensor information. The transmit power pattern may include, for example, transmit power over time (e.g., instantaneous transmit power as a function of time) over a time window or a set of time windows. In some cases, the average power from the transmit power pattern may be a determined threshold (e.g., P limit If the power level is above the following threshold, the UE will always reduce the power to a lower power level (e.g., P limit The following may be limited. Otherwise, the UE may limit higher instantaneous transmit power (>P) within the time window. limitThis can make it possible that the average power from the transmit power pattern can indicate how to determine the transmit power for the second transmit. For example, the average power from the transmit power pattern can indicate the average transmit power level (e.g., P limit Assume that it is less than half of ). This may indicate that the UE may transmit very little uplink or sidelink traffic now and / or in the near future, and the transmit power can be safely increased to comply with the RF exposure limits. In some cases, the transmit power pattern may indicate the duration of a transmit, and the duration can be used to determine the transmit power. For example, if the transmit power pattern indicates that the transmit duration of the next transmit may be relatively long (e.g., the transmit duration may be longer than the time window related to the RF exposure limits) and / or that a consistent uplink transmit may be maintained over the time window, the transmitter may use a lower power level (e.g., P limit , here P limit <P max ) can be allocated to the next transmission.

[0111]

[0107] In some embodiments, the time window used to determine the pattern may be separate from another time window related to the RF exposure limit (e.g., time window (T) in Figures 5A and 5B). For example, the time window used for the pattern may include information about transmissions that occurred before the time window used to calculate the current RF exposure. In embodiments, such prior information may precede the window used to calculate the current RF exposure by several seconds, several minutes or several hours, or several days or more. In embodiments, the time window for the transmit power pattern may have the same or different duration as the time window related to the current RF exposure limit. The transmit power pattern may include one or more transmit powers across one or more time windows related to the RF exposure limit. As an example, the time window for the transmit power pattern may have a duration of one or more seconds, one or more minutes, one or more hours, or one or more days. The UE may use the transmit power pattern related to past transmissions to identify when the next (future) transmit will occur, and the UE may determine the transmit power for the next transmit based on the transmit power pattern (and RF exposure compliance).

[0112]

[0108] In some embodiments, the transmit power pattern may represent a rolling average transmit power or a moving average transmit power over a time interval, where the time interval may be separate from the time window related to the RF exposure limit. The average transmit power may be used when selecting an upper limit on the transmit power. For example, a UE may determine the potential instantaneous transmit power using a specific algorithm related to the RF exposure limit, and the UE may set an upper limit on the determined potential instantaneous transmit power to a level that is the reciprocal of past transmit power usage (e.g., rolling average transmit power over the past X seconds), where "X" may be smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit. Such a reciprocal may be useful when adjusting the transmit power in a transmit burst scenario (e.g., shown in Figure 5A) or a continuous transmit scenario (e.g., shown in Figure 5B). In some embodiments, the upper limit on transmit power based on the average transmit power described herein may take into account changes in the network duty cycle over time, low or high transmit power, and / or user behavior. The upper limits on transmit power described herein may apply to frequency division duplexing (FDD) and / or time division duplexing (TDD) systems. The upper limits on transmit power described herein may take into account the power levels of the nearest cell, the intermediate cell, and / or the power levels of the far cell, as well as / or user behavior (e.g., burst use vs. continuous use).

[0113]

[0109] An exemplary formula for determining the upper limit of the transmit power in a single transmit scenario is as follows:

[0114]

number

[0115] Here, MTPL' is a defined upper limit level for the transmit power of a single transmission, MTPL is the potential instantaneous maximum transmit power level determined for the RF exposure time window according to a specific algorithm, and prev.usage is the normalized average transmit power over X seconds (e.g., average transmit power over X seconds / P limit ) and unit quantity (i.e., 1, P limit / P limit It can be the minimum value among (for example, the lowest value between them) (due to the normalization of P) limit This can be the maximum average transmit power corresponding to the RF exposure limit averaged over a time window T. Under equation (9), for example, in a bursty traffic scenario, if the average transmit power for the most recent history of X seconds is zero,

[0116]

number

[0117] Since it becomes extremely high, MTPL' is equal to MTPL, and it may not be possible to set an upper limit. Therefore, MTPL' is initially P max It may be equal to MTPL'. In a continuous transmission scenario, at the beginning of a transmission, MTPL' may also be equal to MTPL and unable to set an upper limit due to the absence of previous transmission history in the transmission power pattern. When the UE continues to transmit, the upper limit

[0118]

number

[0119] Therefore, the instantaneous transmission power is,

[0120]

number

[0121] As the term is less than or equal to the MTPL term, it begins to decrease, P limitSet to the end of the time window, the transmit power is the MTPL term.

[0122]

number

[0123] Because it is smaller than the term, P limit It can become smaller than that.

[0124]

[0110] An exemplary formula for determining the upper limit of the transmit power in a dual transmit scenario is as follows:

[0125]

number

[0126] Here, "pri" represents the parameters of the primary transmitting radio, "sec" represents the parameters of the secondary transmitting radio, and num_Tx represents the total number of active transmitting radios, which is 2 in this example. Active transmitting radios may refer to transmitting antennas and / or antenna modules, including antenna arrays, that are transmitting simultaneously during the second transmission.

[0127]

[0111] An exemplary formula for determining the upper limit of the transmit power in a multi-transmission scenario is as follows:

[0128]

number

[0129] Here, i is the index of a specific radio among several radios.

[0130]

[0112] With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 involves determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) and a second transmit power (e.g., prev.usage) at least in part on a normalized average transmit power (e.g., prev.usage) over a time interval (e.g., X seconds, which may be smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit).

[0131]

number

[0132] This may include determining the following. The UE may select a third transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power, for example, as described herein with respect to equation (9). The UE may determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the third transmit power. The second transmit power is the reciprocal of the normalized average transmit power over past time intervals (for example,

[0133]

number

[0134] ) may be based at least in part on the second transmit power, which is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., P limit ) and the product of the normalized average transmitted power and the reciprocal of the minimum value among the unit quantities (for example,

[0135]

number

[0136] ) is possible.

[0137]

[0113] In a multi-transmission scenario, the transmission power determination in block 604 may include determining a first transmission power for each of the multiple radios and determining a second transmission power for each of the multiple radios, where the second transmission power may be at least in part based on the normalized average transmission power for each radio over a certain time interval. The UE may select a third transmission power for each of the multiple radios as the minimum of the first and second transmission powers for each radio. The UE may determine the transmission power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power for each of the multiple radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power for each radio.

[0138]

[0114] The determination of the second transmit power is at least partially based on the product of the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit for each radio and the reciprocal of the sum of the normalized average transmit power and the minimum unit quantity for multiple radios, to which the fourth transmit power (for example,

[0139]

number

[0140] This may include determining the fourth transmit power, which may be based on the ratio between the normalized average transmit power for each radio and the sum of the normalized average transmit powers for multiple radios. The UE is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of radios, which is the fifth transmit power (for example,

[0141]

number

[0142] The UE can determine the maximum value between the fourth and fifth transmit powers (for example, the maximum value between them) (for example, max[a i ,b i A second transmission power may be selected based on ]).

[0143]

[0115] In some embodiments, the time interval for the average transmit power used when selecting the upper limit of transmit power may be dynamically updated, for example, based on time-averaged exposure (or average transmit power) and / or network conditions. The time interval may be determined based on the following formula:

[0144]

number

[0145] Here, m is the minimum value of X expressed in seconds, n is the maximum value of X expressed in seconds, and average_exposure(t) is the total average normalized exposure of all transmitting radios over a past time window (T) related to the RF exposure limit (or the sum of average transmit power / P of all past transmits from all radios). limit ) may be such that, in some cases, n may be smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. Different X values ​​may be suitable for short burst transmissions compared to long transmissions. Equation (12) may allow the UE to adjust the time interval as uplink traffic and / or sidelink traffic changes over time. Furthermore, m and / or n may also vary from one transmitting radio to another depending on the time averaging window associated with the radio. For example, if two transmitting radios are averaged over two different time averaging windows (e.g., a time window for a sub-6GHz radio and a separate time window for an mmWave radio), the value of X, and possibly the values ​​of m and / or n, may differ between the two radios.

[0146]

[0116] With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include adjusting the time interval for the normalized average transmit power, at least in part on the average power over a time window (T) corresponding to the RF exposure limit. In some embodiments, the average power may be a rolling average or moving average of the transmit power over the time window. The time interval adjustment may include selecting the maximum value between a first time interval (m) and a second time interval (n) that vary with (e.g., proportionally to) the average power over past time windows, as described herein with respect to equation (12), for example. In some cases, the first and second time intervals depend on the transmit frequencies of one or more second transmits. That is, the values ​​for the first time interval and / or the values ​​for the second time interval may vary depending on the transmit frequency. For example, the second time interval may be higher for a sub-6 GHz transmit than the corresponding second time interval for a mmWave transmit.

[0147]

[0117] In some embodiments, the time interval may be adjusted based on one or more network conditions. For example, in a poor network condition (such as when the UE is on a cell end and / or in a mobility scenario), the time interval may be adjusted to a longer duration, such as n in equation (12), due to greater redundancy and longer transmission encountered in the poor network condition. In a desirable network condition (such as when the UE is stationary and in the immediate vicinity of a base station), the time interval may be adjusted to a shorter duration, such as m in equation (12), due to reduced redundancy and shorter transmission encountered in the desirable network condition. With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include adjusting the time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on one or more current network conditions, such as one or more of the parameters further described herein with respect to network patterns.

[0148]

[0118] In some embodiments, the upper limit on the maximum transmit power described herein may enable implementations without modifying the underlying algorithm or process for determining the MTPL that ensures RF exposure compliance. In other words, since the original algorithm or process for the MTPL is not modified, the upper limit can be applied to any algorithm or process that generates the MTPL. In some embodiments, the algorithm or process for determining the MTPL operates separately or independently of the algorithm or process for determining the upper limit. For example, a first process may be performed to determine the transmit power that complies with the RF exposure limit, and a second process may be performed independently to determine whether an upper limit should be set on the determined transmit power. In some embodiments, the second process is performed on a different layer compared to the first process (for example, the application layer or other layers in an open system interconnect (OSI) model).

[0149]

[0119] The determination of the transmit power in block 604 may include determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) as described herein with respect to equation (9), for example, and applying an upper limit to the first transmit power in order to determine a second transmit power (e.g., MTPL'). The UE may determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the second transmit power.

[0150]

[0120] In some embodiments, the UE may determine the transmit power in block 604 by selecting one of the following three options: (1) instantaneous transmit power (e.g., MTPL) determined according to a specific algorithm for RF exposure compliance; (2) transmit power based on instantaneous transmit power and normalized average transmit power for the radio over time intervals, such that minimum operation ensures compliance with the RF exposure limits (e.g.,

[0151]

number

[0152] ) and the minimum value with (3) the instantaneous transmission power that ensures that the minimum operation again complies with the RF exposure limit, and the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., P limit ) and the minimum value.

[0153]

[0121] Regarding operation 600, the transmission power determination in block 604 determines a first transmission power (e.g., MTPL) for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the time-averaged RF exposure amount during a past time window, and a second transmission power (e.g.,

[0154]

Number

[0155] ) based at least in part on the normalized average transmission power for the radio over a certain time interval, and may further include determining a third transmission power (e.g., P limit ) which is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit. The UE may select a fourth transmission power as the minimum value of the first transmission power and the second transmission power for the radio, and may select a fifth transmission power as the minimum value of the first transmission power and the third transmission power for the radio. The UE may select a sixth transmission power from among the first transmission power, the fourth transmission power, and the fifth transmission power, for example, according to the pattern described herein. The UE may determine the transmission power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is below the sixth transmission power for the radio.

[0156]

[0122] In a multi-transmission scenario, the transmission power determination in block 604 determines a first transmission power (e.g., MTPL i ) for each of a plurality of radios, where the first transmission power is based at least in part on the time-averaged RF exposure amount during a past time window, and a second transmission power (e.g.,

[0157]

number

[0158] ) and where the second transmit power is at least partially based on the normalized average transmit power for each radio over a certain time interval, and the third transmit power for each of the multiple radios (for example,

[0159]

number

[0160] ) and here the third transmit power is the maximum average power (for example, P) corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of radios. limit ) may further include. The UE may select a fourth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of a first transmit power and a second transmit power for each radio, and a fifth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of a first transmit power and a third transmit power for each radio. The UE may select a sixth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios from among the first, fourth, and fifth transmit powers for each radio, for example, depending on the pattern described herein. The UE may determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for each radio.

[0161]

[0123] The antenna usage pattern may indicate when the UE switches to a different transmitting antenna and the duration for which the UE uses a particular antenna for transmission over time. For example, the UE may identify when it has switched to a different transmitting antenna based on the antenna usage pattern, and the UE may perform such a switch for a second transmission to obtain a larger RF exposure margin (for example, if the target antenna for the antenna change is not too close to human tissue), or to determine that another antenna with a larger RF exposure margin may be available for later use, and thus additional power with a relatively low risk of exceeding future RF exposure limits may be allocated to the current transmission.

[0162] [

[0124] ]Some aspects of the present disclosure may provide an apparatus and / or technique for setting a transmission power ceiling for a particular radio, based on, for example, antenna usage related to other radios, where the transmission power ceiling is separate from an average power limit related to RF exposure limits and the maximum transmission power supported by the radio. That is, the antenna usage over time of one or more radios (e.g., sub-6 GHz radios) may be used to determine the transmission power for another radio (e.g., mmWave radio) in a multi-radio transmission scenario. When ensuring RF exposure compliance, the overall available RF exposure margin based on the past usage of all radios may be further divided into separate margins for the radios, based on the priority and / or desired margin for the radios. As further described herein, the margin for a particular radio may be adjusted over time, for example, based on the usage of other radios. If a radio desires consistent performance over time, the RF margin may be bounded above based on the average past usage of other radios. For example, assume that the past usage of a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (sub-6 GHz) radio indicates that the FR1 radio is using a relatively small portion of the total RF exposure margin. In such a case, the UE may allocate a transmission power ceiling for a Frequency Range 2 (FR2) (mmWave) radio to provide consistent performance based on the past usage of the FR1 radio. As an example, the UE may allocate a transmission power ceiling that dedicates most (e.g., 90%) of the RF exposure margin to the FR2 radio.

[0163] [

[0125] ]In a multi-transmission scenario (e.g., when multiple radios are used for simultaneous transmission) and / or a multi-radio scenario (e.g., when a wireless communication device is equipped with multiple radios), the overall available RF exposure margin may be determined according to the following equation.

[0164] [[Number]]

[0165] Here, A is the overall available RF exposure margin, and the past time-averaged usage amount can be the sum of the time-averaged transmit powers over a specific time interval for each radio, such as a portion of the time window related to the RF exposure limit, the entire time window, or a time interval longer than the time window (e.g., multiple time windows, one hour or multiple hours, or one day or multiple days).

[0166]

[0126] The individual RF exposure margins allocated to each radio can be determined according to the following formula.

[0167]

Equation

[0168] Here, x1 to x i are coefficients used to allocate a certain ratio of the overall available RF exposure margin to each radio, and x1 + x2 +... + x i = 1. In some embodiments, the UE determines x1 to x for one or more of the radios according to one or more criteria. iThe value of can be adjusted. For example, the value of x for a particular radio can be determined based on the likelihood that the radio will be used for transmission, such as based on an application, data buffer, traffic model, or pattern associated with the radio. In some cases, the value of x for a particular radio can be determined based on priorities such as the priority for a particular channel and / or another channel and / or RAT to which the radio can be associated (e.g., LTE vs. 5G). The channel priority can be based on the transmit duty cycle associated with the channel. In the context of an application or service, assume that one radio is transmitting content for a live video call and another radio is transmitting data. In such a case, for example, the UE can give priority to the radio serving the video call, and as a result, a larger portion of the RF margin (i.e., a larger value of x) can be allocated to that radio.

[0169]

[0127] The transmit power ceiling of a particular radio (e.g., radio k ) can be determined according to the following formula.

[0170]

Equation

[0171]

[0128] The RF margin allocated to radio k can be determined according to the following formula.

[0172]

Equation

[0173]

[0129] Operation 600 may further involve the UE determining a transmit power ceiling for a particular radio, as described herein. In some embodiments, the antenna usage pattern may include usage patterns for each radio among a plurality of radios (such as transceivers 254a-254r in Figure 2). In block 604, the UE may determine the entire available RF exposure margin based on the usage patterns for each radio among a plurality of radios, for example, according to equation (13). In some embodiments, the UE may determine the difference between the maximum available usage (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage patterns for the radios (e.g., the sum of the average transmit powers). In some cases, such as a single transmit scenario (e.g., when only a single radio is used for transmission) and / or a single radio scenario (e.g., when a wireless communication device is equipped with a single radio), the UE may determine a transmit power ceiling for a radio based on the radio usage pattern, and the UE may determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits, at least in part on the transmit power ceiling. In such cases, the transmit power ceiling is the maximum transmit power (P) supported by the UE. max ) is smaller than the average power limit (P) related to the RF exposure limit. limit (P limit ≤P cap ≤P max ).

[0174]

[0130] The UE may allocate RF exposure margins to each radio based on the total available RF exposure margin, for example, according to equation (14). In some embodiments, the UE may allocate a certain ratio of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio as the RF exposure margin for each radio. In some cases, the UE may apply priority to specific radios when allocating RF exposure margins to them. That is, the UE may allocate a certain ratio of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios. The priority and / or ratio may be associated with at least one of the frequency bands, applications, services, network conditions, or exposure scenarios (e.g., head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, or hotspot exposure) associated with each radio. That is, the UE may use coefficients x1~x i By changing the value of , the division of the available RF exposure margin among multiple radios can be controlled in real time. In one embodiment, the UE controls the coefficient x1~x along with the radio priority, which may change over time with the application, network conditions, and / or usage scenario (e.g., hotspot mode). i This can be adjusted. Alternatively, the priority and ratio can be adjusted over time in response to changes in applications, services, network conditions, etc. For example, a UE might allocate a larger proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to a particular radio, such as an mmWave radio, based on its operating frequency band. As an example, suppose a UE has a total of four radios. In this example, the UE would use a coefficient x for the mmWave radio. k This can be adjusted to 0.5, and the remaining RF exposure margin can be evenly distributed among the remaining radios (for example, 0.16).

[0175]

[0131] The UE determines the transmit power ceiling for one of the radios (for example, cap_radio) based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, according to formula (15). kIn one embodiment, the UE may determine the transmit power ceiling such that it is the difference between the maximum available usage (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios (e.g., the sum of the average transmit powers for the other radios).

[0176]

[0132] The UE may determine the transmit power for a second transmit based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios. For example, the UE may determine that the transmit power is less than or equal to the RF margin allocated in equation (16). In some cases, the UE may adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to changes in usage patterns for radios (in a multi-radio scenario) and / or radios (in a single-radio scenario). As an example, suppose the usage pattern for a sub-6GHz radio indicates that, for example, reduced usage by the sub-6GHz radio could allocate more transmit power to the mmWave radio. In response to the updated usage pattern, the UE may increase the transmit power ceiling allocated to the mmWave radio based on the usage patterns of the other radios.

[0177]

[0133] In some embodiments, the UE may adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to changes in the transmit scenario associated with the radio. For example, the transmit scenario may be associated with several radios being used simultaneously, exposure scenarios (such as head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, etc.), and / or the area in which the UE is located.

[0178]

[0134] In some embodiments, the UE may adjust the transmit power ceiling based at least in part on a traffic model. The UE may develop a traffic model related to the radio, where the traffic model indicates when the transmit power ceiling should be adjusted. As an example, the traffic model may provide that at some point in the day, a higher transmit power ceiling may be allocated to a particular radio.

[0179]

[0135] In some embodiments, the usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios may include the average transmit power over past time intervals associated with each radio. For example, the UE may determine the average transmit power for each radio over a past time window related to the RF exposure limit.

[0180]

[0136] In block 606, the UE may transmit a second transmission at the transmit power ceiling during a first portion of the time window related to the RF exposure limit, for example, as described herein with respect to Figure 9B, and transmit a second transmission at a different transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during a second portion of the time window.

[0181]

[0137] User behavior patterns may indicate when a user uses or does not use the UE for wireless communication. User behavior patterns may include one or more times related to when and / or how a user uses or does not use the UE for wireless communication. For example, if a user may generate transmit data during periodic / aperiodic bursts or continuously (e.g., over a long duration), user behavior patterns may indicate times when a user generally refrains from using the UE, such as during sleep, exercise, or other activities. During such periods, the UE may, based on the assumption that additional transmissions will probably not be initiated by the user, set the transmit power to the average power level (e.g., P) over the time window for RF exposure compliance. limit ) may be able to exceed. That is, during such periods of low or no use, as indicated by user behavior patterns, the UE may determine that the likelihood of continuous transmission is low (for example, because the user is unlikely to initiate such transmissions), and therefore, P limit At instantaneous power exceeding (for example, P maxSending may be possible during this time. In contrast, during periods when the user is generally using the UE (for example, when the user is awake in the morning, lunchtime, or evening), the UE may, for example, allow additional sending to be initiated by the user, and therefore, the majority of the sending window may be P limit Based on the assumption that transmissions in or near P may be occupied, limit Transmission at instantaneous power levels exceeding a certain limit may be restricted. In other words, the UE may limit the transmit power to the maximum average transmit power level P during periods when uplink activity is more likely to be indicated by user behavior patterns. limit The settings may be as follows: With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determined in block 604 may be adjusted for a second transmit based on the user behavior pattern.

[0182]

[0138] An application pattern may indicate various characteristics related to an application (e.g., a mobile software application) that generates data for transmission. In some embodiments, an application pattern may include the behavior of an application, which may indicate at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers over time related to the application. For example, if an application pattern indicates that an application generates data for transmission during periodic bursts, the UE may correlate the periodic bursts to a time window related to the RF exposure limit and determine the available transmission power for the application based on the duration of the periodic bursts. In some cases, the pattern may indicate an application type related to the application pattern. That is, the application type may indicate the type of application that generates data for transmission. For example, the application type may indicate that the application is a social media application, messaging application, email application, video call application, video conferencing application, video game, video streaming application, navigation application, etc. In some embodiments, the UE may prioritize the transmission power for one or more applications based on the application type. The UE may identify the application type of a second transmission based, for example, on application type patterns and / or explicit indications from the application processor (e.g., controller 280) adopted by the UE, and the UE may determine the transmit power for the second transmission based on the application type having priority over other application types. For example, the UE may allocate more transmit power to applications that stream audio and / or video, such as video call applications or video conferencing applications, over other applications.In some scenarios, when the UE determines that another application with a higher priority may transmit data within the same exposure time window, the UE may refrain from enabling a lower priority application to transmit at an instantaneous power level exceeding the maximum average power level (e.g., P. limit )

[0183]

[0139] The wireless network pattern may indicate various aspects of the wireless network state. The wireless network pattern may include at least one of the following: channel quality between the UE and a receiving entity (e.g., one or more base stations or other UEs), modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with one or more first transmissions, coding rate associated with one or more first transmissions (e.g., ratio of non-redundant data streams), periodicity associated with one or more first transmissions, duty cycle associated with one or more first transmissions, or a display of the UE's mobility during one or more first transmissions, such as a mobility scenario. In some cases, the wireless network pattern may indicate the past wireless states (channel quality, MCS, coding rate, etc.) encountered by the UE over time. The UE may use the past wireless states to predict future wireless states and allocate transmission power accordingly. For example, assume that the UE identifies that it is involved in a mobility scenario (such as commuting between workplaces) during a certain time period during the day. In such a case, the UE may allocate a certain transmission power to adapt to the mobility scenario. For example, based on the mobility scenario indicated by the wireless network pattern, when the UE identifies that it is at the cell edge (e.g., in a poor wireless state), the UE may enable a transmission power above the maximum average transmission power limit (P limit ). In contrast, when the UE identifies that it is virtually stationary, the UE may, based on the assumption that the wireless state will not change unfavorably (such as during a mobility scenario) in response to the first transmission, use the maximum average transmission power limit (P limitThe transmission power can be allocated as follows:

[0184]

[0140] Other parameters related to the wireless network state, such as cell identifiers, the number of aggregated component carriers, the number of MIMO layers, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, and frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR), may also be included in the wireless network pattern. In some embodiments, channel quality may include path loss, channel quality indicators, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or received signal strength indicator (RSSI).

[0185]

[0141] A transmission type or priority pattern may indicate what type of transmission was sent and / or what their relative priority is. For example, this pattern may include information about whether a voice call or data was transmitted and the pattern. Such a pattern may make it possible to distinguish whether voice and data are being transmitted simultaneously and / or whether one type of communication (e.g., voice) may be initiated while another type of communication (e.g., data) is being transmitted. The pattern may include the relative priority of transmissions, such as voice having a higher priority than data, or some types of data (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video conferencing, some types of streaming) having a higher priority than other types of data (e.g., email or file upload). In some such embodiments, the UE may set the maximum average power level (P) when the pattern indicates that another transmission of higher priority may be desired, or when the type of information that may be transmitted often involves a long transmission time (e.g., longer than the exposure time window) and / or a relatively consistent amount of power over time. limit) will not be allocated, or will be less likely to be allocated, instantaneous transmit power exceeding ). In some embodiments, one or more of the above patterns (e.g., antenna usage patterns, application patterns, and / or transmit type patterns) may be used to determine whether to use 4G services or 5G services, and / or whether to transmit in the sub-6GHz band or the mmWave band.

[0186]

[0142] Sensor information may include various sensor data or information generated by the UE. Sensor information may include RF exposure sensor information over time, such as the distance of the UE to various human body parts (e.g., hands, head, or body) when the UE is positioned away from human tissue (e.g., in a hotspot scenario or while charging). The UE may also include the maximum average transmit power level (e.g., P) related to the RF exposure limit. limit RF exposure sensor information can be used to adjust the maximum average transmit power level (P) to comply with this RF exposure scenario. For example, if sensor information indicates that the UE is in very close proximity to human tissue (for example, when the UE is typically placed inside a user's pocket), the UE will adjust its maximum average transmit power level (P) to comply with this RF exposure scenario. limit ) can be adjusted (for example, reduced). In contrast, if sensor information indicates that the UE is not in close proximity to human tissue, the UE will follow this other RF exposure scenario, setting the maximum average transmit power level (P limit The sensor information may be adjusted (for example, increased). The sensor information may include at least one of the following: an indication of the proximity of the UE to a non-human object, an indication that the UE is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of the usage status of the UE, or an indication of when antenna switching occurs in the UE. In some embodiments, a user usage scenario may indicate which part of the user's body (e.g., hand, head, or body) the UE is in proximity to. The usage status may indicate whether the UE is being used in close proximity to human tissue, such as being used as a hotspot that is not in close proximity to human tissue.

[0187]

[0143] In some embodiments, the UE may use various models to determine the transmit power based on the pattern in block 606. The UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future transmit events based on the pattern. For example, the UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future network / wireless states (e.g., a route from home to work) and / or user behavior based on past network states and / or user behavior, represented, for example, by wireless network patterns and / or user behavior patterns. That is, the UE may use machine learning to map the next user behavior (e.g., a data burst or a big data package) to the current network state (e.g., stationary), or the current user behavior to the next network state (e.g., in a mobility scenario), or both the next user behavior and the next network state. In some embodiments, the UE may use machine learning to predict other characteristics related to the next transmit (e.g., antenna switching, sensor information, application type and / or behavior) from the pattern. In embodiments, the characteristics predicted using the pattern may be generated using various models or estimates, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, and regression analysis.

[0188]

[0144] In block 606 relating to several embodiments, the UE may determine the transmit power using machine learning based at least in part on patterns. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning based on patterns (e.g., user behavior patterns) to generate the next user behavior and determine the transmit power based on the next user behavior and the current network state. In some embodiments, the UE may use machine learning based on patterns (e.g., wireless network patterns) to generate the next network state and the next user behavior and determine the transmit power based on the current user behavior and the next network state. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning based on patterns (e.g., wireless network patterns and user behavior patterns) to generate the next network state and the next user behavior and determine the transmit power based on the next network state and the next user behavior.

[0189]

[0145] In one embodiment, the UE may correlate the pattern with a transmission time associated with one or more second transmissions and compare the transmission time with a time window associated with the RF exposure limit. The UE may determine the transmission power based on the comparison. For example, assuming that the pattern correlates with a short transmission time for the next transmission that is smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the UE may determine the maximum average transmission power level (P) for such a transmission. limit ) greater than and / or maximum supported transmit power (P max It can allocate less transmission power than ).

[0190]

[0146] In some embodiments, the RF exposure limits may be those set in accordance with regulatory / standardization bodies (e.g., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States, the Institute for Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) of Canada, or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU). The RF exposure limits may include SAR limits and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. In some embodiments, the UE may determine the transmit power in block 604 to conform to the RF exposure limits. For example, when communicating over multiple wireless technologies, the UE may compare a combination of normalized distributions to RF exposure compliance thresholds for the multiple technologies, as described herein with respect to Figure 4. The RF exposure limits may be averaged over time over a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmit frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmit frequencies below 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmit frequencies below 6 GHz.

[0191]

[0147] Figure 7A is a graph 700A showing an exemplary pattern 702 used to determine one or more transmit powers over time according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, pattern 702 has two periodic first transmits 704, where each of the first transmits has a duration 706 that is shorter than the time window (T) associated with the RF exposure limit. The UE may determine from pattern 702 that second transmits 708, 710 may be transmitted in the next time window. Based on pattern 702, the UE may determine the transmit power for the second transmits 708, 710. For example, the UE may identify that the first transmit 704 has a transmit time (i.e., duration 706) that is shorter than the time window (T). Thus, based on the pattern, the UE may also, for example, experience a mobility scenario. limit Larger transmission power (P max (etc.) may be allocated to the second transmit 708. Based on a pattern that also indicates, for example, that the UE may be immobile, P limitThe UE can allocate transmit power to the second transmitter 710 at a transmit power closer to that of the first transmitter. Based on patterns such as past network conditions, user behavior, and application type, the UE determines the maximum average transmit power level (P limit It can be determined whether to allocate a transmit power less than, equal to, or greater than ) . In some embodiments, pattern 702 may be one or more different patterns (or derived therefrom), such as a transmit power pattern, a user behavior pattern, an application pattern, a wireless network pattern, and / or a sensor information pattern. It should be understood that while two time windows are used to determine the pattern in graph 700A, more or fewer time windows (or other durations not based on exposure time windows) may be used based on the pattern.

[0192]

[0148] Figure 7B is a graph 700B showing another exemplary pattern 722 used to determine one or more transmit powers over time according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, pattern 722 has one periodic transmit 724 having a duration 726 that is longer than the time window (T) for RF exposure. The UE may determine from pattern 722 that an additional transmit that will consume most of the available power in the next time window may be transmitted in the next time window. Based on pattern 722, the UE may determine the transmit power for a second transmit 728. For example, the UE may identify that the first transmit 724 has a transmit time (i.e., duration 726) that is longer than the time window (T). Thus, the UE may determine the maximum average transmit power level (P limit The transmit power, which is less than or equal to ), may be allocated to the second transmit 728. In some cases, the UE may identify that the next transmit may overlap only a portion of one or more time windows (T), such that the additional transmit power 730 may be allocated to the second transmit in one of the time windows (T).

[0193]

[0149] Figure 8A is a graph 800A showing an exemplary pattern 802 used to determine one or more transmit powers over time for short transmissions (e.g., transmissions having a duration shorter than the RF exposure time window, also called “burst transmissions”), according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, pattern 802 may show the average transmit power over a time interval 804. In some cases, pattern 802 may include a rolling average or moving average of the transmit power. The UE may select a new upper limit for the transmit power based on pattern 802, for example, using equation (9). If the average transmit power in pattern 802 is P limit By being smaller than the maximum transmit power available for transmission (e.g., P max ) may revert to using MTPL. UE is P max Transmit power can be allocated to transmit 806, which is equal to or less than MTPL.

[0194]

[0150] Figure 8B is a graph 800B showing other exemplary patterns 822a-c used to determine one or more transmit powers over time for long transmits (e.g., transmits with a duration greater than the RF exposure time window) according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, transmit 808 may span multiple time windows (T) related to the RF exposure limit. Initially for transmit 808, the average transmit power is P as the maximum transmit power under equation (9), for example. max The first pattern 822a is zero within the time interval 804 so that it can be selected. Due to the upper limit of the reciprocal, the transmitted power may decay at a rate that is the reciprocal function of the average transmitted power, and the transmitted power is the average transmitted power over the time interval P limit As we get closer to P limit It can settle at P in subsequent transmission occasions (e.g., within the same time window T). limit It can be equal to . In such a case, UE is MTPL and

[0195]

number

[0196] P is the minimum value of the given conditions. limit It can be a valid choice, but for example, MTPL

[0197]

number

[0198] This is due to it being greater than. In subsequent transmission occasions (for example, within the same time window T), the average transmit power is P within the time interval 804 of the third pattern 822c. limit It can still be equal to. However, MTPL requires P to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits. limit It may be smaller than this, and therefore the UE selects MTPL for the remainder of the time window (T) as the maximum transmit power available for transmit 808.

[0199]

[0151] In some embodiments, the transmit power selected by the UE at the beginning of the subsequent time window (T) is less than the transmit power initially selected for transmit 808. In the example shown in Figure 8B, the average transmit power of the first pattern 822a is zero, but the average power transmitted between the end of the interval 804 corresponding to pattern 822c and the beginning of the subsequent time window (T) is non-zero (e.g., zero and P limit It is shown as being between (and). Therefore, the transmit power selected by the UE at the beginning of this subsequent time window (T) (for example, according to equation (9)) is P max Smaller than (but P limit (This can be greater than) Furthermore, the average transmit power selected at the end of this subsequent time window (T) is P greater than the average transmit power selected at the end of the first time window. limit It can get even closer to this. This is similar to the transmit power selected by the UE at the beginning of a later transmit window (T) (represented, for example, by the rightmost peak in Figure 8B) Plimit It can be brought closer to this. Therefore, in some embodiments, the transmit power selected by the UE is P for continuous / long (e.g., with a duration greater than the time window) transmissions. limit It can be observed that it approaches this value.

[0200]

[0152] While some aspects of the present disclosure are described herein for ease of understanding regarding the use of patterns representing historical behavior or states to determine transmit power according to RF exposure limits, the UE may also apply aspects of the present disclosure using current states (such as current radio states and / or data buffers) to verify, adjust, or compensate for the transmit power determination based on patterns. For example, the UE may determine possible or expected usage or transmit power in a current or future time window based on patterns of historical information, and then compare the possible or expected usage or transmit power with data stored in a transmit buffer. In some such aspects, the UE may determine a first power for current or future transmission, and if the data in the transmit buffer differs from the expected usage by a first threshold or from the expected transmit power by a second threshold, the first power may be adjusted before being used to set instantaneous transmit power.

[0201]

[0153] It should be understood that determining transmit power based on patterns (e.g., transmit power patterns, user behavior patterns, etc.) offers various advantages. In some cases, transmit power determination may allow the UE to allocate transmit power that adapts to hysteretic states and / or patterns according to RF exposure limits. Using such adaptive transmit power schemes, the UE may be able to provide desirable transmit power for specific user behavior, network conditions, application types, etc.

[0202]

[0154] Figure 9A is a graph 900A showing an exemplary antenna usage pattern 902 for a first radio according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the antenna usage pattern 902 for the first radio shows that the first transmit 904 may be transmitted in bursts smaller than the time window T0 related to the RF exposure limit. In such cases, this may leave an additional RF exposure margin for another radio, such as a second radio.

[0203]

[0155] Figure 9B shows the transmission power ceiling to the second radio based on the antenna usage pattern shown in Figure 9A, according to some aspects of the present disclosure (P cap Graph 900B shows an example of setting the transmit power ceiling (P) for the second radio according to equation (15) and / or equation (16). cap ) can be determined. In some cases, after a temporal offset (t) from an instance of time window T0 in Figure 9A, the UE transmits a second transmit 906 with a transmit power ceiling during the first portion 908 of time window T1, and P related to the RF exposure limit. limit To maintain the average transmit power within, a second transmit 906 may be transmitted at a different transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during the second portion 910 of the time window T1. Since the time window T0 may represent the time of past usage patterns, T1 may be temporally separated from T0 by a temporal offset (t). In some embodiments, the transmit power ceiling may facilitate a consistent level of performance for the second radio during a time window related to the RF exposure limit.

[0204]

[0156] Transmit power ceiling may be applied to single-radio transmission scenarios (e.g., when a single radio is transmitting) or multiple-radio transmission scenarios (e.g., when multiple radios are transmitting simultaneously). max Setting an upper limit means that wireless communication devices are P limit The portion of the time window being transmitted beyond that limit can be extended. cap P maxFor a single radio set to less than P, the transmit power is P max Compared to transmitting at a certain level, P allows a longer period of time before encountering the exposure limit. cap It can be transmitted at a certain level. Similarly, in the case of a multiple radio scenario, a portion of the RF exposure margin (x k * A) is radio k Therefore, an upper limit may be set, radio k P for cap is, (x k * A * P limit_radio_k ) may be determined according to, where P limit This is the average transmit power related to the RF exposure limit. An example of transmitting energy according to transmission time while maintaining RF exposure compliance.

[0157] In some embodiments, the UE may take future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) into consideration when determining the transmit power for RF exposure compliance. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for determining transmit power based on the transmit time related to data and / or radio conditions, and / or switching between the various transmit modes described herein, while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some embodiments, the transmit time may be derived from the size related to the data (e.g., data buffer size) and the current (or expected future) data rate. For example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmit time is larger than the time window related to the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may take the average power level (e.g., P limit To enable continuous transmission, the transmitter may operate under peak mode (as described herein, for example, with respect to Figure 5B). If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may operate under time-averaged mode (as described herein, for example, with respect to Figure 5C) and transmit with reserve power after the maximum power if necessary to complete the transmission.

[0205]

[0158] Various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable desirable transmit power and / or desirable power consumption for data transmission. Desired transmit power may provide desirable uplink / sidelink performance, such as desirable data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell ends.

[0206]

[0159] Figure 10A is a flowchart showing an exemplary operation 1000A for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Operation 1000A may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE120a in wireless communication network 100). Operation 1000A may be implemented as a software component that runs on and operates on one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280 in Figure 2). Furthermore, the transmission of signals by the UE in operation 1000 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 252 in Figure 2). In some aspects, the transmission and / or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquires and / or outputs signals.

[0207]

[0160] Operation 1000A may be initiated in block 1002, where the UE may acquire data for transmission to a receiving entity (e.g., BS110a or another UE) and radio conditions associated with the transmission. In block 1004, the UE may determine a transmission time associated with the data, at least in part on the radio conditions. In block 1006, the UE may transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmit power at least in part on the determined transmit time and RF exposure limits. In some embodiments, block 1004 may, as an alternative or addition, include selecting a mode from a plurality of transmit modes based on the radio conditions (or one or more other conditions) and / or the data, and block 1006 may instead include transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmit power at least in part on the selected transmit mode and RF exposure limits. In some embodiments, the transmit mode may be selected based on an application or service, such as a video call, voice call, live video stream, or online game. For example, in a video call, the transmission mode may be selected to transmit consistently regardless of radio conditions or other conditions (such as the peak mode or a similar mode as described herein with respect to Figures 11A to 11C).

[0208]

[0161] In some embodiments, the UE may determine the amount of transmit time used to transmit data to the receiving entity in order to select a transmit mode (e.g., time-averaged mode or peak mode). The determination of transmit time may be derived using various factors such as a given transmit power, data size or buffer size, and data rate, which may be derived using the current radio conditions. The data rate may depend on various factors or conditions such as channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, path loss between the UE and the receiving entity, periodicity and / or duty cycle associated with transmission to the receiving entity, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), coding rate (e.g., ratio of non-redundant data streams), number of aggregated component carriers, number of MIMO layers, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, and frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR). For example, high MCS (e.g., 256QAM), high transmit power (e.g., P max ), high duty cycle, low path loss, and small data size can result in relatively short transmission times (e.g., transmission times smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit). In some embodiments, radio conditions may be acquired in block 1002 using a processor and / or modem, such as the controller 280 and / or modem (modulator / demodulator) in the transceiver 254.

[0209]

[0162] With respect to operation 1000A, the radio state may include at least one of the following: channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, MCS associated with transmission, coding rate associated with transmission, number of aggregated component carriers associated with transmission, number of MIMO layers associated with transmission, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, frequency range associated with transmission, or periodicity associated with transmission to the receiving entity. In some embodiments, channel quality may include path loss, channel quality indicators, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In some embodiments, the radio state may correspond to or be determined based on the wireless network patterns described herein with respect to Figures 6 to 9B.

[0210]

[0163] The radio conditions may be used to derive the data rate or throughput for transmitting data to a receiving entity. The data rate may be determined in terms of megabits per second (Mbps). For example, the UE may determine the data rate related to transmitting data to a receiving entity based on the radio conditions, and the UE may determine the transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data. In some embodiments, the UE may determine the data rate using a formula for the approximate maximum uplink data rate specified in the 3GPP® standard (e.g., Technical Specification 38.306, Section 4.1.2).

[0211]

[0164] In some embodiments, the size associated with the data may be in bytes, bits, or other units of computer / digital information. The size associated with the data may correspond to the size of a data buffer used to temporarily store the data for transmission. For example, the UE may determine the transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data. In some embodiments, the UE may determine the transmission time based on the buffer size associated with the data (sometimes called the “upload data buffer size”) and the data rate determined from the radio conditions. In some embodiments, instead of acquiring the data in block 1002, the UE may acquire the size associated with the data, and the UE may determine the transmission time associated with the data based on the data rate and the data size.

[0212]

[0165] In some embodiments, the transmission time is limited by the instantaneous power limit (for example, P in Figure 5C). max ) and average power (for example, P in Figure 5B) limit Various transmit powers, such as ), can be determined. As used herein, the instantaneous power limit is the maximum transmit power (P) supported by the UE. max This may refer to other transmission powers (such as) or powers exceeding the average power. The average power is the RF exposure limit (P limit This can refer to the peak transmit power that can be maintained during the duration of the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, etc. That is, the average power may be the average power level corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., aligned with regulatory requirements and / or device manufacturer settings that are based on, but may be lower than, regulatory requirements).

[0213]

[0166] As an example, the transmission time may be selected from a plurality of transmission times related to a plurality of transmission powers, where the plurality of transmission powers may include the transmission powers to which the signal is transmitted in block 1006. The plurality of transmission times may include a first transmission time related to an instantaneous power limit supported by the UE (e.g., the maximum transmission power supported by the UE) and a second transmission time related to the average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit. In some embodiments, the first transmission time is related to the instantaneous power limit (e.g., P) that the UE supports regardless of any power reserve margin and RF exposure compliance. max ) could be the duration it takes to transmit data, and the second transmission time is when the UE is at average power (P limit This could be the duration required to send data.

[0214]

[0167] Using the determined transmission time, the UE may select a transmission mode (such as time-averaged mode or peak mode) to ensure RF exposure compliance to the RF exposure limits. For example, time-averaged mode allows the UE to transmit its maximum power (e.g., P) while still maintaining RF exposure compliance and ensuring a transmit power margin within the time window related to the RF exposure limits. max To enable transmission, the peak mode may be suitable for short transmission times or burst traffic. The peak mode may be suitable for transmissions with relatively long transmission durations (e.g., transmissions with a duration greater than the time window). In some cases, the transmitter may intelligently toggle between time-averaged mode and peak mode based on the transmission time determined from the radio conditions (and optionally from the upload data buffer size). In some embodiments, the transmission time is not explicitly calculated or determined, but the transmission mode is determined, or optionally selected, based on one or more of the (radio) conditions described above and data for transmission using the concepts described herein.

[0215]

[0168] In one embodiment, the UE may select a transmission mode used to transmit a signal in block 1006 based on various thresholds / states related to the transmission time determined in block 1004 (or possibly based on a state). For example, P max If the transmission time at is less than or equal to the burst transmission time, the UE may operate in time-averaged mode to transmit the signal in block 1006, where the burst transmission time is P max This can refer to the maximum duration during which transmission can be performed and where sufficient reserve power can be maintained to continue transmitting at reduced transmit power within a time window related to the RF exposure limit. The reduced transmit power may be at a level sufficient to maintain connection with the receiving entity. The burst transmit time is as shown in Figure 5C P max This can be the duration related to (or a combination of the durations of multiple bursts). Here, P max The transmission time and burst transmission time are P max For comparison between transmit time and burst transmit time, and / or for comparison with a time window, it may be scaled based on the estimated (uplink) transmit duty cycle (as described herein). For example, if the transmit duty cycle is sufficiently low, the burst transmit time scaled by (1 / duty_cycle) may be larger than the time window, in which case the UE is P limit Without time-averaged exposure exceeding a certain limit, P continuously operates in time-averaged mode during such low transmission duty cycles. max It can be transmitted via P. limit ≥P max If this is the case, the burst transmission time will be longer than the time window (e.g., 4 seconds, 100 seconds, or 360 seconds), and in that case, the UE operation in either time-averaged mode or peak mode will be P max This enables continuous transmission, and the time-averaged transmission power is P limit It does not exceed that.

[0216]

[0169] UE is given Pmax , P limit , and / or P reserve The peak transmission can be determined for the P determined in block 1004. limit If the transmission time in block 1004 is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., 4 seconds, 100 seconds, or 360 seconds), the UE may operate in peak mode to transmit the signal in block 1006. If any of the transmission times determined in block 1004 is greater than the burst transmission time and less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the UE may operate in time-averaged mode to transmit the signal in block 1006. In such a case, the UE operates in P max and P limit At power levels between , to give a longer high-power duration, transmit the signal at this power level or P max To increase the high power duration at the level, P max and lower P reserve It can be transmitted. In other words, the transmit power in block 1006 can be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) while the signal is being transmitted to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits.

[0217]

[0170] With respect to operation 1000A, the transmit power in block 1006 is such that if the first transmit time determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the burst transmit time related to the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, the instantaneous power limit (e.g., P max) may be limited by, where the burst transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit. In one embodiment, if the second transmission time determined in block 1004 is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit, the transmission power may be limited by the average power. If the transmission time related to any of the multiple transmission powers determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power in block 1006 may be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power during the first part of the transmission time, and the transmission power in block 1006 may be less than the average power during the second part of the transmission time.

[0218]

[0171] As an example, with respect to operation 1000A, the transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to a time-averaged mode (such as the time-averaged mode described herein with respect to Figure 5C) if the transmit time determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the burst transmit time. The transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to a peak mode (such as the peak mode described herein with respect to Figure 5B) if the transmit time determined in block 1004 is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit. If the transmit time related to any of the multiple transmit powers determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to a time-averaged mode such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power during the first part of the transmit time, and the transmit power in block 1006 may be less than the average power during the second part of the transmit time.

[0219]

[0172] In some embodiments, the determination of the transmit time may be made under the assumption that the current network conditions remain the same throughout the entire transmission to the receiving entity. In mobility conditions (e.g., when the UE is moving within a wireless network and transmitting to one or more receiving entities), the UE may use various models to estimate the transmit time. For example, the UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future network / radio conditions (e.g., a route from home to work), and the UE may use the predicted network / radio conditions to calculate the transmit time and / or select a transmit mode in block 1004 to make decisions when choosing, for example, a time-averaged mode, a peak mode, a combination thereof, or one or more other modes. With respect to operation 1000A, the UE may determine the transmit time under mobility conditions relevant to the UE, based at least in part on predicted future radio conditions. In some embodiments, predicted future radio conditions may be generated using machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, regression analysis, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit mode is selected for the entire data transmission. In other embodiments, the transmit mode may be selected for each time window in which data is transmitted. For example, when data is transmitted over two time windows, the UE may select peak mode and transmit a portion of the data using peak mode during the first of the two time windows, or select time-averaged mode and transmit the remaining portion of the data using time-averaged mode during the second of the two time windows. These are merely examples, and those skilled in the art will understand that the UE may make other selections or other combinations of selections in accordance with the concepts described herein.

[0220]

[0173] In some embodiments, future / current radio conditions, mobility conditions, buffer size, or other conditions described herein with respect to operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B may be generated based on patterns that may include parameters related to past network conditions, user behavior, etc., as described above with respect to Figures 6 to 9B. In some embodiments, data size or buffer size, data rate, transmission time, etc. may be predicted, or determined values ​​related to one of these embodiments may be changed or modified based on patterns. Thus, determining the transmission time in block 1004, or any other operation described herein, is based on current or measured values ​​(e.g., current buffer data, measured SNR, etc.) and / or predicted future values ​​(e.g., additional data that may be received in the buffer within a time window, changing network conditions, etc.), which may be based on machine learning, artificial intelligence, and known or determined patterns, etc.

[0221]

[0174] In some embodiments, RF exposure limits may be subject to limits set in accordance with regulatory / standardization bodies (e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Canada's Innovation, Science and Economics and Development (ISED), or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU). RF exposure limits may include SAR limits and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. RF exposure limits may be averaged over time over a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmission frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmission frequencies below 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmission frequencies below 6 GHz.

[0222]

[0175] Figure 10B is a flowchart showing an exemplary operation 1000B for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Operation 1000B may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE120a in wireless communication network 100).

[0223]

[0176] Operation 1000B may be initiated in block 1008, where the UE may select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes (e.g., time-averaged mode and peak mode) based on data for transmission from the UE to a receiving entity (e.g., BS110 and / or another UE120) and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission. The data and / or radio conditions may be current and / or measured, and / or future and / or predicted, using, for example, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and / or parameters related to past behavior and / or patterns. In block 1010, the UE may transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power that is at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and the RF exposure limit.

[0224]

[0177] In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level above the average power with respect to the RF exposure limit. In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may transmit at least a portion of the data at a backup power level lower than the average power level (e.g., backup power P) for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data is transmitted. reserve ) may be transmitted. In some embodiments, for example, the backup power level may be adjusted, as further described herein.

[0225]

[0178] Multiple transmission modes may include at least a first mode and a second mode, wherein the first mode includes transmission at levels above and below the average power with respect to the RF exposure limit, and the second mode includes transmission at levels below the average power. In other words, the first mode may correspond to the time-averaged mode described herein with respect to Figure 5C, and the second mode may correspond to the peak mode described herein with respect to Figure 5B.

[0226]

[0179] In some embodiments, the operations for determining the transmit power described herein may take into account or consider the transmit duty cycle when performing operations 600, 1000A, and / or 1000B, for example. max The burst transmit time of P(t) can be scaled by the transmit duty cycle. For short duty cycles, the transmit power can be determined based on the duty cycle, independently of operation 600A, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B, but for long duty cycles, the transmit power can be determined according to operation 600A, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B. For example, if the duty cycle is such that (for example, the amount of time when the transmit power is 0) the average power is P limit (Because it is smaller than) If the maximum exposure is not reached regardless of the power used when transmitting, the UE will not reduce the power when transmitting, even when the burst transmission time is longer than the time window. max It can be configured to do so (for example, time-averaged mode may be selected).

[0227]

[0180] In some embodiments, the UE provides backup power (P) based on one or more criteria as an addition to or replacement for operation 600, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B. reserve) can be adjusted. For example, after determining whether to run in time-averaged mode or peak mode in operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B, a certain transmit power behavior can be obtained by adjusting the reserve power, such as increasing or decreasing the reserve power to a certain level. Criteria used to adjust the reserve power may include machine learning or artificial intelligence used to predict several future states (e.g., radio conditions, user behavior, mobility conditions, etc.) and / or estimate the current state (e.g., patterns described herein). Criteria may include transmit time related to transmission, for example, as described herein with respect to operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B. Criteria may include preferred transmit power behavior or transmit mode, such as the peak mode shown in Figure 5B. Criteria may include states and / or patterns described herein.

[0228]

[0181] Backup power (P reserve ) is P limit When set to this, transmission will be performed similarly to the peak mode shown in Figure 5B, for example, in a single transmission scenario. When reserve power is increased, P max The duration of the main power decreases, and the duration of the reserve power increases, which can provide consistent transmit power over time. On the high side, the reserve power is P limit Instead of setting it to P, the reserve power could be, for example, 5% of the energy. max P limit Near (for example, P limit It can be set to 95% of. In some cases, any unused reserve power from a radio in a multi-transmission scenario may be allocated as part of a high-power burst margin or surplus margin for use by other radios. In some embodiments, the reserve power is high (e.g., P limit 95% of, usually (for example, P limit 80% of, and low (for example, P limit It can be defined and selected for several states, such as 10% of the total.

[0229]

[0182] In some embodiments, the reserve power can be adjusted in a multi-transmission scenario, for example, as described herein with respect to Figure 6. For example, suppose a first radio requests a first reserve power and a second radio requests a second reserve power. If there is any reserve power available after considering the first and second reserve powers, the total reserve power shared between the first and second radios can be increased. For example, the remaining reserve power (P delta ) can be determined according to the following formula:

[0230]

number

[0231] Here, P reserve_high P limit The following specific power levels (for example, P limit It can be set to 95%, P reserve_radios P is equal to the sum of the reserve powers selected for each of the radios (for example, the sum of the first reserve power for the first radio and the second reserve power for the second radio). limit Since the values ​​may differ between radios in a multi-transmission scenario, equation (17) is given for each radio's P limit This can be done by normalizing all quantities relative to P. For example, P reserve_high This is replaced by the normalized reserve_high (for example, =0.95), and P reserve_radios This is the normalized reserve_radios (for example, 0.90 = P reserve1 / P limit1 +P reserve2 / P limit2 +...+P reserveN / P limitN (The sum of the reserved power selected for each of the active radios, etc.) is replaced by P delta This is replaced by the normalized delta (e.g., 0.05). The remaining reserve power (P delta) can be divided among the radios to increase the backup power for each radio. For example, the first backup power for the first radio is P delta It may be increased by only a portion, and the second reserve power is P delta The remaining portion can be increased. The coefficients such as 1 / (N radios) are P delta This can be used to determine the segmentation. In some embodiments, the reserve power may be segmented in various ways across radios, for example, based on the application or service used for the radios.

[0232]

[0183] Figures 11A to 11C are graphs 1100A to 1100C of the transmitted power over time, showing a time-averaged mode using dynamic backup power according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to Figure 11A, the backup power (P reserve ) is P max The maximum duration of the reserve power (P) can be set to zero or none so that the maximum duration is obtained within the time window (T). See Figure 11B, the reserve power (P) reserve ) is a certain value for reserve power (for example, P reserve_reg ) can be set to a power level lower than ). Referring to Figure 11C, the reserve power (P reserve ) is a certain value for reserve power (for example, P reserve_reg The power level can be set to a level exceeding that.

[0233]

[0184] Various aspects of operation 1000B may be applied to operation 1000A, and vice versa. For example, the UE may make a selection in block 1008 based on a determined transmit time derived from the radio state, data size, data rate, and / or a specific transmit power, as described herein with respect to block 1004. In block 1006 (or 1010), the UE may transmit a signal based on the selected transmit mode related to block 1008. In some aspects, the transmit power used for operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B, such as operations performed independently of the operations described herein with respect to Figures 7A to 9B or other algorithms, may be set in conjunction with another algorithm. In some such examples, the transmit power may be set lower than that determined in operation 1000A or 1000B by applying the algorithms described with respect to Figures 7A to 9B.

[0234]

[0185] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with respect to selecting between time-averaged mode and peak mode based on estimated transmission time for ease of understanding, but aspects of the present disclosure may also apply to selecting other transmission modes, such as simple time-averaged mode or a combination of time-averaged mode and peak mode, based on estimated transmission time and / or one or more (radio) states. In some examples, the mode and / or transmit power are such that the transmitting device (e.g., UE) is P limit The amount of time to send (or P limit The amount of power transmitted can be maximized (for example, in blocks 604, 1004, and 1008), which can be selected or determined. For example, if one or more bursts within a time window are sufficient to transmit data, there is nevertheless some time when the transmit power is zero (such as when the UE has finished transmitting all the data), P limit Sending above P limit Since the above increases or maximizes the transmit power, the UE is P limitIt may be decided to send a burst exceeding [a certain value]. As another example, sending a burst to the UE, P limit To make it lower than (for example, P reserve If the transmit power is reduced later (so that it becomes P limit To avoid later needing to spend time sending below a certain threshold, instead use P limit You may decide to send all the data.

[0235]

[0186] The examples shown in Figures 1 to 11C are described herein in relation to UEs that perform various methods for providing RF exposure compliance, for ease of understanding, but aspects of this disclosure may also apply to other wireless communication devices (wireless devices), such as base stations and / or CPEs, that perform RF exposure compliance as described herein. Furthermore, although the examples are described in relation to communication between a UE (or other wireless device) and a network entity, a UE or other wireless device may communicate with devices other than network entities, for example, another UE, or another device in the home of a user that is not a network entity.

[0236]

[0187] Figure 12 shows a communication device 1200 (e.g., UE 120) which may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as the operations shown in Figure 6, Figure 10A, and / or Figure 10B. The communication device 1200 includes a processing system 1202 coupled to a transceiver 1208 (e.g., a transmitter and / or receiver). The transceiver 1208 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communication device 1200, such as various signals described herein, via an antenna 1210. The processing system 1202 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communication device 1200, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communication device 1200.

[0237]

[0188] The processing system 1202 includes a processor 1204 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via a bus 1206. In some embodiments, the computer-readable medium / memory 1212 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that, when executed by the processor 1204, cause the processor 1204 to perform the operations shown in Figure 6, Figure 10A, and / or Figure 10B, or other operations to perform various techniques described herein for providing RF exposure compliance. In some embodiments, the computer-readable medium / memory 1212 stores a code 1214 for acquisition, a code 1216 for determination or selection (or allocation or generation), a code 1218 for transmission, a code 1220 for selection, a code 1222 for adjustment, a code 1224 for allocation, and / or a code 1226 for generation. In some embodiments, the processing system 1202 has a circuit 1228 configured to implement code stored in a computer-readable medium / memory 1212. In some embodiments, the circuit 1228 is coupled to the processor 1204 and / or the computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via a bus 1206. For example, the circuit 1228 includes a circuit 1230 for acquisition, a circuit 1232 for determining or selecting (or allocating or generating), a circuit 1234 for transmission, a circuit 1236 for selection, a circuit 1238 for adjustment, a circuit 1240 for allocation, and / or a circuit 1242 for generation.

[0238]

[0189] Various components of the communication device 1200 may provide means for carrying out the methods described herein, including those relating to Figures 6 to 10B.

[0239]

[0190] In some examples, the means for transmitting or sending (or for outputting for transmission) may include the transceiver 254 and / or antenna 252 of the UE120 shown in Figure 2, and / or the transceiver 1208 and antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200 in Figure 12.

[0240]

[0191] In some examples, means for receiving (or acquiring) may include the transceiver 254 and / or antenna 252 of the UE120 shown in Figure 2, and / or the transceiver 1208 and antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200 in Figure 12.

[0241]

[0192] In some examples, the means for acquiring, determining, selecting, adjusting, and / or generating may include various processing system components, such as one or more processors 1204 in Figure 12, or embodiments of the UE 120 shown in Figure 2, including a receiving processor 258, a transmitting processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, and / or a controller / processor 280 (including an RF exposure manager 281). Exemplary aspects

[0193] In addition to the various embodiments described above, certain combinations of embodiments are within the scope of this disclosure, some of which are described below in detail.

[0242]

[0194] Embodiment 1. A method for wireless communication by user equipment (UE), comprising: acquiring a pattern relating to one or more first transmissions; determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; and transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0243]

[0195] Embodiment 2. The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmit type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0244]

[0196] Embodiment 3. The method according to Embodiment 2, wherein the transmit power pattern includes one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows related to the RF exposure limit.

[0245]

[0197] Embodiment 4. The method according to Embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the antenna usage pattern includes a time-series display of when the UE switches to a different transmitting antenna.

[0246]

[0198] Embodiment 5. The method according to Embodiment 2, wherein the antenna usage pattern includes a usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios.

[0247]

[0199] Embodiment 6. The method according to Embodiment 2, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining the entire available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios, allocating the RF exposure margin to each radio based on the entire available RF exposure margin, determining a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, and determining the transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0248]

[0200] Embodiment 7. The method of Embodiment 2, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a transmit power ceiling for a radio based on a usage pattern for the radio, and determining the transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling.

[0249]

[0201] Embodiment 8. The method according to Embodiment 7, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the UE and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0250]

[0202] Embodiment 9. The method according to Embodiment 6, wherein the usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios comprises the average transmit power in past time intervals associated with each radio.

[0251]

[0203] Embodiment 10. The method according to Embodiment 6, wherein determining the entire available RF exposure margin comprises determining the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of usage patterns for the radio.

[0252]

[0204] Embodiment 11. The method according to Embodiment 10, wherein allocating the RF exposure margin comprises allocating a ratio of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio as the RF exposure margin for each radio.

[0253]

[0205] Embodiment 12. The method according to Embodiment 11, wherein allocating a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin comprises allocating a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios, at least in part on the priority associated with at least one of the radios.

[0254]

[0206] Embodiment 13. The method according to Embodiment 12, wherein at least one of the priorities or ratios of the overall available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of the frequency bands, applications, services, network conditions, or exposure scenarios related to at least one of the radios.

[0255]

[0207] Embodiment 14. The method of Embodiment 10, wherein determining the transmit power ceiling comprises determining the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios.

[0256]

[0208] Embodiment 15. The method of Embodiment 6, wherein determining the transmit power is to determine the transmit power such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the minimum value between the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0257]

[0209] Embodiment 16. The method according to Embodiment 6, wherein determining the transmit power comprises adjusting the transmit power ceiling in accordance with a change in the usage pattern of the radio.

[0258]

[0210] Embodiment 17. The method according to Embodiment 7, wherein determining the transmit power is further comprising adjusting the transmit power ceiling in accordance with a change in the usage pattern of the radio.

[0259]

[0211] Embodiment 18. The method of Embodiment 16, wherein adjusting the transmit power ceiling is further comprising adjusting the transmit power ceiling in accordance with changes in the transmission scenario related to the radio.

[0260]

[0212] Embodiment 19. The method of Embodiment 16, wherein adjusting the transmit power ceiling comprises adjusting the transmit power ceiling on at least part of a traffic model.

[0261]

[0213] Embodiment 20. The method of Embodiment 6 or 7, wherein transmitting one or more second transmissions comprises transmitting one or more second transmissions at a transmit power ceiling during a first portion of a time window related to the RF exposure limit, and transmitting one or more second transmissions at a different transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during a second portion of the time window.

[0262]

[0214] Embodiment 16. The method according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 15, wherein the user behavior pattern includes one or more times associated with when the user uses the UE for wireless communication.

[0263]

[0215] Embodiment 17. The method according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 16, wherein the application pattern includes at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers related to one or more applications.

[0264]

[0216] Embodiment 18. The method according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 17, wherein the application type indicates the type of application that generates data for transmission.

[0265]

[0217] Embodiment 19. The method of Embodiment 18, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining one or more second transmission application types and determining the transmit power based on the application types having priority over other application types.

[0266]

[0218] Embodiment 20. The method according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 19, wherein the wireless network pattern includes at least one of the following: channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with one or more first transmissions, coding rate associated with one or more first transmissions, periodicity associated with one or more first transmissions, duty cycle associated with one or more first transmissions, or indication of the mobility of the UE during one or more first transmissions.

[0267]

[0219] Embodiment 21. The method according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 20, wherein the sensor information pattern includes at least one of the following: an indication of the proximity of the UE to an object other than a human, an indication that the UE is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of the usage status of the UE, or an indication that antenna switching is performed in the UE.

[0268]

[0220] Embodiment 22. The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the user usage scenario indicates which part of the user's body the UE is in close proximity to.

[0269]

[0221] Embodiment 23. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 22, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining the transmit power using machine learning based at least in part on a pattern.

[0270]

[0222] Embodiment 24. The method according to Embodiment 23, wherein determining the transmission power comprises generating the next user action using machine learning and determining the transmission power based on the next user action and the current network state.

[0271]

[0223] Embodiment 25. The method according to Embodiment 23, wherein determining the transmission power comprises generating the next network state using machine learning and determining the transmission power based on the current user behavior and the next network state.

[0272]

[0224] Embodiment 26. The method of Embodiment 23, wherein determining the transmission power comprises generating the next network state and the next user action using machine learning, and determining the transmission power based on the next network state and the next user action.

[0273]

[0225] Embodiment 27. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 26, wherein determining the transmit power comprises correlating a pattern with a transmit time associated with one or more second transmits, comparing the transmit time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, and determining the transmit power based on the comparison.

[0274]

[0226] Embodiment 28. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the RF exposure limit comprises a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0275]

[0227] Embodiment 29. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 28, wherein at least one of one or more first transmissions occurs at a time earlier than the current time window used to determine the transmission power based on the RF exposure limit.

[0276]

[0228] Embodiment 30. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 29, wherein determining the transmit power to be above the average power level when the pattern indicates that an RF exposure margin may be available, and otherwise determining the transmit power to be at the average power level.

[0277]

[0229] Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 30, further comprising determining that the transmit power is above the average power level, which means determining that the network conditions indicate that higher transmit power is beneficial, or that high-priority information is being transmitted.

[0278]

[0230] Embodiment 32. The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 31, wherein determining is to compare the data stored in the transmit buffer with a usage predicted based on a pattern, or to compare the transmit power used to transmit the data in the data buffer with a transmit power predicted based on a pattern.

[0279]

[0231] Embodiment 34. Apparatus for wireless communication comprising: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory; and a transmitter configured to transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to acquire one or more patterns relating to one or more first transmissions and to determine transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the patterns and an RF exposure limit.

[0280]

[0232] Embodiment 35. The apparatus according to Embodiment 34, configured to perform any one of Embodiments 1 to 32.

[0281]

[0233] Embodiment 36. Apparatus for wireless communication comprising means for acquiring a pattern relating to one or more first transmissions, means for determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and means for transmitting one or more second transmissions with the determined transmission power.

[0282]

[0234] Embodiment 37. The apparatus according to Embodiment 36, comprising means for performing any one of Embodiments 1 to 32.

[0283]

[0235] Embodiment 38. A computer-readable medium storing instructions for acquiring patterns related to one or more first transmissions, determining transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the patterns and RF exposure limits, and transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0284]

[0236] Embodiment 39. A computer-readable medium according to Embodiment 38, which stores instructions for executing any one of Embodiments 1 to 32.

[0285]

[0237] In addition to the various embodiments described above, certain combinations of embodiments are within the scope of this disclosure, some of which are described below in detail.

[0286]

[0238] Embodiment 1: Apparatus for wireless communication, comprising a memory and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to acquire a pattern relating to one or more first transmissions, determine a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits, and transmit one or more second transmissions with the determined transmission power.

[0287]

[0239] Embodiment 2: The apparatus according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmit type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0288]

[0240] Embodiment 3: The apparatus according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a first transmit power, determine a second transmit power based at least in part on an average transmit power over a time interval, select a third transmit power as the minimum of the first and second transmit powers, and determine transmit powers for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the third transmit power.

[0289]

[0241] Embodiment 4: The apparatus according to Embodiment 3, wherein the second transmission power is at least partially based on the reciprocal of the normalized average transmission power over past time intervals.

[0290]

[0242] Embodiment 5: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a first transmit power for each of a plurality of radios; determine a second transmit power for each of a plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is selected as a third transmit power for each of a plurality of radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for each radio, which is at least in part based on a normalized average transmit power for each radio over a certain time interval; and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power for each of a plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmit power for each radio.

[0291]

[0243] Embodiment 6: The apparatus according to Embodiment 5, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a fourth transmit power based at least in part on the product of the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit for each radio and the reciprocal of the sum of the minimum values ​​of the normalized average transmit power and the unit quantity for the plurality of radios, wherein the fourth transmit power is determined by dividing the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit by the number of radios, and further based on the ratio between the normalized average transmit power for each radio and the sum of the normalized average transmit powers for the plurality of radios, and to select a second transmit power based on the maximum values ​​of the fourth transmit power and the fifth transmit power.

[0292]

[0244] Embodiment 7: The apparatus according to Embodiment 5 or 6, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust time intervals for normalized average transmit power based at least in part on average power over a time window corresponding to an RF exposure limit, and to select as time intervals the maximum value of a first time interval and a second time interval that vary with average transmit power over past time windows, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmit frequency of one or more second transmits.

[0293]

[0245] Embodiment 8: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 5 to 7, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust time intervals for normalized average transmit power based at least in part on one or more current network states.

[0294]

[0246] Embodiment 9: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a first transmit power, apply an upper limit to the first transmit power in order to determine a second transmit power, and determine transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the second transmit power.

[0295]

[0247] Embodiment 10: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 9, further configured to determine a first transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on a time-averaged RF exposure in a past time window; determine a second transmit power based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for a radio over a time interval; determine a third transmit power which is the maximum average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit; select a fourth transmit power as the minimum of the first and second transmit powers for the radio; select a fifth transmit power as the minimum of the first and third transmit powers for the radio; select a sixth transmit power from among the first, fourth, and fifth transmit powers; and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the radio.

[0296]

[0248] Embodiment 11: The processor and memory determine a first transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the first transmit power is at least in part based on the time-averaged RF exposure in a past time window, and a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is determined, wherein the second transmit power is at least in part based on the normalized average transmit power for each radio over a certain time interval, wherein the third transmit power is the first transmit power for each radio, which is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of radios. The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, further configured to: select a fourth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum value between the signal power and the second transmit power; select a fifth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum value between the first transmit power and the third transmit power for each radio; select a sixth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power for each radio; and determine the transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for each radio.

[0297]

[0249] Embodiment 12: The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 2 to 11, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the entire available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios, allocate the RF exposure margin to each radio based on the entire available RF exposure margin, determine a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, and determine transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0298]

[0250] Embodiment 13: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 2 to 12, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a transmit power ceiling for a radio based on a usage pattern for the radio, and to determine transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the apparatus and greater than the average power limit related to the RF exposure limit.

[0299]

[0251] Embodiment 14: The apparatus according to Embodiment 12 or 13, wherein the usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios comprises the average transmit power in past time intervals associated with each radio.

[0300]

[0252] Embodiment 15: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of usage patterns for the radio, as the overall available RF exposure margin.

[0301]

[0253] Embodiment 16: The apparatus according to Embodiment 15, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to allocate to each radio a ratio of the total available RF exposure margin as the RF exposure margin for each radio, and to allocate to each radio a ratio of the total available RF exposure margin at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios, and to determine the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios as a transmit power ceiling.

[0302]

[0254] Embodiment 17: The apparatus according to Embodiment 16, wherein at least one of the priorities or ratios of the overall available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of the frequency bands, applications, services, network conditions, or exposure scenarios related to at least one of the radios.

[0303]

[0255] Embodiment 18: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 12 to 17, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmit power such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the minimum of the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0304]

[0256] Embodiment 19: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 12 to 18, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to a change in the usage pattern of the radio.

[0305]

[0257] Embodiment 20: The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 2 to 19, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine one or more second transmission application types and to determine the transmission power based on the application types which have priority over other application types.

[0306]

[0258] Embodiment 21: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmit power using machine learning, at least in part, based on a pattern.

[0307]

[0259] Embodiment 22: The apparatus according to Embodiment 21, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to use machine learning to generate at least one of the next user action or the next network state, and to determine the transmit power based on at least one of the next user action, the current user action, the next network state, or the current network state.

[0308]

[0260] Embodiment 23: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to correlate a pattern with a transmission time associated with one or more second transmissions, compare the transmission time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, and determine the transmission power based on the comparison.

[0309]

[0261] Embodiment 24: The transmit power pattern includes one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows related to the RF exposure limit; the antenna usage pattern includes a usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios; the user behavior pattern includes one or more times related when a user uses the device for wireless communication; the application pattern includes at least one of one or more transmit times or one or more transmit powers related to one or more applications; the application type indicates the type of application that generates data for transmission; and the wireless network pattern includes the channel quality between the device and the receiving entity, one or more... The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 2 to 23, comprising at least one of the following: a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with a first transmission of a number; a coding rate associated with one or more first transmissions; a periodicity associated with one or more first transmissions; a duty cycle associated with one or more first transmissions; or an indication of the mobility of the device during one or more first transmissions, wherein the sensor information comprises at least one of the following: an indication of the proximity of the device to a non-human object; an indication that the device is in free space; an indication of a user use scenario; an indication of the usage status of the device; or an indication when antenna switching occurs in the device, the user use scenario indicating which part of the user's body the device is in close proximity to.

[0310]

[0262] Embodiment 25: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the RF exposure limit comprises a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0311]

[0263] Embodiment 26: A method for wireless communication using a wireless device, comprising: acquiring a pattern related to one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; and transmitting one or more second transmissions with the determined transmission power.

[0312]

[0264] Embodiment 27: The method according to Embodiment 26, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmit type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0313]

[0265] Embodiment 28: The method of Embodiment 26 or 27, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a first transmit power for each of a plurality of radios; determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is selected as a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for each radio, which is at least in part based on a normalized average transmit power for each radio over a certain time interval; and determining transmit power for one or more second transmits such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmit power for each radio.

[0314]

[0266] Embodiment 29: The method according to Embodiment 27 or 28, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining the entire available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern for each radio among a plurality of radios, allocating an RF exposure margin to each radio based on the entire available RF exposure margin, determining a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, and determining the transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0315]

[0267] Embodiment 30: The method according to any one of Embodiments 27 to 29, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a transmit power ceiling for a radio based on a usage pattern for the radio, and determining the transmit power for one or more second transmits based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the wireless device and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0316]

[0268] Embodiment 31: Apparatus for wireless communication comprising a memory and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to acquire data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions related to the transmission, to determine a transmission time related to the data at least in part based on the radio conditions, and to transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0317]

[0269] Embodiment 32: The apparatus according to Embodiment 31, wherein the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times related to a plurality of transmission powers, and the plurality of transmission powers include a transmission power on which a signal is transmitted.

[0318]

[0270] Embodiment 33: The apparatus according to Embodiment 32, wherein the plurality of transmission times include a first transmission time related to an instantaneous power limit supported by the apparatus and a second transmission time related to an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit.

[0319]

[0271] Embodiment 34: The apparatus according to Embodiment 33, wherein the transmit power is limited by an instantaneous power limit when the first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time related to the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, where the burst transmit time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is limited by an average power when the second transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit, where the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power of the first part of the transmit time, and the transmit power is less than the average power of the second part of the transmit time.

[0320]

[0272] Embodiment 35: The apparatus according to Embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the transmit power is set according to a time-averaging mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to the burst transmit time related to the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is set according to a peak mode when the transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit, wherein when the transmit time related to any of the multiple transmit powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power is set according to a time-averaging mode such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit, greater than the average power of the first part of the transmit time, and less than the average power of the second part of the transmit time.

[0321]

[0273] Embodiment 36: The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 31 to 35, wherein the radio state includes at least one of the channel quality between the apparatus and the receiving entity, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with transmission, the coding rate associated with transmission, or the periodicity associated with transmission to the receiving entity.

[0322]

[0274] Embodiment 37: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 31 to 36, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a data rate related to transmitting data to a receiving entity based on radio conditions and to determine a transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

[0323]

[0275] Embodiment 38: The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmission time under a mobility state associated with the apparatus, at least in part on a future expected radio state.

[0324]

[0276] Embodiment 39: The apparatus according to Embodiment 38, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to generate future predicted radio states using machine learning.

[0325]

[0277] Embodiment 40: The apparatus according to any one of embodiments 31 to 39, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data.

[0326]

[0278] Embodiment 41: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 31 to 40, wherein the processor and memory are configured to determine a radio state based on a pattern related to a first time window, wherein the first time window is separate from a second time window related to an RF exposure limit.

[0327]

[0279] Embodiment 42: Apparatus for wireless communication comprising a memory and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the apparatus to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission, and to transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0328]

[0280] Embodiment 43: The apparatus according to Embodiment 42, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level above the average power level with respect to the RF exposure limit.

[0329]

[0281] Embodiment 44: The apparatus according to Embodiment 43, wherein the processor and memory are configured to transmit at a power level above the average power level with respect to the RF exposure limit during a time window related to the RF exposure limit, based on the duty cycle of transmission.

[0330]

[0282] Embodiment 45: The apparatus according to Embodiment 43 or 44, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to transmit at a reserve power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which a portion of the data is transmitted.

[0331]

[0283] Embodiment 46: The apparatus according to Embodiment 45, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust the reserve power level.

[0332]

[0284] Embodiment 47: The apparatus according to any one of Embodiments 42 to 46, wherein the plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at power levels above the average power level with respect to the RF exposure limit and at power levels below the average power level, the second mode including transmission at power levels below the average power level, and one or more radio states including at least one of channel quality between the apparatus and a receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with transmission, a coding rate associated with transmission, or periodicity associated with transmission to a receiving entity.

[0333]

[0285] Embodiment 48: A method of wireless communication using a wireless device, comprising: acquiring data and radio conditions related to the transmission for transmission to a receiving entity; determining a transmission time related to the data, at least in part, based on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0334]

[0286] Embodiment 49: The method of Embodiment 48, wherein the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times relating to a plurality of transmission powers, the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power on which a signal is transmitted, wherein the plurality of transmission times comprises a first transmission time relating to an instantaneous power limit supported by a wireless device and a second transmission time relating to an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit.

[0335]

[0287] Embodiment 50: The method according to Embodiment 49, wherein the transmitted power is limited by an instantaneous power limit when the first transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time related to the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmission time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit, and the transmitted power is limited by an average power when the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit, wherein if the transmission time related to any of the multiple transmitted powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmitted power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power of the first part of the transmission time, and the transmitted power is less than the average power of the second part of the transmission time.

[0336]

[0288] Embodiment 51: The method according to Embodiment 49 or 50, wherein the transmit power is set according to a time-averaging mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to the burst transmit time related to the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, the burst transmit time is smaller than the time window related to the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is set according to a peak mode when the transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window related to the RF exposure limit, and when the transmit time related to any of the multiple transmit powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power is set according to a time-averaging mode such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit, greater than the average power of the first part of the transmit time, and less than the average power of the second part of the transmit time.

[0337]

[0289] Embodiment 52: The method according to any one of Embodiments 48 to 51, wherein the radio state includes at least one of the channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, the coding rate associated with the transmission, or the periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0338]

[0290] Embodiment 53: The method of any one of Embodiments 48 to 52, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining a data rate related to transmitting data to a receiving entity based on radio conditions, and determining the transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

[0339]

[0291] Embodiment 54: The method according to any one of embodiments 48 to 53, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time under a mobility condition associated with a wireless device, at least in part on a future predicted radio condition.

[0340]

[0292] Embodiment 55: The method according to any one of embodiments 48 to 54, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time on at least partly the buffer size related to the data.

[0341]

[0293] Embodiment 56: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio states associated with the transmission; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity with a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0342]

[0294] Embodiment 57: The method of Embodiment 56, wherein transmitting comprises transmitting at least a portion of the data at a power level above the average power level with respect to the RF exposure limit.

[0343]

[0295] Embodiment 58: The method of Embodiment 57, wherein the transmission is performed at a backup power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data is transmitted.

[0344]

[0296] Embodiment 59: The method of Embodiment 58, wherein the transmission comprises adjusting the reserve power level.

[0345]

[0297] Embodiment 60: The method according to any one of embodiments 56 to 59, wherein a plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at power levels above the average power level with respect to the RF exposure limit and power levels below the average power level, the second mode including transmission at power levels below the average power level, and one or more radio states including at least one of channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, or periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0346]

[0298] Embodiment 61: A device comprising a memory having executable instructions and one or more processors configured to execute executable instructions and cause the device to perform a method according to any one of Embodiments 26 to 30 or Embodiments 48 to 60.

[0347]

[0299] Embodiment 62: An apparatus comprising means for carrying out a method according to any one of Embodiments 26 to 30 or Embodiments 48 to 60.

[0348]

[0300] Embodiment 63: A computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of the device, cause the device to perform a method according to any one of Embodiments 26 to 30 or Embodiments 48 to 60.

[0349]

[0301] Embodiment 64: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium, comprising code for performing a method according to any one of Embodiments 26 to 30 or Embodiments 48 to 60.

[0350]

[0302] The techniques described herein may be used for a variety of wireless communication technologies, including NR (e.g., 5G NR), 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), and other networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably. CDMA networks may implement wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and cdma2000. UTRA includes broadband CDMA (WCDMA®) and other variants of CDMA, while cdma2000 covers the IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. TDMA networks can implement wireless technologies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM®). OFDMA networks can implement wireless technologies such as NR (e.g., 5G RA), Advanced UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, and Flash-OFDMA. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE and LTE-A are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, and GSM are documented in documents from an organization called the "Third Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP), while cdma2000 and UMB are documented in documents from an organization called the "Third Generation Partnership Project II" (3GPP2). NR is a new wireless communication technology under development.

[0351]

[0303] In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to the coverage area of ​​a node B (NB) and / or the NB subsystem that services this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In NR systems, the terms “cell” and BS, next-generation node B (gNB or gnode B), access point (AP), distributed unit (DU), carrier, or transmit / receive point (TRP) may be used interchangeably. A BS can provide communication coverage to macrocells, picocells, femtocells, and / or other types of cells. A macrocell can cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and may enable unrestricted access by UEs subscribing to the service. A picocell can cover a relatively small geographic area and may enable unrestricted access by UEs subscribing to the service. A femtocell can cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may enable limited access by UEs associated with a femtocell (e.g., UEs in a limited subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in a home, etc.). BS for macrocells is sometimes called macroBS. BS for picocells is sometimes called picoBS. BS for femtocells is sometimes called femtoBS or homeBS.

[0352]

[0304] UE may also be called mobile stations, terminals, access terminals, subscriber units, stations, customer premises equipment (CPE), cellular phones, smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless modems, wireless communication devices, handheld devices, laptop computers, cordless phones, wireless local loop (WLL) stations, tablet computers, cameras, game devices, netbooks, smartbooks, ultrabooks, appliances, medical devices or medical equipment, biosensors / biometric devices, smartwatches, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wristbands, smart jewelry (e.g., smart rings, smart bracelets, etc.), wearable devices, entertainment devices (e.g., music devices, video devices, satellite radios, etc.), vehicle components or vehicle sensors, smart meters / smart sensors, industrial manufacturing equipment, Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, or any other suitable device configured to communicate via wireless or wired media. Some UEs may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) devices or advanced MTC (eMTC) devices. MTC UEs and eMTC UEs include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., that can communicate with BS, other devices (e.g., remote devices), or any other entities. Wireless nodes may provide, for example, a wired or wireless communication link for, or connectivity to, a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network). Some UEs may be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which may be narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices.

[0353]

[0305] In some examples, access to an air interface may be scheduled. A scheduling entity (e.g., a BS) allocates resources for communication between some or all devices and equipment within its service area or cell. A scheduling entity may be responsible for scheduling, allocating, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more dependent entities. That is, for scheduled communication, dependent entities utilize the resources allocated by the scheduling entity. A base station is not the only entity that can function as a scheduling entity. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity, scheduling resources for one or more dependent entities (e.g., one or more other UEs), and other UEs may utilize the resources scheduled by the UE for wireless communication. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and / or a mesh network. In the mesh network example, UEs may communicate directly with each other in addition to communicating with scheduling entities.

[0354]

[0306] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for carrying out the method. The steps and / or actions of the method may be interchanged with one another without departing from the claims. In other words, unless a particular order of steps or actions is specified, the order and / or use of any particular steps and / or actions may be changed without departing from the claims.

[0355]

[0307] As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” the list of items means any combination of those items that contains a single member. For example, “at least one of a, b, or c” shall include a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, and abc, as well as any combination having multiple identical elements (for example, aa, aaa, aab, aac, abb, acc, bb, bbb, bbc, cc, and ccc, or any other order of a, b, and c).

[0356]

[0308] As used herein, the term “decision” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “decision” may include calculating, calculating, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, database or another data structure), confirming, etc. Also, “decision” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc. Also, “decision” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, etc.

[0357]

[0309] The above description is provided so that any person skilled in the art may practice the various embodiments described herein. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may apply to other embodiments. Accordingly, the claims should not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but should be given the entire scope consistent with the wording of the claims, where, unless otherwise explicitly stated, a singular reference to an element means "one or more" and not "one unique." Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the term "several" means one or more. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements of the various embodiments described throughout this disclosure, known to a person skilled in the art or to be known thereafter, are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are included in the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed herein, whether such disclosure is expressly represented in the claims or not, is not made public. No claim element should be construed under Section 112(f) of the United States Patent Act unless it is explicitly enumerated using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, unless it is enumerated using the phrase “steps for.”

[0358]

[0310] Various operations of the methods described above may be performed by any preferred means capable of performing the corresponding functions. These means may include, but are not limited to, various hardware and / or software components and / or modules, including circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or processors. Generally, where there are operations shown in the figures, those operations may have corresponding means-plus-function components of similar numbering.

[0359]

[0311] Various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with this disclosure may be implemented or run using general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or other programmable logic devices (PLDs), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, a processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors working with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0360]

[0312] When implemented in hardware, an exemplary hardware configuration may include a processing system within the wireless node. The processing system may be implemented using a bus architecture. The bus may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges, depending on the specific application of the processing system and the overall design constraints. The bus may link various circuits to each other, including a processor, a machine-readable medium, and a bus interface. The bus interface may be used to connect a network adapter, in particular, to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter may be used to implement the signal processing functions of the physical (PHY) layer. In the case of user equipment (UE) (see Figure 1), a user interface (e.g., a keypad, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) may also be connected to the bus. The bus may also link various other circuits, such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art and therefore will not be described further. The processor may be implemented using one or more general-purpose processors and / or dedicated processors. An example includes a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a DSP processor, and other circuits capable of running software. Those skilled in the art will understand how the described functions of the processing system can be best implemented, depending on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0361]

[0313] When implemented in software, functions may be stored on or transmitted via computer-readable media as one or more instructions or codes. Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, regardless of the name such as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, etc. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media, including any media that enables the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. A processor may be responsible for managing bus and general operations, including the execution of software modules stored on machine-readable storage media. Computer-readable storage media may be coupled to a processor so that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage media. Alternatively, the storage media may be integrated with the processor. For example, machine-readable media may include computer-readable storage media storing instructions separate from transmission lines, data-modulated carriers, and / or wireless nodes, all of which can be accessed by the processor through a bus interface. Alternatively, or as an addition, machine-readable media, or any part thereof, may be integrated into the processor, such as caches and / or general-purpose register files. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include, as an example, RAM (Random Access Memory), flash memory, ROM (Read-Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or other suitable storage media, or any combination thereof. Machine-readable media may be implemented in computer program products.

[0362]

[0314] A software module may consist of a single instruction or a number of instructions, and may be distributed across several different code segments, between different programs, and across multiple storage media. A computer-readable medium may contain several software modules. A software module contains instructions that cause a processing system to perform various functions when executed by a device such as a processor. A software module may include a send module and a receive module. Each software module may reside in a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. For example, when a trigger event occurs, a software module may be loaded from a hard drive into RAM. While a software module is executing, the processor may load some of the instructions into a cache to increase access speed. One or more cache lines may then be loaded into a general-purpose register file for execution by the processor. When the functions of a software module are referred to below, it will be understood that such functions are implemented by the processor when instructions from that software module are executed.

[0363]

[0315] Any connection is also appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. As used herein, disk and disc include compact disc (CD), laserdisc (disc), optical disc (disc), digital versatile disc (disc) (DVD), floppy disk (disk), and Blu-ray (disc), where disk typically reproduces data magnetically and disc optically reproduces data by laser. Therefore, in some embodiments, the computer-readable medium may include a non-temporary computer-readable medium (e.g., a tangible medium). Furthermore, in other embodiments, the computer-readable medium may include a temporary computer-readable medium (e.g., a signal). The above combinations should also be included within the scope of the computer-readable medium.

[0364]

[0316] Accordingly, some embodiments may include a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may include a computer-readable medium storing (and / or encoding) instructions that are executable by one or more processors for performing the operations described herein, such as the instructions for performing the operations described herein and shown in Figures 6, 10A, and / or 10B.

[0365]

[0317] Furthermore, it should be understood that modules and / or other suitable means for performing the methods and techniques described herein may be downloaded and / or acquired by the UE and / or base station where applicable. For example, such a device may be coupled to a server to enable the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, the various methods described herein may be provided via storage means such that the UE and / or base station can acquire the various methods by coupling or providing storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, compact disks (CDs) or floppy disks, etc.) to the device. Moreover, any other suitable techniques for providing the methods and techniques described herein to the device may be utilized.

[0366]

[0318] It should be understood that the claims are not limited to the exact configuration and components shown above. Various modifications, changes, and variations may be made to the configuration, operation, and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the claims.

Claims

1. A device for wireless communication, Memory and A processor coupled to the aforementioned memory, The processor and the memory are provided with Obtain one or more patterns related to the first transmission, Based at least in part on the pattern and the radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, the transmit power for one or more second transmissions is determined. The one or more second transmissions are transmitted with the determined transmission power. A device configured in such a way.

2. The aforementioned pattern is, Transmit power pattern, Antenna usage patterns, User behavior patterns, Sending type, Priority patterns, Application patterns, Application type, Wireless network pattern, or Sensor information The apparatus according to claim 1, comprising at least one of the following.

3. The processor and the memory are, Determine the first transmission power, A second transmit power is determined, at least in part, based on the average transmit power over a certain time interval. A third transmission power is selected as the minimum value of the first transmission power and the second transmission power. The transmission power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the third transmission power. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured as follows.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second transmit power is at least partially based on the reciprocal of the normalized average transmit power over past time intervals.

5. The processor and the memory are, Determining the first transmit power for each of the multiple radios, Determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is at least in part based on the normalized average transmit power for each of the radios over a certain time interval. The third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is selected as the minimum value of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for each of the radios, The transmission power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power for each of the radios. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured to perform the following:

6. The processor and the memory are, Determining a fourth transmit power at least in part on the product of the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit for each of the aforementioned radios and the reciprocal of the sum of the minimum values ​​of the normalized average transmit power and unit quantities for the plurality of radios, wherein the fourth transmit power is further based on the ratio between the normalized average transmit power for each of the aforementioned radios and the sum of the normalized average transmit powers for the plurality of radios. Determining a fifth transmission power, which is obtained by dividing the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit by the number of the multiple radios, The second transmission power is selected based on the maximum value of the fourth transmission power and the fifth transmission power, The apparatus according to claim 5, further configured to perform the following:

7. The processor and the memory are, Adjusting the time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on the average power over the time window corresponding to the RF exposure limit, The time interval is selected as the maximum value of a first time interval and a second time interval that change with the average transmit power over a past time window, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmit frequency of the one or more second transmits. The apparatus according to claim 5, further configured to perform the following:

8. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to adjust the time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on one or more current network states.

9. The processor and the memory are, Determine the first transmission power, An upper limit is applied to the first transmit power in order to determine the second transmit power. The transmission power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the second transmission power. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured as follows.

10. The processor and the memory are, The first transmit power for one or more second transmits is determined based at least in part on the time-averaged RF exposure in past time windows. A second transmit power is determined, at least in part, based on the normalized average transmit power for a radio over a certain time interval. A third transmission power, which is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit, is determined. A fourth transmit power is selected as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the aforementioned radio. A fifth transmit power is selected as the minimum of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for the aforementioned radio. A sixth transmission power is selected from the first transmission power, the fourth transmission power, and the fifth transmission power. The transmit power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the radio. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured as follows.

11. The processor and the memory are, Determining a first transmit power for each of a plurality of radios, wherein the first transmit power is at least in part based on the time-averaged RF exposure in a past time window. Determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is at least in part based on the normalized average transmit power for each of the radios over a certain time interval. Determining a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the third transmit power is obtained by dividing the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit by the number of the plurality of radios. The fourth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is selected as the minimum value of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for each of the radios, The fifth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is selected as the minimum value of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for each of the radios, Selecting a sixth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power for each of the aforementioned radios, The transmission power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmission power for each of the radios. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured to perform the following:

12. The processor and the memory are, Based on the usage patterns of each of the multiple radios, the overall available RF exposure margin is determined. Based on the total available RF exposure margin, an RF exposure margin is allocated to each of the radios. The transmit power ceiling for one of the aforementioned radios is determined based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios. The transmit power for the one or more second transmits is determined, at least in part, based on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios. The apparatus according to claim 2, further configured as follows.

13. The processor and the memory are, Based on the usage patterns of the radio equipment, the transmit power ceiling for the radio equipment will be determined, Determining the transmit power for the one or more second transmits, at least in part, based on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the device and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit. The apparatus according to claim 2, further configured to perform the following:

14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the usage pattern for each of the plurality of radios comprises the average transmission power over past time intervals associated with each of the radios.

15. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for the radio, for the entire available RF exposure margin.

16. The processor and the memory are, A certain percentage of the total available RF exposure margin is allocated to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin for each of the radios, Based at least in part on the priority associated with at least one of the aforementioned radios, the ratio of the total available RF exposure margin is allocated to each of the aforementioned radios. The transmission power ceiling is determined by the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios. The apparatus according to claim 15, further configured as follows.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the priority of the overall available RF exposure margin or at least one of the ratios is associated with at least one of the frequency bands, applications, services, network conditions, or exposure scenarios associated with at least one of the radios.

18. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmit power such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the minimum of the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

19. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to a change in the usage pattern for the radio.

20. The processor and the memory are, Determine the application type of the one or more second transmissions. The transmit power is determined based on the application type which has priority over other application types. The apparatus according to claim 2, further configured as follows.

21. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmit power using machine learning, at least in part, based on the pattern.

22. The processor and the memory are, Using machine learning, we generate at least one of the following: the next user action or the next network state. The transmit power is determined based on at least one of the following: the next user action, the current user action, the next network state, or the current network state. The apparatus according to claim 21, further configured as follows.

23. The processor and the memory are, The pattern is correlated with the transmission time associated with the one or more second transmissions. The transmission time is compared with the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. The transmission power is determined based on the above comparison. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured as follows.

24. The transmit power pattern includes one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows related to the RF exposure limit, The aforementioned antenna usage pattern includes the usage pattern for each of the multiple radios, The user behavior pattern includes one or more periods of time associated with the user using the device for wireless communication. The application pattern includes at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers related to one or more applications, The aforementioned application type indicates the type of application that generates data for transmission. The aforementioned wireless network pattern is Channel quality between the aforementioned device and the receiving entity, The modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with one or more first transmissions, The coding rate associated with the one or more first transmissions, The periodicity associated with the one or more first transmissions, The duty cycle associated with the one or more first transmissions, or Display of the mobility of the device during the transmission of one or more first transmissions Includes at least one of the following: The sensor information includes at least one of the following: an indication of the proximity of the device to an object other than a human; an indication that the device is in free space; an indication of a user usage scenario; an indication of the usage status of the device; or an indication that antenna switching is performed in the device. The user usage scenario indicates which part of the user's body the device is in close proximity to. The apparatus according to claim 2.

25. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the RF exposure limit comprises a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

26. A method of wireless communication using wireless devices, To obtain one or more patterns related to the first transmission, Determining the transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the aforementioned pattern and the radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, Transmitting one or more second transmissions with the determined transmission power, A method that includes [a certain feature].

27. The aforementioned pattern is, Transmit power pattern, Antenna usage patterns, User behavior patterns, Sending type, Priority patterns, Application patterns, Application type, Wireless network pattern, or Sensor information The method according to claim 26, comprising at least one of the following.

28. Determining the aforementioned transmission power means Determining the first transmit power for each of the multiple radios, Determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is at least in part based on the normalized average transmit power for each of the radios over a certain time interval. The third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is selected as the minimum value of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for each of the radios, The transmission power for one or more second transmissions is determined such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power for each of the radios. The method according to claim 26, comprising:

29. Determining the aforementioned transmission power means Based on the usage patterns of each of the multiple radios, the overall available RF exposure margin is determined, Based on the total available RF exposure margin, the RF exposure margin is allocated to each of the radios, The transmit power ceiling for one of the aforementioned radios is determined based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, Determining the transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios, The method according to claim 27, comprising:

30. Determining the aforementioned transmission power means Based on the usage patterns of the radio equipment, the transmit power ceiling for the radio equipment will be determined, Determining the transmit power for one or more second transmits, at least in part, based on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the wireless device and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit. The method according to claim 27, comprising:

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