Carbon capture system and method of use

Abstract

The specification discloses a carbon capture system, an apparatus, and a method thereof. According to one aspect of the present invention, a capacitive carbon capture system is provided. The system includes: a carbon capture module, the carbon capture module including: a first collector; a second collector, the second collector spaced apart from the first collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including: a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a gas permeable layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 440,283, filed January 20, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Gas separation on an industrial scale can be carried out using a variety of techniques that allow for the concentration or actual separation of the target gas. Swing adsorption technology is based on the process of selectively adsorbing and desorbing gases in a medium by controlling the cycling of certain experimental parameters. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) allows the selective adsorption of certain gas components and the selective removal of others by compressing and decompressing the gas surrounding the adsorption medium. Vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) is based on a similar principle to PSA, but swings between vacuum and atmospheric pressure. A combination of these two techniques is called "vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA)." Furthermore, temperature swing adsorption (TSA) is similar to other swing adsorption techniques, but cycles temperature instead of pressure. Cryogenic distillation is typically only used for very large throughputs because its nonlinear cost-scale relationship makes it economical only at high throughputs. Membrane technology is less developed than other gas separation techniques and therefore not widely used. Partially permeable membranes allow "fast" gases to pass through and be removed, while "slow" gases remain in the air stream and emerge free of their original contaminants. However, manufacturing challenges make these units more suitable for small to medium scale processing.

[0003] Although PSA and TSA are widely used in industrial applications, a major drawback is their high energy consumption. This hinders the cost-effectiveness of large-scale gas separations, such as capturing gigaton-level carbon dioxide (CO2) from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant. In fact, separating CO2 from flue gas using known PSA or TSA technologies consumes more than 30% of the power plant's output, and this high energy consumption can roughly double electricity prices. Furthermore, direct CO2 capture from the atmosphere is expected to be necessary in the future to control climate change, which imposes even greater demands on energy consumption, mass flow rate, and pressure drop. Electrical and electrochemical methods have been explored as alternatives to conventional PSA and TSA technologies, but they also suffer from similar challenges, such as the large energy consumption required for constant current flow. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This summary is intended to provide a simplified overview of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, to present one or more concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the detailed description of the disclosure and a brief description of the drawings. This summary is not intended to be an extensive overview, nor is it intended to identify key elements or delineate the scope of the present teachings.

[0005] One aspect of the present disclosure relates to carbon capture (capture) systems, carbon capture (capture) modules, and methods for capturing carbon dioxide from gases such as air. The carbon capture systems and modules disclosed herein are preferably configured as capacitive carbon capture systems or devices. The carbon capture systems described herein are desirably scalable in a manner that favorably impacts energy consumption and space usage while minimizing or minimizing adverse effects on adsorption performance. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the carbon capture systems described herein can be configured to be highly selective for CO2, enabling them to remove even trace amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Furthermore, it has been unexpectedly discovered that carbon capture modules with certain components and configurations can reduce the number of current collectors, which provides a significant cost advantage. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, it has been unexpectedly discovered that increasing the number of bipolar electrodes in a carbon capture module reduces energy consumption. Additionally, carbon capture modules and / or systems can be configured to prevent evaporation of electrolyte compositions. For example, it has been discovered that certain components and configurations, combined with electrolyte compositions containing selected electrolytes, result in minimal or no evaporation of the electrolyte composition or electrolyte solution.

[0006] The carbon capture modules and / or systems described herein can also be configured for energy storage. For example, these carbon capture modules and / or systems can be configured to be used for both capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing energy. The carbon capture modules and / or systems can be advantageously used in conjunction with intermittent renewable energy sources, for example, operated to primarily capture CO2 when electricity prices are low and to supply electricity to the grid when electricity prices are high.

[0007] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a capacitive carbon capture system is provided, the system including: one or more carbon capture modules, the carbon capture module including: a first collector having a surface; a second collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including: a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a gas permeable layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and impermeable to ions. The electrolyte solution may be disposed within a separator, which is made of a porous, electrically non-conductive material.

[0008] The first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell can be at least partially disposed within the space between the first collector and the second collector. The barrier can extend adjacent to the second surface of the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell and adjacent to the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell. In one embodiment, the second surface of the gas permeable layer extends adjacent to the first surface of the first electrode.

[0009] In some embodiments, a first surface of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell extends adjacent to a surface of the first collector, and a second surface of the second electrode of the second carbon capture cell extends adjacent to a surface of the second collector. In at least one example, the barrier has a first surface and a second surface, and the barrier is configured to prevent ion migration from the first carbon capture cell to the second carbon capture cell.

[0010] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a capacitive carbon capture system, the system including: one or more carbon capture modules, the carbon capture module including: a first collector having a surface; a second collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell being at least partially disposed within a space between the first collector and the second collector and each including: a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a spaced-apart second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode, and a gas permeable layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the second surface of the gas permeable layer extending adjacent to the first surface of the first electrode, and an electrically conductive and ion-impermeable barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier extending adjacent to the second surface of the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell and the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell, the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell extending adjacent to the surface of the first collector, and the second surface of the second electrode of the second carbon capture cell extending adjacent to the surface of the second collector.

[0011] The carbon capture module may further include a feed inlet conduit that extends across and through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and that extends across and through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell. In some cases, the feed inlet conduit extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and that extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

[0012] The carbon capture module may further include a feed outlet conduit extending across the first and second faces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and across the first and second faces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell. In at least one embodiment, the feed outlet conduit may extend orthogonally through the first and second faces of the gas permeable layer of the first and second carbon capture cells.

[0013] The carbon capture system may further include a feed stream received by the gas inlet conduit, which may include carbon dioxide ("CO2"). The CO2 may be present in an amount of about 300 ppm or more (e.g., about 300 ppm to about 18% by volume) based on the total volume of the feed stream. For example, the amount of CO2 included in the feed stream may be about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, or may be about 400 ppm.

[0014] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a capacitive carbon capture system is provided. The system includes one or more carbon capture modules, each including: a gas inlet conduit; a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector spaced apart from the first current collector and having a surface; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including: a first electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a gas-permeable layer having a first surface and an opposing second surface; and a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell. The barrier is electrically conductive and impermeable to ions. A feed stream containing approximately 400 ppm CO2 is received through the gas inlet conduit.

[0015] In some embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and / or the second electrode may comprise a porous capacitive and / or pseudocapacitive material. By way of non-limiting example, the material may be selected from activated carbon, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, carbides, or combinations of two or more thereof. For example, one or both of the first electrode and / or the second electrode may comprise biomass-derived carbon.

[0016] Preferably, one or both of the first electrode and / or the second electrode may comprise carbon derived from garlic root. In some embodiments, the electrode may comprise air-oxidized garlic root carbon. Preferably, the electrode is not hot-pressed.

[0017] The electrolyte solution may include a deliquescent salt. In some embodiments, the electrolyte solution may include MgBr, MgCl, CsF, CaCl, KF, CaBr, LiCl, LiBr, or a combination thereof. For example, the electrolyte solution may include MgBr, MgCl, CsF, or a combination thereof. The deliquescent nature prevents evaporation of the electrolyte over a wide range of relative humidity and temperature.

[0018] In some embodiments, at least one carbon capture module is configured such that the first and second carbon capture cells are electrically connected to only one current collector. The carbon capture module may be configured without a third current collector, and optionally, each module may be configured without a third electrical conductor. In some embodiments, each module may be configured with only two current collectors (or two electrical conductors).

[0019] The capacitive carbon capture system may further include a valve configured to control flow of the feed stream to the first carbon capture module while preventing flow to the second carbon capture module, or vice versa.

[0020] The first carbon capture module and the second carbon capture module can be configured to be capacitively charged by applying a voltage. For example, the modules can be configured to be alternately capacitively charged. In some embodiments, during capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module, CO2 is absorbed from the feed stream into an electrolyte solution in pores in the electrodes adjacent to the gas permeable layer, and the absorbed CO2 in the electrolyte solution is hydrolyzed to form cations and anions.

[0021] Capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module may include adsorbing the cations or anions to the first electrode or may include adsorbing the cations or anions to the second electrode. In some embodiments, when a voltage is applied to the first and second electrodes of each carbon capture module, the cations are adsorbed to one of the first or second electrodes and the anions are adsorbed to the other.

[0022] The first carbon capture module and the second carbon capture module may be configured to be capacitively discharged. Capacitive discharging of either the first carbon capture module or the second carbon capture module may release gaseous CO2. Capacitive discharging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module may include releasing cations and / or anions from the electrodes.

[0023] In some embodiments, power generated by the discharge of the first or second carbon capture module may be used to charge the other carbon capture module. Additionally, power generated by the discharge of the first or second carbon capture module may be fed into a power grid. In at least one embodiment, the capacitive carbon capture system has a first side and an opposing second side, and at least one of the first side and / or second side may be a wall, a fence, a support for a solar panel, or a structural support member for a wind turbine. The carbon capture system may be configured to be disposed within a wall or a fence.

[0024] Preferably, the one or more carbon capture modules include a bipolar electrode. In one embodiment, the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell, the first electrode of the second carbon capture cell, and the barrier extending therebetween are configured to form a bipolar electrode. In a preferred embodiment, the number of bipolar electrodes is one less than the number of carbon capture cells in the carbon capture module.

[0025] According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a capacitive carbon capture system is provided, the system including: one or more carbon capture modules, the carbon capture module including: a first current collector having a surface; a second collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including: a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and an electrically conductive and ion-impermeable barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell.

[0026] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cyclic process using the capacitive carbon capture system disclosed herein, the process comprising the steps of: supplying a feed stream to a first carbon capture module; capacitively charging the first carbon capture module; shutting off the flow of the feed stream to the first carbon capture module; optionally depressurizing the first carbon capture module to reach a pressure of about 0.1 to about 0.3 atmospheres; capacitively discharging the first carbon capture module; releasing gaseous CO2 from the first carbon capture module and supplying a feed stream to a second carbon capture module; shutting off the flow of the feed stream to the first carbon capture module; capacitively charging the second carbon capture module; optionally depressurizing the second carbon capture module to reach a pressure of about 0.1 to about 0.3 atmospheres; capacitively discharging the second carbon capture module; and releasing gaseous CO2 from the first carbon capture module. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0027] The detailed description of various embodiments of the invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings certain embodiments, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings.

[0028] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of an example non-limiting capacitive carbon capture system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0029] [Figure 2A] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a carbon capture module in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0030] [Figure 2B] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another non-limiting carbon capture module in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0031] [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example laboratory setup illustrating a simplified capacitive carbon capture system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0032] [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of the simplified carbon capture module shown in FIG. 3A.

[0033] [Figure 4] 3C is a table showing experimental energy and adsorption performance with different electrodes in the carbon capture module shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0034] [Figure 5A] Figure 10 is a graph showing the change in carbon dioxide concentration versus voltage for a carbon electrode derived from non-aerated garlic root.

[0035] [Figure 5B] Figure 10 is a graph showing the change in carbon dioxide concentration versus voltage for an air-treated garlic root derived carbon electrode.

[0036] [Figure 5C] Figure 10 is a graph showing the change in carbon dioxide concentration versus voltage for an air-treated hot-pressed garlic root carbon electrode.

[0037] [Figure 5D] 1 is a graph showing the change in carbon dioxide concentration versus voltage for a commercially available electrode (Materials Method), in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0038] [Figure 6A] 1 is a graph of a cyclic voltammogram of a carbon capture module having two carbon capture cells, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0039] [Figure 6B] 1 is a graph of a cyclic voltammogram of a carbon capture module having four carbon capture cells, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0040] [Figure 6C] 1 is a graph of a cyclic voltammogram of a carbon capture module having eight carbon capture cells, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0041] [Figure 6D] 1 is a graph of a cyclic voltammogram of a carbon capture module having 12 carbon capture cells, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0042] [Figure 6E] 1 is a schematic diagram of a method for determining voltage distribution across an electrode pair in a carbon capture module in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0043] [Figure 6F] 1 is a graph showing voltage distribution in carbon capture modules having 2, 4, 8, and 12 carbon capture cells in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0044] [Figure 6G] 1 is a graph showing impedance spectra of four non-limiting capacitive carbon capture modules having 2, 4, 8, and 12 carbon capture cells in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0045] [Figure 7A] 4 is a graph showing the change in carbon dioxide concentration in exhaust gas over time for a capacitive carbon capture module having two carbon capture cells in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0046] [Figure 7B] 1 is a graph showing carbon dioxide concentration over time for a capacitive carbon capture module having four carbon capture cells in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0047] [Figure 7C] 1 is a graph showing carbon dioxide concentration over time for a capacitive carbon capture module having eight carbon capture cells in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0048] [Figure 7D] 1 is a graph showing carbon dioxide concentration over time for a capacitive carbon capture module having 12 carbon capture cells in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

[0049] [Figure 8A] 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a capacitive carbon capture system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, with a first carbon capture module in a charged state and a second carbon capture module in an uncharged state.

[0050] [Figure 8B] 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a capacitive carbon capture system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, with a first carbon capture module in an uncharged state and a second carbon capture module in a charged state.

[0051] [Figure 9]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a capacitive carbon capture system coupled with a solar panel system, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0052] [Figure 10] 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a system including a capacitive carbon capture system connected with a wind turbine system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0053] [Figure 11] 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of a capacitive carbon capture system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0054] [Figure 12] 1 is a non-limiting scheme of a method for carbon capture using a capacitive carbon capture system, according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0055] [Figure 13] FIG. 2 is a front view of a surface of an electrode according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0056] [Figure 14A] FIG. 10 is a front view of a surface of another electrode in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0057] [Figure 14B] FIG. 10 is a front view of a surface of yet another electrode in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

[0058] All drawings are not necessarily to scale. Elements that are numbered in one drawing and not numbered in another drawing are understood to be identical unless otherwise noted. Where the same drawing number but with different alphabetic suffixes is used in multiple drawings, it should be construed as a general reference to all such drawings unless specifically stated otherwise. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0059] Features and advantages of the present invention are described below with reference to an exemplary ("example") embodiment. This description of the example embodiment should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are also to be treated as part of this specification. Accordingly, the present invention should not be limited to the example embodiment, which illustrates one example of a non-limiting combination of features described herein.

[0060] In describing the embodiments described herein, references to directions or orientations are for convenience of description only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Relative terms such as "lower," "upper," "horizontal," "vertical," "upper," "lower," "upper," "lower," "top," and "bottom" (and their derivatives) are also based on the orientation shown in the description or drawings and do not imply that the device must be constructed or used in a particular orientation. Terms such as "mounted," "fixed," "connected," "coupled," and "coupled" refer to a structure being attached, directly or indirectly, to another structure, and are not limited to whether the connection is movable or fixed, unless specifically stated.

[0061] Any range used throughout this specification is used as a shorthand notation to describe all values ​​within that range. Any value within the range can be selected as the endpoint of the range. In addition, all documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event of a conflict between the definition in the cited document and the definition in this specification, the definition in this specification shall prevail.

[0062] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to carbon capture systems, carbon capture devices, and methods for capturing carbon dioxide from gases such as air. The systems and devices disclosed herein may advantageously be capacitive carbon capture systems and / or capacitive carbon capture devices. Desirably, the capacitive carbon capture systems disclosed herein are scalable with no or minimal adverse impact on adsorption performance and can favorably impact energy consumption. Additionally, certain embodiments have a reduced number of current collectors, which can be a significant cost factor.

[0063] 1, a non-limiting example of a capacitive carbon capture system 1000 according to one aspect of the present invention is shown, which includes a carbon capture module 100 as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Generally, the capacitive carbon capture system 1000 includes one or more carbon capture modules 100, each including a first current collector 110 having a surface; a second current collector 120 spaced apart from the first current collector 110 and having a surface; a first carbon capture cell 130 and a second carbon capture cell 140, each having a first electrode 152 having a first surface 154A and an opposite second surface 154B; a second electrode 156 disposed adjacent to the first carbon capture cell 130 and having a first surface 158A and an opposite surface 158B; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface 154B of the first electrode 152 and the first surface 158A of the second electrode 156; a gas-permeable layer 164 having a first surface 166A and an opposite surface 166B; and a barrier 168 extending between the first carbon capture cell 130 and the second carbon capture cell 140, the barrier 168 being electrically conductive and impermeable to ions.

[0064] The capacitive carbon capture system 1000 typically includes a first current collector 110 and a second current collector 120. The first and second current collectors 110, 120 are typically connected to a power source, preferably a variable voltage source. The first current collector 110 has a surface 112, which may extend along a plane or a substantially plane.

[0065] The second current collector 120 is typically spaced apart from the first current collector 110. The second current collector 120 has a surface 122, which may extend along a plane or substantially a plane. Preferably, the second current collector 120 extends along a plane parallel to the plane in which the first current collector 110 extends.

[0066] The first and second current collectors 110, 120 typically include or are formed of a conductive material. In some cases, the first and second current collectors 110, 120 may each independently include a metal layer, metal plate, and / or metal sheet. For example, the current collectors may each independently include a material selected from a conductive metal (such as, but not limited to, titanium, aluminum), carbon, a conductive polymer, and a conductive ceramic. In further embodiments, each current collector may independently include a material such as carbon, titanium, steel, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and a conductive polymer (e.g., polyacetylene, polyaniline). The current collectors may also include a material that is corrosion-resistant and chemically inert to the gases and electrolyte composition that can pass through the gas-permeable layer 164.

[0067] The capacitive carbon capture system 1000 includes a plurality of carbon capture cells, which are typically disposed in the space between the first and second current collectors 110, 120. The number of carbon capture cells may range from 2 to 1,000. For example, the carbon capture system 1000 and / or carbon capture module 100 may be configured to have a capacity of 2-1,000, 2-700, 2-400, 2-200, 2-100, 2-50, 2-40, 2-30, 2-20, 2-10; 10-1,000, 10-700, 10-400, 10-200, 10-100, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20; 25-1,000, 25-700, 25-400, 25-200, 25-100, The carbon capture module 100 may include any range of carbon capture cells, such as 25-50, 25-40, 50-1,000, 50-700, 50-400, 50-200, 50-100, 70-1,000, 70-700, 70-400, 70-200, 70-100, 100-1,000, 100-700, 100-400, 100-200, 200-1,000, 200-700, 200-400, 500-1,000, 500-700, 700-1,000, etc. In some embodiments, the carbon capture module 100 may include 2, 4, 8, or 12 carbon capture cells.

[0068] Carbon capture module 100 typically includes at least two carbon capture cells, such as first carbon capture cell 130 and second carbon capture cell 140 shown in FIG. 2A. Each carbon capture cell includes at least a first electrode 152, a second electrode 156, an electrolyte composition, and a gas permeable layer 164. In some embodiments, for example, if either electrode is configured with gas flow passages 155, gas permeable layer 164 may be omitted.

[0069] The first electrode 152 has a first surface 154A and an opposite second surface 154B. Each surface may extend in a planar direction. In some embodiments, the first surface 154A and / or the second surface 154B extend parallel to each other. The electrode 152 may be configured with a uniform thickness and may be configured as a positive or negative electrode.

[0070] The second electrode 156 has a first surface 158A and an opposing second surface 158B. The first surface 158A and / or the second surface 158B may extend in a planar direction. In some embodiments, the first surface 158A extends along a plane parallel to the second surface 158B of the second electrode 156. The first electrode 156 may be configured to have a uniform thickness. One or more surfaces 158A and / or 158B of the second electrode 156 may extend in a planar direction parallel to one or more surfaces 154A and / or 154B of the first electrode 152. The second electrode 156 may be configured as a positive electrode or a negative electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode 152 is configured as a positive electrode and the second electrode 156 is configured as a negative electrode.

[0071] In some embodiments, one or more of the electrodes have surfaces that define grooves and / or gas flow channels 155 to facilitate gas flow. As shown in FIGS. 13-14B, the first electrode 152 may have gas flow channels 155 defined by recesses formed in its surface. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the gas flow channels 155 extend from its first end 153A to its second end 153B, forming, for example, a serpentine gas flow structure. With reference to FIGS. 14A and 14B, the gas flow channels 155 may be configured as linear channels (see FIG. 14A) or intersecting linear channels (see FIG. 14B). While FIGS. 13-14B illustrate the surface of the first electrode 152, any of the electrodes of the carbon capture module 100 and carbon capture system 1000 may include one or more gas flow channels 155. Furthermore, the gas flow channels 155 may be defined by the first and / or second surfaces of any of the electrodes of the carbon capture module 100 and carbon capture system 1000. In some embodiments, if one or more of the electrodes is configured with gas flow passages 155, that electrode is not adjacent to a gas permeable layer 164. In some embodiments, one or more carbon capture cells of carbon capture module 100 do not have a gas permeable layer 164. In at least one embodiment, carbon capture module 100 and / or carbon capture system 1000 are configured without a gas permeable layer 164.

[0072] First electrode 152 and / or second electrode 156 typically include and / or are composed of an electrically conductive material. Preferably, first electrode 152 and / or second electrode 156 include and / or are composed of a material capable of reversibly adsorbing one or more gases (preferably carbon dioxide) upon application of a voltage. One or both of first electrode 152 and second electrode 156 may include a porous capacitive and / or pseudocapacitive material. In some embodiments, first electrode 152 and / or second electrode 156 independently include or are composed of a material such as activated carbon, an oxide, a sulfide, a nitride, a carbide, a polymer, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise or consist of biomass-derived carbon. The biomass-derived carbon may include garlic root-derived carbon. For example, one or both of the first electrode 152 and the second electrode 156 may independently include a layer of air-post-treated garlic root-derived carbon. In some embodiments, the first electrode 152 and the second electrode 156 are not hot-pressed. The first electrode 152 and / or the second electrode 156 may include a layer of biomass-derived carbon (e.g., garlic root-derived carbon), preferably the outer layer of the first electrode 152 and / or the second electrode 156 that is exposed to the CO2-containing feed gas stream during operation of the carbon capture module 100.

[0074] Alternatively / additionally, the first electrode 152 and / or the second electrode 156 may independently include or consist of high surface area carbon, such as BPL carbon, YP-50F, YP-80F, Norit DLC-SE30, etc.; porous metal, such as porous titanium; electrically conductive porous metal-organic framework; and electrically conductive porous polymer, such as TP-COF.

[0075] The electrodes may be carbon-based (e.g., graphite-based), manganese-based, iron oxide-based, or a combination thereof. One or both of the first electrode 152 and the second electrode 156 may have a density or outer layer of about 0.05 to about 5.2 g / cm 3 For example, first electrode 152 and / or second electrode 156 may have an outer layer with a density of about 0.2 to about 5.2 g / cm. 3 , about 0.2~5.03g / cm 3 , about 0.2~4.5 g / cm 3 , about 0.2 to about 4 g / cm 3 , about 0.2~3.5g / cm 3 , about 0.2~3g / cm 3 , about 0.2~2.5g / cm 3 , about 0.2~2.26g / cm 3 , about 0.2~about 2g / cm3 Approximately 0.2~1.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~1 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~5.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~5.03 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~4.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~4g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~3.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~3g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~2.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~2.26 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~2g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~1.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.5~1 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 5.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 5.03 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 4.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 4 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 3.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 3 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 2.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 2.26 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1 to 1.5 g / cm³ 3 ; Approximately 1.5~5.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~5.03 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~4.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~4g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~3.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~3g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~2.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~2.26 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 1.5~2g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2 to 5.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2 to 5.03 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2 to 4.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2~4g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2 to 3.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 2~3g / cm³ 3, about 2~2.5g / cm 3 , about 2~2.26g / cm 3 ;Approx. 2.26~5.2g / cm 3 , about 2.26~5.03g / cm 3 , about 2.26~4.5g / cm 3 , about 2.26 to about 4 g / cm 3 , about 2.26~3.5g / cm 3 , about 2.26~about 3g / cm 3 , about 2.26~2.5g / cm 3 ;Approx. 2.5~5.2g / cm 3 , about 2.5~5.03g / cm 3 , about 2.5~4.5g / cm 3 , about 2.5 to about 4 g / cm 3 , about 2.5~3.5g / cm 3 , about 2.5~3g / cm 3 , about 2.5~2.5g / cm 3 ;Approx. 3.5~5.2g / cm 3 , about 3.5~5.03g / cm 3 , about 3.5~4.5g / cm 3 , about 3.5 to about 4 g / cm 3 ;Approx. 4~5.2g / cm 3 , about 4~5.03g / cm 3 , about 4~4.5g / cm 3 ;Approx. 4.5~5.2g / cm 3 , about 4.5~5.03g / cm 3 ;Approx. 5~5.2g / cm 3 , about 5~5.03g / cm 3 ;Approx. 5.03~5.2g / cm 3 or any range or subrange thereof.

[0076] In some cases, the first electrode 152 and / or the second electrode 156 may have an outer layer with, or a density of, about 0.05 to about 0.9 g / cm. 3 , about 0.05~about 0.7g / cm 3 , about 0.05~about 0.6g / cm 3 , about 0.05~about 0.5g / cm 3 , about 0.05 to about 0.4 g / cm3 Approximately 0.05~0.3g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.05~0.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.05~0.1 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1 to 0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.7 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.6 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.4 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.3 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.1~0.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.7 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.6 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.4 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.3g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.15~0.2 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.7 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.6 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.4 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.2~0.3 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.7 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.6 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.4 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.25~0.3g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.3~0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.3~0.7 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.3~0.6 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.3~0.5 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.3~0.4 g / cm³ 3 ; Approximately 0.4~0.9 g / cm³ 3 Approximately 0.4~0.7 g / cm³3 , about 0.4~0.6g / cm 3 , about 0.4~about 0.5g / cm 3 ;Approx. 0.5~0.9g / cm 3 , about 0.5~about 0.7g / cm 3 , about 0.5~about 0.6g / cm 3 or any range or subrange thereof.

[0077] Carbon capture cells 130 and / or 140 have an electrolyte composition that may be in contact with second surface 154B of first electrode 152 and first surface 158A of second electrode 156. The electrolyte composition is preferably disposed within a separator 160 that is at least partially disposed between first electrode 152 and second electrode 156. Separator 160 may extend between first electrode 152 and second electrode 156 of each carbon capture cell of carbon capture module 100, such as first carbon capture cell 130 and second carbon capture cell 140. Separator 160 may include or be composed of a porous material.

[0078] Separator 160 is preferably an electrically insulating material (i.e., a material that does not conduct electrons) and is ion-permeable. For example, separator 160 is typically configured to be permeable to ions of the electrolyte composition and ions derived from carbon dioxide. Separator 160 may include pores that allow the flow of the electrolyte and / or its ions. Separator 160 may have macropores, micropores, and / or nanopores. Separator 160 may include or be composed of any electrically insulating separator material known to those skilled in the art, such as those used in coin-type supercapacitors. In certain embodiments, separator 160 may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of porous cellulose, porous glass, porous polypropylene, porous polyethylene, hydrogel, or ion exchange membrane. In a preferred embodiment, separator 160 includes or is composed of cellulose, cellulose derivatives, and / or modified cellulose materials.

[0079] The electrolyte composition may be an electrolyte solution containing at least about 5% by weight of water. Preferably, the electrolyte solution contains a deliquescent salt. Examples of deliquescent salts that can be incorporated into the electrolyte composition include MgBr, MgCl, CsF, CaCl, KF, CaBr, LiCl, LiBr, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrolyte solution contains MgBr, MgCl, CsF, or a combination thereof.

[0080] As described above, the electrolyte compositions described herein preferably exhibit very little or no evaporation of the electrolyte composition or electrolyte solution. For example, the electrolyte composition exhibits evaporation of less than about 3 wt. %, more preferably less than 1 wt. %, even more preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, even more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, even more preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, and most preferably less than 0.001 wt. % over a 3-month period, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, when operated in a carbon capture module to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In some cases, the electrolyte compositions described herein may exhibit any of the above evaporation rates over a 6-month, 9-month, 12-month, 2-year, 5-year, or 20-year period. By including an electrolyte selected from the electrolytes described herein, the electrolyte composition can exhibit no evaporation over a 6-month, 9-month, 12-month, 2-year, 5-year, or 20-year period in a controlled environment at temperatures ranging from -20 to 80°C and a relative humidity of 10 to 100%. For example, the electrolyte composition may be selected to exhibit no evaporation over the above periods in an environment at 25°C and a relative humidity of 70%. In at least one preferred embodiment, the electrolyte composition does not exhibit evaporation as the carbon capture module captures carbon dioxide from the air.

[0081] Additionally or alternatively, the electrolyte composition may include electrolytes used in coin-type supercapacitors and fuel cells. The electrolyte composition may include an aqueous solution of NaCl and / or NEt4 + BF4 -The salt solution may include an aqueous or non-aqueous salt solution such as a solution of NaCl, LiCl, KCl, Na2SO4, Li2SO4, K2SO4, NaF, LiF, KF, H2SO4, H3PO4, HCl, NaOH, KOH, LiOH, LiClO4, NaClO4, KClO4, NaPF6, LiPF6, NaPF6, KPF6, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, perchlorate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, or a combination of two or more thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the compound may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, or a combination of two or more thereof. The electrolyte composition may be a salt solution containing an organic solvent (and / or solely an organic solvent), and may be one in which one or more of NaCl, LiCl, KCl, Na2SO4, Li2SO4, K2SO4, NaF, LiF, KF, H2SO4, H3PO4, HCl, NaOH, KOH, LiOH, LiClO4, NaClO4, KClO4, NaPF6, LiPF6, NaPF6, KPF6, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, perchlorate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, and the like are dissolved in an organic solvent (acetonitrile, γ-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl carbonate, etc.).

[0082] In one embodiment, separator 160 is in intimate contact with first electrode 152 and second electrode 156, allowing capillary forces to adsorb the electrolyte and / or its ions to first electrode 152 and / or second electrode 156. Without being limited to a particular theory, this is believed to result in the formation of an electric double layer when an electric charge is applied to the electrodes. In another embodiment, the formation of the double layer gives rise to supercapacitance.

[0083] Separator 160, first electrode 152, and second electrode 156 may have the same or approximately the same length and width dimensions. Separator 160 may be located between and in physical contact with second surface 154B of first electrode 152 and first surface 158A of second electrode 156.

[0084] Carbon capture cells 130 and / or 140 include a gas permeable layer 164 having a first surface 166A and an opposing second surface 166B. The first surface 166A and / or the second surface 166B of gas permeable layer 164 may extend along a plane. In some embodiments, first surface 166A of gas permeable layer 164 extends along a plane parallel to the plane of second surface 166B of gas permeable layer 164. In some cases, gas permeable layer 164 may be configured to have a uniform thickness. Gas permeable layer 164 may be positioned adjacent to and in physical contact with first surface 154A of first electrode 152.

[0085] The gas permeable layer 164 may be composed of a material that allows gas to pass through, such as a material that allows gas to contact the first surface 110 of the first electrode 152. For example, the gas permeable layer 164 may be a gas-permeable, electrically conductive material. The gas permeable layer 164 may be porous. The gas permeable layer 164 may have macropores, micropores, and / or nanopores. In some embodiments, the gas permeable layer 164 includes one or more materials selected from carbon cloth, carbon mesh, carbon felt, carbon paper, metal foam, metal mesh, metal paper, or combinations thereof. While FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment including the gas permeable layer 164, in some embodiments, the carbon capture module 100 does not include a gas permeable layer because one or more electrodes have grooves formed in their surfaces as gas flow channels, thereby omitting the gas permeable layer.

[0086] Carbon capture module 100 typically includes a barrier 168 extending between first carbon capture cell 130 and second carbon capture cell 140. Barrier 168 is usually configured to be electrically conductive and ion-impermeable. As seen in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, barrier 168 may extend adjacent to second surface 158B of second electrode 156 of first carbon capture cell 130 and adjacent to first surface 166A of gas-permeable layer 164 of second carbon capture cell 140. In some embodiments, carbon capture module 100 is configured such that barrier 168 has first surface 169A and second surface 169B, and barrier 168 is configured to prevent ion migration from first carbon capture cell 130 to second carbon capture cell 140 or from second carbon capture cell 140 to first carbon capture cell 130.

[0087] The barrier may be composed of or formed from a metal, an ion-impermeable carbon (e.g., an ion-impermeable activated carbon), an oxide, a sulfide, a nitride, a carbide, a polymer, or a combination of two or more thereof. In at least one preferred embodiment, the barrier is composed of or formed from titanium, copper, silver, aluminum, tin, steel, an alloy thereof, an electrically conductive polymer (e.g., a polymer impregnated with carbon), graphite, or a combination of two or more thereof. The barrier may also be a non-porous, electrically conductive material.

[0088] The carbon capture module 100 can be configured such that the first carbon capture cell 130 and the second carbon capture cell 140 are at least partially located in the space between the first current collector 110 and the second current collector 120. In some embodiments, the carbon capture module 100 can be configured such that the first current collector 112 is in physical contact with and extends across the gas permeable layer 164 distal from the first surface 154A of the first electrode 152, and the second current collector 120 is in physical contact with and extends across the second surface 166B of the second electrode 164. The first surface 166A of the gas permeable layer 164 of the first carbon capture cell 130 can extend adjacent to the surface 112 of the first current collector 110, and the second surface 158B of the second electrode 156 of the second carbon capture cell 140 can extend adjacent to the surface 122 of the second current collector 120. Additionally, the second surface 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 may extend adjacent to the first surface 154A of the first electrode 152.

[0089] Carbon capture module 100 may further include a feed inlet conduit 170. Feed inlet conduit 170 may extend across the first and second faces 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the first carbon capture cell 130 and across the first and second faces 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the second carbon capture cell 140. In some embodiments, feed inlet conduit 170 extends vertically through the first and second faces 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the first carbon capture cell 130 and also vertically through the first and second faces 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the second carbon capture cell 140.

[0090] Carbon capture module 100 may further include a feed outlet conduit 172. Feed outlet 172 may extend across the first and second sides 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the first carbon capture cell 130 and across the first and second sides 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the second carbon capture cell 140. In some embodiments, feed outlet conduit 172 extends vertically through the first and second sides 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the first carbon capture cell 130 and also vertically through the first and second sides 166A, 166B of the gas permeable layer 164 of the second carbon capture cell 140. Feed outlet 172 may be configured to receive a feed outlet stream 194 from carbon capture module 100.

[0091] Carbon capture module 100 is preferably configured to include a bipolar electrode 180. For example, carbon capture module 100 may be configured to form bipolar electrode 180 from first carbon capture cell 130, second carbon capture cell 140, and barrier 168 extending therebetween. Bipolar electrode 180 may be formed from first carbon capture cell 130, second carbon capture cell 140, barrier 168, and gas permeable layer 164 of either first carbon capture cell 130 and / or second carbon capture cell 140. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A , bipolar electrode 180 is composed of second electrode 156 of first carbon capture cell 130, barrier 168 (preferably electrically conductive), gas permeable layer 164 of second carbon capture cell 140, and first electrode 152 of second carbon capture cell 140. 2A, barrier 168 is electrically conductive but is not electrically connected to a power source (e.g., a power source that directly applies current or voltage). In some embodiments, carbon capture module 100 is configured so that one of the electrodes that make up bipolar electrode 180 is positively charged and the other is negatively charged (e.g., when a voltage is applied to the module). In some preferred embodiments, carbon capture module 100 is configured to include one less bipolar electrode than the total number of carbon capture cells therein.

[0092] The inventors have advantageously discovered that certain components and their arrangement in the carbon capture modules disclosed herein allow for a reduction in the number of current collectors. For example, the carbon capture module 100 may be configured without a third current collector. In some embodiments, each carbon capture module 100 included in the carbon capture system 1000 does not include a third current collector. The carbon capture module 100 may be configured with only two current collectors (e.g., the first current collector 110 and the second current collector 120). The carbon capture system 1000 may be configured with each capture module having two current conductors. In some embodiments, the carbon capture module 100 may be configured such that the first and second carbon capture cells 130 and 140 are each electrically connected to only one current collector, either the first current collector 110 or the second current collector 120.

[0093] Capacitive carbon capture module 100 may optionally include one or more corrosion-resistant layers. For example, a first corrosion-resistant layer may be disposed between first current collector 110 and gas-permeable layer 164, with a first side of the corrosion-resistant layer in contact with first current collector 110 and a second side of the corrosion-resistant layer in contact with gas-permeable layer 164. In some embodiments, capacitance-based carbon capture system 100 may include a second corrosion-resistant layer disposed between second electrode 140 and second current collector 120, with a first side of the second corrosion-resistant layer in contact with second side 158B of second electrode 156 and a second side of the second corrosion-resistant layer in contact with second current collector 120. Without being limited to a particular purpose, these corrosion-resistant layers may serve to protect and prevent corrosion of one or more of first and second current collectors 110 and 120, first and second electrodes 130 and 140, or gas-permeable layer 164. In one embodiment, the first corrosion-resistant layer is in physical contact with and disposed over surface 112 of first current collector 110, and the second corrosion-resistant layer is in physical contact with and disposed over surface 122 of second current collector.

[0094] These corrosion-resistant layers may independently comprise one or more materials selected from the group consisting of graphite, titanium, gold, silver, platinum, conductive polymers, stainless steel, steel alloys, conductive ceramics, conductive plastics, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second corrosion-resistant layers may each independently further comprise one or more materials selected from the group consisting of corrosion-resistant plastics, corrosion-resistant ceramics, or combinations thereof.

[0095] Capacitive carbon capture module 100 may further include a gasket. In one embodiment, the thickness of the gasket corresponds approximately to the combined thickness of gas permeable layer 164, first electrode 130, second electrode 140, and separator 160 in one or all of the carbon capture cells in carbon capture module 100. In one embodiment, carbon capture module 100 may include one or more electrically insulating gaskets 122.

[0096] In some cases, one or more gaskets may form a seal around one or more of the carbon capture cells, such as at least one of the gas permeable layer 164, separator 160 containing the electrolyte composition, first electrode 152, second electrode 156, and optionally the first and / or second corrosion-resistant layers (if present), and second gas permeable layer 164 (if present). In some embodiments, a gasket forms a seal around each carbon capture cell in carbon capture module 100. The gasket may form a seal around one or more layers that prevents the exchange of liquids and gases. In some embodiments, the gasket serves to form a sealed system whose exterior is defined by first current collector 110, the gasket, and second current collector 120. In yet other embodiments, the gasket forms a seal that prevents the exchange of liquids and gases, except for gases that pass through feed inlet conduit 170, feed outlet conduit 172, and / or gas permeable layer 164. Additional disclosure regarding gaskets and their application to carbon capture modules and / or carbon capture cells is provided in US Pat. No. 10,646,813, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0097] Carbon capture module 100 may include a frame configured to hold one or more components of carbon capture module 100 in place. For example, carbon capture module 100 may have a frame and two gaskets disposed on either end. Those skilled in the art will recognize suitable materials for the frame.

[0098] As shown in FIG. 1, carbon capture system 1000 includes first carbon capture module 100A, second carbon capture module 100B, feed stream 192, valve 190, and exhaust streams 194A and 194B. Feed stream 192 is a gaseous feed stream preferably containing carbon dioxide. Feed stream 194 is preferably in fluid communication with feed inlet conduit 170. Feed stream 192 preferably contains greater than or equal to about 300 ppm carbon dioxide. While carbon capture system 100 is not limited to a feed stream containing a particular amount of carbon dioxide, in certain embodiments, feed stream 192 contains carbon dioxide in the range of about 300 ppm to 18% by volume of the total feed stream. For example, the feed stream 192 may contain carbon dioxide in any range or subrange thereof, such as about 300 to about 900 ppm, about 300 to about 700 ppm, about 300 to about 500 ppm, about 300 to about 450 ppm, about 300 to about 400 ppm; about 350 to about 900 ppm, about 350 to about 700 ppm, about 350 to about 500 ppm, about 350 to about 450 ppm, about 350 to about 400 ppm; about 400 to about 900 ppm, about 400 to about 700 ppm, about 400 to about 500 ppm, about 400 to about 450 ppm, etc. In some cases, feed stream 192 may be from about 1 to about 18% by volume, from about 1 to about 15% by volume, from about 1 to about 12% by volume, from about 1 to about 9% by volume, from about 1 to about 6% by volume, from about 1 to about 4% by volume, from about 1 to about 2% by volume; from about 3 to about 18% by volume, from about 3 to about 15% by volume, from about 3 to about 12% by volume, from about 3 to about 9% by volume, from about 3 to about 6% by volume, from about 3 to about 4% by volume; from about 5 to about 18% by volume, from about 5 to about 15% by volume, from about 5 to about 5% by volume, from about 5 to about 6 ... The carbon dioxide content of the feed stream may be any range or subrange of the total carbon dioxide content, such as about 12% by volume, about 5% by volume, about 9% by volume, about 5% by volume, about 6% by volume, about 8% by volume, about 18% by volume, about 8% by volume, about 15% by volume, about 12% by volume, about 8% by volume, about 9% by volume, about 11% by volume, about 11% by volume, about 15% by volume, about 11% by volume, about 12% by volume, about 14% by volume, about 14% by volume, about 16% by volume, etc. In at least one preferred embodiment, the feed stream contains about 400 ppm carbon dioxide. The feed stream 192 may include atmospheric air or may itself be atmospheric air.

[0099] Feed stream 192 may include or be selected from mixtures of, for example, CO2 / CH4, CH4 / N2, CO2 / H2, N2 / O2, alkanes / olefins, etc. In other embodiments, the feed stream may include gaseous compounds selected from CO2, N2, O2, SO2, SO3, H2S, NO, NO2, NO3, H2, CH4, CO, NH3, PH3, AsH3, NF3, PF3, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, boranes, silanes, hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, iodocarbon gases, or combinations of two or more thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the feed stream is or includes air.

[0100] While FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment including only two carbon capture modules 100, in some aspects, the carbon capture system 1000 can include one carbon capture module 100 or a plurality of three or more (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten or more) carbon capture modules 100. The carbon capture system 1000 can be configured to operate these multiple carbon capture modules 100 in pairs. When including multiple modules, the carbon capture system 100 can preferably include a valve 190. For example, the carbon capture system 100 can include one or more valves 190 configured to allow or prohibit the flow of the feed stream 192 into one or more of the carbon capture modules 100. In some cases, the valve 190 is configured to allow the flow of the feed stream 192 into one of the pair of carbon capture modules 100 but not the other. The carbon capture system 100 may include a valve connected to and in fluid communication with the first carbon capture module 100A, positioned to allow or prohibit the flow of a feed stream 192A into the first carbon capture module 100A. The carbon capture system 1000 may also include a valve connected to and in fluid communication with the second carbon capture module 100B, allowing or prohibiting the flow of a feed stream 192B into the second carbon capture module 100B. The carbon capture system 1000 may be configured to operate multiple carbon capture modules 100 in pairs, with the feed stream being received by one module or switched to the other.

[0101] In some cases, the carbon capture system 1000 may be configured without the valve 190. For example, as shown in FIG. 11, the carbon capture system 1000 may include a fan to facilitate the inflow and outflow of air. While FIG. 11 shows a configuration with a single carbon capture module, multiple carbon capture modules 100 may be included. In FIG. 11, the fan is coupled or fluidly connected to the supply outlet 172, but the fan or another fan may be coupled or fluidly connected to the supply inlet 170.

[0102] The carbon capture system 1000 is preferably configured to selectively and reversibly adsorb and desorb carbon dioxide by capacitively charging and discharging the electrodes in the carbon capture module 100. The electrodes are capacitively charged by applying electricity to create a potential difference of, for example, about 1 V. In certain embodiments, the potential difference may be about 0.1 to about 15 V, about 0.1 to about 12 V, about 0.1 to about 9 V, about 0.1 to about 6 V, about 0.1 to about 5 V, about 0.1 to about 4 V, about 0.1 to about 3 V, about 0.1 to about 2 V, about 0.1 to about 1 V; about 0.4 to about 15 V, about 0.4 to about 12 V, about 0.4 to about 9 V, about 0.4 to about 6 V, or about 0. 4 to about 5V, about 0.4 to about 4V, about 0.4 to about 3V, about 0.4 to about 2V, about 0.4 to about 1V; about 0.7 to about 15V, about 0.7 to about 12V, about 0.7 ~9V, 0.7~6V, 0.7~5V, 0.7~4V, 0.7~3V, 0.7~2V, 0.7~1V; 1~15V , about 1 to about 12 V, about 1 to about 9 V, about 1 to about 6 V, about 1 to about 5 V, about 1 to about 4 V, about 1 to about 3 V, about 1 to about 2 V; about 2 to about 15 V, about 2 to about 12 V, about 2 to about 9 V, about 2 to about 6 V, about 2 to about 5 V, about 2 to about 4 V, about 2 to about 3 V; about 3 to about 15 V, about 3 to about 12 V, about 3 to about 9 V, about 3 to about 6 V, about 3 to about 5 V, about 3 to about 4 V; about 5 to about 15 V, about 5 to about 12 V, about 5 to about 9 V, about 5 to about 6 V; about 8 to about 15 V, about 8 to about 12 V, about 8 to about 9 V; about 11 to about 15 V, about 11 to about 13 V, any range or subrange thereof, and the like. The voltage may be adjusted depending on the number of carbon capture cells.

[0103] During capacitive charging of the carbon capture module 100, carbon dioxide dissolves in the electrolyte composition and hydrolyzes to form cations / protons and anions (e.g., carbonate and / or bicarbonate anions). The cations / protons and anions derived from the carbon dioxide can then be adsorbed onto the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte composition. For example, the protons / cations can be adsorbed onto the second electrode 156 (which may be configured as a negative electrode). Additionally or alternatively, the anions can be adsorbed onto the first electrode 152 (which may be configured as a positive electrode). In some embodiments, either the cations / protons or the anions can remain in the electrolyte composition and not be adsorbed onto an electrode. The carbon capture system 100 can be configured such that a feed stream 192 containing carbon dioxide is supplied to the carbon capture module 100 until and / or until the electrodes are saturated with ions derived from the carbon dioxide.

[0104] During capacitive discharge, the adsorbed ions are released into the electrolyte composition, which allows the ions to recombine to form gaseous carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, capacitive discharge can be achieved by removing the applied potential difference between the electrodes of the carbon capture module 100.

[0105] Referring to FIG. 1 , the first carbon capture module 100A and the second carbon capture module 100B can be configured to be capacitively charged by applying a voltage to each carbon capture module 100. In some embodiments, the first carbon capture module 100A and the second carbon capture module 100B are configured to be alternately capacitively charged. Capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module 100A and / or the second carbon capture module 100B includes absorbing carbon dioxide from the feed stream 192 into the electrolyte composition of each carbon capture module 100, where the carbon dioxide absorbed in the electrolyte composition hydrolyzes to form cations and anions. Capacitive charging of either the first carbon capture module 100A or the second carbon capture module 100B further includes adsorbing cations or anions onto the first electrode 152 of the carbon capture cell of that carbon capture module 100. In some cases, charging the first carbon capture module 100A and / or the second carbon capture module 100B further includes adsorbing cations or anions onto the second electrode 156. For example, when a voltage is applied to the first electrode 152 and the second electrode 156, cations will be adsorbed to either the first electrode 152 or the second electrode 156, and anions will be adsorbed to the other.

[0106] The carbon capture module 100 is typically configured to allow capacitive discharge. Capacitively discharging either the first carbon capture module 100A or the second carbon capture module 100B preferably desorbs carbon dioxide ions and releases gaseous carbon dioxide. For example, in some embodiments, capacitively discharging the first carbon capture module 100A and / or the second carbon capture module 100B includes releasing adsorbed cations and / or anions from the respective electrodes. In some embodiments, the carbon capture system 1000 is configured such that the first carbon capture module 100A is capacitively charging while the second carbon capture module 100B is capacitively discharging. The carbon capture system 1000 can also be configured such that the first carbon capture module 100A is capacitively discharging while the second carbon capture module 100B is capacitively charging.

[0107] The carbon capture system 1000 may be configured to supply power generated by the discharge of the first or second carbon capture module to a power grid. Thus, in some embodiments, high-cost power can be supplied to the power grid when there is a power shortage on the power grid. Additionally, when there is a surplus of inexpensive power on the power grid, that power can be used to capacitively charge the first or second carbon capture module. The capacitive carbon capture module 100 may be configured to be placed on a wall, fence, or portion of a structure. Additional disclosure related to the implementation, structure, and / or potential components of the carbon capture system disclosed herein may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 10,646,813, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0108] 9, the carbon capture systems disclosed herein (e.g., carbon capture system 1000) can be configured as at least a portion of a solar panel assembly. In some embodiments, carbon capture system 1000 is integrated into or forms a part of a solar panel assembly. The solar panel assembly can include a solar panel 900 configured to convert sunlight into electrical power. Further disclosure regarding solar panel assemblies and their components is found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,234,824, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.

[0109] 10 , a carbon capture system disclosed herein (e.g., carbon capture system 1000) may be configured as at least a portion of a wind turbine assembly. In an embodiment, carbon capture system 1000 is integrated into or forms a part of a wind turbine assembly. The wind turbine assembly may include wind turbine blades 1010 configured to convert wind into electrical power. Further disclosure regarding wind turbine assemblies and components thereof is found in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,952,215, 7,952,215, and 7,772,713, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

[0110] Referring to Figure 8, a schematic diagram of a system for carbon capture is shown. The methods disclosed herein can employ one or more of the carbon capture modules (e.g., carbon capture module 100) and / or carbon capture systems (e.g., carbon capture system 1000) disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the method removes carbon dioxide from a feed stream, preferably a gaseous feed stream. The feed stream can include or be air.

[0111] As an example, a method for reversibly adsorbing and desorbing a gaseous compound (preferably carbon dioxide) from a gaseous feed stream is provided. The method can include the following steps: supplying the feed stream to a first carbon capture module; volumetrically charging the first carbon capture module; stopping the flow of the feed stream to the first module; optionally depressurizing (evacuating) the first module to reach about 0.1 to about 0.3 atmospheres; volumetrically discharging the first module; supplying the feed stream to a second carbon capture module; volumetrically charging the second module; and, optionally, releasing the gaseous CO2 from the first module.

[0112] As another example, the method can include providing a carbon capture module (such as those disclosed herein) having at least two electrodes; including the module with an electrolyte in contact with the electrodes; contacting a first electrode with a gaseous feed stream containing carbon dioxide; and reversibly applying an electric charge to the carbon capture module to selectively adsorb carbon dioxide from the gaseous feed stream. The method can include introducing the gaseous feed stream to a carbon capture module such as those disclosed herein such that the gaseous feed stream passes through a gas permeable layer; applying an electric charge to the first and second electrodes such that the first electrode selectively adsorbs carbon dioxide from the feed stream; flushing the gaseous feed stream through the device; removing the electric charge from the first and second electrodes such that the first electrode desorbs the adsorbed gas; and venting or venting the desorbed gas from the carbon capture module.

[0113] In certain embodiments, the method includes passing a gaseous feed stream containing carbon dioxide through a carbon capture module disclosed herein and applying a variable voltage to the first and second collectors (or electrodes adjacent thereto). In other embodiments, the gaseous feed stream contains carbon dioxide and other compounds that differentially adsorb when a voltage is applied to the first and second electrodes adjacent the current collectors of the carbon capture module. In some embodiments, the electrodes are capacitively charged while the voltage is applied.

[0114] As predicted by the design principles of the carbon capture system 1000 described herein, any given feed stream can contain a variety of gaseous compounds; the only requirement is that the applied voltage does not equally alter the adsorption properties of all gases contained in the gas mixture in the feed stream. Examples of such gaseous mixtures include CO / CH, CH / N, CO / H, N / O, and alkanes / olefins. In other embodiments, the feed stream can contain gaseous compounds selected from CO, N, O, SO, SO, H,S, NO, NO, NO, H, CH, CO, NH, PH, AsH, NF, PF, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, boranes, silanes, hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, iodocarbon gases, alkanes, olefins, or combinations of two or more thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the feed stream is or includes air. While the carbon capture system 1000 described herein is generally configured for carbon capture, it can also be used to separate gas mixtures and / or feed streams that do not contain carbon dioxide, or to capture gaseous compounds other than carbon dioxide from gas mixtures or feed streams. As noted above, it can be used to separate gas mixtures and feed streams, so long as the applied voltage does not alter the adsorption properties of the target gas contained in the gas mixture to the same extent as other gases. The use of the carbon capture module 100 and system 1000 disclosed herein for the separation of carbon-free mixtures or the capture of gaseous compounds other than carbon dioxide is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 10,646,813, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0115] The carbon capture system, carbon capture module, and methods disclosed herein are particularly noteworthy because they can operate with high efficiency. In one aspect, the carbon capture module disclosed herein minimizes energy loss due to electrolyte resistance. By using a thin separator layer impregnated with an electrolyte instead of a bulk electrolyte solution, energy loss due to resistance is significantly reduced. In another aspect, the module requires no moving parts. Operation is achieved through the control of an applied voltage and the use of a gas flow, eliminating the need for moving parts and minimizing energy costs. Furthermore, the use of a gas-permeable layer allows gas to be supplied to the system without the need for dissolution in a liquid, enabling rapid operation. The gas feed stream allows the gas to be adsorbed to quickly pass through the gas-permeable layer and contact the adsorption electrode. Similarly, the gas can be easily desorbed and released without the need for redissolution in an electrolyte. Furthermore, the lack of an electrolyte solution eliminates the need for active separation and removal of desorbed gas. Furthermore, the module can be easily designed to be scalable by those skilled in the art.

[0116] As used herein, the term "about" will vary to some extent depending on the context in which it is used, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. As used herein, when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, time, etc., "about" is meant to encompass a variation of ±20% or ±10%, more preferably ±5%, even more preferably ±1%, and even more preferably ±0.1% from the specified value.

[0117] As used herein, the term "BPL Carbon" refers to BPL4x6 Carbon, a commercial activated carbon product manufactured by Calgon Corporation. It is derived from bituminous coal and activated by high temperature treatment under controlled atmosphere. It is electrically conductive in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes and is chemically stable.

[0118] As used herein, the term "TP-COF" refers to a highly ordered organic framework with a mesoporous hexagonal structure, consisting of alternating pyrene and triphenylene functional groups.

[0119] As used herein, "fluidic communication" means that two or more components can exchange gases and / or liquids with each other.

[0120] Example 1 A capacitive carbon capture system was used to capture carbon dioxide from a gas stream consisting of 400 ppm carbon dioxide and the remainder atmospheric nitrogen (N). A schematic diagram of the experimental setup used is shown in Figure 3A. The experimental setup included a carbon capture module as shown in Figure 3B.

[0121] Specifically, a gaseous feed stream consisting of 400 ppm carbon dioxide and the remainder N2 was continuously supplied from a gas cylinder 12 and passed through a bubbler containing an electrolyte solution 14 to humidify the gas mixture and prevent evaporation of the electrolyte within the module. The gaseous feed stream then passed through a mass flow controller 16, which adjusted the flow rate to a specific value between 10 and 32 sccm / min. The gaseous stream was then fed into a carbon capture module 18 equipped with a radial flow system, as shown schematically in Figure 3B. The carbon capture module 18 included a first current collector 3, a second current collector 8, a gas permeable layer 4, a first electrode 5, a second electrode 7, a separator 6, and a gasket 9. The components of the carbon capture module 18 are disclosed elsewhere herein.

[0122] The gas flow was fed into the center of the gas mixture and flowed radially through the gas-permeable layer inside the carbon capture module 18 to the periphery of the carbon capture module 18. The gas flow exited the periphery of the module 18 and then passed through a gas drying tube 20 to protect the gas analyzer from moisture. The exhaust gas was then sent to a gas analyzer 22, which measured the CO2 concentration in the gas mixture as a function of time. The gas analyzer was capable of measuring CO2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 2000 ppm. The carbon capture module 18 was electrically connected to a galvanostat so that it was charged to 1 V with a constant current of 50 mA. This voltage was then held for a specific time (ranging from 100 minutes to 30 hours, depending on the experimental conditions). The carbon capture module 18 was then discharged to 0 V at 50 mA and again held at this potential for a specific time (ranging from 100 minutes to 30 hours).

[0123] The carbon capture module 18 contained a pair of activated carbon electrodes, which were either commercially available or homemade using activated carbon obtained from garlic root. To prepare the electrodes, activated carbon, PTFE, gluten, and carbon black were mixed in a specific weight ratio of 80:5:10:5. Here, gluten and PTFE act as binders, and carbon black acts as a conductive additive. Briefly, 0.415 g of PTFE dispersion, 4.0 g of carbon, 0.5 g of gluten, and 0.25 g of conductive carbon black were dispersed in 50 ml of ethanol and sonicated. The mixture was stirred at 65 °C for 2 hours in a sealed vial and then heated to 80 °C to evaporate the ethanol and concentrate the mixture into a slurry. The slurry was transferred to a flat glass plate, thoroughly mixed with a metal spatula, and processed into a sticky dough-like substance. The dough was then processed in a pasta machine to produce flat plates with a thickness of 0.6–0.7 mm. Two 7 cm x 7 cm sheets were cut out and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 100°C and approximately 25 mmHg to remove residual solvent.

[0124] Referring to Figure 5, the carbon capture module 18 contained two 13 cm x 13 cm x 1 cm mirror-finished titanium grade 7 plates (Tricor Metals, 3 and 8) that served as mechanical support and current collectors. Gas flowed in a radial pattern from the central gas inlet port 1 through the carbon cloth to the gas outlet port 2 at the periphery of the top plate. Both gas ports were 1 mm in diameter and connected to 1 / 8-inch diameter stainless steel tubing via Swagelok connectors. Thirteen set screws secured the entire module through 13 holes at the end of each plate.

[0125] One electrode was immersed in 1 M NaCl, 1 M MgCl2, or 3 M MgBr2 for 2 hours and used as the positive electrode (e.g., electrode 7 in Figure 3B). The other electrode was not immersed in electrolyte and used as the negative electrode (e.g., electrode 5 in Figure 3B). An 8 cm x 8 cm piece of Whatman Grade 2 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) filter paper was moistened with 1 M NaCl solution and used as a separator between the two electrodes (separator 6 in Figure 3B). A 9 cm x 9 cm EPDM rubber sheet (1 / 16 inch thick, McMaster-Carr, gasket 9 in Figure 3B) with an 8 cm x 8 cm opening was placed between the top and bottom plates to act as a gasket. The sandwich structure consisting of the two electrodes and separator was placed within the opening of the gasket, with the positive electrode in contact with the bottom plate. A 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm carbon cloth (AvCarb 1071 HCB, gas permeable layer 4 in Figure 3B) was placed between the anode and the top plate to act as a gas diffusion layer. The top and bottom plates were clamped together with electrically insulated set screws. These screws were tightened evenly with a torque wrench to a torque of 20 in⋅lb.

[0126] The energy performance of the carbon capture module was evaluated using four indices: specific capacity (C, F g -1 ), Coulomb efficiency (η c ,%), energy efficiency (η e, %), and energy loss (ΔE, J).

[0127] The specific capacity was calculated from the galvanostatic charging curves by the following formula: TIFF2026503422000002.tif9150Here, I(A) is a constant current, t g where (s) is the galvanostatic charging time, m (g) is the total mass of activated carbon in the two electrodes, and ΔU (V) is the change in cell voltage. Note that only the galvanostatic charging step contributes to the specific capacity.

[0128] The coulombic efficiency is calculated using the following formula: TIFF2026503422000003.tif10150Here, Q c (C) and Q d (C) is the total charge flowing into or out of the module during the charge and discharge process (including the galvanostatic charge / discharge step and the subsequent hold step).

[0129] Energy efficiency is calculated using the following formula: TIFF2026503422000004.tif10150 where E c (J) and E d (J) is the total energy consumed or supplied by the carbon capture module during the charging and discharging process (including the galvanostatic charging / discharging step and the subsequent holding step).

[0130] The energy loss is calculated by the following formula: ΔE=E c -E d

[0131] Five indices were used to evaluate the adsorption performance of the carbon capture module: adsorption capacity (AC, mol kg -1 ), electron efficiency (EE, molecular electron -1 ), energy consumption (EC, kJ·mol -1 ), adsorption rate (AR, mol kg -1 ·s-1 ), and time-energy efficiency (TEE, mol·kJ -1 ·s -1 )

[0132] The adsorption capacity indicates the amount of CO2 adsorbed per kg of carbon material and is calculated using the following formula: TIFF2026503422000005.tif9150where m n.e (kg) is the mass of activated carbon in the negative electrode, n a,CO2 (mol) is the amount of CO2 adsorbed. The carbon capture module has high CO2 selectivity over N2, so n a,CO2 is calculated by the following formula: TIFF2026503422000006.tif11150where t (s) is the time of the entire charging process (including the galvanostatic charging step and any subsequent holding step), T (296 K) is the temperature, and R (8.314 J·mol -1 ·K -1 ) is the ideal gas constant, f i and f e (L·s -1 ) are the inflow gas (1.7×10 -5 L·s -1 ) and the outflow gas flow rate. The outflow gas flow rate is calculated using the following formula: TIFF2026503422000007.tif10150 where C i and C e (%) are the CO2 concentrations in the inlet gas (e.g., 15% or 400 ppm) and outlet gas, respectively. C e was measured and recorded by a CO2 analyzer.

[0133] The charge efficiency indicates the number of CO2 molecules adsorbed per electron stored at the electrode and is calculated by the following formula: TIFF2026503422000008.tif9150where n c.e (mol) is the number of electrons stored capacitively, Q c (C) is the capacitively stored charge, F(96485 C mol -1 ) is the Faraday constant.

[0134] Figure 4 summarizes the energy and adsorption performances obtained from the experiments with different electrodes. The most favorable performance was obtained with garlic-derived carbon, which was prepared from garlic root and treated with potassium carbonate as an activator at 800 °C (mass ratio of garlic root to K2CO3 = 1:4), followed by post-treatment in air at 300 °C. This resulted in a CO2 adsorption capacity of 113 mmol kg -1 The adsorption capacity was higher (281 mmol / kg) but the energy consumption was slightly higher (229 kJ / mol) when the electrode was hot-pressed. The commercial electrode was inferior in both adsorption capacity and energy consumption. The garlic electrode post-treated with oxygen was superior in both adsorption and energy performance.

[0135] Remarkably, all four electrodes were able to completely remove CO2 from the gas stream. This is shown in the graph below. During charging, the CO2 concentration dropped from 400 ppm to 0 ppm, returning to its original value (400 ppm) only at the end of the adsorption cycle. During discharge, the CO2 concentration also rose sharply, indicating rapid desorption. After complete desorption, the CO2 concentration returned to its original value of 400 ppm. The adsorption-desorption cycle could be repeated multiple times, with no degradation in performance observed with increasing cycle count. This indicates that the carbon capture system is highly selective for CO2 and can remove even trace amounts of CO2 from gas mixtures. It also suggests that the electrodes may have a long lifespan.

[0136] Graphs showing the relationship between voltage and carbon dioxide concentration for the four evaluation electrodes are shown in Figures 5A-5D. Figure 5A is a graph showing the change in CO2 concentration as a function of voltage for unoxidized garlic root carbon. Figure 5B is a graph for air-oxidized garlic root carbon. Figure 5C is a graph for hot-pressed and air-oxidized garlic root carbon. Figure 5D is a graph for the commercially available electrode.

[0137] Example 2 In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, non-limiting examples of capacitive carbon capture modules having 2, 4, 8, and 12 carbon capture cells were evaluated. Electrodes were prepared with the following composition: 80 wt. % BPL4x6 carbon (Calgon™), 5 wt. % conductive carbon black (VXCMAX22, Cabot Corporation™), 10 wt. % gluten (Hodgson Mill, food grade), and 5 wt. % polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, 60% dispersion in water, Sigma-Aldrich™). The electrode dimensions were 7 cm x 7 cm x 0.7 mm.

[0138] A capacitive carbon capture module was prepared with a bipolar electrode stack. Specifically, two mirror-finished grade 7 titanium plates measuring 13 cm × 13 cm × 1 cm served as the current collectors of the module. The positive BPL carbon electrode was immersed in a 1 M NaCl electrolyte solution for 2 hours (h). The negative electrode was not immersed in the electrolyte. In the carbon capture module with the bipolar electrode stack, the electrodes were separated by an 8 cm × 8 cm cellulose filter paper wetted with a 1 M NaCl solution. An electrolyte-impermeable titanium sheet (TA2, 99% purity, 8 cm × 8 cm × 0.1 mm) was inserted to block the flow of ionic current between the two ends of the bipolar electrodes. To seal the cell, a 9 cm × 9 cm EPDM rubber sheet (1 / 16 inch thick, manufactured by McMaster-Carr) with an 8 cm × 8 cm opening was laminated between the upper and lower titanium plates. To confirm the potential distribution within the multi-pair electrode stack, a titanium strip (0.8 cm × 4.5 cm × 0.1 mm) was inserted between the underside of the bipolar electrode and the separator. A 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm piece of carbon cloth was placed between the negative electrode and the top plate or titanium sheet to serve as a gas diffusion layer. The top and bottom plates were clamped together with 16 electrically insulated set screws. These screws were uniformly tightened with a torque wrench to 20 in·lb. Gas was distributed by a radial gas flow system, flowing from a central inlet port to outlet ports on the periphery of the capacitive carbon capture module. To ensure uniform gas flow within the capacitive carbon capture module, all stacked components between the end plates had 9 mm diameter circular openings. PTFE tubing (1 / 32 inch inner diameter, 1 / 16 inch outer diameter) with 1 / 20 inch diameter openings on the sides was inserted into the channels formed by these openings to maximize uniform gas distribution within the module.

[0139] ACS-grade NaCl (purity ≥99%) was used to prepare the electrolyte solution. Laboratory-grade water (>18 MΩ·cm) was used to prepare the 1 M NaCl electrolyte solution.

[0140] The potential distribution between the electrode pair was confirmed using a multimeter (AstroAI, DM6000AR) connected to the titanium strip and plate. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed using a Gamry reference 3000 potentiostat. Gas separation experiments were performed in continuous flow mode, with the gas mixture flowing continuously through the module. Carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption were detected using a Quantek carbon dioxide analyzer, which measured the CO2 concentration changes during the charge-discharge process. Before the start of the charge-discharge cycle, the carbon capture module was flushed with a 15% CO2 / 85% N2 gas mixture for several hours to complete normal carbon dioxide adsorption on the electrodes and electrolyte. The capacitive carbon capture module was charged and discharged using the "GCD+Pstat" method (i.e., galvanostatic charge / discharge (GCD) with a constant current of 50 mA between 0 and 1 V, plus a 10-minute potentiostatic (Pstat) hold step at 0 V (after discharge) and 1 V (after charge)). The gas flow rate was adjusted depending on the number of electrode pairs to achieve complete CO2 adsorption within the same time range: 6 cc / min for 2 pairs, 16 cc / min for 4 pairs, 24 cc / min for 8 pairs, and 36 cc / min for 12 pairs. Adsorption performance and energy performance indices were calculated.

[0141] Prior to gas separation experiments, the capacitive carbon capture modules were characterized by cyclic voltammetry to confirm the expected capacitive behavior. Cyclic voltammetry measurements (sweep rate 1 mV / s) of modules with 2, 4, 8, and 12 pairs of electrodes all showed near-rectangular waveforms, indicating ideal capacitive charge storage behavior (see Figures 6A-6D).

[0142] The stack capacity was calculated from the following CV curve equation: TIFF2026503422000009.tif16112Where Cstack (F) is the stack capacitance, ΔQ (C) is the accumulated charge, ΔV (V) is the total voltage change, V0 (V) is the voltage window, v (V / s) is the sweep rate, i (A) is the current, and t (s) is the time it takes to complete a voltage sweep.

[0143] The capacity of a single cell was calculated using the following formula: TIFF2026503422000010.tif12115 where C pair (F) is the capacity of a single cell with one pair of electrodes, and n is the number of cells (electrode pairs) in the stack.

[0144] For each stack, the stack capacity, cell capacity, and specific capacity were calculated and are shown in Table 1. [Table 1]

[0145] The stack capacitance decreased with the number of electrode pairs in the stack, n, as follows: TIFF2026503422000012.tif13150

[0146] The specific capacitance of the electrodes in the carbon capture cell stack is 67.7–74.2 F g -1 The capacitances of each electrode pair in these stacks are also very similar, suggesting equal capacitance contributions from each electrode pair.

[0147] This is also supported by the uniform potential distribution between electrode pairs within the stack. The potential distribution for each pair within the stack was confirmed by connecting a multimeter (AstroAI, DM6000AR) to the titanium strip or plate. Figure 6E shows a schematic diagram of an example of how to confirm the potential distribution between electrode pairs for a carbon capture module with four carbon capture cells. When 2, 4, 8, and 12 V were applied to the stack, the potential drops across each electrode pair for the 2, 4, 8, and 12 electrode pairs varied only slightly within the range of 0.9 V to 1.1 V across all stacks, demonstrating nearly uniform behavior (see, for example, Figure 6F).

[0148] The stack was further analyzed by EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) at 0 V in the range of 1 mHz to 100 kHz. Figure 6G shows a representative Nyquist plot result. All calculated capacitance and resistance results from the EIS tests are summarized in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0149] The equivalent series resistance (ESR) increased with increasing number of electrode pairs in the stack (2, 4, 8, 12) to 0.40, 0.55, 1.28, and 1.70 Ω, respectively. This increase is expected due to the series connection of the electrode pairs. At low frequencies, the plots show a slightly inclined, nearly vertical line, indicating the capacitive behavior of the stack. The stack capacitance was calculated from the EIS plots using the following equation: TIFF2026503422000014.tif18135Here, f is the frequency and Im(Z) is the imaginary impedance.

[0150] The stack capacitances of all stacks derived from CV and EIS are in good agreement with each other. In the mid-frequency region, the Warburg diffusion resistance (R diff) were observed, and the values ​​were 0.19, 0.46, 1.23, and 1.29 Ω, respectively. In the high frequency region, the stack showed a small semicircle. The charge transfer resistance (R ct ) varies in the range of 0.20 to 1.31 Ω, indicating the existence of a pseudocapacitive charge transfer process at the electrode surface. The contact resistance between the interfaces within the stack is also R ct This may contribute to the solution resistance (R sol ), charge transfer resistance (R ct ), and diffusion resistance (R diff ) tended to increase with the increase in the number of electrode pairs, with slight variations observed. sol and R diff is slightly larger, and R ct The reasons for these are unclear. Overall, the EIS analysis confirms the expected capacitive behavior of the stack.

[0151] To evaluate the performance of the capacitive carbon capture module, the module was charged and discharged at a constant current of 50 mA to final voltages (2 V, 4 V, 8 V, and 12 V, respectively). After reaching 1 V and 0 V, a 10-minute potential hold step was added. This hold step was added to complete adsorption and desorption. Simultaneously, a continuous gas flow of 15 vol% CO2 / 85 vol% N2 was flowed through the module. Figures 7A-7D show the CO2 concentration change in the exhaust gas as a function of time and the GCD voltage profile. Reversible adsorption was observed during the charge and subsequent potential hold steps.

[0152] Carbon dioxide desorption occurred during the discharge process and subsequent potential hold step at 0 V. In each cycle, the carbon dioxide concentration first decreased to 12-13% during charging and returned to its original value (approximately 15%) at the end of the 10-minute hold step. After discharge, the carbon dioxide concentration increased to 17-18% due to desorption and then returned to 15%. Table 3 summarizes the energy and adsorption performance of the capacitive carbon capture module with bipolar electrodes disclosed herein. [Table 3]

[0153] The adsorption and energy performance metrics of the carbon capture module were derived from the concentration profiles and charge / discharge curves and are summarized in Table 1. These metrics include the average resistance per electrode pair in the stack, Rpair (Ω cm), 2 ), and the charge per electrode pair Qc,pair(C).

[0154] TIFF2026503422000016.tif1288

[0155] TIFF2026503422000017.tif1191

[0156] For each stack evaluated, the specific capacitances calculated from the GCD curves were very close, at 75, 77, 78, and 77 F g -1 This value is consistent with the results obtained from CV and EIS tests. In a carbon capture module using bipolar electrodes as disclosed herein, the charging time should be constant regardless of the number of carbon capture cells in the stack. In fact, the measured charging time for all stacks was nearly constant, varying slightly between 24 and 27 minutes. The coulombic efficiency was very high for all stacks, varying only between 95 and 99%. The high coulombic efficiency confirms the uniformity of the electrode pairs incorporated into the carbon capture cell stacks. The amount of charge stored on each electrode pair in different stacks was also very similar, approximately 50°C. The absolute amount of carbon dioxide adsorbed within the module and productivity increased linearly with the number of electrode pairs, ranging from 151 to 787 μmol and 70 to 390 mmol h , respectively. -1 m -2 The adsorption capacity in these stacks was constant within experimental error (approximately 58 mmol kg -1 ), indicating that each electrode pair adsorbs the same amount of CO2 regardless of the module scale. Similarly, the adsorption rate (approximately 38 μmol kg-1 ·s -1 ) was also almost constant. The electron efficiency was also about 0.14 molecules of CO₂·electrons for all stacks. -1 , indicating that all electrode pairs behave uniformly regardless of the number of cells in the stack. Overall, these results demonstrate that the carbon capture module disclosed herein is scalable without loss of adsorption performance.

[0157] The resistance in the carbon capture cell stack was calculated from the IR drop in the GCD curve. Increasing the number of electrode pairs in the stack increased the overall resistance (35–152 Ω cm). 2 ) and energy loss (21–47 J) also increased, consistent with the trend observed in EIS. Meanwhile, the resistance per electrode pair at 1 V decreased from 19 to 13 Ω cm with increasing cell number. 2 , resulting in an increase in round-trip energy efficiency from 67% to 84% and an energy consumption reduction from 142 to 60 kJ·mol -1 This phenomenon is explained by the difference in current flow between bipolar electrodes and (monopolar) end electrodes. In a module consisting of a single carbon capture cell, current flows in-plane through the current collector before entering the electrode. In contrast, in bipolar electrodes, current flows perpendicularly from the electrode end through the Ti foil. Resistance is lower in bipolar electrodes due to shorter resistor lengths and larger resistor areas. As the number of electrode pairs increases, the ratio of bipolar electrode pairs increases from 1:2 (50%) to 11:12 (91.7%) in the stack, thereby reducing energy consumption. This suggests that further increasing the number of bipolar electrodes could further reduce energy consumption. Overall, scaling carbon capture modules by introducing bipolar electrodes is a promising strategy for minimizing energy consumption.

[0158] Based on this example, it was confirmed that the maximum voltage could be increased to 2, 4, 8, and 12 V in proportion to the number of electrode pairs in the stack without any loss of capacitive behavior. The adsorption capacity (approximately 58 mmol kg -1 ) and adsorption rate (approximately 38 μmol kg -1 ·s -1 ) was constant across all stacks, demonstrating scalability. The coulombic efficiency (approximately 97%) and specific capacitance (approximately 77 F g -1 ), and electron efficiency (approximately 0.14 molecules of CO₂·electrons -1 ) was similar for all stacks.

[0159] Productivity scales linearly with the number of electrode pairs. This scaling strategy significantly reduces the resistance and energy loss per cell, thereby significantly improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. For a 12-cell stack, the energy consumption is 60 kJ mol -1 This is reduced to 142 kJ·mol -1 , 202 kJ·mol of a single cell -1 This represents a significant improvement over previous studies. Further improvements include replacing the relatively expensive titanium foil with cheaper alternative materials, such as polyethylene film containing carbon black, which has recently been demonstrated as a bipolar electrode in aqueous ZnBr2 battery stacks. Also, forming gas channels directly within the electrode can eliminate the need for relatively expensive carbon cloth as a gas conduit. The adsorption capacity can be further improved by replacing the BPL carbon with garlic root-derived carbon and the NaCl with MgBr2 electrolyte, which have shown significantly better performance in previous single-cell experiments.

[0160] Example 3 Two carbon capture modules 801 and 802 can be connected together to create a carbon capture system operating in continuous flow mode (see FIGS. 8A and 8B). FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a flow scheme for an example of a gas separation system operating based on supercapacitance. In general terms, FIG. 8A illustrates a first state in which carbon capture module 801 is in a charging state and carbon capture module 802 is in an uncharging state, while FIG. 8B illustrates a second state in which module 801 is in an uncharging state and module 802 is in a charging state. More specifically, in the example system illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B, in the first state, a gas mixture (CO / N in this non-limiting example) is supplied and has access only to the first carbon capture module 801. In this first state (FIG. 8A), the first module 801 is in adsorption mode (charging), and the second module 802 is in desorption mode (discharging). During charging, the electrodes selectively adsorb CO and allow N to pass through. When the device 801 reaches the maximum adsorption capacity of the electrodes, gas access is cut off.

[0161] The carbon capture system then switches to the second state (FIG. 8B). At this time, gas access to carbon capture module 801 is cut off, carbon capture module 801 is discharged, and gas access switches to carbon capture module 802, which is then charged. Discharging first carbon capture module 801 desorbs CO2. This releases CO2 from first carbon capture module 801 and allows it to flow out of the system and be captured, if desired. Meanwhile, gas passes through carbon capture module 802, where CO2 is selectively adsorbed and N2 passes through. Once saturated with CO2, gas access to carbon capture module 802 is cut off, carbon capture module 802 is discharged, and CO2 is desorbed. Gas access then switches back to carbon capture module 801, and the system returns to the first state. This process can continue indefinitely, alternating between one module receiving the gas mixture and charging and adsorbing, and the other module discharging and desorbing to release the adsorbed gas. In certain embodiments, energy can be saved by shuttling charge between carbon capture modules 801 and 802. In an exemplary embodiment, the carbon capture system can further include one or more flow meters 804, or optionally, mass flow controllers 805. Gas access switching is achieved by a three-way valve 803. The amount of gas separated can be measured per time and per amount of adsorbent material using two mass flow meters 804 and, optionally, mass flow controllers 805.

[0162] Example 4 Electrodes were prepared for use in the carbon capture module and capacitive carbon capture system. The electrodes were fabricated using the following procedure: 0.083 g of 60% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion (Sigma-Aldrich) was dispersed in 10 mL of ethanol and stirred. A PTFE / gluten mixture was used as a binder. After the PTFE was completely dissolved, 0.8 g of BPL carbon, 0.1 g of gluten (Hodgson Mill, food grade), and 0.05 g of conductive carbon black (Cabot Corporation) were added to the solution. PTFE was chosen for its excellent film-forming properties. Gluten acts as a co-binder and provides moderate hydrophilicity to the binder mixture. Carbon black was added to enhance the electrode's conductivity. The final weight ratio was BPL:carbon black:gluten:PTFE = 80:5:10:5. The solution was stirred in a vial at 60 °C for 2 hours. The ethanol was then evaporated at 80 °C, and the mixture was concentrated to a slurry. The slurry was transferred to a flat glass plate and mixed with a metal spatula for 1 hour to transform into a sticky dough-like substance. This dough was then molded into a sheet of uniform thickness on a glass slide using a 2.54 cm diameter glass vial. Two 1.4 cm x 1.4 cm sheets were then cut out and used as electrodes. The mass of the electrodes was adjusted by adjusting the thickness of the sheets. The electrodes were dried in a vacuum oven at 100 °C for 12 hours (oven pressure was approximately 25 mmHg) to remove solvent residue. Module assembly: Two 3 cm x 3 cm square aluminum plates served as the mechanical support and current collector for the device. The upper and lower aluminum plates were 1 / 2 inch and 1 / 4 inch thick, respectively. Two 1 mm diameter holes were drilled in the upper aluminum plate to serve as gas inlet and outlet ports. These holes were connected to 1 / 8 inch diameter stainless steel tubing via Swagelok connectors. Additionally, eight additional holes for set screws were drilled near the edges of each aluminum plate to secure the entire module. Both aluminum plates had a 2 cm x 2 cm x 1 mm recess in the center.A 1 / 4-inch thick, 2 cm x 2 cm square gray graphite plate was placed in this recess. The top graphite plate had two 1 mm diameter holes that matched the holes in the top aluminum plate. The top graphite plate also had a serpentine gas channel, 1 mm diameter and 1 mm deep, that guided gas from the first hole to the second hole. Graphite was chosen because it does not corrode when in contact with aqueous electrolytes and has good electrical conductivity.

[0163] One of the electrodes prepared as described above was completely immersed in 1 M NaCl solution for 2 hours and used as the negative electrode. The other electrode was coated with electrolyte solution on only one side, leaving the other side accessible to gas molecules. A separator membrane (1.6 cm x 1.6 cm) was cut from WHATMAN® Grade 2 filter paper (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and placed to prevent short circuits between the electrodes. The sandwich structure consisting of these two electrodes and the separator membrane was placed on the lower plate, with the electrode completely wetted with electrolyte in contact with the lower graphite plate. A 2 cm x 2 cm gasket with a 1.7 cm x 1.7 cm opening was cut from a 1 / 8-inch thick EPDM rubber sheet (MCMASTER-CARR®) and placed on top of the electrode sandwich. The rubber gasket was coated with APIEZON® M grease (high-vacuum grease) to prevent leakage. A 1.4 cm x 1.4 cm carbon cloth (AVCARB® 1071HCB) was then placed on top of the upper electrode. This cloth served as a gas permeable layer, providing gas access to the entire electrode. The upper and lower aluminum plates were clamped evenly with eight electrically insulating set screws and tightened to a torque of 15 Nm using a torque wrench. [Table 4]

Claims

1. 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules, a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each carbon capture cell comprising: a first electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell having a gas permeable layer with a first surface and an opposing second surface; a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and impermeable to ions; 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising one or more carbon capture modules comprising:

2. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 1 , further comprising a separator extending between the first electrode and the second electrode of each of the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell.

3. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 2 , wherein the separator is a porous material.

4. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 3 , wherein the electrolyte solution is disposed within the separator.

5. The capacitive carbon capture system of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell are at least partially located in a space between the first current collector and the second current collector.

6. The system of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the second surface of the gas permeable layer extends adjacent to the first surface of the first electrode.

7. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the barrier extends adjacent to the second surface of the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell and the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

8. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first surface of the permeation layer of the first carbon capture cell extends adjacent to the surface of the first current collector, and the second surface of the second electrode of the second carbon capture cell extends adjacent to the surface of the second current collector.

9. 9. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 1, wherein the barrier has a first surface and a second surface and is configured to prevent the migration of ions from the first carbon capture cell to the second carbon capture cell.

10. 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules, a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell being at least partially disposed in a space between the first current collector and the second current collector, each carbon capture cell comprising: a first electrode including a first surface and an opposing second surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode including a first surface and an opposing second surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including a gas permeable layer having a first surface and an opposing second surface, the second surface extending adjacent the first surface of the first electrode; a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and impermeable to ions, the barrier extending adjacent the second surface of the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell and the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell; wherein the first surface of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell extends adjacent to the surface of the first current collector and the second surface of the second electrode of the second carbon capture cell extends adjacent to the surface of the second current collector.

11. 11. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 1, wherein the carbon capture module further comprises a supply inlet conduit extending across the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and across the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

12. 12. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 11, wherein the feed inlet conduit extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

13. 13. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the carbon capture module further comprises a supply outlet conduit extending across the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and across the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

14. 14. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 13, wherein the supply outlet conduit extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell and extends vertically through the first and second surfaces of the gas permeable layer of the second carbon capture cell.

15. further comprising a feed stream fed from the feed inlet conduit, the feed stream comprising CO ２ 15. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 11 to 14, comprising:

16. The CO ２ 16. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 15, wherein is included in an amount of about 300 ppm or greater based on the total volume of the feed stream.

17. The CO ２ 16. The system of claim 15, wherein is included in the feed stream in an amount of about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, optionally about 400 ppm.

18. 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules, a gas inlet conduit; a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each carbon capture cell comprising: a first electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and an opposing second surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including a gas permeable layer having a first surface and an opposing second surface; one or more carbon capture modules including: a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and impermeable to ions; and Approximately 400 ppm CO ２ a feed stream received by said gas inlet conduit comprising: a capacitive carbon capture system, including:

19. 19. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a porous capacitive and / or pseudocapacitive material.

20. 20. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a material selected from activated carbon, an oxide, a sulfide, a nitride, a carbide, or a combination of two or more thereof.

21. 21. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise biomass-derived carbon.

22. 22. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise carbon derived from garlic root.

23. 23. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 22, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise carbon derived from air-oxidized garlic root.

24. 23. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode are not hot pressed.

25. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the electrolyte solution comprises a deliquescent salt.

26. The electrolyte solution is MgBr ２ , MgCl ２ , CsF, CaCl ２ , KF, CaBr ２ , LiCl, LiBr, or a combination thereof.

27. The electrolyte solution is MgBr ２ , MgCl ２ , CsF, or a combination thereof.

28. 28. The carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules are configured such that the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell are electrically connected to only one current collector.

29. 29. The carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules do not have a third current collector, and optionally, the one or more carbon capture modules each do not have a third current conductor.

30. 30. A carbon capture system according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules consist of only two current collectors, and optionally each of the one or more carbon capture modules consist of only two current conductors.

31. The carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules include at least a first carbon capture module and a second carbon capture module.

32. 30. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 29, further comprising a valve configured to either allow the feed stream to flow to the first carbon capture module while preventing flow to the second carbon capture module, or allow the feed stream to flow to the second carbon capture module while preventing flow to the first carbon capture module.

33. 33. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 32, wherein the first carbon capture module and the second carbon capture module are configured to be capacitively charged by applying a voltage to each of the carbon capture modules.

34. 33. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 32, wherein the first carbon capture module and the second carbon capture module are configured to be alternately capacitively charged.

35. Capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module may include transferring CO from the feed stream to the electrolyte solution of each of the carbon capture modules. ２ and the absorption of CO absorbed into the electrolyte solution. ２ 35. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 33 or claim 34, wherein: is hydrolyzed to form cations and anions.

36. 36. The carbon capture system of claim 35, wherein capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module further comprises adsorbing the cations or the anions to the first electrode.

37. 36. The carbon capture system of claim 35, wherein capacitive charging of the first carbon capture module and / or the second carbon capture module further comprises adsorbing the cations or the anions to the second electrode.

38. 38. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode of each of the carbon capture modules, the cations are adsorbed to one of the first electrode or the second electrode and the anions are adsorbed to the other.

39. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 34 to 38, wherein the first carbon capture module and the second carbon capture module are configured to be capacitively discharged.

40. The capacitive discharge of either the first carbon capture module or the second carbon capture module generates gaseous CO ２ 40. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 39, comprising a discharge.

41. 40. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 39, wherein capacitive discharging of the first carbon capture module and / or second carbon capture module comprises releasing adsorbed cations and / or anions from each electrode.

42. 42. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein power associated with discharging one of the first carbon capture module or the second carbon capture module is used to charge the other of the first carbon capture module or the second carbon capture module.

43. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein power associated with discharging the first carbon capture module or the second carbon capture module is supplied to a power grid.

44. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the capacitive carbon capture system has a first surface and an opposing second surface.

45. 45. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 44, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is a wall, a fence, a support for a solar panel, or a structural support member for a wind turbine.

46. The capacitive carbon capture system of any preceding claim, wherein the capacitive carbon capture system is configured to be placed within a wall or fence.

47. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 46, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules include bipolar electrodes.

48. 48. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 47, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules are configured such that the first carbon capture cell, the second carbon capture cell, and the barrier extending therebetween form the bipolar electrode.

49. 49. The capacitive carbon capture system of claim 47 or claim 48, wherein the bipolar electrode is formed from the second electrode of the first carbon capture cell, the barrier, the first electrode of the second carbon capture cell, and the gas permeable layer of the first carbon capture cell or the second carbon capture cell.

50. 50. The carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 49, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules are configured such that the barrier is not powered by an external power source.

51. 51. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein the one or more carbon capture modules include one less bipolar electrode than the number of carbon capture cells in each carbon capture module.

52. The capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 51, wherein the capacitive carbon capture system is configured for energy storage.

53. 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules, a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each of the carbon capture cells a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell including an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and ion-impermeable; 1. A capacitive carbon capture system comprising one or more carbon capture modules comprising:

54. A cyclic process using the capacitive carbon capture system of any one of claims 1 to 53, comprising: feeding the feed stream to the first carbon capture module; capacitively charging the first carbon capture module; shutting off the flow of the feed stream to the first carbon capture module; Optionally, venting the first carbon capture module to about 0.1 to about 0.3 atmospheres; capacitively discharging the first carbon capture module; Releasing gas from the first carbon capture module and purging desorbed gas from the first carbon capture module; feeding the feed stream to the second carbon capture module; capacitively charging the second carbon capture module; shutting off the flow of the feed stream to the second carbon capture module; Optionally, evacuating the second carbon capture module to about 0.1 to about 0.3 atmospheres; capacitively discharging the second carbon capture module; and A cyclic process including releasing gas from the second carbon capture module and purging desorbed gas from the second carbon capture module.

55. 1. A system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules, a first current collector having a surface; a second current collector having a surface and spaced apart from the first current collector; a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each carbon capture cell comprising: a first electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; an electrolyte solution in contact with the second surface of the first electrode and the first surface of the second electrode; and a first carbon capture cell and a second carbon capture cell, each including a gas permeable layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a barrier extending between the first carbon capture cell and the second carbon capture cell, the barrier being electrically conductive and ion-impermeable; 1. A system comprising: one or more carbon capture modules comprising:

56. 56. A method of capturing gaseous compounds other than carbon dioxide from a gaseous feed stream using the system of claim 55.

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