Machine learning evaluation of cryptographically signed transactions and asset tokenization

Abstract

Systems and methods may include a marketplace for securitized intellectual property with tokenization of shares and clearing and settlement of transfers. Tokenization may include maintaining a marketplace for securitized IP, receiving requests to register securities from authorized entities, and registering the securities within the marketplace. Registration may include accepting escrow accounts for the securities, executing contracts, and creating multiple shares for the securities for trading within the marketplace. Clearing and settlement of transfers may include receiving trade requests, calculating a total price for the trade requests, and processing the trade requests. Processing may include generating a unique token for the trade request, effecting the transfer of shares from the seller to a clearing house application, effecting a transfer of currency from the buyer to the clearing house application, and effecting the transfer of shares from the clearing house application to the buyer.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 436,461, entitled "Marketplace for Securitized Intellectual Property Using Clearing and Settlement of Transfers," filed December 30, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 436,462, entitled "Marketplace for Securitized Intellectual Property Using Tokenization of Equities," filed December 30, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Technical Field The present disclosure relates generally to systems for financial transactions, and more particularly to systems and methods for machine learning-based document identification and tokenization. Summary of the Invention

[0003] overview An advantage of the present disclosure is that it provides systems and methods for machine learning-based document identification and tokenization, which may include using a marketplace (including one or more servers) for securitized intellectual property ("IP") with clearing and settlement of the tokenization and transfer of shares.

[0004] Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for utilizing a marketplace for securitized intellectual property with clearing and settlement of transfers, the method including one or more servers. Related process steps may include receiving a trade request within a marketplace for securitized IP, calculating a total price for the trade request, and processing the trade request. The received trade request may correspond to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets and may represent one of a purchase request or a sale request. Calculating the total price may be based on the subset of shares in the trade request. Processing the trade request may include generating a unique token for the trade request, effecting a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application, effecting a transfer of currency from a buyer to the clearing house application in the amount of a purchase price, and effecting a transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and a transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller.

[0005] In various detailed embodiments, an additional process step may include, after receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request is for a transaction that will cause a fluctuation in a security price exceeding a price fluctuation threshold, rejecting the trade request based on the determination. Another process step may include, after receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request constitutes a request to lend shares to a borrower, rejecting the trade request based on the determination. In some embodiments, the unique token may include a unique transaction identification number. The unique token may be associated with at least one of a buyer's user account in the marketplace, a purchase price for the trade request, and one or more sources of purchased shares. The one or more sources of purchased shares may each be associated with a unique token that is different from the unique token associated with the trade request. Another process step may include, after receiving a request for a compliance report regarding executed transactions based on the trade request, generating a report of the acquisition cost of the shares in the trade request based on information associated with the trade request and transmitting the report to one or more regulatory agencies for compliance purposes.

[0006] In one configuration, the currency accepted by the clearing house may be a cryptocurrency, and the purchase price may be denominated in the cryptocurrency. The transfer of the cryptocurrency may be made via a wallet associated with a buyer account. Further process steps may include writing transaction details as blocks representing separate transactions to a blockchain accessible to at least all users in the exchange who are listed as traders, performing a validation check of one or more of the transaction details on the blockchain, the transaction details including at least the purchase price of the transaction and the availability of funds associated with the buyer, or marking the validation check as failed based on detecting one or more evidence of fraud, market manipulation, and insufficient funds during the validation check. Performing the validation check may include receiving manual approval of the transaction if the purchase price of the transaction exceeds a threshold price specified for manual approval.

[0007] Further process steps may include depositing proceeds related to the IP securities into an escrow account for the securities at specified intervals, receiving a request to withdraw at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account, and withdrawing at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account to a wallet associated with the seller based on the withdrawal request. Withdrawing the at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account may occur upon verifying that one or more withdrawal conditions have been met. Withdrawal conditions may include proceeds that need to be withdrawn due to litigation, proceeds that need to be paid to shareholders as dividend payments, or both.

[0008] In a further embodiment, a system may include one or more processors configured to perform operations. Such operations may include receiving a trade request within a marketplace for securitized IP, calculating a total price for the trade request, and processing the trade request. The received trade request may correspond to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets and may represent one of a purchase request or a sale request. Calculating the total price may be based on the subset of shares in the trade request. Processing the trade request may include generating an application and the trade request, effecting a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application, effecting a transfer of currency from a buyer to the clearing house application in the amount of a purchase price, and effecting a transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and a transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller. In one configuration, the one or more processors may be further configured to perform a cryptographic signing of a transaction associated with the transaction request, the cryptographic signing being performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account, and to verify that the transaction associated with the transaction request is cryptographically signed, the verification being performed using a public key associated with the seller's account.

[0009] In a further embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may contain instructions, including instructions for receiving a trade request within a marketplace for securitized IP, instructions for calculating a total price for the trade request, and instructions for processing the trade request. Again, the received trade request may correspond to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets and may represent one of a purchase request or a sale request. Calculation of the total price may be based on the subset of shares in the trade request. Processing the trade request may include generating an application and the trade request, effecting a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application, effecting a transfer of currency from a buyer to the clearing house application in the amount of a purchase price, and effecting a transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and a transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller. In one configuration, the one or more processors may be further configured to perform a cryptographic signing of a transaction associated with the transaction request, the cryptographic signing being performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account, and to verify that the transaction associated with the transaction request is cryptographically signed, the verification being performed using a public key associated with the seller's account.

[0010] In various further embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of using a marketplace for securitized IP with clearing and settlement of transfers is provided. Relevant process steps may include maintaining a marketplace for securitized IP, receiving a request to register securities, registering the securities, generating shares for the securities, publicly listing one or more of the shares, and depositing gross proceeds. The marketplace may include multiple users, each associated with an account. The request may be from an authorized entity to register securities associated with one or more specified IP assets within the marketplace. The securities may be registered within the marketplace. Registration may include accepting an escrow account for the securities, executing an agreement stipulating that all gross proceeds from the IP assets be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders, and generating multiple shares for the securities for trading within the marketplace. Based on the request from the authorized entity to list the shares, one or more shares may be publicly listed within the marketplace. Gross proceeds associated with the securities may be deposited into the escrow account at specified intervals.

[0011] In various detailed embodiments, the IP assets may represent one or more of patents, pending patent applications, and / or peer-reviewed papers. An additional process step may include distributing funds from the escrow account at specified time intervals as dividends distributed to the security holders. The authorized entity may retain a majority investment in the security as a security holder. The contract may be a smart contract. The contract may further provide that the authorized entity agrees not to enter into other agreements regarding the distribution of total revenues from the IP assets. Generating shares for the security may include generating shares of a positive integer security such that the shares of the security cannot be subdivided. In one configuration, the quantity of shares for the security cannot be modified once the shares are generated.

[0012] In further detailed embodiments, additional process steps may include, after receiving a request to modify the total number of shares for the security in the marketplace, denying the request. Also, additional process steps may include, after receiving a request to distribute one or more of the shares for the security to one or more compensated employees of the authorized entity, distributing the shares to the compensated employees via the marketplace. The shares for the security may be listed in the marketplace along with one or more information about the security. The information may include one or more of the following: a type of IP asset associated with the security, the reputation of the issuer of the security, and the capabilities of the compensated employees associated with the IP asset. Further process steps may include paying at least a subset of the proceeds in the escrow account as dividend payments to the security holders at specified intervals; and screening the one or more designated IP assets associated with the security for approval to be listed in the marketplace before generating the plurality of shares for the security.

[0013] In a further embodiment, a system may include one or more processors configured to perform operations. Such operations may include maintaining a marketplace for securitized IP, receiving a request to register securities, registering the securities, generating shares for the securities, publicly listing one or more of the shares, and depositing gross proceeds. The marketplace may include multiple users, each associated with an account. The request may be from an authorized entity to register securities associated with one or more specified IP assets within the marketplace. The securities may be registered within the marketplace. Registration may include accepting an escrow account for the securities, executing an agreement providing that all gross proceeds from the IP assets will be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders, and generating multiple shares for the securities for trading within the marketplace. Based on the request from the authorized entity to list the shares, one or more shares may be publicly listed within the marketplace. Gross proceeds associated with the securities may be deposited into the escrow account at specified intervals.

[0014] In various detailed embodiments, registering the securities may include determining a notional fair value for the securities, representing the value at which a subscription share of the securities would be purchased to provide liquidity to the market. This determination may be made via one or more artificial intelligence ("AI") models. Inputs to the one or more AI models may include one or more of the authorized entity associated with the securities, one or more employees of the authorized entity working on one or more IP assets associated with the securities, one or more security holders, one or more exchange-traded funds ("ETFs") that include the securities, and buy-side and sell-side pressure and volume for the securities. Outputs of the one or more AI models may include one or more of a valuation model for any security and trading volume and volatility forecasts for the security.

[0015] In a further embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may contain instructions including instructions for maintaining a marketplace for securitized IP, receiving a request to register securities, registering the securities, creating shares for the securities, publicly listing one or more of the shares, and depositing gross proceeds. The marketplace may include a plurality of users, each associated with an account. The request may be from an authorized entity to register securities associated with one or more specified IP assets within the marketplace. The securities may be registered within the marketplace. Registration may include accepting an escrow account for the securities, executing an agreement providing that all gross proceeds from the IP assets will be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders, and creating a plurality of shares for the securities for trading within the marketplace. Based on the request from the authorized entity to list the shares, one or more shares may be publicly listed within the marketplace. Gross proceeds associated with the securities may be deposited into the escrow account at specified intervals.

[0016] Other devices, methods, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional devices, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of this disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0017] Detailed Description of the Drawings The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only to provide examples of possible structures, arrangements, and methods for machine learning based document identification and tokenization, which may include a marketplace for securitized intellectual property with clearing and settlement of equity tokenization and transfers. These drawings are not intended to limit in any way the changes in form and detail that may be made to the present disclosure by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0018] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment in which an embodiment may operate.

[0019] [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary computer system that may execute instructions to implement portions of the methods related to tokenizing IP securities herein.

[0020] [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method that may be implemented in an embodiment for tokenizing IP securities.

[0021] [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary computer system that may execute instructions for performing some of the methods herein with respect to trading IP securities within a marketplace.

[0022] [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method that may be implemented in an embodiment relating to trading of IP securities within a marketplace.

[0023] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a dependency graph for categorical features for embedding in an automatic evaluation mechanism, according to one embodiment.

[0024] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 illustrates one example embodiment of an artificial intelligence (hereinafter "AI") model diagram including a prediction flow for an automated evaluation mechanism, according to one embodiment.

[0025] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer that may perform the processing in one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] Detailed Description DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the invention, some of which or aspects thereof are illustrated in the drawings.

[0027] Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments for clarity of explanation, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the described embodiments. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the scope defined by any claims. The following embodiments of the present invention are described without loss of generality and without imposing limitations on the claimed invention. In the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. Additionally, well-known features may not be described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

[0028] Additionally, it should be understood that the steps of the exemplary method set forth in this exemplary patent may be performed in a different order than presented herein, that some steps of the exemplary method may be performed in parallel rather than sequentially, and that the steps of the exemplary method may be performed in a networked environment where some steps are performed by different computers in the networked environment.

[0029] Some embodiments are implemented by a computer system, which may include a processor, a memory, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may store instructions for performing the methods and steps described herein.

[0030] Financialization is the process by which financial markets come to encompass ever-increasing portions of real economic activity. This means that ever-increasing portions of the market economy are represented by increasingly sophisticated, tradable financial instruments. When done properly, the financialization of previously illiquid, or effectively non-tradable, assets creates new markets for goods and services and makes the entire economy more efficient by connecting these markets to institutional capital. For example, companies have recently been successful in creating new markets for homeowners and car owners to sell time-limited access to their assets. While these services have been available for some time, selling them without a market to provide liquidity was impractical.

[0031] Today, a disproportionate amount of stock market capitalization is made up of "mega-cap" stocks worth billions or even trillions of dollars. At the same time, startups and smaller companies are delaying their initial public offerings and the associated compliance costs for as long as possible, with the unfortunate result that stock-based compensation to their most valued employees is becoming almost completely illiquid and therefore worthless. Implementing a solution to this unsustainable situation could avoid the risks and regulatory burdens associated with a full-scale initial public offering ("IPO"), significantly reduce costs, and avoid keeping valued employees and investors waiting for years.

[0032] Thus, there exists a need in the field of financial trading to create new and useful systems and methods for providing a marketplace for trading shares of IP securities. The root of this problem, as discovered by the inventors, is the lack of an exchange for securitized IP assets, including the process of tokenizing IP securities as well as the clearing and settlement of transactions within the securitized IP marketplace. In some embodiments, such an exchange could take the form of a blockchain built for IP securities associated with IP assets, which would actually provide tangible cost and regulatory advantages over the systems it replaces. Financial products that allow for the securitization of constituent assets of organizations, such as corporations, without the administrative or regulatory overhead of maintaining separate subsidiaries, would make stock markets more efficient by allowing investors to connect individual assets, thereby enabling employers to tailor employee incentive plans to specific projects and allowing compensated employees to liquidate their investments in their employer's businesses, whether or not the employer is a publicly traded company.

[0033] As one example use case, an organization could be a privately funded think tank that develops its own IP assets and earns revenue through licensing and consulting related to those IP. By securitizing the IP assets themselves, the organization could reward employees based on their contributions to specific assets. It could also protect employee stock compensation from dilution as the organization continues to raise larger fundraising rounds.

[0034] Another use case might be when a highly visible umbrella organization is restructured such that the cash flows of the individual organizations under the umbrella organization suddenly become visible to its investors. Several large institutional investors are unhappy with the amount of money the umbrella organization has invested internally in speculative businesses. This causes the umbrella organization to cancel numerous related projects for such speculative businesses, even though many other investors appreciate the company's willingness to engage in these ventures and even though many employees are willing to accept different compensation packages rather than lose their jobs. Because there was no mechanism for investors or employees to adjust their investment portfolios to align with individual speculative ideas and intellectual property assets, the market is not functioning efficiently.

[0035] Another use case involves mergers and acquisitions, which constitute a significant part of private equity transactions. Mergers and acquisitions may typically require a restructuring of one or both businesses, depending on the motivation for the transaction. For example, in a vertical integration, two companies may seek to reduce overall costs by pooling productive assets and eliminating administrative redundancies. For example, a target company may be deemed to have little value except for particularly talented employees. Such transactions can be made more efficient and fairer by allowing the market to value individual company assets, which may or may not be the desired target of the transaction.

[0036] Currently, the only way for a company to securitize a single asset is to have that asset housed in its own subsidiary, which, for example, has its own tax identification number, payroll, management team, reporting agency, etc. The administrative costs associated with this are often prohibitive even for well-established, revenue-generating assets and completely unreasonable for new, speculative assets. New assets, especially those not yet generating revenue, are inherently difficult to value due to their lack of performance history and are illiquid by default due, for example, to a lack of qualified buyers and legal restrictions on trading by compensated employees (who may be classified as insiders). A key technical challenge in implementing a market for securitized intellectual property is to value and provide liquidity to large pools of individually securitized assets, many of which are completely illiquid on their own, with absolute minimal administrative costs. To this end, certain embodiments of the marketplace may include a valuation mechanism, as discussed in more detail below, that is used to provide valuations for IP assets relative to securities that do not have performance histories and other common data used for valuation.

[0037] In one embodiment directed to tokenizing IP securities, a system maintains a marketplace for securitized IP including multiple users, each associated with an account, receives a request from an authorized entity to register securities associated with one or more specified IP assets in the marketplace, and registers the securities in the marketplace. The registration includes accepting an escrow account for the securities, executing a contract providing that all gross proceeds from the IP assets will be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders, and creating multiple shares of the securities for trading within the marketplace. The system publicly lists one or more of the shares of the securities in the marketplace based on a request from the authorized entity to list the shares, and deposits gross proceeds associated with the securities into the escrow account at designated intervals.

[0038] In another embodiment directed to the clearing and settlement of transactions within a securitized IP marketplace, a system receives a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request, calculates a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request, generates a unique token for the trade request, executes a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application, executes a transfer of currency in the amount of the purchase price from a buyer to the clearing house application, and executes the transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller, and processes the trade request by:

[0039] In some embodiments, various features of the securitized IP marketplace may be implemented using blockchain and / or smart contract technology. A blockchain is a list of data blocks linked together using cryptographic functions. A blockchain begins with a genesis block, and every subsequent block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block and a set of new transactions. This approach ensures the integrity of the transaction records on the blockchain with respect to the complexity of the hash function used. In some scenarios, the system's use of blockchain enables a decentralized marketplace. For example, a maintaining institutional client may be able to run the software that launches the marketplace using their preferred combination of resources and / or hardware (whether via a cloud-based service or directly owned), rather than having to develop their own version of the marketplace.

[0040] Additionally or alternatively, in certain scenarios, a system's use of blockchain may improve market governance compared to existing stock markets. One advantage of blockchain architecture is that it allows for configurations in which all participants run the same software. For example, blockchain architecture may allow all participants to share a single replicated database and a method for authorizing access to that database. This provides market operators (i.e., software publishers) with a much higher level of control over trading behavior than previously possible. Traditionally, for example, large banks and brokers built their own trading platforms that communicated largely via the Financial Information Exchange protocol ("FIX"). This prevented the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") from easily implementing new rules, such as banning stock lending or rejecting orders that would result in price movements of more than 5%, because there was no way to automatically update all trading platforms connected to the exchange or to ban traders who refused to abide by the new rules. However, the new configuration possibilities with blockchain architecture enable the implementation of these types of new rules and the governance over them.

[0041] In some embodiments, various features may be implemented using cryptocurrency technology. In some embodiments, virtual wallets may be used to facilitate blockchain transactions. In some embodiments, virtual wallets may be used to hold funds in various currencies, including fiat and / or cryptocurrencies. Smart contracts are self-executing programs stored on the blockchain that automatically execute when predetermined conditions are met.

[0042] Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the remaining detailed description, claims, and drawings. The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0043] 1 illustrates an exemplary environment in which an embodiment may operate. In this exemplary environment 100, a client device 150 is connected to a processing engine 102 and a securities marketplace 140. The processing engine 102 is connected to the securities marketplace 140 and, as needed, to one or more repositories and / or databases, including, for example, an IP asset repository 130, a securities repository 132, and / or a user account repository 134. One or more of the databases may be combined or separated into multiple databases. The client device 150 in this environment may be a computer. The securities marketplace 140 and the processing engine 102 may be applications or software hosted on a single computer or on multiple computers communicatively coupled via a remote server or locally.

[0044] Although exemplary environment 100 is illustrated as having only one client device, one processing engine, and one securities marketplace, in practice there may be a greater or lesser number of additional client devices, processing engines, and / or securities marketplaces. In some embodiments, the client device(s), processing engine(s), and / or securities marketplace(s) may be part of the same computer or device.

[0045] 2 or other methods herein, thereby providing a marketplace for trading shares of IP securities. In some embodiments, this may be achieved through communication with client devices, the processing engine, the securities marketplace, and / or other device(s) over a network between the device(s) and an application server or some other network server. In some embodiments, the processing engine 102 is part of an application, browser extension, or other software hosted on a computer or similar device, or is itself a computer or similar device configured to host parts of an application, browser extension, or other software that implements parts of the methods and embodiments herein.

[0046] Client device 150 is a device capable of acquiring, sending, and receiving data. In some embodiments, a client device is a computing device capable of hosting and executing one or more applications or other programs capable of acquiring, sending, and receiving data. In some embodiments, a client device may be a computer desktop or laptop, a mobile phone, a virtual assistant, a virtual reality or augmented reality device, a wearable device, or other suitable device capable of acquiring, sending, and receiving information. In some embodiments, processing engine 102 and / or securities marketplace 140 may be hosted in whole or in part as an application or web service running on client device 150. In some embodiments, one or more of securities marketplace 140, processing engine 102, and client device 150 may be the same device. In some embodiments, client device 150 is associated with a first user account within a securities marketplace, and one or more additional client devices may be associated with additional user account(s) within the securities marketplace.

[0047] In some embodiments, optional repositories may include IP asset repository 130, securities repository 132, and / or user account repository 134. The optional repositories are capable of storing and / or maintaining information and / or documents related to IP assets, information related to IP securities, and information related to users of the securities marketplace and their associated accounts within the platform, respectively. The optional database(s) may also store and / or maintain other suitable information for processing engine 102 or securities marketplace 140 to implement elements of the methods and systems described herein. In some embodiments, queries may be sent by one or more components of system 100 (e.g., by processing engine 102) to the optional database(s) to retrieve specific stored data in the database(s).

[0048] Securities marketplace 140 is a platform configured to facilitate the buying, selling, and trading of IP securities. In some embodiments, the platform is further configured to tokenize IP securities, i.e., create shares of IP securities. In some embodiments, the platform is further configured to enable clearing and settlement of transfers of IP securities.

[0049] 2A illustrates an exemplary computer system 200 having software modules that may execute instructions that implement portions of the methods related to tokenizing IP securities described herein. In one embodiment, the illustrated modules are components of the processing engine 102.

[0050] The marketplace module 202 is functional to maintain a marketplace for securitized IP, including multiple users, each associated with an account.

[0051] The request module 204 is operable to receive a request from an authorized entity to list securities associated with one or more specified IP assets within the marketplace.

[0052] The escrow account module 206 has the functionality to accept escrow accounts for securities and transfer gross proceeds related to the securities to the escrow accounts at specified intervals.

[0053] The agreement module 208 functions to execute agreements that stipulate that all gross proceeds from IP assets are to be paid into an escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders.

[0054] The shares module 210 has the functionality to create multiple shares for a security for trading within the marketplace.

[0055] The listing module 212 is operable to publicly list one or more of the shares for the security within the marketplace based on a request from an authorized entity to list the shares.

[0056] The above modules and their functions are described in more detail below in connection with exemplary methods.

[0057] FIG. 2B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method that may be implemented in embodiments relating to tokenization of IP securities.

[0058] In step 220, the system maintains a marketplace for securitized IP (hereinafter abbreviated as "Securities Marketplace").

[0059] The securities marketplace has multiple users, each associated with an account. In some embodiments, each user may be associated with one or more accounts. In some embodiments, each user may be, for example, one or more of the following: an original holder of one or more IP assets (i.e., an IP holder); an originator of IP securities associated with one or more IP assets; an original holder of one or more shares of IP securities; a purchaser of one or more shares of IP securities (i.e., a shareholder in the IP securities); a potential purchaser, seller, or trader of shares of IP securities; or other potential users seeking to utilize the functionality of the securities marketplace.

[0060] In some embodiments, the securities marketplace is maintained by an entity ("maintaining entity"), which may be one or more of the securities marketplace developer, host, provider, and / or issuer. The securities marketplace may be hosted on one or more servers and may be communicatively connected to one or more local or remote databases or websites that serve as repositories of data, information, and / or assets.

[0061] In some embodiments, an account associated with a user may maintain a balance. The balance may be any amount (including zero or, in some embodiments, a negative amount) and may represent an amount of economic value tied to a particular currency. In some embodiments, a user account may be associated with one or more holdings. The holdings represent shares of securities in the marketplace that the user currently holds. In various embodiments, a user account may additionally maintain, for example, one or more user settings, user preference options, information about the user's device(s), or other information about the user or the user's account that may be related to the securities marketplace.

[0062] In step 230, the system receives a request from an authorized entity to register securities associated with one or more specified IP assets within the marketplace. As used herein, an IP asset may represent one or more of a granted patent, a pending non-provisional patent application, a provisional patent application, a peer-reviewed paper (such as an article in a scientific journal), a prototype, a product at one of various stages of development or completion, a registered copyright or trademark, a technical document or description, a book, a software program, a work of art, a recorded musical work, a video, or any other document, book, legal document, software, or other representation that may represent "intellectual property" in some way or form.

[0063] In various embodiments, an authorized entity may be a person with the authority and qualification to act with respect to the registration of IP securities. In some embodiments, an authorized entity may be a person with the authority to act on behalf of other persons (i.e., shareholders) who are qualified to act with respect to IP securities.

[0064] In some embodiments, the request to register the securities is received electronically. In some embodiments, the request is submitted via a user interface displayed on a client device for the securities marketplace that provides an electronic form to be completed and submitted. In other embodiments, the request is submitted via one or more of email, electronic message(s), a non-electronic physical form (e.g., a paper form) that can be sent via physical mail, or any other suitable electronic or non-electronic form for submitting a request.

[0065] The request to register a security includes information related to the security, including at least a list of one or more IP assets corresponding to the IP security. This information may be information associated with the entity authorized to submit the request, information about one or more user accounts and / or client devices associated with the entity authorized to submit the request, the number of shares requested to be created, contracts executed as a prerequisite to trading of the security within the Marketplace, or other relevant information for creating the IP security for listing within the Marketplace.

[0066] In some embodiments, the system reviews one or more designated IP assets associated with the security for approval to be listed within the marketplace. In various embodiments, this review may be performed, for example, manually, automatically, or semi-automatically. In some embodiments, the review includes some analysis or processing of the content (e.g., documents) that constitute one or more IP assets associated with the security. For example, the review may determine whether a submitted paper has been published in a peer-reviewed publication, whether the current status of a patent application is pending, allowed, or abandoned, or whether the content of the document has been determined to refer to an idea that is widely considered scientifically impossible, such as an idea that violates the laws of thermodynamics. In various embodiments, the review may additionally or alternatively be based, at least in part, on original authorship (or lack thereof), the legitimacy of the idea, the author(s)' expertise in the relevant field, market demand, potential profits, and / or other relevant criteria or factors.

[0067] In some embodiments, the system determines a notional fair value for the security, representing the value at which a subscription share of the security would be purchased to provide liquidity to the market. In some embodiments, this determination is made via one or more artificial intelligence (hereinafter, "AI") models. In various embodiments, the AI ​​models may include, for example, one or more convolutional neural networks, deep neural networks, deep learning techniques, machine learning techniques, or related techniques, networks, or systems for facilitating AI determination, prediction, or classification.

[0068] In order for a securities marketplace to provide consistent liquidity and prevent price manipulation, orders within the marketplace must be deemed cleared by the marketplace's maintainer. In some embodiments, many or all of the orders may actually be executed by an operator. The desire and requirement to minimize administrative costs, including the cost of creating a market as well as the cost of issuing new securities, necessitates an automatic or semi-automatic "valuation mechanism" within the system to stabilize prices. In some embodiments, the valuation mechanism within such a system calculates a notional fair value for each security in order to purchase reserve securities and provide liquidity to the overall market.

[0069] When new securities are listed, it is often very difficult or impossible to obtain macro-level performance information for the securities that corresponds to the value of intellectual property assets. Often, the only information available may be information about the entity that requested the securities be listed. Therefore, AI models, such as neural network models, can be trained using such data to support pricing models for new securities listed on a marketplace. When no one is willing to sell shares, market makers typically set a fair value price for the security. This AI-assisted pricing of new securities additionally prohibits users from, for example, buying a large number of shares of the new security at a low price, leading other users to believe that the security's price is likely to skyrocket, and then profiting from the situation they created. The valuation mechanism can create more balanced, long-tail-oriented prices for new securities, resulting in a safer market.

[0070] In some embodiments, inputs to the one or more AI models may include one or more of: entities with authority associated with the registration of the securities; one or more employees of entities with authority to work on one or more IP assets associated with the securities (proportional to their compensation); one or more security holders (e.g., investors and other shareholders); one or more exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that include the securities (proportional to the trading volume of the securities and / or the size of the ETF); and / or buyer and seller pressure and volume for the securities. An ETF is a fund traded within a marketplace, and investors in the ETF obtain a bundle of assets, e.g., a collection of dozens or hundreds of different IP securities. This bundle of assets can then be purchased or sold within the marketplace in the same way as individual IP securities. In some embodiments, actual price data from buyers and sellers, if available, may be included as input to the AI ​​model. In some embodiments, outputs of the one or more AI models include a valuation model for any security and / or one or more trading volume and volatility predictions for all securities in the marketplace. In some embodiments, the training data set for the AI ​​model is unsupervised in nature to prevent humans from modifying the model and enabling fraudulent or insider trading.

[0071] In some embodiments, because the prices of illiquid securities can be relatively easily manipulated, trading of illiquid securities is only permitted by the marketplace through ETFs if the ETF itself is liquid. To some extent, it may be possible to influence the price of a security by, for example, including it in a popular ETF that includes more popular securities, even if doing so is not necessarily appropriate (e.g., adding shares of low-budget indie films to an ETF called "Mega Cap Technology"). The primary disincentive to this strategy is the reputational damage it would cause to ETF holders, but the potential for profit is minimized by the long training period of the pricing model. Furthermore, attempts to falsely provide liquidity to illiquid securities are readily mitigated by allowing trading of individual securities.

[0072] To some extent, it may be possible to influence the price of a security by placing unexecutable orders to influence market pricing models. Therefore, in some embodiments, to mitigate this risk, order data is intentionally weighted according to how likely an order is to be executed during model training.

[0073] In one embodiment, categorical inputs to the AI ​​model(s) (e.g., authorized entities, employees, investors, etc.) require vector embedding as a preprocessing step. An example of such vector embedding is described in detail with respect to FIG. 4.

[0074] 4 is a diagram illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a dependency graph for categorical features to be embedded in an automated valuation mechanism, according to one embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, categorical inputs 410 are shown on the left and vector embeddings 420 are shown on the right. Categorical inputs 410, shown on the left, include the original organizational units ("OUs"): authorized entities, investors, holdings, ETFs, and ETF contents. In this exemplary embodiment, the authorized entities input is input to a recurrent neural network ("RNN"), the investors and holdings inputs are input to a distance function, and the ETFs and ETF contents are input to a distance function.

[0075] In one embodiment, the distance function in the example embodiment is: (Investors) x (Securities) = (Quantity) (ETF) x (Securities) = (Quantity) represents the Cartesian distances between points in the sparse matrix

[0076] The ETF embeddings are normalized by the size of the ETF. In some embodiments, more sophisticated embeddings, such as word2vec or group2vec, may be considered. In various embodiments, other possible approaches or strategies for sophisticated embeddings may include, for example, heuristic-based approaches, i.e., trial and error with arbitrary manually defined rules, logistic regression, linear regression, or multiple linear regression, singular value decomposition, kernel method(s), principal component analysis, perceptrons, support vector machines, deep neural networks, pipelines containing more than one of these approaches, simulated markets with multiple individual trading strategies, building individual models for individual stocks or ETFs using any of these approaches independently, exploring the entire algorithm space using decision trees, Monte Carlo Markov chains ("MCMC"), or genetic algorithms, or other suitable or related approaches.

[0077] Such approaches are directly related to predicting the price of a security. However, in reality, the market price of a security depends on the behavior of traders, not on inherent characteristics of the security. Therefore, in some embodiments, it may be more productive to construct a simulation of market dynamics with many agents, i.e., simulated traders, each following their own independent strategies (e.g., one or more of the approaches described above, or simply a strategy that operates randomly), and then fit the performance of the simulation to the market's past performance to determine the market price.

[0078] However, in other embodiments, a distance function may be used, which is a more granular and general approach to calculating vectors for each category (i.e., investors or ETFs) in terms of similarity to the same input in other categories. An authorized entity requires a vector embedding that can handle trees with any number of levels in its hierarchy, such as an RNN in the exemplary embodiment.

[0079] In one embodiment, the vector-embedded category inputs are then concatenated into a single "security" input, as shown in FIG. 5, and input into a trading (i.e., market pricing) model.

[0080] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an artificial intelligence (hereinafter, "AI") model diagram including a prediction flow for an automated valuation mechanism, according to one embodiment. The exemplary embodiment particularly illustrates a deep learning model including a prediction flow (indicated by a solid arrow) on the left and a training flow (indicated by a dotted arrow) on the right. Within the prediction flow, authorized entities, investor holdings, and ETF structures are input to a convolutional neural network ("CNN") and a deep neural network ("DNN") for securities. In one embodiment, the investor holdings and ETF structure inputs are time-dependent, i.e., quantized by a unit time (e.g., 1 second) while the authorized entity input remains unchanged. The CNN then generates prices that include both the buy and sell prices, i.e., the "spread" for the securities. To prevent overfitting, "dropout" is applied instead of removing a portion of the input dataset for validation. Losses are then calculated. A DNN, on the other hand, generates a volume that represents the total volume of all orders, not just the calculated trades, i.e., including orders that were not filled, weighted by their inverse difference from the market price. A price function is implemented as a CNN because, in practice (i.e., when used to price securities in real time), a CNN does not have access to future prices; instead, the CNN is configured to accurately reproduce the market's past price movements. In contrast, a volume function is specifically configured to behave differently in the future than in the past by causing more orders to be filled, thus increasing the overall market trading volume. This is why it is implemented as a fully connected (i.e., deep) neural network.

[0081] In various embodiments, the model's function is to maximize liquidity for each security by one or more of: 1) maintaining a small number of shares of each security for sale at a given time when the market is open; 2) determining the price of each security even when there are no outstanding orders; and 3) maximizing trading volume across the market. The marketplace can profit from the "spread" between the purchase price and the sale price but incurs risk if the value of its balance sheet changes rapidly. Model outputs must be kept confidential to prevent market manipulation, while inputs must be public. As used herein, "public" means accessible to all market participants, i.e., all users within the marketplace, to ensure standards of fairness and impartiality within the market.

[0082] In some embodiments, trading of illiquid securities is permitted only through ETFs composed of many individual securities if the ETF itself is liquid, since in some circumstances the price of an illiquid security may not be difficult to manipulate. In some embodiments, some default ETFs are defined by the market operator (e.g., “all securities,” “less than one month,” “zero revenue,” “revenue-yielding,” etc.), but eligible investors may also define their own ETFs, so long as each aggregated ETF meets the market's liquidity requirements. In various embodiments, these ETFs may be statically defined (e.g., by compiling a weighted list of securities matching subjective categories like “software,” “financials,” or “space exploration”) to include all securities that meet programmatic selection criteria (e.g., “revenue growth greater than 5% per month”), or dynamically defined via smart contracts. In some embodiments, traders may define smart contracts to behave more complexly, such as defining options contracts with specific dates and strike prices, or financial instruments that hedge risk to compensated employees who cannot increase liquidity in large quantities of a single security.

[0083] Returning to FIG. 2B, in step 240, the system accepts an escrow account for the securities. In some embodiments, a new escrow account is created for use in connection with the securities. In some embodiments, the escrow account is specifically used to pay dividends to shareholders at specified intervals. The dividends are the gross proceeds received in connection with the securities. In some embodiments, an existing escrow account is accepted from the user or authorized entity registering the securities. In some embodiments, the system performs checks to ensure that the escrow account meets all requirements for holding funds related to a market order for the securities. The idea is that funds received by the seller in exchange for shares are deposited into the escrow account, and that funds can only be withdrawn from the escrow account by the seller under certain limited conditions.

[0084] In step 250, the system executes a contract stipulating that all gross proceeds from the IP assets be paid into an escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders. In some embodiments, this contract is a smart contract. In some cases, a smart contract may be preferable to avoid the marketplace maintainer and / or users having to maintain and track individual contracts and the relationships of the contract parties. Smart contracts may also provide the benefit of transparent and consistent enforcement of terms. If an individual contributor to an IP, such as a single inventor listed in a patent application, holds a security interest in that IP, that contributor may benefit from the IP's appreciation increasing over time in a consistent and transparent manner. This is facilitated by smart contracts for securities.

[0085] In some embodiments, the agreement further provides that the authorized entity agrees not to enter into any other agreements regarding the distribution of gross revenues from the IP assets. That is, the executed agreement is exclusive with respect to regulating how gross revenues from the IP assets are distributed to the security holders. In some embodiments, the agreement provides that the security holders no longer have the right to sell their shares of the security through other means, such as non-tokenized royalty agreements. In some embodiments, the agreement provides that the shareholders are collectively the security holders. In such cases, it may be important for the authorized entity, such as a corporation holding IP rights to the IP assets, to have a majority investment and ownership in the stock in order to ensure that the authorized entity receives the expected majority of the gross revenues from the IP.

[0086] In step 260, the system generates shares for the security for trading within the marketplace. In one embodiment, the process of generating shares includes generating a new IP security within the marketplace. In one embodiment, the IP security is a data object generated for use in the backend of the security marketplace.

[0087] In some embodiments, generating a plurality of shares for a security includes generating a positive integer number of shares of the security such that shares of the security cannot be subdivided. In some embodiments, once shares are generated, the quantity of a plurality of shares for the security cannot be modified. In some embodiments, the system receives a request to modify the total number of shares for a security in a marketplace and then rejects the request. For example, the number of shares generated may be 10 million shares. This number cannot be changed, and any transaction on the exchange that would change the total number of shares must be rejected.

[0088] In some embodiments, the process of generating shares for a security includes verifying the accuracy of information associated with the request to register the shares to determine the validity of related IP assets and other relevant details. In some embodiments, verifying the accuracy of the information includes cross-referencing the information submitted with the request with data from one or more databases or websites. In various embodiments, such databases or websites may be maintained as part of or external to the securities marketplace and may be maintained by the entity maintaining the securities marketplace or by another third party.

[0089] In one embodiment, verifying the accuracy of the record information includes determining that the associated IP assets have not previously been associated with any securities in the marketplace, i.e., if the information submitted with the request is identical to or overlaps with the associated IP assets of one or more previously created securities or shares, the request is denied.

[0090] In step 270, the system publicly lists one or more of the shares for the security in the marketplace based on a request from an authorized entity to list the shares.

[0091] In some embodiments, a trading section of a securities marketplace is displayed to a user. In some embodiments, a user may view a user interface for the marketplace displayed via a client device, and the trading section is displayed within the user interface. In various embodiments, the trading section may include, for example, trading charts including prices and trading volumes for IP securities listed within the exchange. The system may publicly list newly created shares for newly registered securities within the trading section. In some embodiments, an order book may be displayed showing current orders active within the exchange and an order entry section that allows users to submit trade requests, including purchase requests (i.e., buy order requests) for potential buyers of shares and sell requests (i.e., sell order requests) for potential sellers of shares. In various embodiments, a trade request may be, for example, one or more of a market order, a limit order, a stop order, or a stop-limit order. For example, a limit sell order may involve a request to sell at least a subset of shares at a specified sale price or higher.

[0092] In some embodiments, shares for a security are listed within the Marketplace along with one or more pieces of information about the security. In some embodiments, the information includes one or more of the type of IP asset associated with the security, the reputation of the issuer of the security, and / or the capabilities of compensated employees associated with the IP asset. In some embodiments, this information can be viewed by any user of the Marketplace.

[0093] In step 280, the system deposits the gross proceeds for the securities into an escrow account. In some embodiments, the system deposits this gross proceeds at specified intervals. This interval may be specified in the contract or by other mechanisms within the system. In some embodiments, this may be specified by default or may be specified by one or more parties to the contract and agreed to by all parties to the contract.

[0094] In some embodiments, the system may be configured to distribute funds from the escrow account at specified time intervals, i.e., the total revenue deposited in the escrow account, as dividends to be distributed to security holders, i.e., shareholders. In some embodiments, the specified times may be specified in a contract (e.g., a smart contract) and implemented within the marketplace. This implementation may be automatic (e.g., when a smart contract is executed), manual, or semi-automated. In some embodiments, the contract additionally stipulates one or more conditions that determine how the funds are divided and / or distributed to shareholders.

[0095] In some embodiments, an authorized entity holds a majority investment in the securities as a security holder. In various embodiments, this is arranged in a contract or is executed automatically. For example, in some embodiments, an authorized entity may hold a majority of the distributed shares as part of a securities registration or share creation. Alternatively, an executed smart contract may lead to the authorized entity holding a majority of the distributed shares. In some embodiments, if an authorized entity wants to become a majority shareholder, they must manually confirm that they will purchase a majority of the shares, as there is no automated mechanism for this to occur.

[0096] In some embodiments, the system receives a request to distribute one or more of the shares in the securities to one or more compensated employees of the authorized entity, and then distributes the shares to the compensated employees via the marketplace. In some embodiments, this is specifically arranged in a smart contract and is performed automatically as part of the executed smart contract. In some embodiments, the distribution of shares to the employees occurs during registration of the securities, during creation of the shares, or during the public listing of the shares within the marketplace. This employee distribution may be useful in scenarios such as when the authorized entity wants its investor employees to have some stake in inventions (e.g., patent applications filed or patents granted) to which they have made substantial contributions.

[0097] 3A illustrates an exemplary computer system 300 having software modules that may execute instructions for performing portions of the methods herein with respect to trading IP securities within a marketplace. In one embodiment, the illustrated modules are components of the processing engine 102.

[0098] The trade request module 302 is operable to receive trade requests corresponding to at least a subset of the listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets, the trade requests representing either purchase requests or sale requests.

[0099] The pricing module 304 is operable to calculate a total price for a trade request based on a subset of the shares in the trade request.

[0100] The token module 306 is responsible for generating a unique token for a transaction request.

[0101] The stock transfer module 308 has the functionality to execute the transfer of stock from the seller of the stock to the clearing house application.

[0102] The currency transfer module 310 functions to effect the transfer of currency in the amount of the purchase price from the buyer to the clearinghouse application.

[0103] The clearing house module 312 has the functionality to execute transfers of stock from the clearing house application to buyers and transfers of currency from the clearing house application to sellers.

[0104] The above modules and their functions are described in further detail with respect to the following exemplary method.

[0105] FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method that may be implemented in embodiments relating to trading of IP securities within a marketplace.

[0106] At step 320, the system receives a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of the listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request.

[0107] In some embodiments, the trade request is received electronically. In some embodiments, the trade request is submitted via a securities marketplace user interface that provides an electronic form to be completed and submitted. In other embodiments, the trade request is submitted via one or more of email, electronic message(s), telephone, or other suitable electronic or non-electronic form for submitting a request.

[0108] In one embodiment, the trade request may include whether to buy or sell shares, the number of shares to buy or sell, and the buy or sell price for the shares. The order is then submitted by the user and, once approved by system requirements, appears within the exchange (e.g., on the order book).

[0109] In step 330, the system calculates a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request. In some embodiments, if each share of the selected security has a listed price in the marketplace, the system totals the prices for the desired number of shares of that security. In some embodiments, the system uses an automatic valuation mechanism to set or adjust one or more prices after the trade request is submitted. Once the system displays the set or adjusted price, the user who submitted the request may have the option to proceed with the order at the set or adjusted price or cancel the trade request.

[0110] In some embodiments, the system matches trade requests with complementary buy or sell requests. In some embodiments, if a sell order on the book (submitted by a seller) matches a buy order on the book (submitted by a buyer), the sell trade request is matched with the complementary buy request and the order is executed for further processing. In other embodiments, the trade request may proceed without requiring a match, since the trade request is sent only for stocks currently listed in the marketplace and selected by the requester.

[0111] In some embodiments, the system determines that the trade request is for a transaction that will cause a change in the security's price that exceeds a price change threshold. Based on this determination, the system rejects the trade request. This rejection may occur when the system determines that the transaction will affect the marketplace's liquidity pool or specified liquidity requirements. The price change threshold may be specified and configured by a maintenance entity for the marketplace, an AI model that calculates the price change threshold per security, or other similar methods.

[0112] In some embodiments, the system determines that the trade request constitutes a request to lend shares to a borrower and, based on this determination, rejects the trade request. In some cases, the system may prohibit the lending of shares. This prohibition may be appropriate, for example, because the lending of shares could potentially be used to manipulate prices by creating a balance sheet in which all outstanding shares are greater than the market capitalization of the security.

[0113] In some embodiments, all transactions must be explicitly approved by the buyer, seller, and exchange before the transaction is considered valid by the marketplace and approved to proceed. Such approval may occur via one or more user interface elements displayed on client devices associated with the buyer, seller, and / or the entity maintaining the marketplace. In some embodiments, institutional market participants have the option of not holding their customers responsible for unauthorized transactions.

[0114] In step 340, the system generates a unique token for the transaction request. In one embodiment, the unique token is represented as a unique transaction identification (hereinafter "ID") number.

[0115] In some embodiments, the unique token for the trade request is associated with at least one of the buyer's user account within the marketplace, the purchase price for the trade request, and one or more sources of the purchased shares, hi some embodiments, the one or more sources of the purchased shares are each associated with a unique token that is different from the unique token associated with the trade request.

[0116] In step 350, the system executes the transfer of shares from the seller of the shares to the clearing house application. In one embodiment, the system executes the transfer by transferring the required number of shares from a user account associated with the seller to the clearing house application. In one embodiment, the clearing house application is configured to hold the shares of the securities in a secure account, repository, wallet, or other secure means for holding shares of securities within the marketplace.

[0117] In some embodiments, the clearing house application is an application within the system, such as an application configured to run on a client device, such as a client device associated with one or more agents of the marketplace maintainer. In some embodiments, the clearing house application may be an application executable on a blockchain, such as the blockchain powering the marketplace. The clearing house application may take the form of, for example, a smart contract. In some embodiments, the clearing house application has the authority to receive each seller's shares and each buyer's currency, and the clearing house application further has the authority to transfer currency directly to sellers and shares directly to buyers. In some embodiments, the clearing house application only performs such transfers upon clearing or rejecting a trade. In some embodiments, this may allow users, for example, to report fraudulent trades before they are cleared or to reject trades made by users who have found ways to circumvent governance rules.

[0118] In some embodiments, the seller is the first account associated with the transfer, and the second account is the buyer associated with the transfer. In some embodiments, the seller and buyer and their respective accounts are identified during an earlier step involving matching a buy order with a sell order. In other embodiments, the seller account is the account listing the stock for sale on the marketplace, and the buyer account is the account that initiated the transfer request.

[0119] In step 360, the system executes a currency transfer from the buyer to the clearinghouse application in the amount of the purchase price. In some embodiments, this involves settling the purchase order by transferring the funds needed for the purchase from an account associated with the buyer to the clearinghouse application. In some embodiments, the currency transfer involves transferring economic value from an account associated with the buyer to the clearinghouse application. In some embodiments, the clearinghouse application is configured to hold the currency funds in a secure account, repository, wallet, or other secure means for holding funds.

[0120] In various embodiments, the clearing house application may accept only fiat currency, only cryptocurrency, or either fiat currency or cryptocurrency. In some embodiments, the clearing house application may have different policies associated with it depending on the security, the authorized entity, or other factors, but in some embodiments, a single policy is applied globally across the marketplace, and any currency that does not conform to this policy will be denied transfer by the clearing house application. In embodiments where the clearing house application accepts cryptocurrency, the purchase price is denominated in the cryptocurrency.

[0121] In step 370, the system executes the transfer of shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of currency from the clearing house application to the seller. In some embodiments, this occurs upon receiving approval of the transfer from the clearing house application. In some embodiments, the shares are deposited into an account associated with the buyer via a mechanism within the marketplace backend that holds and maintains shares and related information and records for each individual shareholder within the marketplace. Thus, the transferred shares are recorded as part of the buyer's portfolio. In some embodiments, the currency is deposited into an account associated with the seller via a mechanism for holding and maintaining currency associated with the seller account. In some embodiments, the currency funds may be transferred to a virtual wallet or other repository for holding funds for a user account within the marketplace.

[0122] In some embodiments, various aspects of the steps described above may be implemented using blockchain techniques. In some embodiments, valid trade requests that result in successful transfers of stock (via step 350 above) and currency (via step 360 above) are recorded as transactions that constitute blocks in the blockchain. In some embodiments, trade actions may be accomplished through the transfer of cryptocurrency from one virtual wallet to another (perhaps in exchange for receiving a reward).

[0123] In one embodiment, the system receives a request for a compliance report regarding executed transactions based on the trade request. Upon receiving the request for the compliance report, the system generates a report of the acquisition cost of the shares in the trade request based on information associated with the trade request and transmits the report to one or more regulatory agencies for compliance purposes.

[0124] In some embodiments, the transaction details associated with the trade request are publicly accessible to at least all users within the exchange who are listed as traders. The details may include, for example, the total purchase price, information identifying the buyer, information identifying the seller, the securities being traded, the number of shares being transferred, etc. In some embodiments, the system writes the transaction details as blocks representing separate transactions to a blockchain that is accessible to at least all users within the exchange who are listed as traders.

[0125] In some embodiments, the system performs a validation check of one or more transaction details on the blockchain, including at least the purchase price of the transaction and the availability of funds associated with the buyer. In some embodiments, the system may mark the validation check as failed based on detecting one or more evidence of fraud, market manipulation, and / or insufficient funds during the validation check. In some embodiments, performing the validation check includes receiving manual or at least semi-manual approval of the transaction if the purchase price of the transaction exceeds a threshold price specified for manual approval.

[0126] In some embodiments, a fault-tolerance approach may be implemented for the blockchain. In some embodiments, each transaction is sent to all nodes hosting all affected capital tables. If any node reports a transaction conflict (e.g., due to a transaction already being processed at the same time), all nodes must reject the transaction. Otherwise, for example, if more than 50% of the nodes report an error, all nodes must reject the transaction, or if less than 50% of the nodes report an error (i.e., the transaction is rejected), those nodes are removed from the cluster. This architecture ensures that more than 50% of the nodes always have a consistent transaction history that can be used to resolve discrepancies or disputes. In some embodiments, these percentages may be replaced with other percentages that better suit a particular system and implementation.

[0127] In one embodiment, the system performs a cryptographic signing of the transaction associated with the trade request. The cryptographic signing is performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account. The system then verifies that the transaction associated with the trade request has been cryptographically signed. This verification is performed using a public key associated with the seller's account.

[0128] In some embodiments, the system receives a request from a seller to withdraw at least a subset of the funds in the escrow account. In response, the system may withdraw at least a subset of the funds in the escrow account to a wallet associated with the seller based on the withdrawal request. In some embodiments, the withdrawal request may be denied if one or more withdrawal conditions are not met. In some embodiments, the withdrawal conditions may include a condition regarding whether the liquidity pool for the marketplace is determined to be sufficiently adversely affected by the withdrawal. In some embodiments, the withdrawal occurs upon verifying that one or more of such liquidity pool conditions are met. In some embodiments, the withdrawal conditions that may be met may include one or more of funds and / or stocks exchangeable for currency that need to be withdrawn for litigation.

[0129] In one embodiment, examples of the operation of the system are further described below.

[0130] 1. The issuer provides, via one or more servers, records detailing its IP assets to be tokenized and supporting configuration information, such as a bank account or crypto wallet, from which revenues will be distributed to holders (token holders).

[0131] 2. The issuer cryptographically signs a smart contract agreeing to deposit all revenue generated by the assets in the configured account / wallet and distribute it pro rata on a specified schedule (e.g., quarterly), and agreeing that only a specific set of market makers approved by the exchange will be permitted to execute transactions transferring ownership of shares in the securitized IP assets.

[0132] 3. A machine learning model trained on similar data uses the provided records to infer a set of portfolio categories that the asset should fall into and that will be profitable. Optionally, this set of categories may include those defined by individual traders or portfolio holders.

[0133] 4. The stock exchange lists the assets for trading (i.e., tokenizes the assets) via one or more servers, but rejects orders to buy or sell shares directly, allowing trading only via bundled derivatives, as there is not enough information for the market to assign a price via direct trading.

[0134] 5. The market maker, via one or more servers, updates the bundled securities' holdings to include the new assets, thereby enabling indirect trading. If necessary, the market maker asks the clearing house to approve the trade. If necessary, the clearing house uses machine learning models to identify which trades are particularly suspect of fraud, including the identity of the counterparty or the trade's intent to manipulate market pricing mechanisms in the trader's favor.

[0135] 6. A machine learning model analyzes these indirect transactions to determine when the asset's price is sufficiently informative relative to the prices of category bundles that the market could directly assign (i.e., when the price difference between bundles that include the new asset and those that do not is consistently positive).

[0136] 7. Once this threshold is reached, market makers update their holdings to include individual shares of the new asset, which then become available for direct trading. If desired, this step may require explicit manual approval from the issuer and some or all market makers.

[0137] 8. If the market later fails to price the security, i.e., if individual pricing information falls below the threshold in step 6, the market maker may freeze direct trading but continue to purchase shares from existing shareholders in order to balance its holdings in the category bundle. If necessary, the exchange may allow "negative prices," i.e., allow shareholders to make payments to liquidate their portfolios for administrative purposes, or allow issuers to buy back shares that no longer have a clear market price.

[0138] In this example, market dynamics are driven by two fundamental, closely related but distinct parameters: price (P) and information (I). This is distinct from securities markets as they function today, which explicitly recognize only one of these parameters (P) and leave it up to market participants (traders, asset managers, market makers, etc.) to manipulate the I parameter as they see fit. Because of this, it is currently impractical to list new securities before confident that significant trading volume will occur; only large companies can go public. Otherwise, the stock market would be flooded with speculative, underpriced stock scams. The systems and methods described herein provide a technical implementation that includes specific rules not only regarding price but also regarding information. The technological innovation that makes this possible is one of decentralized market governance. All trades must be executed by market makers “licensed” by the exchange via smart contracts across one or more servers, and this license requires that market makers adhere to the same set of governance rules issued by the exchange's operator, particularly the listing thresholds in step 6. This is effectively a decentralized app (dApp) distributed via a blockchain, which includes machine learning models in its definition, i.e., verifiable through cryptographic hashing and distributed consensus protocols like Paxos. Without these proper cryptographic checks, markets would malfunction, as market participants would be free to make up their own rules for how to handle the implicit I parameter (as is the case, for example, on the NYSE or Nasdaq today).

[0139] 6 illustrates an exemplary computer that may perform processing in some embodiments. Exemplary computer 600 may perform operations consistent with some embodiments. The architecture of computer 600 is exemplary. The computer may be implemented in a variety of other ways. A wide variety of computers may be used in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0140] The processor 601 may perform computing functions such as executing computer programs. The volatile memory 602 may provide temporary storage of data for the processor 601. RAM is a type of volatile memory. Volatile memory typically requires power to maintain stored information. The storage device 603 provides computer storage for data, instructions, and / or any information. Non-volatile memory is an example of a storage device that can retain data even when power is not applied and includes disks and flash memory. The storage device 603 may be organized as a file system, a database, or in other ways. Data, instructions, and information are loaded from the storage device 603 into the volatile memory 602 for processing by the processor 601.

[0141] The computer 600 may include peripherals 605. The peripherals 605 may include input peripherals such as a keyboard, mouse, trackball, video camera, microphone, and other input devices. The peripherals 605 may also include output devices such as a display. The peripherals 605 may also include removable media devices such as CD-R and DVD-R recorders / players. The communication device 606 may connect the computer 100 to external media. For example, the communication device 606 may take the form of a network adapter that provides communication over a network. The computer 600 may also include various other devices 604. The various components of the computer 600 may be connected by a connection medium such as a bus, crossbar, or network.

[0142] It will be understood that the present disclosure may include any one to all of the following examples.

[0143] Example 1. A method for training a machine learning model to perform a value judgment function regarding electronic documents or records, wherein the machine learning model is trained on a plurality of different types of electronic documents or records, comprising: receiving, by a first group of one or more servers, a first electronic request from a first computing device related to a first electronic document, the request including a first cryptographic signature signed with a first private key; and a first data package associated with the electronic request, the first data package including a first public key value for a first public key, a first numeric value, and a first document type value, the first public key being paired with the first private key, and using the first public key value to determine that the first electronic request was cryptographically signed; and determining, via the trained machine learning model, a first value parameter based on an input of the first value and the first document type value; and transmitting an indication of the first update to the blockchain and the first value parameter to the first computing device.

[0144] Example 2. Receive, by the first group of one or more servers, a second electronic request from a first computing device related to the first electronic document, the second request including a second cryptographic signature signed with a second private key and a second data package associated with the second electronic request, the second data package including a second public key value, a second numeric value, and a second document type value, the second private key being paired with the second public key value, and determining, using the second public key value, that the second electronic request is cryptographically signed; and, if the second electronic request is determined to be cryptographically signed, determining that the second electronic request is cryptographically signed. generating a second unique token including the second unique transaction identifier generated by the second data package, causing a second update to the blockchain, the blockchain being updated with data from the second data package and the second unique token, the blockchain decrementing a data value of the electronic document based on the numerical value of the second data package, determining a second value parameter via the trained machine learning model based on input of the second numerical value of the second data package and the second document type value, and sending an indication of the second update of the blockchain and the second value parameter to the first computing device.

[0145] Example 3. Receive, by the first group of one or more servers, a third electronic request from a second computing device related to the second electronic document, the third electronic request including a third cryptographic signature signed with a third private key and a third data package, the third data package including a third public key value for a third public key, a third numerical value, and a second document type value, the third public key being paired with the third private key, and the second electronic document type value being associated with the first electronic document type. and determining, by the first group of one or more servers, that the third electronic request is cryptographically signed using the third public key value, the third electronic request being associated with a second electronic document, the third request including a third cryptographic signature signed with the third private key and a third data package associated with the third electronic request, the third data package including a third public key value for a third public key, a third numeric value, and a third digital signature. and a document type value of the third electronic document, the third public key being paired with the third private key; determining using the third public key value that the third electronic request is cryptographically signed; if the third electronic request is determined to be cryptographically signed, generating a third unique token including a third unique transaction identifier associated with the third electronic request, causing an update to the blockchain, the blockchain being updated with data from the third data package and the third unique token; the blockchain decrementing a data value of the second electronic document based on the third numerical value of the third data package; determining via the trained machine learning model a third value parameter based on an input of the third numerical value of the third data package and the third document type; and sending an indication of the update to the blockchain and the third value parameter to the second computing device.

[0146] 4. The method of any of Examples 1-3 above, further comprising the operations of: generating the first unique token includes generating a first hash value based in part on the first public key value; and generating the second unique token includes generating a second hash value based in part on the second public key value.

[0147] 5. The method of any of Examples 1-4, further comprising the operations of: decrypting the first data package using the first public key, a portion of the first data package being encrypted based on the first private key; and decrypting the second data package using the second public key, a portion of the second data package being encrypted based on the second private key.

[0148] 6. Training a machine learning model to perform a value judgment function regarding electronic documents or records, the machine learning model being trained on a plurality of different types of electronic documents or records, receiving, by a first group of one or more servers, a first electronic request from a first computing device related to a first electronic document, the request including a first cryptographic signature signed with a first private key and a first data package associated with the electronic request, the first data package including a first public key value for a first public key, a first numerical value, and a first document type value, the first public key being paired with the first private key, and determining, using the first public key value, that the first electronic request has been cryptographically signed; and, if the first electronic request is determined to be a unique transaction, generating a first unique token including a first unique transaction identifier associated with the first electronic request, causing a first update to the blockchain, the blockchain being updated with data from the first data package and the first unique token, the blockchain decrementing a data value of the first electronic document based on the first numerical value, determining a first value parameter based on an input of the first numerical value and the first document type value via the trained machine learning model, and sending an indication of the first update to the blockchain and the first value parameter to the first computing device.

[0149] Example 7. Receive, by the first group of one or more servers, a second electronic request from a first computing device related to the first electronic document, the second request including a second cryptographic signature signed with a second private key and a second data package associated with the second electronic request, the second data package including a second public key value, a second numeric value, and a second document type value, the second private key being paired with the second public key value, and determine, using the second public key value, that the second electronic request is cryptographically signed; and if the second electronic request is determined to be cryptographically signed, determine that the second electronic request is associated with the second electronic request. The system of Example 6 further includes the operations of: generating a second unique token including a second unique transaction identifier; causing a second update to the blockchain; the blockchain being updated with data from the second data package and the second unique token; the blockchain decrementing a data value of the electronic document based on the numerical value of the second data package; determining a second value parameter via the trained machine learning model based on input of the second numerical value of the second data package and the second document type value; and sending an indication of the second update of the blockchain and the second value parameter to the first computing device.

[0150] Example 8. Receive, by the first group of one or more servers, a third electronic request from a second computing device related to the second electronic document, the third electronic request including a third cryptographic signature signed with a third private key and a third data package, the third data package including a third public key value for a third public key, a third numerical value, and a second document type value, the third public key being paired with the third private key, and the second electronic document type value being associated with the first electronic document type. and determining, by the first group of one or more servers, that the third electronic request is cryptographically signed using the third public key value, the third electronic request being associated with a second electronic document; receiving, by the first group of one or more servers, a third electronic request from a second computing device associated with a second electronic document, the third request including a third cryptographic signature signed with a third private key and a third data package associated with the third electronic request, the third data package including a third public key value for a third public key, a third numerical value, and a third and a document type value, wherein the third public key is paired with the third private key, and using the third public key value, determine that the third electronic request is cryptographically signed; and if the third electronic request is determined to be cryptographically signed, generate a third unique token including a third unique transaction identifier associated with the third electronic request, causing an update to the blockchain, wherein the blockchain is updated with data from the third data package and the third unique token, the blockchain decrementing a data value of the second electronic document based on the third numerical value of the third data package, determining a third value parameter via the trained machine learning model based on input of the third numerical value of the third data package and the third document type, and sending an indication of the update to the blockchain and the third value parameter to the second computing device.

[0151] Example 9. The system of any of Examples 6-8, further comprising the operations of: generating the first unique token includes generating a first hash value based in part on the first public key value; and generating the second unique token includes generating a second hash value based in part on the second public key value.

[0152] Example 10. The system of any of Examples 6-9, further comprising the operations of: decrypting the first data package using the first public key, a portion of the first data package being encrypted based on the first private key; and decrypting the second data package using the second public key, a portion of the second data package being encrypted based on the second private key.

[0153] Example 11. A method of receiving, within a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets, the marketplace including one or more servers, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request, calculating a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request, generating a unique token for the trade request, effecting a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application, effecting a transfer of currency in the amount of the purchase price from a buyer to the clearing house application, and effecting a transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and a transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller.

[0154] Example 12. The method of Example 11, further comprising receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request is for a trade that will cause a change in a security price that exceeds a price change threshold, and, based on the determination, denying the trade request.

[0155] Example 13. The method of any of Examples 11-12, further receiving a determination from the clearinghouse application that the trade request constitutes a request to lend shares to a borrower, and based on the determination, rejecting the trade request.

[0156] Example 14. The method of any of Examples 11-13, wherein the unique token includes a unique transaction identification (ID) number.

[0157] Example 15. The method of any of Examples 11-14, wherein the unique token for the trade request is associated with at least one of a buyer's user account within the marketplace, a purchase price for the trade request, and one or more sources of the purchased shares.

[0158] Example 16. The method of any of Examples 11-15, wherein the one or more sources of the purchased shares are each associated with a unique token that is different from the unique token associated with the trade request.

[0159] Example 17. The method of any of Examples 11-16, further comprising: receiving a request for a compliance report regarding executed transactions based on the trade request; and upon receiving the request for the compliance report, generating a report of the acquisition cost of the shares in the trade request based on information associated with the trade request; and transmitting the report to one or more regulatory agencies for compliance purposes.

[0160] Example 18. The method of any of Examples 11-17, wherein the currency accepted by the clearing house is a cryptocurrency and the purchase price is denominated in the cryptocurrency.

[0161] Example 19. The method of any of Examples 11-18, wherein the transfer of the cryptocurrency occurs via a wallet associated with the buyer account.

[0162] Example 20. The method of any of Examples 11-19 above, further comprising writing transaction details to a blockchain as blocks representing separate transactions, said blockchain being accessible to at least all users within the exchange who are listed as traders.

[0163] Example 21. The method of any of Examples 11-20, further comprising performing a verification check of one or more of the transaction details on the blockchain, the transaction details including at least the purchase price of the transaction and the availability of funds associated with the buyer.

[0164] Example 22. Further, marking the validation check as failed based on detecting one or more evidence of fraud, market manipulation, and insufficient funds during the validation check.

[0165] Any of the methods of Examples 11-21 above.

[0166] Example 23. The method of any of Examples 11-22, wherein performing the validation check includes receiving manual approval of the transaction if the purchase price of the transaction exceeds a threshold price specified for manual approval.

[0167] Example 24. The method of any of Examples 11-23, further comprising depositing proceeds related to said IP securities into an escrow account related to said securities at specified intervals.

[0168] Example 25. The method of any of Examples 11-24, further comprising receiving a request to withdraw at least a subset of said proceeds from said escrow account, and withdrawing at least a subset of said proceeds from said escrow account to a wallet associated with said seller based on said withdrawal request.

[0169] Example 26. The method of any of Examples 11-25, wherein withdrawing at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account occurs upon verifying that one or more withdrawal conditions have been satisfied.

[0170] Example 27. The method of any of Examples 11-26 above, wherein the withdrawal conditions include one or more of proceeds required to be withdrawn for litigation purposes and proceeds required to be paid to shareholders as dividend payments.

[0171] Example 28. The method of any of Examples 11-27, further comprising: performing a cryptographic signature of the transaction associated with the transaction request, the cryptographic signature being performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account; and verifying that the transaction associated with the transaction request is cryptographically signed, the verification being performed using a public key associated with the seller's account.

[0172] Example 29. A system comprising: a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the marketplace including one or more servers, the marketplace including one or more processors configured to perform the following operations: receive a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request; calculate a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request; generate a unique token for the trade request; effect a transfer of the shares from a seller of the shares to a clearing house application; effect a transfer of currency from a buyer to the clearing house application in the amount of the purchase price; and process the trade request by effecting the transfer of the shares from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller.

[0173] Example 30. The system of Example 29, further receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request is for a transaction that will cause a change in security price that exceeds a price change threshold, and rejecting the trade request based on the determination.

[0174] Example 31. The system of any of Examples 29-30, further receiving a determination from the clearinghouse application that the trade request constitutes a request to lend stock to a borrower, and rejecting the trade request based on the determination.

[0175] Example 32. The system of any of Examples 29-31, wherein the unique token includes a unique transaction identification (ID) number.

[0176] Example 33. The system of any of Examples 29-32, wherein the unique token for the trade request is associated with at least one of the buyer's user account within the marketplace, a purchase price for the trade request, and one or more sources of the purchased shares.

[0177] Example 34. The system of any of Examples 29-33, wherein the one or more sources of the purchased stock are each associated with a unique token that is different from the unique token associated with the trade request.

[0178] Example 35. The system of any of Examples 29-34, further receiving a request for a compliance report regarding executed transactions based on said trade request, and upon receiving said request for said compliance report, generating a report of the acquisition cost of said shares in said trade request based on information associated with said trade request, and transmitting said report to one or more regulatory agencies for compliance purposes.

[0179] Example 36. The system of any of Examples 29-35, wherein the currency accepted by the clearing house is a cryptocurrency and the purchase price is denominated in the cryptocurrency.

[0180] Example 37. The system of any of Examples 29-36, wherein the transfer of the cryptocurrency is made via a wallet associated with the buyer account.

[0181] Example 38. The system of any of Examples 29-37 above, further comprising writing transaction details to a blockchain as blocks representing separate transactions, said blockchain being accessible to at least all users within the exchange who are listed as traders.

[0182] Example 39. The system of any of Examples 29-38, further comprising: performing a verification check of one or more of the transaction details on the blockchain, the transaction details including at least the purchase price of the transaction and the availability of funds associated with the buyer.

[0183] Example 40. Further, marking the validation check as failed based on detecting one or more evidence of fraud, market manipulation, and insufficient funds during the validation check.

[0184] The system of any of Examples 29-39 above.

[0185] Example 41. The system of any of Examples 29-40, wherein performing the validation check includes receiving manual approval of the transaction if the purchase price of the transaction exceeds a threshold price specified for manual approval.

[0186] Example 42. The system of any of Examples 29-41, further depositing proceeds related to said IP securities into an escrow account related to said securities at specified intervals.

[0187] Example 43. The system of any of Examples 29-42, further receiving a request to withdraw at least a subset of said revenues from said escrow account, and withdrawing at least a subset of said revenues from said escrow account to a wallet associated with said seller based on said withdrawal request.

[0188] Example 44. The system of any of Examples 29-43, wherein withdrawing at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account occurs upon verifying that one or more withdrawal conditions have been met.

[0189] Example 45. The system of any of Examples 29-44, wherein the withdrawal conditions include one or more of revenues required to be withdrawn for litigation and revenues required to be paid to shareholders as dividend payments.

[0190] Example 46. The system of any of Examples 29-45, further comprising: performing a cryptographic signature of the transaction associated with the transaction request, the cryptographic signature being performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account; and verifying that the transaction associated with the transaction request is cryptographically signed, the verification being performed using a public key associated with the seller's account.

[0191] Example 47. A method of maintaining a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the method including one or more servers, the method including a plurality of users, each associated with an account; receiving a request from an authorized entity to register a security within the marketplace, the security being associated with one or more specified IP assets; registering the security within the marketplace; accepting an escrow account for the security and executing an agreement providing that all gross proceeds from the IP assets will be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders; generating a plurality of shares for the security for trading within the marketplace; publicly listing one or more of the shares for the security within the marketplace based on a request from the authorized entity to list the shares; and depositing gross proceeds associated with the security into the escrow account at specified intervals.

[0192] Example 48. The method of Example 47, wherein the IP assets represent one or more of patents, pending patent applications, and / or peer-reviewed articles.

[0193] Example 49. The method of any of Examples 47-48, further comprising distributing funds from said escrow account at specified time intervals as dividends to be distributed to said security holders.

[0194] Example 50. The method of any of Examples 47-49, wherein the authorized entity holds a majority investment amount in the securities as a security holder.

[0195] Example 51. The method of any of Examples 47-50, wherein the contract is a smart contract.

[0196] Example 52. The method of any of Examples 47-51, wherein the agreement further provides that the authorized entity agrees not to enter into any other agreements regarding the distribution of gross revenues from the IP assets.

[0197] Example 53. The method of any of Examples 47-52, wherein generating the plurality of shares for the security includes generating a positive integer number of shares of the security such that the shares of the security cannot be subdivided.

[0198] Example 54. The method of any of Examples 47-53, wherein the quantity of the plurality of shares for the security cannot be modified once the shares are created.

[0199] Example 55. The method of any of Examples 47-54, further receiving a request to modify the total number of shares for the security in the marketplace, and denying the request.

[0200] Example 56. The method of any of Examples 47-55, further comprising receiving a request to distribute one or more of said shares in said securities to one or more compensated employees of an authorized entity, and distributing said shares to said compensated employees via said marketplace.

[0201] Example 57. The method of any of Examples 47-56, wherein the plurality of shares for the securities are listed within the marketplace along with one or more pieces of information regarding the securities.

[0202] Example 58. The method of any of Examples 47-57, wherein the information includes one or more of the type of IP asset associated with the stock, the reputation of the issuer of the stock, and the capabilities of the compensated employee associated with the IP asset.

[0203] Example 59. The method of any of Examples 47-58, further comprising paying at least a subset of said proceeds in said escrow account as dividend payments to shareholders of said securities at specified intervals.

[0204] Example 60. The method of any of Examples 47-59, further comprising screening one or more designated IP assets associated with said securities for approval to be listed within said marketplace prior to generating said plurality of shares in said securities.

[0205] Example 61. The method of any of Examples 47-60, further comprising determining a notional fair value for said security representing the value at which subscription shares of said security would be purchased to provide liquidity to the market.

[0206] Example 62. The method of any of Examples 47-61, wherein the determination is made via one or more artificial intelligence (AI) models, and inputs to the one or more AI models include one or more of the authorized entity associated with the security, one or more employees of the authorized entity working on one or more IP assets associated with the security, one or more security holders, one or more exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that include the security, and buy-side and sell-side pressure and volume for the security.

[0207] Example 62. The method of any of Examples 47-61, wherein the output of the one or more AI models includes one or more of a valuation model for any security and a trading volume and volatility forecast for the security.

[0208] Example 63. A system comprising one or more servers, maintaining a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the marketplace including a plurality of users, each associated with an account; receiving a request from an authorized entity to register securities within the marketplace, the securities being associated with one or more specified IP assets; registering the securities within the marketplace; accepting an escrow account for the securities and executing an agreement providing that all gross proceeds from the IP assets will be paid into the escrow account for distribution to one or more security holders; generating a plurality of shares for the securities for trading within the marketplace; publicly listing one or more of the shares for the securities within the marketplace based on a request from the authorized entity to list the shares; and depositing gross proceeds associated with the securities into the escrow account at specified intervals.

[0209] Example 64. The method of Example 63, wherein the IP assets represent one or more of patents, pending patent applications, and / or peer-reviewed articles.

[0210] Example 65. The method of any of Examples 63-64, further distributing funds from said escrow account at specified time intervals as dividends to be distributed to said security holders.

[0211] Example 66. The method of any of Examples 63-65, wherein the authorized entity holds a majority investment amount in the securities as a security holder.

[0212] Example 67. The method of any of Examples 63-66, wherein the contract is a smart contract.

[0213] Example 68. The method of any of Examples 63-67, wherein the agreement further provides that the authorized entity agrees not to enter into any other agreements regarding the distribution of gross revenues from the IP assets.

[0214] Example 69. The method of any of Examples 63-68, wherein generating the plurality of shares for the security includes generating a positive integer number of shares of the security such that the shares of the security cannot be subdivided.

[0215] Example 70. The method of any of Examples 63-69, wherein the quantity of the plurality of shares for the security cannot be modified once the shares are created.

[0216] Example 71. The method of any of Examples 63-70, further receiving a request to modify the total number of shares for the security in the marketplace, and denying the request.

[0217] Example 72. The method of any of Examples 63-71, further comprising receiving a request to distribute one or more of said shares in said securities to one or more compensated employees of said authorized entity, and distributing said shares to said compensated employees via said marketplace.

[0218] Example 73. The method of any of Examples 63-72, wherein the plurality of shares for the securities are listed within the marketplace along with one or more pieces of information regarding the securities.

[0219] Example 74. The method of any of Examples 63-73, wherein the information includes one or more of the type of IP asset associated with the stock, the reputation of the issuer of the stock, and the capabilities of the compensated employee associated with the IP asset.

[0220] Example 75. The method of any of Examples 63-74, further comprising paying at least a subset of said proceeds in said escrow account as dividend payments to shareholders of said securities at specified intervals.

[0221] Example 76. The method of any of Examples 63-75, further comprising screening the one or more designated IP assets associated with the security for approval to be listed within the marketplace prior to generating the plurality of shares in the security.

[0222] Example 77. The method of any of Examples 63-76, further comprising determining a notional fair value for said security representing the value at which subscription shares of said security would be purchased to provide liquidity to the market.

[0223] Example 78. The method of any of Examples 63-77, wherein the determination is made via one or more artificial intelligence (AI) models, and inputs to the one or more AI models include one or more of the authorized entity associated with the security, one or more employees of the authorized entity working on one or more IP assets associated with the security, one or more security holders, one or more exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that include the security, and buy-side and sell-side pressure and volume for the security.

[0224] Example 79. The method of any of Examples 63-78, wherein the output of the one or more AI models includes one or more of a valuation model for any security and a trading volume and volatility forecast for the security.

[0225] Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations require physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

[0226] It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless otherwise stated, where this is clearly the case from the above discussion, throughout the specification, descriptions using terms such as "identifying" or "determining" or "performing" or "performing" or "collecting" or "generating" or "transmitting" will be understood to refer to operations and processes of a computer system or similar electronic computing device that manipulate data represented as physical (electronic) quantities in the registers and memory of the computer system and convert data into other data that are similarly represented as physical quantities in the memory or registers of the computer system or other such information storage devices.

[0227] This disclosure also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. The apparatus may be specially configured for the intended purposes. Alternatively, the apparatus may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored within the computer. Such computer program may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, a floppy disk, optical disk, CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk, any type of read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), EPROM, EEPROM, magnetic or optical card, or any type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.

[0228] Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein. Alternatively, it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to carry out the methods. The structure for a variety of these systems is as set forth in the description above. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be understood that a variety of programming languages ​​can be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as set forth herein.

[0229] The present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, or software, which may include a machine-readable medium having instructions recorded thereon, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic device) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) media includes machine- (e.g., computer-) readable media such as read-only memory ("ROM"), random access memory ("RAM"), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.

[0230] In the foregoing disclosure, embodiments of the present disclosure have been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will be apparent that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure as set forth in the following claims. Accordingly, the present disclosure and the drawings should be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Claims

1. receiving a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets within a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the marketplace including one or more servers, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request; calculating, via the one or more servers, a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request; via the one or more servers, generating, via said one or more servers, a unique token for said transaction request; effecting a transfer of the stock from the seller of the stock to a clearing house application via the one or more servers; effecting a transfer of currency from the buyer to the clearinghouse application via the one or more servers in the amount of the purchase price; and executing the transfer of the stock from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller via the one or more servers. processing the transaction request by method.

2. moreover, receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request is for a trade that will cause a change in the price of a security that exceeds a price change threshold; rejecting the transaction request based on said determination; The method of claim 1.

3. moreover, receiving a determination from the clearing house application that the trade request constitutes a request to lend shares to a borrower; rejecting the transaction request based on said determination; The method of claim 1.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the unique token comprises a unique transaction identification (ID) number.

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the unique token for the trade request is associated with at least one of a buyer's user account within the marketplace, a purchase price for the trade request, and one or more sources of the purchased shares.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one or more sources of the purchased shares are each associated with a unique token that is different from the unique token associated with the trade request.

7. moreover, receiving a request for a compliance report regarding executed trades based on the trade request; Upon receiving the request for the compliance report, generating a report of the acquisition cost of the stocks in the trade request based on information associated with the trade request; transmitting said report to one or more regulatory bodies for compliance purposes; The method of claim 1.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the currency accepted by a clearing house is a cryptocurrency and the purchase price is denominated in the cryptocurrency.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the transfer of the cryptocurrency occurs via a wallet associated with a buyer account.

10. moreover, writing transaction details into a blockchain as blocks representing separate transactions, said blockchain being accessible to at least all users within the exchange who are listed as traders; The method of claim 1.

11. moreover, performing a verification check of one or more of the transaction details on the blockchain, the transaction details including at least the purchase price of the transaction and the availability of funds associated with the buyer; The method of claim 10.

12. moreover, marking the validation check as a failure based on detecting one or more evidence of fraud, market manipulation, and insufficient funds during the validation check; The method of claim 11.

13. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein performing the validation check includes receiving manual approval of the transaction if the purchase price of the transaction exceeds a threshold price specified for manual approval.

14. moreover, depositing the proceeds relating to said IP securities into an escrow account relating to said securities at specified intervals; The method of claim 1.

15. moreover, receiving a request to withdraw at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account; withdrawing at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account to a wallet associated with the seller based on the withdrawal request; 15. The method of claim 14.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein withdrawing at least a subset of the proceeds from the escrow account occurs upon verifying that one or more withdrawal conditions have been met.

17. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the withdrawal conditions include one or more of proceeds that need to be withdrawn for litigation purposes and proceeds that need to be paid to shareholders as dividend payments.

18. receiving a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets within a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the marketplace including one or more servers, the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request; calculating, via the one or more servers, a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request; generating, via said one or more servers, a unique token for said transaction request; effecting a transfer of the stock from the seller of the stock to a clearing house application via the one or more servers; effecting a transfer of currency from the buyer to the clearinghouse application via the one or more servers in the amount of the purchase price; and executing the transfer of the stock from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller via the one or more servers. processing the transaction request by A system comprising one or more processors configured to perform operations.

19. The one or more processors: performing a cryptographic signature of a transaction associated with the transaction request, the cryptographic signature being performed using a private key associated with the buyer's account; verifying that the transaction associated with the transaction request is cryptographically signed, the verification being performed using a public key associated with the seller's account; The system of claim 18 further configured to perform an action.

20. instructions for receiving a trade request corresponding to at least a subset of a plurality of listed shares of securities associated with one or more IP assets within a marketplace for securitized intellectual property (IP), the trade request representing one of a buy request or a sell request; instructions for calculating a total price for the trade request based on the subset of shares in the trade request; generating a unique token for said transaction request; effecting a transfer of said shares from the seller of said shares to a clearinghouse application; effecting a transfer of currency from the buyer to said clearinghouse application in the amount of the purchase price; Performing the transfer of the stock from the clearing house application to the buyer and the transfer of the currency from the clearing house application to the seller. instructions to process said trade request by 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions including:

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