Determining the operating mode during initial access in an SBFD system.

Abstract

The WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. The WTRU may receive configuration information, which may include a representation of the cross-link interference (CLI) threshold. The WTRU may determine the CLI associated with a cell. Determining the CLI threshold associated with a cell may be based on the configuration information. The WTRU may compare the determined CLI to the CLI threshold. The WTRU may select one or more resources, for example, based on the comparison of the determined CLI to the CLI threshold. One or more resources may be associated with sending a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU may send the PRACH preamble using one or more selected resources, for example.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This concerns determining the operating mode during initial access in an SBFD system. [Background technology]

[0002] Cross-reference of related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 484,796, filed on 14 February 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term beam may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. A WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter used to receive an RS or synchronization signal (SS) block (such as a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) (CSI-RS)). The WTRU transmit may be called the target, and the received RS or SS block may be called the reference and / or source. In such a case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the target physical channel or signal according to the spatial relationships with respect to such RS or SS block.

[0004] A WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmits may be referred to as the target and / or reference (or source), respectively. In such a case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the first (target) physical channel or signal according to the spatial relationships with respect to the second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[0005] Spatial relationships can be implicit, configured by radio resource control (RRC), or signaled by media access control (MAC) control elements (CE) or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and its demodulated RS (DM-RS) according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS indicated by the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) Resource Indicator (SRI) as indicated in the DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relationship may be signaled by RRC for the SRI or by MAC CE for the PUSCH. Such spatial relationships are sometimes called beam indications.

[0006] A WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial receive parameters as the second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such an association may exist between a physical channel, such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), and its respective DM-RS. Such an association may exist when the WTRU is configured using quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports, provided that at least the first and second signals are reference signals. Such an association may be configured as a transmit configuration indicator (TCI) state. A WTRU may indicate an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by indexing to a set of TCI states configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. Such indications may, as an addition or alternative, be called beam indications. [Overview of the project]

[0007] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information. For example, a WTRU may receive configuration information. This configuration information may include (for example) a threshold and / or one or more configured resources. A WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI) associated with one or more configured resources. For example, a WTRU may measure CLI based on the configuration information. A WTRU may determine that the CLI associated with one or more configured resources is less than a threshold. A WTRU may decide to use subband non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD) operation. For example, a WTRU may decide to use SBFD operation to access a cell. SBFD operation may include selecting resources from a subband of SBFD symbols. A WTRU may compare the (for example, measured) CLI to a threshold. A WTRU may determine an operating mode. The operating mode may be based on a comparison of CLI and a threshold. The operating mode can be one or more of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs). For example, the WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. In another example, the WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell during initial access. The WTRU may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. For example, the WTRU may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble based on the operating mode. The WTRU may send (for example, transmit) a PRACH preamble using selected resources. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the operating mode is SBFD if the CLI is less than a threshold. In other examples, the WTRU may determine that the operating mode is non-SBFD if the CLI is above a threshold.

[0008] A WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. The WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include an indication of a cross-link interference (CLI) threshold. The WTRU may determine a CLI associated with the cell. For example, the WTRU may determine a CLI associated with the cell based on the configuration information. The WTRU may compare the determined CLI (e.g., a CLI measurement) to the CLI threshold. The WTRU may select one or more resources, for example, based on a comparison of the determined CLI measurement to the CLI threshold. The one or more resources may be associated with sending a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble using, for example, the one or more selected resources.

[0009] The WTRU may determine an active operating mode for accessing the cell, for example, based on a comparison of the determined CLI measurement to the CLI threshold. For example, the WTRU may determine that the active operating mode includes sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation when the determined CLI measurement is less than the CLI threshold. The WTRU may select one or more resources from one or more uplink (UL) sub-bands of SBFD symbols and / or one or more slots in a set of permitted resources when the active operating mode includes SBFD operation, for example. The CLI may be determined by measuring one or more SSBs from the cell. The determined CLI measurement may include a measurement of the CLI received signal strength indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period. The WTRU may determine the CLI by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

[0010] The WTRU may monitor a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) that indicates a Random Access Response (RAR) in, for example, a monitoring opportunity in one or more downlink (DL) sub-bands of one or more slots and / or SBFD symbols within a set of permitted resources. The WTRU may determine whether a cell supports SBFD operation. The configuration information may include an indication for measuring the Cross-Link Interference (CLI) associated with the cell.

[0011] The WTRU may detect one or more Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) from, for example, one or more cells. The WTRU may determine whether one or more cells support Sub-Band FD non-overlapping Full Duplex (SBFD). The WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include an indication of a threshold and / or an indication for measuring the Cross-Link Interference (CLI) associated with one or more cells. The threshold may be associated with one or more of the CLI and / or the Reference Signal Receiving Power (RSRP). The WTRU may determine a CLI measurement value associated with each of one or more cells, for example, based on the configuration information. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on, for example, one or more of the determined CLI measurement values and / or the RSRP.

[0012] The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on, for example, one or more of the determined CLI measurement values and / or the RSRP, in order to select one or more SSBs based on the determined CLI measurement values and the RSRP. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on at least one of the lowest determined CLI measurement value or the highest RSRP, for example, in order to select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement values and / or the RSRP.

[0013] For example, when a threshold is associated with a CLI, the WTRU may compare the threshold to the determined CLI measurement and / or, based on the comparison, decide whether the cells associated with one or more SSBs should be included in the list of candidate cells. For example, if the determined CLI measurement is less than the threshold, the WTRU may decide to include the cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of candidate cells. For example, if the determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to the threshold, the WTRU may decide not to include the cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of candidate cells.

[0014] The WTRU may rank one or more cells based on at least one of the determined CLI measurements and / or determined RSRPs. The WTRU may select the cell with the highest ranking. The WTRU may, for example, determine the operating mode to be SBFD if the cell with the highest ranking supports SBFD. The WTRU may, for example, determine the operating mode to be non-SBFD if the cell with the highest ranking does not support SBFD. The WTRU may send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission to, for example, the cell with the highest ranking.

[0015] The WTRU may select a cell and the associated synchronous signal block (SSB) based, for example, on a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement. The WTRU may receive configuration information, which may include a physical random access channel (PRACH) crosslink interference (CLI) threshold and / or one or more time and frequency resources. The WTRU may, for example, use one or more time and frequency resources to determine the CLI (e.g., a CLI measurement). The WTRU may compare the determined CLI measurement to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, determine the active operating mode based on the comparison between the determined CLI measurement and the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, determine the active mode to be subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) if the determined CLI measurement is less than the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0016] The configuration information may include a first indication of one or more first resources for SBFD active mode, and / or a second indication of one or more second resources for non-SBFD mode. The WTRU may, for example, use one or more first resources to send a PRACH message to the base station. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may, for example, send a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to the base station using one or more first resources before sending a PRACH message. The preamble may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. For example, the preamble may be an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may send a PRACH message to the base station using one or more second resources. The WTRU may send a preamble to the base station using one or more second resources.

[0017] The WTRU may, for example, use one or more second resources to send a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) message. The PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may, for example, determine the active mode to be non-SBFD if the determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may send a PRACH message using one or more resources for the non-SBFD mode. The WTRU may determine one or more resources for the non-SBFD mode based, for example, an indication in the configuration information.

[0018] The WTRU may select a cell and / or the synchronous signal block (SSB) associated with the cell, for example, based on a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement. The WTRU may send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) message using, for example, at least one of one or more first resources for SBFD active mode and / or one or more second resources for non-SBFD mode. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may receive a Random Access Response (RAR). The RAR response may include downlink control information (DCI) and / or an indication that SBFD has been denied. The WTRU may determine that the cell is prohibited from SBFD operation.

[0019] The WTRU may, for example, determine that a cell is prohibited from SBFD operation for a predetermined period of time. The WTRU may decide to connect to a cell for non-SBFD operation. The WTRU may, for example, if a cell contains a first cell, select a second cell based on information received in the RAR and / or send a PRACH preamble to the second cell.

[0020] The RAR may include a Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID). The WTRU may determine that a cell is prohibited from SBFD operation based on the RAPID not matching the index of the WTRU. The DCI may include a Rejection Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RJ-RNTI). The DCI may include, for example, an indication of a second cell for transmitting a PRACH preamble if the cell includes a first cell. The DCI may include a threshold for cross-link interference (CLI) measurements. The WTRU may compare the threshold to the CLI measurement. The WTRU may, for example, determine, based on the comparison, whether a second PRACH message should be sent to a second cell if a PRACH message includes a first PRACH message.

[0021] The WTRU may receive configuration information. This configuration information may include one or more of the following: an indication of the cross-link interference (CLI) threshold, a time period associated with subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) prohibition, and / or an indication of one or more resources. The WTRU may send a message to the cell. This message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may receive a rejection message. This rejection message may include an indication that the cell is prohibited from SBFD operation. Based on the time period associated with the SBFD prohibition, the WTRU may decide to initiate a prohibition time period.

[0022] WTRU may rank cells based on, for example, at least one of the forbidden time period and / or cross-link interference (CLI) measurements. WTRU may determine the CLI measurement when the forbidden time period expires. WTRU may decide to include cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of SBFD candidate cells if the measured CLI is less than the CLI threshold. WTRU may measure one or more of the reference signal received power (RSRP) and / or reference signal received quality (RSRQ). WTRU may rank cells based on at least one of the measured RSRP or measured RSRQ.

[0023] The WTRU may, for example, select the first cell and / or the second cell based on ranking if the cell contains the first cell. The WTRU may send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) message to the first cell and / or the second cell. The WTRU may decide not to consider the cell as an SBFD candidate cell for at least the duration of the blackout period. The WTRU may decide to consider the cell as an SBFD candidate cell after the blackout period has expired. The WTRU may decide to consider the cell as an SBFD candidate cell based on the CLI measurement being less than the CLI threshold. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0024] [Figure 1A] This is a system diagram showing an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. [Figure 1B] This is a system diagram showing an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used in the communication system shown in Figure 1A, according to one embodiment. [Figure 1C] This is a system diagram showing an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) that may be used in the communication system shown in Figure 1A according to one embodiment. [Figure 1D]This is a system diagram showing further exemplary RAN and further exemplary CN that may be used in the communication system shown in Figure 1A according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] This figure shows an example procedure for determining resources for the PRACH preamble. [Figure 3] This figure shows an exemplary procedure for selecting one or more SSBs. [Figure 4] This figure shows an example of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD). [Figure 5] This figure shows an example of SBFD operation in an SSB symbol for a synchronous symbol block (SSB) burst. [Figure 6] This figure shows an example of SBFD operation in a downlink (DL)-only symbol for SSB bursts. [Figure 7] This figure shows an exemplary procedure for determining the active operating mode. [Figure 8] This diagram illustrates the exemplary procedure for deciding to initiate a prohibited time period. [Figure 9] This diagram illustrates the exemplary procedure for determining that a cell is prohibited from performing SBFD operation. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0025] Figure 1A shows an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcast to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), quadrature FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtering OFDM, and filter bank multicarrier (FBMC).

[0026] As shown in Figure 1A, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, but it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments intend any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may all be referred to as stations and / or STAs and may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals, including user equipment (UEs), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearables, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronics devices, and devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks. Any of WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as WTRUs.

[0027] The communication system 100 may also include base stations 114a and / or base stations 114b. Each of the base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node B, enode B, home node B, home enode B, gNB, NR node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are shown as single elements, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0028] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), and relay nodes. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be called cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of the licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service in a particular geographic area that may be relatively fixed or change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0029] Base stations 114a and 114b may communicate with one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d over air interface 116, and air interface 116 may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0030] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA. For example, base stations 114a in RAN 104 / 113, and WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Advanced HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0031] In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as Advanced UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can establish an air interface 116 using Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0032] In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can establish an air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0033] In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to and from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0034] In other embodiments, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Advanced High Speed ​​Data Rate (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

[0035] In Figure 1A, base station 114b could be, for example, a wireless router, home node B, home enode B, or access point, and could utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in localized areas such as offices, homes, vehicles, premises, industrial facilities, aerial corridors (for use by drones), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRU 102c, 102d may implement radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRU 102c, 102d may implement radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRU 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b may have a direct connection to the internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access the internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0036] RAN104 / 113 may communicate with CN106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. The data may have various Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, including different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, and mobility requirements. CN106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or implement high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it should be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs employing the same RAT as RAN104 / 113 or different RATs. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, CN106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0037] CN106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to access PSTN108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as TCP in the Transmit Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP) suite, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or IP. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0038] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multimode capability (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks on different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may employ cellular-based radio technology and may be configured to communicate with a base station 114b that may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0039] Figure 1B is a system diagram showing an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, in particular, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may include any partial combination of the above elements while remaining in accordance with one embodiment.

[0040] The processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a dedicated processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B shows the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0041] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) on the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0042] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is shown as a single element in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0043] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signal to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signal to be received by the transmit / receive element 122. As described above, the WTRU 102 may have multimode capability. Therefore, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0044] The processor 118 of the WTRU102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data from them. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 may access information from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132, and store data therein. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identification module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from memory not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown), and store data therein.

[0045] The processor 118 may receive power from a power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for supplying power to the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), a solar cell, a fuel cell, etc.

[0046] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) on the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information through any preferred location determination method while remaining in accordance with one embodiment.

[0047] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biosensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0048] WTRU102 may include a full-duplex radio in which the transmission and reception of some or all of a signal (for example, associated with a specific subframe for both UL (for example, transmission) and downlink (for example, reception) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference, either through hardware (for example, chokes) or through signal processing via a processor (for example, via a separate processor (not shown) or processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU102 may include a half-duplex radio for the transmission and reception of some or all of a signal (for example, associated with a specific subframe for either UL (for example, transmission) or downlink (for example, reception).

[0049] Figure 1C is a system diagram showing RAN104 and CN106 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. RAN104 may also communicate with CN106.

[0050] RAN104 may include enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c, but it will be understood that RAN104 may include any number of enodes B while remaining in accordance with one embodiment. Each of enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c on the air interface 116. In one embodiment, enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, enode B160a may use multiple antennas, for example, to transmit a wireless signal to WTRU102a and / or receive a wireless signal from WTRU102a.

[0051] Each of the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle wireless resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in Figure 1C, the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c may communicate with each other over the X2 interface.

[0052] The CN106 shown in Figure 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the above elements is shown as part of CN106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0053] The MME162 can be connected to each of the e-nodes B162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN104 via the S1 interface and can function as a control node. For example, the MME162 may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME162 may provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0054] The SGW164 can be connected to each of the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN104 via the S1 interface. The SGW164 can generally route and forward user data packets to and from WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during e-node B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and remembering the context of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0055] SGW164 may be connected to PGW166, which may provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0056] CN106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network such as PSTN108 to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and legacy land-line communication devices. For example, CN106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN106 and PSTN108. Furthermore, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0057] While the WTRU is described as a wireless terminal in Figures 1A to 1D, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal is intended to be able to use a wired communication interface with a communication network (for example, temporarily or permanently).

[0058] In a typical embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0059] In Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or interfaces with a distribution system (DS), or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and from the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS and destined for the STA may arrive through the AP and be sent to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be sent to their respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP; for example, a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may send traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between a source STA and a destination STA (for example, directly between them) via a Direct Link Setup (DLS). In some typical embodiments, the DLS may be an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z Tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have access points (APs), and STAs within or using IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to as ad-hoc communication mode in this specification.

[0060] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, an AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some typical embodiments, for example, in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented. In CSMA / CA, an STA, including the AP (e.g., any STA), may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA may back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0061] A high-throughput (HT) STA may use a 40MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of a primary 20MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20MHz channels to form a 40MHz wide channel.

[0062] Ultra-high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels may be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels may be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels, or by combining two discontinuous 80MHz channels, sometimes referred to as an 80+80 configuration. In the 80+80 configuration, data may be passed through a segment parser that, after channel coding, can split the data into two streams. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing may be performed separately for each stream. The streams may be mapped onto two 80MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of a receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC).

[0063] Sub-1GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using the non-TVWS spectrum. According to a typical embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including support for some and / or limited bandwidths (e.g., support only that). MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0064] A WLAN system that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, includes a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode from among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for an STA (e.g., an MTC type device) that supports (e.g., only) 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier detection and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy due to an STA (which only supports 1MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even though a large portion of the frequency band remains idle and could be available.

[0065] In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0066] Figure 1D is a system diagram showing RAN113 and CN115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. RAN113 may also communicate with CN115.

[0067] RAN113 may include gNB180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining in accordance with one embodiment. Each of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c on the air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNB180a and 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNB180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, gNB180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and receive wireless signals from WTRU102a, for example. In one embodiment, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on the unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on the licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB180a and gNB180b (and / or gNB180c).

[0068] WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol intervals and / or OFDM subcarrier intervals may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different parts of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmit time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (including, for example, a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or a varying absolute time duration).

[0069] gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (such as e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c). In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNB180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with / connecting to other RANs, such as enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can implement the DC principle to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNB180a, 180b, and 180c, and one or more enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, while gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to service WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0070] Each of the gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to user plane functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to access and mobility management functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. As shown in Figure 1D, the gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other over the Xn interface.

[0071] The CN115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF182a, 182b, at least one UPF184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF)183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN)185a, 185b. While each of the above elements is shown as part of CN115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0072] AMF182a and 182b may be connected to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN113 via the N2 interface and may function as control nodes. For example, AMF182a and 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, and mobility management. Network slicing may be used by AMF182a and 182b to customize CN support for WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of services utilized by WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, and services for machine-type communications (MTC) access. The AMF162 may provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0073] SMF183a and 183b can be connected to AMF182a and 182b in CN115 via the N11 interface. SMF183a and 183b can also be connected to UPF184a and 184b in CN115 via the N4 interface. SMF183a and 183b can select and control UPF184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic through UPF184a and 184b. SMF183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0074] UPF184a, 184b may be connected via the N3 interface to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, 180c in RAN113, which may provide WTRU102a, 102b, 102c with access to a packet-switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF184, 184b may perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0075] CN115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN115 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN115 and PSTN108. Furthermore, CN115 may provide WTRU102a,102b,102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRU102a,102b,102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a,185b via UPF184a,184b, through an N3 interface to UPF184a,184b, and an N6 interface between UPF184a,184b and DN185a,185b.

[0076] In view of Figures 1A to 1D and their corresponding descriptions, one or more or all of the functions described herein are described in relation to one or more of the following: WTRU102a to d, base stations 114a to b, e-nodes B160a to c, MME162, SGW164, PGW166, gNB180a to c, AMF182a to b, UPF184a to b, SMF183a to b, DN185a to b, and / or any (one or more) other devices described herein may be implemented by one or more emulation devices (not shown). An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0077] Emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in a communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Emulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for test purposes and / or tests may be performed using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0078] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all of the above, while not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device may be used in a test laboratory and / or in a test scenario in a non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, for example, one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0079] The WTRU may receive configuration information. For example, the WTRU may receive configuration information. This configuration information may indicate (e.g., include) a threshold and / or one or more configured resources. The WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI) associated with one or more configured resources. The WTRU may measure CLI based on the configuration information. The WTRU may determine that the CLI associated with one or more configured resources is less than a threshold. The WTRU may decide to use subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation. For example, the WTRU may decide to use SBFD operation to access a cell. SBFD operation may include selecting resources from subbands of SBFD symbols. The WTRU may compare the (e.g., measured) CLI to a threshold. The WTRU may determine the mode of operation. The mode of operation may be based on a comparison of CLI and a threshold. The mode of operation may be one or more subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU may detect one or more synchronization signal blocks (SSBs). For example, a WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. A WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell during initial access. A WTRU may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. For example, a WTRU may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble based on the operating mode. The operating mode may be an active operating mode. A WTRU may, for example, send (for example, transmit) a PRACH preamble using selected resources. A WTRU may, for example, determine that the operating mode is SBFD if the CLI is less than a threshold. A WTRU may, for example, determine that the operating mode is non-SBFD if the CLI is greater than a threshold.

[0080] Figure 2 shows an exemplary procedure 200 for determining resources for the PRACH preamble. In 202, the WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs). For example, the WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell. In 204, the WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate (e.g., include) thresholds. For example, the configuration information may include a display of cross-link interference (CLI) thresholds. The WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI). Additionally or alternatively, the configuration information may include a display for measuring the CLI associated with a cell. In 206, the WTRU may determine the CLI associated with a cell. For example, the WTRU may measure the CLI for one or more SSBs. The WTRU may determine (e.g., measure) the CLI (e.g., CLI measurement) for one or more SSBs based on the configuration. The CLI (e.g., CLI measurement) may be determined by measuring one or more SSBs from a cell. The determined CLI may include measurements of the CLI Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period. The WTRU may be determined by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

[0081] The WTRU may select one or more SSBs. For example, the WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the measured CLI. In 208, the WTRU may compare the determined CLI measurement to a CLI threshold. The WTRU may compare the CLI (e.g., measured) for one or more selected SSBs to a threshold. The WTRU may rank one or more SSBs. For example, the WTRU may rank one or more SSBs based on a comparison of CLI to a threshold. The WTRU may determine the operating mode. The operating mode may be based on a comparison of CLI to a threshold. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode for accessing the cell, for example, based on a comparison of the determined CLI measurement to a CLI threshold. The operating mode may be one or more of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. The WTRU may detect one or more SSBs (e.g., from the cell) during initial access. For example, WTRU may determine that the active operating mode includes subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation when the determined CLI measurement is less than the CLI threshold.

[0082] In 210, the WTRU may select one or more resources. For example, when the active operating mode includes SBFD operation, the WTRU may select one or more resources from the set of permitted resources, from the SBFD symbols and / or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of one or more slots. One or more resources may be associated with sending a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. In 212, the WTRU may send a PRACH preamble using one or more selected resources. For example, the WTRU may send a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble based on ranking. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the operating mode is SBFD if the CLI is less than a threshold. In other examples, the WTRU may determine that the operating mode is not SBFD if the CLI is greater than a threshold.

[0083] Figure 3 shows an exemplary procedure 300 for selecting one or more SSBs. The WTRU may select a cell. In 302, the WTRU may detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from, for example, one or more cells. For example, the WTRU may select a cell and, for example, an associated synchronous signal block (SSB) associated with the cell. In 304, the WTRU may determine whether one or more cells support subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation.

[0084] In 306, the WTRU may receive configuration information. This configuration information may include a threshold indication and / or an indication for measuring cross-link interference (CLI) associated with one or more cells. Additionally or alternatively, the threshold may be associated with one or more of the CLI and / or reference signal received power (RSRP). The configuration may indicate (and may include) a physical random access channel (PRACH) cross-link interference (CLI) threshold and / or one or more resources.

[0085] In 308, the WTRU may determine the CLI (e.g., CLI measurement) associated with each of one or more cells, for example, based on configuration information. The WTRU may measure the CLI associated with one or more resources, for example. The WTRU may compare the (measured) CLI to the PRACH CLI threshold. In 310, the WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement and / or RSRP. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the determined CLI measurement and RSRP in order to select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement and / or RSRP. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the fact that one or more of the SSBs have at least one of the lowest determined CLI measurement or the highest RSRP in order to select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the determined CLI measurement and / or RSRP.

[0086] For example, when a threshold is associated with a CLI, the WTRU may compare the threshold to the determined CLI measurement and / or, based on the comparison, decide whether the cells associated with one or more SSBs should be included in the list of candidate cells. For example, if the determined CLI measurement is less than the threshold, the WTRU may decide to include the cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of candidate cells. For example, if the determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to the threshold, the WTRU may decide not to include the cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of candidate cells.

[0087] The WTRU may rank one or more cells based on at least one of the determined CLI measurements and / or determined RSRPs. The WTRU may select the cell with the highest ranking. The WTRU may, for example, determine the operating mode to be SBFD if the cell with the highest ranking supports SBFD. The WTRU may, for example, determine the operating mode to be non-SBFD if the cell with the highest ranking does not support SBFD. The WTRU may send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission to, for example, the cell with the highest ranking.

[0088] The WTRU may determine the random access (RA) type. For example, the WTRU may determine the RA type based on a comparison of the CLI and the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, send a preamble to a selected cell based on the determined RA type. The preamble may be a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. The WTRU may determine that the RA type is 2-step. For example, the WTRU may determine that the RA type is 2-step if the CLI is less than the threshold. The WTRU may determine that the RA type is 4-step. For example, the WTRU may determine that the RA type is 4-step if the CLI is greater than the threshold. Additional or alternative, the WTRU may determine that the RA type is 2-step if the reference signal received power (RSRP) is greater than the RSRP threshold. Additional or alternative, the WTRU may determine that the RA type is 4-step by determining that the reference signal received power (RSRP) is less than the RSRP threshold. The WTRU may determine the operating mode. The operating mode can be based on a comparison between the CLI and the PRACH CLI threshold. The operating mode can be one or more of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD.

[0089] A WTRU may select a cell. A WTRU may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) using, for example, one or more resources. A WTRU may transmit a PRACH preamble. For example, a WTRU may transmit a PRACH (e.g., a preamble) to a cell. A WTRU may detect downlink control information (DCI). DCI may be associated with a random access response (RAR), for example, from a cell. A WTRU may receive a RAR. A RAR may indicate (or contain) a mode of operation. The mode of operation may be one or more of subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) or non-SBFD. A WTRU may receive a RAR within a RAR time window. A RAR may indicate (or contain) that the mode of operation is SBFD. A WTRU may, for example, send a connection message to a cell if the RAR indicates that the mode of operation is SBFD. A RAR may indicate (or contain) that the mode of operation is non-SBFD. The WTRU may send a connection message to a cell, for example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may add a cell to the list of cells prohibited from SBFD. For example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may add a cell to the list of cells prohibited from SBFD operation. The WTRU may send a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to a second cell. For example, if the RAR indicates that the operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may send a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to a second cell.

[0090] A WTRU may receive subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) ban time periods. A WTRU may receive cross-link interference (CLI) thresholds. CLI thresholds may be associated with SBFD ban time periods. A WTRU may transmit SBFD messages. For example, a WTRU may transmit an SBFD message to a cell. A WTRU may receive response messages, for example, from a cell. Response messages may be based on and / or in response to the SBFD message. Additionally or alternatively, response messages may indicate that the cell is prohibited from performing SBFD operation. A WTRU may perform cell ranking. For example, a WTRU may perform cell ranking based on SBFD ban time periods and / or CLI measurements. A WTRU may decide to select a cell or a second cell. For example, a WTRU may decide to select a cell and / or a second cell based on cell ranking. A WTRU may measure cross-link interference (CLI). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may compare CLI to a threshold (e.g., a CLI threshold). A WTRU may determine that a cell is an SBFD candidate. For example, a WTRU may determine that a cell is an SBFD candidate if the CLI is less than a threshold (e.g., a CLI threshold). A WTRU may measure the CLI when there is an expiration of the SBFD ban period (e.g., triggered by its expiration). A WTRU may send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) (e.g., preamble) message. For example, a WTRU may send a PRACH (e.g., preamble) message to (e.g., a first) cell and / or a second cell. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may send a PRACH (e.g., preamble) to a first cell and / or a second cell based on cell ranking. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may send a PRACH (e.g., preamble) message in accordance with SBFD behavior.

[0091] Duplex operation can improve upon conventional time-division duplex (TDD) operation by, for example, extending uplink (UL) coverage, improving capacity, or reducing latency. TDD may be based on separating the time domain between the uplink and downlink. Full-duplex and / or subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) can be implemented in gNB, for example, within the conventional TDD bandwidth. Figure 4 shows an exemplary SBFD operation 400.

[0092] In TDD, the transmission of a synchronization signal (SS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block (SSB) may be possible in a downlink (DL) (e.g., DL-only) symbol. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may not expect to be scheduled for uplink (UL) in an SSB symbol. For example, in subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) operation, if the SSB symbol is not used from the SBFD operation, this may affect and / or degrade SBFD performance. Figure 5 shows an exemplary SBFD operation 500 in an SSB symbol for an SSB burst. Figure 6 shows an exemplary SBFD operation 600 in a DL-only symbol for an SSB burst.

[0093] For example, during cell (re)selection, the WTRU may undergo one or more (e.g., all) initial access procedures (e.g., a 4-step or 2-step Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)). The WTRU may measure crosslink interference (CLI) and / or determine that connectivity is not possible due to (e.g., based on) the CLI. For example, the WTRU may measure crosslink interference (CLI) and / or determine that connectivity is not possible due to the CLI after switching to a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connectivity mode. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may undergo cell reselection and / or handover procedures that may increase latency and / or cause a ping-pong effect.

[0094] A WTRU may transmit and / or receive a physical channel and / or reference signal. For example, a WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel and / or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term "beam" may be used herein to refer to a spatial domain filter. A WTRU may transmit a physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filter used to receive a reference signal (RS) (e.g., a channel status information reference signal (CSI-RS)) and / or SS block. A WTRU transmission may be referred to herein as a target. The received RS and / or SS block may be referred to as a reference and / or source. A WTRU may transmit a target physical channel and / or signal according to the spatial relationships with respect to such RS and / or SS block.

[0095] The WTRU may transmit the first physical channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter used to transmit the second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmits may be referred to as the target and the reference and / or source, respectively. The WTRU may transmit the first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal according to the spatial relationship with respect to the second (e.g., reference) physical channel or signal.

[0096] Spatial relations are implicit and can be configured by the RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE and / or DCI. For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit PUSCH and / or DM-RS of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS indicated in the DCI and / or indicated by the SRI configured by the RRC. Spatial relations can be configured by the RRC for the SRS Resource Indicator (SRI) and / or signaled by the Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). Spatial relations are sometimes referred to as beam indications.

[0097] The WTRU may receive the first (e.g., target) downlink channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter and / or spatial receive parameters as the second (e.g., reference) downlink channel and / or signal. The WTRU may monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) exhibiting a random access response (RAR) in a monitoring opportunity in one or more downlink (DL) subbands of one or more slots, for example, within a set of permitted resources, for example, with an SBFD symbol. The WTRU may determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

[0098] An association may exist between a physical channel (e.g., PDCCH and / or PDSCH) and its respective demodulated reference signal (DM-RS). For example, an association may exist when the WTRU is configured using a pseudo-collocation (QCL) assumption type D between the corresponding antenna ports. Additionally or alternatively, an association may exist when the WTRU is configured using a pseudo-collocation (QCL) assumption type D between the corresponding antenna ports, provided that at least the first signal and / or the second signal are reference signals. The association may be configured as a transmit configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may be indicated in the association between the CSI-RS or SS block and the DM-RS by indexing to a set of TCI states configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. The indication may also be referred to herein as beam indication.

[0099] In this specification, a transmit and receive point (TRP) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the transmit point (TP), receive point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), sector (e.g., of a BS), and / or cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). In this specification, a multi-transmit / receive point (Multi-TRP) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the MTRP, M-TRP, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0100] In this specification, the terms subband and / or sub-band may be used to refer to frequency domain resources and / or may be characterized by at least one of a set of resource blocks (RBs), a set of resource block sets (RB sets), an interlaced set of resource blocks when the carrier has an intra-cell guard band, a bandwidth part or a portion thereof, or a carrier or a portion thereof. A subband may be characterized, for example, by the starting RB and / or the number of RBs for a set of consecutive RBs in a bandwidth part. A subband may, additionally or alternatively, include the values ​​of the frequency domain resource allocation field and / or the bandwidth part index.

[0101] In this specification, the term XDD may be used to refer to subband-wise duplexing (e.g., where either UL and / or DL ​​are used per subband), and / or may be characterized by at least one of the following: cross-division duplexing (e.g., subband-wise frequency division duplexing (FDD) in the TDD band), subband non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD), subband-based full duplex (e.g., full duplex where both UL and DL are used / mixed on a symbol / slot, but either UL or DL ​​is used per subband on a symbol / slot), frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) of DL / UL transmissions in the TDD spectrum, subband non-overlapping full duplex (e.g., non-overlapping subband full duplex), full duplex at non-same frequencies (e.g., spectrum sharing and / or subband-wise overlapping) full duplex, and / or advanced duplexing methods (e.g., other than (pure) TDD or FDD).

[0102] In this specification, the term Dynamic (e.g., and / or Flexible) TDD may refer to a TDD system / cell. A TDD system / cell can dynamically and / or flexibly change / adjust / switch the direction of communication (e.g., downlink, uplink, sidelink, etc.) over a time instance (e.g., slot, symbol, subframe, etc.). A component carrier (CC) or bandwidth part (BWP) may include (e.g., a single) type among "D", "U", and "F" on a symbol / slot, for example, in a system employing Dynamic / Flexible TDD. The type may be based on representation by Group Common (GC)-DCI (e.g., Format 2_0). GC-DCI may include a Slot Format Indicator (SFI) and / or be based on a tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration. For example, a first gNB (e.g., a cell and / or TRP) employing Dynamic / Flexible TDD may transmit a downlink signal to a first WTRU. A first gNB (e.g., a cell, TRP) employing dynamic / flexible TDD may transmit a downlink signal to a first WTRU on a given time instance / slot / symbol. The WTRU may be communicating with / associated with the first gNB based on a first SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config. The SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config may be configured / indicated by a first gNB and / or a second gNB (e.g., a cell, TRP) employing dynamic / flexible TDD. The first gNB and / or the second gNB may receive an uplink signal transmitted from a second WTRU communicating with / associated with the second gNB based on a second SFI and / or tdd-UL-DL-config configured / indicated by the second gNB. The first WTRU may determine that the uplink signal is interfering with the reception of the downlink signal. Interference caused by uplink signals can refer to cross-layer interference (CLI) between WTRUs.

[0103] A WTRU may report a subset of Channel Status Information (CSI) components. CSI components may correspond to one or more of the following: CSI-RS resource indicators (CRI), SSB resource indicators (SSBRI), panel displays used for reception in the WTRU (e.g., panel identification information or group identification information), measurements taken from SSB and / or CSI-RS (e.g., L1-RSRP, L1-SINR) (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and / or other channel status information (e.g., one or more of the following: rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), layer index (LI), etc.).

[0104] A WTRU may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block. An SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include one or more of the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or attempt to decode an SSB during one or more of the following: initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell discovery, cell switching, etc. A WTRU may measure and / or report channel status information (CSI). The CSI for each connection mode may include, or be configured with, one or more of the CSI reporting configuration, CSI-RS resource sets, and / or non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. A CSI reporting configuration may include one or more of the following: CSI reporting quantities (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc.), CSI reporting types (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic), CSI reporting codebook configurations (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.), and / or CSI reporting frequencies. A CSI-RS resource set may include one or more CSI resource settings. A CSI resource setting may include one or more of the following: NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurements, NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurements, and / or CSI-IM resources for interference measurements. An NZP CSI-RS resource may include one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource ID, periodicity and offset, QCL information and TCI status, and / or resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0105] A WTRU may indicate, determine, and / or be constructed using one or more reference signals. For example, a WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on each reference signal. The following are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the (one or more) reference signal measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. For example, the parameters may include one or more of the following: SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP), CSI-RSRP, SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR), CSI-SINR, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI), sounding reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP), secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS-RSRQ), and / or CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ).

[0106] The SS-RSRP (SS-RSRP) can be measured, for example, based on a synchronization signal (e.g., a demodulated reference signal (DMRS) in the PBCH and / or SSS). The SS-RSRP may include a linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying each synchronization signal. For example, power scaling on the reference signal may be used when measuring the RSRP. The measurement may be based on the CSI reference signal, in addition to or as an alternative to the synchronization signal, for example, when the SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP.

[0107] The CSI-RSRP can be measured, for example, based on a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying each CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement can be configured within the measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS opportunity.

[0108] The SS-SINR (Signal-Synchronization Ratio) can be measured based on the synchronization signal (e.g., PBCH and / or DMRS in the SSS). The SS-SINR may include a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying each synchronization signal, divided by a linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. Noise and / or interference power measurements may be performed based on the resources configured by the upper layer, for example, when the SS-SINR is used for the L1-SINR.

[0109] CSI-SINR can be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying each CSI-RS divided by a linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. Noise and / or interference power measurements can be performed based on the resources configured by the upper layer, for example, when the CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR. In some examples (for example, other cases), noise and interference power can be measured based on the resources carrying each CSI-RS.

[0110] The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be measured, for example, based on the average of the total power contributions in the configured OFDM symbol and / or bandwidth. Power contributions can be received from different resources. For example, power contributions can be received from one or more of the following: same-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.

[0111] The Cross-Layer Interference Received Signal Strength Indicator (CLI-RSSI) can be measured, for example, based on the average of the total power contributions in the configured OFDM symbol for the configured time and / or frequency resources. Power contributions can be received from different resources. For example, power contributions can be received from one or more of the following: cross-layer interference, same-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.

[0112] The sounding reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) can be measured based on a linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying each SRS.

[0113] The secondary synchronization signal reference signal receive quality (SS-RSRQ) can be measured, for example, based on measurements of the reference signal receive power (SS-RSRP) and / or received signal strength (RSSI). SS-RSRQ can be calculated as the ratio of N × SS-RSRP to the NR carrier RSSI, where N can be determined based on the number of resource blocks within the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. Additionally or alternatively, the measurements to be used in the numerator and / or denominator may be those across the same set of resource blocks.

[0114] CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) can be measured, for example, based on measurements of reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and / or received signal strength (RSSI). SS-RSRQ can be calculated as N × the ratio of CSI-RSRP to CSI-RSSI, where N can be determined based on the number of resource blocks within the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. Additionally or alternatively, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be those across the same set of resource blocks.

[0115] The properties of a grant and / or allocation may include one or more of the following: frequency allocation, time allocation mode (e.g., duration), priority, modulation and coding scheme, transport block size, number of spatial layers, number of transport blocks, TCI state and / or CRI and / or SRI, number of repetitions, whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B, whether the grant is a configured grant type 1 or type 2, or a dynamic grant, whether the allocation is a dynamic allocation, or a semi-persistent scheduling (e.g., a configured) allocation, a configured grant index or semi-persistent allocation index, the periodicity of the configured grant or allocation, channel access priority class (CAPC), and / or any parameters provided by MAC and / or RRC in DCI for scheduling the grant or allocation.

[0116] DCI representations may include, but are not limited to, explicit representations by DCI fields and / or RNTIs used to mask or scramble the DCI's CRC, and implicit representations by properties, including, but not limited to, one or more of the DCI format, DCI size, core set or search space, aggregation level, and the first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., the index of the first control channel element). The mapping between properties and values ​​may be signaled by RRC and / or MAC. Receiving and / or monitoring DCIs that have and / or use RNTIs may, as an addition or alternative, mean that the DCI's CRCs are masked and / or scrambled using RNTIs.

[0117] In this specification, signals may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: a sounding reference signal (SRS), a channel status information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), and / or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0118] In this specification, a channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical downlink sharing channel (PDSCH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), a physical uplink sharing channel (PUSCH), a physical random access channel (PRACH), etc.

[0119] In this specification, downlink reception may be used in compatibility with Rx opportunities, PDCCH, PDSCH, and / or SSB reception. In this specification, uplink transmission may be used in compatibility with Tx opportunities, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and / or SRS transmission. In this specification, RS may be used in compatibility with one or more of RS resources, RS resource sets, RS ports, and / or RS port groups. In this specification, RS may be used in compatibility with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and / or DM-RS. In this specification, time instances, slots, symbols, and subframes may be used in compatibility. In this specification, UL-only and / or DL-only Tx / Rx opportunities may be used in compatibility with legacy TDD UL or legacy TDD DL, respectively. Legacy TDD UL / DL Tx / Rx opportunities may include cases where SBFD is not configured and / or SBFD is disabled. In this specification, the term energy per resource element (EPRE) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: received signal power, received signal energy, received signal strength, SSB EPRE, CSI EPRE, RSRP, RSSI, SINR, RSRQ, SS-RSRP, SS-RSSI, SS-SINR, SS-RSRQ, CSI-RSRP, CSI-RSSI, CSI-SINR, CSI-RSRQ, etc.

[0120] Cell (re)selection is considered for cells operating in SBFD and / or non-SBFD operating modes, for example, cells using SBFD operation may be preferred over cells not using non-SBFD operation. The systems and methods disclosed herein may be used for cell (re)selection, for example, with prioritization of one or more other operating modes. One or more other operating modes may include one or more of the first operating modes on cells operating in a second operating mode, cells operating in a third operating mode, and so on. The terms SBFD operation and non-SBFD operation may be used herein interchangeably with the terms first operating mode and second operating mode, respectively.

[0121] In this specification, the term CLI may be used interchangeably with interference. In this specification, the terms SSB, SS / PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and / or MIB may be used interchangeably. In this specification, the term non-SBFD may be used interchangeably with non-SBFD operation, TDD, and / or legacy TDD. The systems and methods disclosed herein may relate to potential victim WTRUs. The systems and methods disclosed herein may be for one or more of potential aggressive WTRUs, SBFD-aware WTRUs, and / or SBFD-enabled WTRUs.

[0122] A WTRU may be configured using one or more types of slots within a bandwidth. A first type of slot may be used and / or determined for a first direction (e.g., downlink). A second type of slot may be used and / or determined for a second direction (e.g., uplink). A third type of slot may have a first group of frequency resources within the bandwidth for the first direction, and / or a second group of frequency resources within the bandwidth for the second direction. Herein, bandwidth may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: bandwidth part (BWP), carrier, subband, and / or system bandwidth. A first type of slot (e.g., a slot for the first direction) may be called a downlink slot. A second type of slot (e.g., a slot for the second direction) may be called an uplink slot. A third type of slot may be called a subband (non-overlapping) full-duplex (SBFD) slot. A group of frequency resources for the first direction may be called one or more of the following: downlink subband, downlink frequency resources, and / or downlink RB. The group of frequency resources for the second direction is sometimes called the uplink subband, uplink frequency resource, and / or uplink RB.

[0123] For example, an (SBFD-enabled) WTRU may be configured with one or more SBFD UL and / or DL ​​subbands in one or more DL / UL / Flexible TDD time instances (e.g., symbols, slots, frames). The WTRU may be configured with one or more resource allocations for the SBFD subbands. For example, an SBFD configuration may include a flag signal (e.g., enable / disable). A first value (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD configuration), and / or a second value (e.g., 1) may indicate a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation). The operating mode (e.g., SBFD vs. non-SBFD) may be indicated via one or more of the following: MIB, SIB, semi-static (e.g., via RRC), dynamic (e.g., via MAC-CE, DCI), etc. A WTRU may receive time resources (e.g., one or more symbols, slots, etc.) that may be defined in, for example, one or more BWPs, subbands, component carriers (CCs), cells, etc., in a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD). A WTRU may receive frequency resources (e.g., subbands / BWPs containing one or more PRBs) in a (e.g., active and / or linked) BWP, in which a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) may be configured. Time instances (e.g., slots, symbols) may be represented based on one or more of periodic, semi-permanent, and / or aperiodic configurations. Time instances may be represented via bitmap configurations.

[0124] In one example, a WTRU may be configured using a DL TDD configuration for component carriers (CCs) and / or BWPs for one or more Rx opportunities (e.g., via a tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, a slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) may be configured for transmission on UL channels and / or Tx opportunities, for example, when a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured. In another example, a WTRU may be configured using a UL TDD configuration for component carriers (CCs) and / or BWPs for one or more Tx opportunities (e.g., via a tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, a slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) may be configured as DL channels and / or Rx opportunities, for example, when a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured.

[0125] In another example, a WTRU may be configured with DL, UL, and / or flexible TDD configurations for component carriers (CCs) and / or BWPs for one or more Rx / TX opportunities (e.g., via a tdd-UL-DL-config-common / dedicated configuration, slot format indicator (SFI), etc.). One or more of the configured frequency resources (e.g., subbands, PRBs, and / or BWPs) may be configured for a first operating mode (e.g., either UL transmit or DL ​​receive, depending on the configuration) if a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) is configured. The duplex mode for the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD configuration (UL / DL)) may be indicated via a flag display. A first value (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate the first mode (e.g., UL duplex mode), and / or a second value (e.g., 1) may indicate the second mode (e.g., DL duplex mode). Duplex mode configuration and / or flags for a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) may be configured as part of an operating mode configuration, which may be semi-static (e.g., via RRC) or dynamic (e.g., via DCI, MAC-CE). Duplex mode configuration and / or flags for a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) may be configured as part of a resource allocation configuration for Tx / Rx opportunities.

[0126] The WTRU may be configured, determined, and / or indicated to perform a measurement of the Crosslink Interference (CLI) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) over a given time period. A given time period may include one or more slots, OFDM symbols, resource blocks (RBs), and / or resource elements (REs). For example, a CLI-RSSI that can be measured over a given time / frequency resource may be referred to as L1-CLI-RSSI, short-term CLI-RSSI, aperiodic CLI-RSSI, etc. In this specification, CLI-RSSI, L1-CLI-RSSI, and / or RSSI may be interchangeable.

[0127] One or more RSSI types may be used. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may be configured to implement one or more RSSI types. A first RSSI type is obtained based on measurements over a long time period (e.g., two or more slots), and / or the measurements may be reported via higher-layer signaling (e.g., RRC, MAC). A second RSSI type is obtained based on measurements over a short time period (e.g., one slot, within a slot, one or more OFDM symbols within a slot), and / or the measurements may be reported via L1 signaling (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, RACH, SRS). RSSI may be used interchangeably with RSRP, RSRQ, and / or SINR.

[0128] A WTRU may be configured using a set of time / frequency resources for measuring L1-CLI-RSSI. Time / frequency resources for L1-CLI-RSSI measurement are sometimes referred to as CLI-RSSI Measurement Resources (CRMR). A CRMR may be a resource configured, determined, and / or defined using one or more of the following: a set of muted REs in a downlink resource (e.g., PDSCH), a set of REs that the WTRU is not scheduled or used to measure CRMR, one or more reference signals (e.g., DMRS, SRS, sidelink CSI-RS, etc.) that may be located in an RB where a set of REs can be configured or determined as a guard band (or guard RB), a second set of DMRS REs located in a second CDM group (e.g., in a scheduled downlink resource / RB, e.g., PDSCH), and / or in a scheduled resource (e.g., a scheduled PDSCH RB). Muted REs may be rate-matched and / or punctured for downlink reception and / or uplink transmission. A set of muted REs may have the same pattern (e.g., the same time / frequency location) at each RB. A set of muted REs may have different patterns based on RB location. For example, a first pattern may be used for RBs located at the edge of a scheduled RB, and a second pattern may be used for RBs located at the center of a scheduled RB. The first and second patterns may have different numbers of muted REs. Muted REs may be in the form of zero-power resources, e.g., CSI-RS and / or ZP-CSI-RS. Guard bands and / or guard RBs may be located between uplink and downlink resources. WTRUs may skip receiving and / or transmitting signals in guard bands. A WTRU may receive a DCI that can schedule a PDSCH, for example.The DCI may, as an addition or alternative, indicate a first set of DMRS REs corresponding to a first CDM group to be used to receive a PDSCH. The DCI may schedule a PDSCH. The DCI and / or WTRU may, for example, indicate a first set of DMRS REs corresponding to a first CDM group based on the indicated (e.g., DMRS) antenna port field of the DCI. The WTRU may, for example, in response to receiving a DCI, determine that a second set of DMRS REs in a second CDM group (other than the first CDM group) may be used as a CRMR (e.g., in a scheduled PDSCH). A CRMR may be configured (e.g., commonly) for a set of WTRUs (e.g., adjacent WTRUs). For example, a gNB may configure a CRMR for a group of WTRUs. A group of WTRUs may share a group ID, zone ID, and / or one or more WTRUs paired for sidelink unicast (or groupcast) transmissions to receive a DCI (e.g., group RNTI). Zone IDs may be determined based on the geographical location of the WTRU (e.g., GNSS). L1-CLI-RSSI measurements (including CRMR resources, for example) may be considered CSI reporting quantities and / or constitute part of the CSI reporting configuration.

[0129] WTRU may be configured, determined, and / or indicated to perform delta CLI-RSSI. Delta CLI-RSSI may be based on a first CLI-RSSI measurement at a first time / frequency location and / or a second CLI-RSSI measurement at a second time / frequency location. Delta CLI-RSSI (delta-CLI-RSSI) may be the difference between the first CLI-RSSI (e.g., CLI-RSSI1) and the second CLI-RSSI (e.g., CLI-RSSI2). For example, delta-CLI-RSSI = CLI-RSSI1 - CLI-RSSI2 (or delta-CLI-RSSI = CLI-RSSI2 - CLI-RSSI1, etc.). The first CLI-RSSI may be measured from CRMR resources located at the edge of the scheduled RB. The second CLI-RSSI may be measured from CRMR resources located in the center of the scheduled RB. A WTRU may be configured using a first CRMR resource for a first CLI-RSSI measurement and / or a second CRMR resource for a second CLI-RSSI measurement. The WTRU may, for example, decide to report CLI measurement-related information when the measured delta-CLI-RSSI is greater than a threshold. CLI reporting may be triggered based on the delta-CLI-RSSI measurement being greater than a threshold. The threshold may be predetermined and / or configured.

[0130] A WTRU may be configured and / or determined to measure CLI-RSSI for each subband level. For example, subbands may be configured and / or predetermined, and / or the WTRU may perform CLI-RSSI measurements in each subband. Subband size may be determined based on the number of scheduled RBs (e.g., for PDSCH). A WTRU may report CLI-RSSI measurements for one or more (e.g., all) subbands, and / or the WTRU may report a subset of CLI-RSSI. The subset may be determined based on one or more conditions (e.g., CLI-RSSI values ​​above a threshold, subband location (e.g., edge of a scheduled RB), and / or subband index).

[0131] The WTRU may determine the bandwidth of the beam measurement / report (e.g., wideband or subband) based on one or more conditions. For example, one or more conditions may include the time unit type (e.g., SBFD or non-SBFD) and / or the presence of CLI-RSSI measurements. The WTRU may report a wideband CRI (e.g., wideband beam index) in a non-SBFD time unit (e.g., symbol, slot, etc.), and / or the WTRU may report a subband CRI (e.g., subband beam index) in an SBFD time unit. The bandwidth of the beam measurement / report may be determined based on whether the CLI-RSSI is measured in the same slot.

[0132] A WTRU may indicate that a CLI-RSSI measurement should be performed at a specific frequency location. This specific frequency location may be within a scheduled RB (or an unscheduled RB). Additionally or alternatively, the specific frequency location may be within one or more of the subbands, RBs, and / or REs. The indication may be in a DCI that can trigger, for example, a CLI-RSSI measurement (e.g., a periodic CLI-RSSI measurement). The specific frequency location may be indicated based on the CRMR resource frequency location. One or more CRMR resources may be configured, and / or each CRMR resource may be located at a specific frequency location based on its configuration. A WTRU may indicate that a measurement should be performed on the CRMR resource indicated in the DCI.

[0133] A WTRU may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A PBCH may be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). A PBCH may carry system information. A PBCH may contain and / or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be associated with (for example, used to represent) the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein. A WTRU may use information in the MIB regarding time and / or frequency resources to find one or more system information blocks (SIBs). For example, when a WTRU detects and / or receives an SS / PBCH block, it may use information in the MIB regarding time and / or frequency resources to find one or more SIBs. The term SIB may be associated with (for example, used to represent) the content, information, payload, and / or bits. In one example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters may be broadcast in an SIB (e.g., SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, etc.). WTRU can be detected and / or received from serving cells and / or newly detected cells.

[0134] The WTRU may perform cell selection with or without the use of stored cell information. Cell information may include frequency and / or cell parameters. A cell may include (for example, be defined as) a combination of one or more uplink component carriers (CCs) and / or one or more downlink component carriers. The WTRU may (for example, previously) store information about one or more cells, for example, based on previously received measurement control information elements and / or from previously detected cells. The WTRU may, for example, utilize the stored cell information for cell selection if the WTRU has stored cell information.

[0135] The WTRU may perform initial cell selection. For example, if there is no stored information and / or if cell search based on stored information yields no results, the WTRU may perform initial cell selection (for example, if the WTRU has no prior knowledge of cell parameters). For example, the WTRU may not have knowledge of which RF channels are NR frequencies. The WTRU may scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels. One or more RF channels may be from a set of RF channels (for example, based on a synchronization raster frequency) in the NR band. The WTRU may scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels to find a suitable cell. For example, a synchronization raster may indicate the frequency location of a synchronization block (for example, an SS / PBCH block). Synchronization blocks may be used by the WTRU for system acquisition when explicit signaling of synchronization block locations is not available. The WTRU may search to find SS / PBCH blocks corresponding to one or more cells on each frequency channel and / or raster. WTRU can select the strongest cell based, for example, on measuring one or more of the following for the detected SS / PBCH block: RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.

[0136] In this specification, the term “evaluated parameter” may be used interchangeably with “evaluated RSRP,” “evaluated RSRQ,” etc. The term “evaluated” may be interpreted as adjusted, calculated, computed, compensated, scaled, defined, determined, identified, etc. A WTRU may determine an evaluated parameter based on one or more measured values. For example, a WTRU may determine an evaluated parameter based on one or more measured values ​​and / or based on (for example, together with) one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters (for example, (pre) configured and / or indicated parameters). A WTRU may calculate, for example, the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and / or division of one or more measured values ​​using one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding evaluated parameter.

[0137] WTRU may select a cell (for example, a suitable cell) as a serving cell. WTRU may select a cell (for example, a suitable cell) as a serving cell, for example, if it finds a suitable cell. WTRU may select a candidate cell as a suitable cell using one or more criteria. WTRU may determine the criteria based on one or more evaluated parameters. WTRU may determine the evaluated parameters based on one or more of the following: measured parameters, compensation values, scaling rules, etc. WTRU may determine the compensation values ​​and / or scaling rules based on one or more configured and / or indicated offsets, parameters, and / or configured values. WTRU may be composed of and / or determine one or more of the following: measured cell receive level values, measured cell quality values, the minimum required measured Rx level and / or quality level in the cell, compensation values, evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level values, and / or evaluated cell (re)selection quality values.

[0138] The WTRU can be constructed using and / or determined using measured cell receive level values. For example, the WTRU may measure one or more of the following for one or more SS / PBCH blocks, reference signals, and / or channels: reference signal received power (RSRP), signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), etc. The WTRU can be constructed using and / or determined using measured cell quality values. For example, the WTRU may measure one or more of the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for one or more SS / PBCH blocks, reference signals, and / or channels. The WTRU can be constructed using and / or determined using the minimum required measured RX level and / or quality level in a cell. For example, the WTRU may be constructed using and / or determined one or more parameters and / or offset values ​​to determine the minimum required Rx level (e.g., in dBm units) and / or the minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in a corresponding cell. The WTRU may be constructed using and / or determined by compensation values. The WTRU may be constructed using, for example, one or more parameters, offsets, and / or scaling values ​​that may be used when receiving a display, and / or on which the WTRU may be determined based on one or more operating modes, thresholds, etc. The WTRU may be constructed using and / or determined by evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level values. For example, the WTRU may calculate, evaluate, and / or compute received level values ​​(for example, in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation values ​​and / or scaling values.

[0139] WTRU is the measured cell received level value (e.g., Q rxlevmeas ), the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., Q rxlevmin and / or Q rxlevminoffset ), compensation parameter (for example, P compensation) one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffset temp ), etc., based on one or more of which, an evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value (e.g., Srxlev) can be calculated (e.g., Srxlev = Q rxlevmeas - (Q rxlevmin + Q rxlevminoffset ) - P compensation - Qoffset temp ). The WTRU can select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells, for example, when the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value is higher than a preconfigured threshold (e.g., for cell selection, Srxlev > 0, or for intra-frequency cell reselection and inter-frequency cell reselection, respectively, Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonIntraSearchP, etc.). The WTRU can be configured using and / or determine the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value. For example, the WTRU can calculate, evaluate, and / or compute the received quality value (e.g., in dB units) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation values and / or scaling values. The WTRU can calculate an evaluated cell (re)selection quality value (e.g., Squal) based on one or more of the measured cell quality value (e.g., Q qualmeas ), the minimum required quality level (e.g., Q qualmin and / or Q qualminoffset ), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffset temp [[ID=Z0]]), etc. (e.g., Squal = Q qualmeas - (Q qualmin + Q qualminoffset ) - Qoffset temp ). The WTRU can select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells, for example, when the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value is higher than a preconfigured threshold (e.g., Squal > 0, or for intra-frequency cell reselection and inter-frequency cell reselection, respectively, Squal > SintraSearchQ or Squal > SnonIntraSearchQ, etc.).

[0140] A WTRU may receive and / or configure one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters, values, settings, and / or rules, for example, as criteria for cell (re)selection, (e.g., via implicit and / or explicit representations). Explicit representations may be via one or more of the following: Master Information Blocks (MIBs) in the corresponding SS / PBCH blocks, System Information Blocks (SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, etc.), semi-static configurations (e.g., via RRC), and dynamic representations (e.g., via MAC-CE and / or DCI). Based on implicit representations, a WTRU may decide to use one or more compensation and / or scaling rules, for example, based on comparing one or more parameters with corresponding thresholds.

[0141] WTRU may perform cell ranking for one or more (e.g., all) cells (e.g., serving cell and neighboring cells). WTRU may perform cell ranking for one or more (e.g., all) cells (e.g., serving cell and neighboring cells) that WTRU has determined to be suitable candidate cells based on cell selection criteria, for example, when measuring and / or calculating evaluated received power and / or evaluated quality values. Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may determine cell ranking based on calculating the R value using the average RSRP result. The following parameters are non-exclusive examples of parameters that may be included during cell ranking calculation and measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. One or more of the following may apply. R s =Q meas,s +Q hyst -Qoffset temp R n =Q meas,n -Qoffset-Qoffset temp Rs and Rn can correspond to the serving cell and neighboring cells, respectively. hyst This can represent the mobility mode of the WTRU. Qoffset can be configured with different values, for example, for intra-frequency cell (re)selection and inter-frequency cell (re)selection. Q meas This may include the measured RSRP amount used in cell (re)selection (for example, it may be the measured RSRP amount).

[0142] The WTRU may, for example, re-select a new candidate cell if, during a (pre-configured) time interval, a new cell has a higher R value than the serving cell. The WTRU may determine the downlink SS / PBCH block resource element unit energy (EPRE). For example, the WTRU may determine the downlink SS / PBCH block EPRE based on the received SS / PBCH downlink transmit power. The WTRU may receive, determine, identify, and / or provide the SS / PBCH downlink transmit power (for example, from a gNB) and / or (for example, by the parameter ss-PBCH-BlockPower provided by a higher layer). The downlink transmit power for the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may include (for example, be defined as) a linear average over the power contributions (for example, in units of [W]) of one or more (for example, all) resource elements carrying the SSS within the operating system bandwidth.

[0143] Figure 7 shows an exemplary procedure 700 for determining the active operating mode. The WTRU may determine the operating mode, for example, during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SSBs from the cell (e.g., during initial access). In 702, the WTRU may select a cell and the synchronous signal block (SSB) associated with the cell, for example, based on a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement. The WTRU may determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., from broadcast messages such as MIBs, SIB1, SIB2, etc.). For example, the WTRU may flag an indication for enabling SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU may receive time and frequency resources for SBFD operation (e.g., DL subbands, UL subbands, time patterns, periodicity, time units, e.g., symbols, slots, etc.) (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIBs, SIBs, etc.).

[0144] In 704, the WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via a broadcast message, MIB, SIB, etc.) that indicates, for example, configuration information for measuring CLI (e.g., a reference signal, time and frequency resources for measuring CLI-RSSI) and / or thresholds (e.g., CLI thresholds). The configuration information may include a physical random access channel (PRACH) crosslink interference (CLI) threshold and / or one or more time and frequency resources. The configuration information may include a first representation of one or more first resources for SBFD active operating mode and / or a second representation of one or more second resources for non-SBFD operating mode. The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the configured resources and / or compare it to the configured thresholds. The configured thresholds may include PRACH CLI thresholds. In 706, the WTRU may use, for example, one or more time and frequency resources to determine the CLI associated with the cell (e.g., a CLI measurement). For example, WTRU can determine the CLI associated with a cell (e.g., CLI measurement) based on its configuration information.

[0145] In 708, the WTRU may compare the determined CLI (e.g., a measured value) to the PRACH CLI threshold. In 710, the WTRU may determine the active operating mode based on, for example, a comparison between the determined CLI measured value and the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD operation in order to access the cell (e.g., the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in a configured DL / UL subband in a time resource corresponding to SBFD operation for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception, etc.). In 712, the WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) if, for example, the determined CLI measured value is less than the PRACH CLI threshold.

[0146] A WTRU may, for example, use one or more first resources to send a PRACH message to a base station. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. A WTRU may, for example, send a preamble (e.g., a PRACH preamble) to a base station using one or more first resources before sending a PRACH message. The preamble may indicate whether the WTRU supports SBFD. The preamble may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. For example, the preamble may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, the preamble may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. A WTRU may send a PRACH message to a base station using one or more second resources. A WTRU may send a preamble to a base station using one or more second resources.

[0147] A WTRU may, for example, use one or more second resources to send a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) message. A PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. Additionally or alternatively, a PUSCH message may include an indication that the WTRU's active operating mode is SBFD. A WTRU may, for example, determine its active mode to be non-SBFD if a determined CLI measurement is greater than or equal to a PRACH CLI threshold. A WTRU may send a PRACH message using one or more resources for the non-SBFD active operating mode. A WTRU may determine one or more resources for the non-SBFD active operating mode based, for example, on indications in the configuration information.

[0148] A WTRU may include resources in the UL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots from a set of permitted resources (e.g., a set of permitted RACH opportunities) from which it can select resources when selecting resources to transmit a PRACH preamble. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may select resources to transmit a PRACH preamble based on the decision that the active operating mode is SBFD. A WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots. For example, when a WTRU monitors a PDCCH indicating RAR based on the decision that the active operating mode is SBFD, a WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots.

[0149] The WTRU may, for example, determine that the active operating mode is non-SBFD operation and / or use a non-SBFD (legacy) configuration to access cells if the CLI is higher than a threshold (for example, the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in configured TDD DL / UL time units for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception). For example, when the WTRU selects a resource for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on the decision that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may include resources in UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (for example, based on the TDD configuration) from the set of permitted resources (e.g., the set of permitted RACH opportunities) from which it can select. The WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (for example, based on the TDD configuration). For example, when a WTRU monitors a PDCCH indicating RAR based on the determination that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on a TDD configuration). The WTRU may, for example, send a PRACH preamble using the determined resources based on the active operating mode.

[0150] The WTRU may determine the operating mode during initial access. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SSBs from the cell (e.g., during initial access). The WTRU may determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., from broadcast messages such as MIBs, SIB1, SIB2, etc.). The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIBs, SIBs, etc.). The configuration information may include indicators for measuring CLI (e.g., reference signals, time and frequency resources for measuring CLI-RSSI, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the configuration information may include thresholds (e.g., CLI thresholds). The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the configured resources and / or compare it to the configured thresholds. The WTRU may, for example, decide to set the active operating mode to SBFD operation in order to access the cell if the (determined) CLI is below a threshold (for example, the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured DL / UL subband in a time resource corresponding to SBFD operation for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception). The WTRU may, for example, decide to set the active operating mode to non-SBFD operation and / or decide to use a non-SBFD (legacy) configuration to access the cell if the (determined) CLI is above a threshold (for example, the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in the configured TDD DL / UL time unit for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception).

[0151] A WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH preamble using resources determined based on the active operating mode. A WTRU may determine (e.g., from broadcast messages such as MIBs, SIB1, SIB2, etc.) whether a cell supports SBFD operation. A WTRU may flag an indication to enable SBFD operation. A WTRU may receive (e.g., via broadcast messages, MIBs, SIBs, etc.) time and / or frequency resources for SBFD operation (e.g., DL subbands, UL subbands, time patterns, periodicity, time units, e.g., symbols, slots, etc.). A WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD operation in order to access the cell if the CLI is below a threshold (e.g., a WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in configured DL / UL subbands in time resources corresponding to SBFD operation for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception, etc.). For example, when a WTRU selects resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on the decision that the active operating mode is SBFD, the WTRU may include resources in the UL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots from the set of permitted resources (e.g., the set of permitted RACH opportunities) from which it can select. For example, when a WTRU monitors a PDCCH indicating RAR based on the decision that the active operating mode is SBFD, the WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in the DL subband of SBFD symbols and / or slots. If the CLI is higher than a threshold, the WTRU may decide to set the active operating mode to non-SBFD operation and / or decide to use a non-SBFD (legacy) configuration to access the cell (e.g., the WTRU may receive / transmit DL / UL in configured TDD DL / UL time units for PRACH transmission and / or RAR reception, etc.).For example, when a WTRU selects resources to send a PRACH preamble based on the decision that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may include resources in the UL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) from the set of permitted resources (e.g., the set of permitted RACH opportunities) from which it can select (e.g., based on the TDD configuration). For example, when a WTRU monitors a PDCCH indicating a RAR based on the decision that the active operating mode is non-SBFD, the WTRU may monitor monitoring opportunities in the DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols and / or slots) (e.g., based on the TDD configuration).

[0152] The WTRU may determine and / or receive (e.g., from the gNB) the configuration and / or indication for the active operating mode. The indication for the operating mode may be based on implicit and / or explicit indications. The active operating mode may include SBFD operation or non-SBFD operation.

[0153] For example, in SBFD operation, the WTRU may receive one or more configurations for the time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, time units, etc.) in which the SBFD is configured. The WTRU may receive the direction of transmission (e.g., DL and / or UL) for one or more frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RB, BWP, etc.) in the configured SBFD time unit. The WTRU may be configured using one or more UL and / or DL ​​subbands in the SBFD time unit.

[0154] A WTRU (for example, composed of one or more SBFD time units) may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using one or more DL receive and / or UL transmit configurations in the configured SBFD symbol. One or more DL receive and / or UL transmit configurations may include UL transmits within the UL subband, DL receives within the DL subband, UL transmits outside the UL subband (for example, within the DL subband), and / or DL ​​receives outside the DL subband (for example, within the UL subband). A WTRU (for example, composed of one or more SBFD time units) may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using UL transmits within the UL subband. For example, a WTRU may be scheduled to transmit UL messages within the UL subband in the SBFD symbol. A WTRU (for example, composed of one or more SBFD time units) may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using DL receives within the DL subband. A WTRU may monitor one or more DL messages (for example, PDCCH) within the configured DL subband in the SBFD symbol. A WTRU may be configured and / or scheduled to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) within the DL subband in an SBFD symbol. A WTRU (for example, configured with one or more SBFD time units) may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated with UL transmissions outside the UL subband (e.g., within the DL subband). For example, a WTRU may be scheduled to transmit UL messages outside the UL subband in an SBFD symbol. A WTRU (for example, configured with one or more SBFD time units) may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated with DL receptions outside the DL subband (within the UL subband). For example, a WTRU may monitor and detect one or more DL messages (e.g., PDCCH) within the UL subband in an SBFD symbol.WTRU may be scheduled and / or configured to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) outside the DL subband and / or within the UL subband.

[0155] A WTRU may, for example in non-SBFD operation, monitor, schedule, and / or configure to receive one or more DL messages in a configured SBFD time unit. A WTRU may monitor, schedule, and / or configure to receive one or more DL messages in a TDD DL and / or TDD Flexible Time Unit. A WTRU may be scheduled and / or configured to send one or more UL messages in a configured SBFD time unit. A WTRU may be scheduled and / or configured to send one or more UL messages in a TDD UL and / or TDD Flexible Time Unit.

[0156] A WTRU can operate like a legacy TDD operation. For example, a WTRU may receive one or more configurations related to time resources. ULs, DLs, and / or flexible time units can be configured (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, time units) in non-SBFD operation. A WTRU configured using non-SBFD operation may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated using one or more DL receive or UL transmit configurations. One or more DL receive or UL transmit configurations may include UL transmits in TDD ULs and / or TDD flexible time units, and / or DL ​​receives in TDD DLs and / or flexible time units. A WTRU configured using non-SBFD operation may be configured, scheduled, or indicated using TDD ULs and / or UL transmits in TDD flexible time units. For example, a WTRU may be scheduled to transmit UL messages within ULs and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes). A WTRU configured using non-SBFD operation may be configured, scheduled, and / or indicated to receive DL messages in TDD DL and / or flexible time units. For example, a WTRU may monitor one or more DL messages (e.g., PDCCH) in TDD DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.). A WTRU may be configured and / or scheduled to receive one or more DL messages (e.g., PDSCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.) in TDD DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.). A WTRU may decide not to send UL messages in TDD DL time units, for example, in non-SBFD operation (for example, a WTRU may not expect to be configured to send UL messages in TDD DL time units).A WTRU may decide not to monitor and / or receive DL messages in a TDD UL time unit (for example, a WTRU may not expect to be configured to receive or monitor DL ​​messages in a TDD UL time unit).

[0157] In SBFD or non-SBFD operation, DL reception and / or UL transmission examples may include one or more of the following: monitoring and detecting CORESET#0, CSS, SIB1, SIB2, etc.; monitoring PDCCH, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, and / or other DL reference signals; receiving scheduled and / or configured DL messages (e.g., PDSCH); and transmitting PRACH, Msg3, MsgA, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS, and / or other UL messages and / or (one or more) reference signals.

[0158] A WTRU may determine its operating mode, for example, during initial access using SBFD operation. A WTRU may configure its operating mode, for example, during initial access. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may receive and / or detect a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) from a cell (e.g., during initial access). A PBCH may carry system information. A PBCH may contain and / or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by a PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein. A PBCH may be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). A PBCH may contain one or more information bits for (monitoring) finding a first system information block (SIB) (e.g., SIB1) by detecting CORESET#0 and / or the common search space (CSS). SIB1 may contain information content for monitoring and / or detecting other SIBs.

[0159] A synchronization raster may indicate the frequency position of a synchronization block (e.g., SSB). The frequency position of the SSB may be used by the WTRU for system acquisition (e.g., when explicit signaling of the synchronization block position is not present). Hereinafter, frequency rasters may be referred to as channel rasters and / or synchronization rasters (e.g., sync rasters). The operating frequency band, physical carrier, physical carrier band, and / or system band may be used interchangeably.

[0160] A WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., a flag indication) from a cell (e.g., via an MIB, SIB, etc.) that indicates, for example, whether the cell is operating in a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) and / or a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation and / or legacy TDD operation). A WTRU may determine the operating mode in a cell based on one or more implicit and / or explicit indications. A WTRU may determine the operating mode in a cell based on an implicit indication (e.g., a sync raster). For example, a WTRU may implicitly determine the operating mode of a cell based on the sync raster corresponding to the received and / or detected SSB. One or more sync raster sets may be used, defined, configured, and / or determined, and / or each of the sync raster sets may be a subset of channel rasters. Sync raster sets may be mutually exclusive with respect to other sync raster sets. The WTRU may determine that a cell operates in a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) if, for example, the sync raster corresponding to the received and / or detected SSB is in a first sync raster set. The WTRU may determine that a cell operates in a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation) if, for example, the sync raster corresponding to the received and / or detected SSB is in a second sync raster set, and so on. The WTRU may determine the operating mode in a cell based on an explicit indication (e.g., MIB). For example, the WTRU may receive an explicit indication in the MIB that indicates the operating mode for a cell.

[0161] The WTRU may receive explicit indications in the SIB1 that may indicate the operating mode for a cell, for example. The WTRU may detect CORESET#0 and / or type 0-PDCCH CSS (for example, blindly) based on different interpretations of MIB parameters for different operating modes, for example. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may detect CORESET#0 and / or type 0-PDCCH CSS (for example, blindly) when explicit signaling of the operating mode is not present or cannot be decoded from the MIB. The WTRU may attempt to determine (for example, blindly) that the operating mode is non-SBFD and / or attempt to detect CORESET#0 and type 0-PDCCH CSS based on received MIB parameters (for example, in TDD DL or flexible time units). Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may attempt to determine (e.g., blindly) that the operating mode is SBFD based on the received MIB parameters (e.g., in TDD DL, UL, and / or flexible time units), and / or attempt to detect CORESET#0 and type 0-PDCCH CSS.

[0162] The WTRU may receive a configuration from the cell (e.g., via the SIB) indicating time units and / or frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RB, BWP, etc.). A first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) may be applied. The WTRU may receive a configuration from the cell (e.g., via the SIB). The configuration may indicate the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception on the configured frequency resources. The indication may include one or more of time units, UL and DL subbands, time patterns, and / or periodicity. For example, the WTRU may be configured with time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.) configured for the first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation). The WTRU may be configured with time units for TDD operation (e.g., TDD DL, TDD UL, and / or TDD flexible time units). UL and DL subbands may be indicated. For example, a WTRU may be configured using frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.) for UL transmission and / or DL ​​reception in a configured time unit (e.g., SBFD symbols, slots, etc.) having a first operating mode. Time patterns may be indicated. For example, a WTRU may be configured using one or more time patterns for use in configuring a time unit for the application of a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation). Periodicity may be indicated. For example, a WTRU may be configured using time periods to be used for configuring a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) to be repeated over time resources. Configurations and configuration information may be used interchangeably herein.

[0163] The WTRU may perform and / or receive one or more CLI measurements, for example, during initial access. The WTRU (for example, during initial access) may receive one or more reference signals and / or one or more configurations relating to time and frequency resources (for example, via broadcast messages, MIBs, SIBs, etc.) to measure CLI (for example, as described herein) (for example, in a detected cell). The WTRU may be (pre-configured) or receive (for example, from a cell) one or more CLI thresholds.

[0164] The WTRU may determine (e.g., identify, configure with, or indicate with) one or more measurement resources for CLI measurements (e.g., for deriving / reporting L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI). One or more measurement resources may be associated with a cell (e.g., TRP, CC, gNB, node, transmitter, and / or receiver). One or more measurement resources may include one or more zero-power (ZP) (e.g., ZP CSI-RS) resources, one or more SS / PBCH blocks, measured values ​​of received power (e.g., SSB-RSRP) for a received reference signal, and / or one or more predefined or preconfigured time, frequency, spatial, sequence domain resources, and / or reference signals.

[0165] One or more measurement resources may include one or more zero-power (ZP) (e.g., ZP CSI-RS) resources. One or more ZP resources may be identified from MIBs, SIBs, etc., and / or explicit signals sent from and / or broadcast from a cell. One or more measurement resources may include one or more SS / PBCH blocks. For example, a WTRU may measure and use one or more parameters based on the received SSB to calculate CLI power and / or intensity (e.g., CLI-RSSI). For example, a WTRU may calculate the received interference intensity (e.g., CLI-RSSI) using measurements to derive and / or estimate the received power (e.g., SSB-RSRP) of a reference signal and / or channel, in addition to or instead of the measured received signal intensity and / or power (e.g., SSB-RSSI). One or more measurement resources may include a measurement of the received power (e.g., SSB-RSRP) for the received reference signal. SSB-RSRP may include (e.g., may be considered as the desired received power). The received signal strength (e.g., SSB-RSSI) may include (or be considered) the total received signal strength. Additionally or alternatively, the SSB-RSSI may include the desired signal power and / or interference (e.g., both). Interference strength may be estimated for each SSB based on the measured SSB-RSRP and / or SSB-RSSI.

[0166] The WTRU may measure the CLI (e.g., in a cell) based on, for example, a configured reference signal and configured time and frequency resources. The WTRU may compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI is (e.g., equal to) or less than the configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine, for example, based on the measured CLI (e.g., that it is equal to or less than the configured CLI threshold), that the (e.g., active) operating mode (e.g., in a detected cell) is a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD). The WTRU may use, select, and / or determine DL and / or UL resources based on the configured resources for the SBFD operating mode (e.g., as described herein).

[0167] A WTRU may select resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble. For example, a WTRU may select resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on the configured UL subband in the SBFD symbol. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may select resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on determining that the active operating mode is SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, a WTRU may select resources for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of permitted RACH opportunities). A set of resources may include resources from which a WTRU is permitted to select.

[0168] A WTRU may select resources to monitor a PDCCH (for example, indicating RAR). For example, a WTRU may select resources to monitor a PDCCH based on determining that the active operating mode is SBFD. A WTRU may monitor resources in the DL subband in the SBFD symbol. Alternatively or additionally, a WTRU may select resources to monitor a PDCCH based on a set of resources (for example, a set of permitted PDCCH opportunities). A set of resources may include resources that the WTRU is permitted to monitor.

[0169] WTRU may determine that the measured CLI is equal to and / or higher than the configured CLI threshold. WTRU may determine that the operating mode (e.g., active) (in the detected cell) is a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD). WTRU may use, select, and / or determine DL and / or UL resources based on the configured resources for TDD (e.g., legacy) operation (e.g., based on configured DL, UL, or flexible time units, symbols, slots, etc.).

[0170] The WTRU may select resources for sending the PRACH preamble based on configured ULs and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.) (e.g., based on a TDD configuration). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select resources for sending the PRACH preamble based on configured ULs and / or flexible time units, based on determining that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may select resources for sending the PRACH preamble based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of permitted RACH opportunities). The set of resources may include resources from which the WTRU is permitted to select.

[0171] A WTRU may select one or more resources to monitor a PDCCH (e.g., indicating RAR) based on configured DL and / or flexible time units (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, etc.) (e.g., based on a TDD configuration). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may select resources to monitor a PDCCH based on determining that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. Alternatively or additionally, a WTRU may use, select, and / or determine resources to monitor a PDCCH based on a set of resources (e.g., a set of permitted PDCCH opportunities). The set of resources may include resources from which the WTRU is permitted to select. A WTRU may connect to a detected cell by sending a PRACH preamble using the selected resources, based on the determined operating mode.

[0172] A WTRU may select one or more candidate cells based on one or more CLI levels. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SSBs from a cell (e.g., during cell discovery). A cell may contain candidate cells used for cell (re)selection (e.g., candidate cells) (e.g., based on cell ranking specifications, RSRP > threshold 1, RSRQ > threshold 2, etc.). A WTRU may determine whether a cell supports SBFD (e.g., based on received and / or configured flagging, time and / or frequency resources allocated to SBFD via MIB, SIB, etc.). A WTRU may receive SBFD information from cells and / or serving cells that the WTRU has already camped on. A WTRU may receive (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) configurations for measuring CLI in the SBFD resources for each of at least one of the detected SSBs, and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, CLI thresholds). WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on its configuration.

[0173] The WTRU may select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the measured RSRP and / or measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI), measured CLI (e.g., the lowest CLI), and / or measured RSRP (e.g., the highest RSRP). The WTRU may select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on the measured RSRP and / or measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI). The measured RSRP and / or measured CLI may include one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or lowest CLI, one or more SSBs with an RSRP above the RSRP threshold and / or a CLI below the CLI threshold, and / or one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or one or more SSBs with the lowest CLI and an RSRP above the RSRP threshold among those with a CLI below the CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on the measured CLI (e.g., the lowest CLI). The WTRU may, for example, select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on the measured RSRP (e.g., the highest RSRP).

[0174] The WTRU may, for example, compare the measured CLI for one or more selected (e.g., best) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) for a cell to a CLI threshold (e.g., the same or different CLI threshold used for SSB selection). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may, for example, decide to include a cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell ranking for SBFD operation if the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs (e.g., at least one SSB) is lower than the CLI threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may, for example, decide not to consider a cell as a candidate for SBFD operation (e.g., for a duration) if the measured CLI of each of the selected SSBs is higher than the CLI threshold. The WTRU may measure and / or determine conditional barred cells for SBFD operation as described herein.

[0175] The WTRU may perform cell ranking for candidate cells (for example, jointly or separately for SBFD cells and / or non-SBFD cells) based on measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, number of beams, etc. The WTRU may select the cell with the highest ranking to camp on, for example, based on cell selection configuration and / or priority configuration. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD if the selected cell supports SBFD operation (for example, supports or uses DL / UL subbands in SBFD time units). The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be non-SBFD if the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode (for example, time units may be used for only one of DL and UL). The WTRU may send a PRACH to the selected cell (for example, using resources determined based on the active operating mode).

[0176] A WTRU may select one or more candidate cells based on the CLI level. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SSBs from a cell (e.g., during cell discovery). A cell may contain candidate cells used for cell (re)selection (e.g., a candidate cell) (e.g., based on cell ranking specifications, such as RSRP > threshold 1, RSRQ > threshold 2). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may determine whether a cell supports SBFD (e.g., based on received and / or configured flagging, MIB, SIB, etc., time and / or frequency resources allocated to SBFD). For example, a WTRU may receive SBFD information from cells and / or serving cells that the WTRU has already camped on.

[0177] As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may receive one or more configurations and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, CLI threshold) for measuring CLI in the SBFD resource for each of at least one of the detected SSBs (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the configuration. As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the detected SSBs based on one or more of the measured CLI (e.g., the lowest CLI), the measured RSRP (e.g., the highest RSRP) (e.g., fallback), and / or the measured RSRP and / or the measured CLI (e.g., a combination of the measured RSRP and the measured CLI). For example, a measured RSRP and / or measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI) may include one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or the lowest CLI, one or more SSBs with an RSRP above the RSRP threshold and a CLI below the CLI threshold, and / or one or more SSBs with the highest RSRP and / or one or more SSBs with the lowest CLI and an RSRP above the RSRP threshold.

[0178] The WTRU may compare the measured CLI for one or more selected (e.g., best) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) for a cell to a CLI threshold (e.g., the same as or different from the CLI threshold used for SSB selection). The WTRU may determine whether the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs (e.g., at least one SSB) is lower than the CLI threshold. The WTRU may decide to include that cell in the list of candidate cells that should be used in cell ranking for SBFD operation. The WTRU may determine whether the measured CLI of each of the one or more selected SSBs is higher than the CLI threshold. The WTRU may decide not to consider a cell as a candidate for SBFD (e.g., for a duration). For example, the WTRU may measure and / or detect cells that are conditionally prohibited for SBFD operation, as described herein.

[0179] Figure 8 shows an exemplary procedure 800 for deciding to initiate a ban time period. In 802, the WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include one or more of the following: an indication of the cross-link interference (CLI) threshold, a time period associated with banning subband non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD), and / or an indication of one or more resources. In 804, the WTRU may send a message to the cell. The message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. In 806, the WTRU may receive a rejection message. The rejection message may include an indication that the cell is prohibited from operating SBFD. In 808, the WTRU may decide to initiate a ban time period based on the time period associated with banning SBFD.

[0180] The WTRU may perform cell ranking for candidate cells (for example, together or separately for SBFD cells and / or non-SBFD cells) based on (for example, measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, number of beams, etc.). For example, the WTRU may rank cells based on at least one of the measured RSRP or measured RSRQ. The WTRU may measure one or more of the reference signal received power (RSRP) and / or reference signal received quality (RSRQ). The WTRU may rank cells based on at least one of the forbidden time period and / or cross-link interference (CLI) measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine the CLI measurement when the forbidden time period has expired. The WTRU may decide to include cells associated with one or more SSBs in the list of SBFD candidate cells if the measured CLI is less than the CLI threshold.

[0181] As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may select the cell with the highest ranking to camp on, for example, based on the cell selection configuration and priority configuration. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD if, for example, the selected cell supports SBFD operation (e.g., supports or uses DL / UL subbands in SBFD time units). The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be non-SBFD if, for example, the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode (e.g., the time unit may be used for only one of DL and UL). The WTRU may select the first cell and / or the second cell based on ranking, for example, if the cell includes the first cell. As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may send (e.g., transmit) a PRACH to the selected cell, for example, the first cell and / or the second cell, (e.g., using resources determined based on the active operating mode).

[0182] The WTRU may perform cell discovery for SBFD operation and / or CLI measurement. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) from a cell (e.g., during cell discovery). A cell may be a candidate cell to be used for cell (re)selection. A candidate cell may be a valid cell based on one or more of the RSRP, RSRQ, and / or cell ranking configurations (e.g., as described herein). A candidate cell may be a valid cell, for example, its measured and / or evaluated RSRP may be higher than the corresponding (pre-configured) threshold. A candidate cell may be a valid cell, for example, its measured and / or evaluated RSRQ may be higher than the corresponding (pre-configured) threshold. The WTRU may decide not to consider a cell as an SBFD candidate cell for at least the duration of the blackout period. The WTRU may decide to consider a cell as an SBFD candidate cell after the expiration of the blackout period. WTRU may determine that a cell is a candidate for SBFD based on its CLI measurement being below the CLI threshold.

[0183] The WTRU may determine, detect, decode, and / or receive one or more indications (e.g., informational content) corresponding to the detected SSB of a cell (e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit message, etc.) from the serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped. For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., via flag indication) that the cell supports and / or operates using SBFD operation (e.g., based on decoding the informational content). The WTRU may receive a configuration about the cell (e.g., from the serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped (e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit message, etc.)) indicating time units and frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.). A first mode of operation (e.g., SBFD operation) may be applied. The WTRU may receive a configuration. The configuration may indicate the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception on the configured frequency resources.

[0184] A WTRU may measure interference (e.g., CLI) about a cell based on one or more received configurations. A WTRU may receive one or more indications (e.g., by informational content) that the WTRU determines, detects, decodes, and / or receives about the detected SSB of a cell (e.g., from a serving cell or a cell the WTRU is already camp-on to) (e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.). An indication may include, in addition to or instead of, one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power RS ​​and / or non-zero-power RS), time resources, and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI, the cell ID and / or component carrier (CC) on which CLI is measured. A WTRU may receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.). A WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the received configuration.

[0185] The WTRU may perform candidate SSB measurement and / or selection. The WTRU may select one or more SSBs (e.g., the best SSB) from the SSBs detected in the cell. For example, the WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on one or more of the measured RSRP and measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI), measured CLI, and / or measured RSRP and / or RSRQ (e.g., a fallback). The WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the measured RSRP and measured CLI (e.g., a combination of measured RSRP and measured CLI). The WTRU may select the SSB with the highest measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ, for example, the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) may have the lowest value. WTRU may select one or more SSBs where the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are higher than the corresponding threshold, for example, the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) may be lower than the corresponding threshold. For example, WTRU may select one or more SSBs where the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are the highest values, and the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) is lower than the corresponding threshold. Alternatively or additionally, WTRU may select one or more SSBs where the measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) is the lowest, and the measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ are higher than the corresponding threshold. WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the measured CLI. For example, WTRU may select the SSB with the lowest measured and / or evaluated CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). WTRU may select one or more SSBs based on the measured RSRP and / or RSRQ (e.g., fallback). For example, WTRU may select the SSB with the highest measured and / or evaluated RSRP and / or RSRQ.

[0186] The WTRU may select an operating mode for a candidate cell. For example, the WTRU may compare the measured and / or evaluated CLI for one or more selected (e.g., best) SSBs (e.g., SSB beams) for a cell to a configured CLI threshold. The configured CLI threshold may be the same as, or different from, the CLI threshold used for the SSBs used for candidate SSB measurement and / or selection. The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs in the cell (e.g., at least one SSB) is lower than the configured CLI threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may decide to include that cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell ranking for SBFD operation (for example, based on the determination that the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs in the cell (e.g., at least one SSB) is lower than the configured CLI threshold).

[0187] The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs in a cell (e.g., at least one SSB) is higher than a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, decide not to include the cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell ranking for SBFD operation for the duration of the determination and / or configured period (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may, for example, decide not to include the cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell ranking for SBFD operation (based on the fact that the measured CLI of one or more selected SSBs in a cell (e.g., at least one SSB) is lower than a configured CLI threshold). The WTRU may, for example, decide to include the cell in the list of candidate cells to be used in cell ranking for non-SBFD operation for the duration of the determination and / or configured period.

[0188] The WTRU may determine at least two lists of candidate cells (for example, a first list for cells that use SBFD behavior and a second list for cells that do not use SBFD behavior). The WTRU may determine at least two lists of candidate cells (for example, a first list for cells that use SBFD behavior and a second list for cells that do not use SBFD behavior) in order to implement and / or perform cell ranking and cell (re)selection, for example. The WTRU may perform cell ranking separately for different lists of candidate cells (for example, each list). The WTRU may determine one or more top-ranked cells in the first list (for example, cells that use SBFD behavior), one or more top-ranked cells in the second list (for example, cells that do not use SBFD behavior), and so on. For example, if separate cell ranking is performed, the WTRU may determine one or more top-ranked cells in the first list (for example, cells that use SBFD behavior), one or more top-ranked cells in the second list (for example, cells that do not use SBFD behavior), and so on. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may perform cell ranking for cells using different operating modes together (for example, in a single list). The WTRU may determine one or more top-ranked cells using a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation), one or more top-ranked cells using a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation), and so on. For example, by performing cell ranking, the WTRU may determine one or more top-ranked cells using a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation), one or more top-ranked cells using a second operating mode (e.g., non-SBFD operation), and so on.

[0189] WTRU may select cells for cell (re)selection (e.g., preferred and / or strongest cells). WTRU may select cells for cell (re)selection (e.g., preferred and / or strongest cells) based on joint optimization and / or selection of cells using different operating modes (e.g., with or without SBFD operation). WTRU may select preferred cells based on one or more of the following: measured and / or evaluated parameters, cells with the highest cell ranking (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.), and / or configured and / or determined priorities (e.g., higher priority than operation without SBFD).

[0190] The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD (for example, as described herein). The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be SBFD (for example, as described herein) if the selected cell supports SBFD operation. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be non-SBFD. The WTRU may determine the active operating mode to be non-SBFD if the selected cell operates in a non-SBFD operating mode. The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to the selected cell based on the determined operating mode (for example, using resources determined based on the determined active operating mode).

[0191] The WTRU may select 2-step or 4-step random access (RA) and / or SBFD support, for example, based on the RA. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell and / or the cell's SSB. The WTRU may decide to send (e.g., send) a PRACH to a selected cell (e.g., associated with the selected SSB). The WTRU may receive one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) having one or more of the following: a PRACH CLI threshold, one or more reference signals, and time and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU may measure the CLI using (one or more) reference signals and / or (one or more) resources, and / or compare it to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may decide to use 2-step RA if, for example, the measured CLI is lower than the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may use the RSRP (for example, of the SSS of a selected SSB) and / or the CLI (for example, both) to determine a two-step or four-step RA. The WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA when the RSRP is above the RSRP threshold and / or the CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. For example, the WTRU may use the RSRP (for example, of the SSS of a selected SSB) and / or the CLI (for example, both) to determine a two-step or four-step RA. The WTRU may decide to use a four-step RA when, for example, the RSRP is below the RSRP threshold and / or the CLI is above (higher than) the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions: send a preamble to the cell, monitor the PDCCH indicating a RAR that will provide a UL grant, and / or send a message in PUSCH based on the UL grant (for example, send).For example, when a WTRU decides to use a 4-step RA, it may perform one or more of the following: send a preamble to the cell, monitor a PDCCH indicating the RAR which will provide a UL grant, and send a message in a PUSCH based on the UL grant (e.g., send). A WTRU may perform one or more of the following: send a MsgA containing the preamble and / or a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor a PDCCH indicating a MsgB containing at least one of the RAR and conflict resolution information. A WTRU may perform one or more of the following: when a WTRU decides to use a 2-step RA, it may send a MsgA containing the preamble and / or a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor a PDCCH indicating a MsgB containing at least one of the RAR and conflict resolution information.

[0192] The WTRU may indicate the active operating mode, for example, based on PRACH transmissions. The WTRU may select a cell and / or SSB (for example, based on at least RSRP measurements). The WTRU may be configured (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) with PRACH CLI thresholds and / or one or more reference signals and time and frequency resources to measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). For example, when PRACH CLI thresholds are used to determine whether a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA should be used, the WTRU may be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold to determine the 2-step or 4-step RA, and / or a second PRACH CLI threshold may be used to determine whether SBFD mode or non-SBFD mode support should be used and / or indicated. The thresholds may be the same or different, and / or one threshold may be used for both determinations. The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). Configuration information may, for example, indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). Configuration information may indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active mode is SBFD, and / or resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active mode is non-SBFD (e.g., a first index to a first table or list of parameters for SBFD and a second index to a second table or list of parameters for non-SBFD for determining ROs). WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) and / or compare the measured CLI to a PRACH CLI threshold. For example, WTRU may measure CLI based on resources configured for CLI measurement and / or compare the measured CLI to a PRACH CLI threshold.

[0193] The WTRU may, for example, determine that the active operating mode is SBFD if the CLI is lower than the PRACH CLI threshold, and send a PRACH. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may send a PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a first table or list) from which ROs can be used for SBFD mode based on the configuration. For example, the use of an RO indicated for use with SBFD may implicitly indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. The WTRU may send a preamble in the RO, which indicates to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation (e.g., from a set indicating it). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may send a PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list) from which ROs can be used for non-SBFD mode based on the configuration, when a first available SBFD RO is slower than a first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., slower by a threshold amount of time or time unit). For example, a WTRU may send a preamble in the RO, which indicates to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation (e.g., from a set indicating it). For example, a WTRU may do one or more of the following: send a preamble in the RO (e.g., without informing the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD), monitor the RAR (e.g., based on non-SBFD operation), and indicate its SBFD support separately from sending a preamble (e.g., in a Msg3 or PUSCH sent based on a UL grant in the RAR or another UL grant). A WTRU may send a MsgA containing a PRACH preamble and / or PUSCH, for example, in the case of a two-step RA. The WTRU may include an indication that it supports SBFD in the PUSCH part of the MsgA.The WTRU may determine that the active operating mode is non-SBFD when the CLI is higher than the PRACH CLI threshold, and / or send PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list) from which the RO can be used for non-SBFD mode based on the configuration.

[0194] A WTRU may receive, identify, and / or configure using one or more PRACH transmission modes for camping on to a cell using SBFD. A WTRU may receive, identify, and / or configure using time-domain resource allocations for sequential ROs, for example, based on the higher-layer parameter prach-ConfigurationIndex and / or (for example, configured) msgA-PRACH-ConfigurationIndex. These parameters may indicate PRACH configuration indices corresponding to a table containing random access parameters. One or more parameters may be derived from the table. One or more parameters may include a preamble format that points to one of the possible formats. Possible formats may include one or more of A1, A2, A3, B1, A1 / B1, A2 / B2, A3 / B3, B4, C0, C2, and / or the preamble format may identify one or more of the corresponding cyclic prefix (CP) duration, sequence part duration, and / or (for example, applicable) guard duration. Additionally or alternatively, one or more parameters may include a frame number and / or slot number that may indicate a frame that can be used for a PRACH transmission, and / or a PRACH slot within the corresponding frame. Additionally or alternatively, one or more parameters may include a start symbol that may determine the symbol level index corresponding to the start position of the first RO transmission within a PRACH slot. Additionally or alternatively, one or more parameters may include the number of PRACH slots within a 60kHz slot and associate (e.g., define) the number of PRACH slots within a reference PRACH slot (e.g., for higher SCS such as 120kHz, 480kHz, 960kHz, etc., the 60kHz PRACH slot is considered the reference slot). Additionally or alternatively, one or more parameters may include the number of time-domain PRACH opportunities within a PRACH slot.

[0195]

number

[0196] This may include (for example, define) the number of consecutive ROs located within the PRACH slot in the time domain. Additionally or alternatively, one or more parameters may include the PRACH duration, which may correspond to a preamble format implying the number of sequence parts within the RO.

[0197] The WTRU may receive frequency-domain resource allocations for ROs based on one or more upper-layer parameters. One or more upper-layer parameters may include, for example, msg1-FrequencyStart and / or (for example, if configured) msgA-RO-FrequencyStart, which may indicate the offset of the minimum PRACH transmission opportunity in the frequency domain relative to PRB0. Additional or alternative upper-layer parameters may include, for example, msg1-FDM and / or (for example, if configured) msgA-RO-FDM, which may indicate the number of FDMed (FDMed) PRACH transmission opportunities in a single time-domain RO. The WTRU may receive, identify, and / or use the number of ROs (M) in the frequency domain per time-domain PRACH opportunity based on one or more of the upper-layer parameters msg1-FDM, msg1-FDM-16, or msgA-RO-FDM (if configured), where msg1-FDM = {1, 2, 4, 8}. WTRU is PRACH frequency resource n RAThe values ​​={0,1,...,M-1} may be numbered in ascending order, for example, starting from the lowest frequency, for example, in the initial uplink BWP during initial access, or (for example, otherwise) in the active uplink BWP. The WTRU may receive associations and / or mappings between SS / PBCH block indices and PRACH transmit opportunities based, for example, one or more upper-layer parameters ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB={1 / 8,1 / 4,1 / 2,1,2,4,8,16}. One or more parameters may indicate the number of preambles per SS / PBCH block index per PRACH transmit opportunity, in addition to, or alternatively, the number of SS / PBCH block indices associated with a PRACH transmit opportunity.

[0198] The WRTU may select a two-step or four-step RA. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell and / or a cell's SSB. The WTRU may decide to send a PRACH to a selected cell associated with the selected SSB. The WTRU may receive one or more of (one or more) configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) that have a PRACH CLI threshold, one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU may measure CLI using (one or more) reference signals and / or (one or more) resources and / or compare it to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following: send a preamble to the cell, monitor the PDCCH indicating a RAR that will provide a UL grant, and / or send a message in PUSCH based on the UL grant. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions: transmit a MsgA containing a preamble and a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor a PDCCH indicating a MsgB, which may contain at least one RAR and conflict resolution information.

[0199] The WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA when, for example, the measured CLI is less than the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA when, for example, the measured CLI is less than the PRACH CLI threshold. For example, the WTRU may decide to use a two-step or four-step RA using the RSRP (for example, of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (for example, both). The WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA when the RSRP is above the RSRP threshold and / or the CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. For example, the WTRU may decide to use a two-step or four-step RA using the RSRP (for example, of the SSS of the selected SSB) and / or CLI (for example, both). The WTRU may decide to use a four-step RA when, for example, the RSRP is below the RSRP threshold or the CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold (for example, higher than that). For example, when a WTRU decides to use a 4-step RA, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: send a preamble to the cell, monitor a PDCCH indicating the RAR which will provide a UL grant, and / or send a message in PUSCH based on the UL grant. In another example, when a WTRU decides to use a 2-step RA, the WTRU may send MsgA containing the preamble and a PUSCH carrying the message to the cell, and / or monitor a PDCCH indicating MsgB which may contain at least one RAR and / or conflict resolution information.

[0200] The WTRU may indicate an active operating mode based on the PRACH transmission. The WTRU may select a cell and / or SSB (for example, based on at least an RSRP measurement). The WTRU may be configured (for example, via an MIB, SIB, etc.) with one or more time and / or frequency resources for measuring the PRACH CLI threshold, one or more reference signals, and / or CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU may receive configuration information (for example, via an MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information may indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). The WTRU may measure the CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the resources configured for the CLI measurement and / or compare the measured CLI to the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine that the active operating mode is SBFD and / or transmit a PRACH. The WTRU may transmit PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list) from which the active operating mode can be determined to be non-SBFD and / or which can be used for non-SBFD mode based on the configuration. The WTRU may be configured using one or more of the following (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.): a PRACH CLI threshold, one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). For example, when a PRACH CLI threshold is used to determine whether a 2-step RA or a 4-step RA should be used, the WTRU may be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold for determining the 2-step or 4-step RA, and / or a second PRACH CLI threshold may be used to determine whether to use and / or indicate support for SBFD mode or non-SBFD mode. The thresholds may be the same or different, and / or one threshold may be used for both determinations.

[0201] The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). The configuration information may indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). For example, the configuration information may indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active mode is SBFD, and / or resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active mode is non-SBFD (e.g., a first index to a first table or list of parameters for SBFD and a second index to a second table or list of parameters for non-SBFD for determining the ROs). The WTRU may, for example, determine that the active operating mode is SBFD and send a PRACH if the CLI is lower than the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may send a PRACH using ROs (e.g., ROs based on the first table or list) from ROs that may be used for SBFD mode based on the configuration. ROs indicated for use with SBFD (e.g., Use of ROs) may (e.g., implicitly) indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation. The WTRU may send a preamble in the RO. The preamble may indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation (e.g., from a set indicating it). The WTRU may send a PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list) from an RO that could be used for non-SBFD mode based on the configuration, for example, when the first available SBFD RO is slower than the first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., slower by a threshold amount of time or time unit).

[0202] A WTRU may send a preamble in the RO. The preamble may indicate to the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD operation (e.g., from a set indicating it). A WTRU may do one or more of the following in the RO: send a preamble (e.g., without informing the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD), monitor the RAR (e.g., based on non-SBFD operation), and / or indicate its SBFD support separately from sending a preamble (e.g., in a Msg3 or PUSCH sent based on a UL grant in the RAR or another UL grant). A WTRU may send a MsgA containing a PRACH preamble and / or PUSCH, for example, in the case of a two-step RA. A WTRU may include an indication that it supports SBFD in the PUSCH (e.g., part) of the MsgA. If the CLI is higher than the PRACH CLI threshold, the WTRU may determine that the active operating mode is non-SBFD and / or send PRACH using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list) from which the RO can be used for non-SBFD mode based on the configuration.

[0203] The WTRU may select a two-step or four-step RA. The WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell (e.g., as a preferred cell) (e.g., during the initial access and / or cell (re)selection procedure). The WTRU may select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to the selected cell, which may be associated with the selected SSB.

[0204] The WTRU may receive one or more configurations relating to a first PRACH CLI threshold, and / or, for example, one or more reference signals, and / or time and frequency resources for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) using the configured (one or more) reference signals and / or time and frequency resources. The WTRU may compare the measured CLI to the configured first PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI is less than the configured first PRACH CLI threshold. If the WTRU determines that the measured CLI is less than the configured first PRACH CLI threshold, it may decide to use two-step random access (RA). The WTRU may use one or more measured parameters (e.g., RSRP (e.g., SS-RSRP) and / or CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI)) to determine that the random access technique is based on two-step RA. For example, WTRU may determine the random access technique based on RSRP and CLI, and / or based on RSRP alone. WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA if the measured RSRP is above the corresponding RSRP threshold, and / or the measured CLI is below the PRACH CLI threshold. WTRU may decide to use a two-step RA if the measured RSRP is above the corresponding RSRP threshold.

[0205] The WTRU may determine that the measured CLI exceeds a configured first PRACH CLI threshold. For example, if the WTRU determines that the measured CLI exceeds a configured first PRACH CLI threshold, it may decide to use four-step random access (RA). The WTRU may use one or more measured parameters (e.g., RSRP (e.g., SS-RSRP), CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI), etc.) to determine that the random access technique is based on four-step RA. For example, the WTRU may determine the random access technique based on RSRP and CLI, and / or on RSRP (fallback). For example, the WTRU may decide to use four-step RA if the measured RSRP is below the corresponding RSRP threshold, and / or the measured CLI is above the PRACH CLI threshold. The WTRU may decide to use four-step RA if the measured RSRP is below the corresponding RSRP threshold.

[0206] The WTRU may send a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble to the cell. For example, if the WTRU decides to use a 4-step RA, it may send a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble to the cell. The WTRU may, for example, monitor a DL message (e.g., PDCCH) (e.g., indicating a RAR message) after sending the PRACH preamble. The DL message may, for example, provide a UL grant after sending the PRACH preamble. The WTRU may, for example, send a UL message and / or indication (e.g., in PUSCH) based on the UL grant.

[0207] A WTRU may send a MsgA, which may include, for example, a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble. A WTRU may send a PUSCH to a cell that carries the message. A WTRU may send a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble and a PUSCH to a cell, for example, if the WTRU decides to use a two-step RA. A WTRU may, for example, monitor a DL message (e.g., PDCCH) after sending a MsgA (e.g., indicating a MsgB). The DL message may include (e.g., at least) a RAR and / or conflict resolution information.

[0208] A WTRU may indicate an active operating mode based on a PRACH transmission. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell (e.g., as a preferred cell) (e.g., during the initial access and / or cell (re)selection procedure). A WTRU may select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. A WTRU may transmit a PRACH preamble to the selected cell, which may be associated with the selected SSB.

[0209] The WTRU may receive one or more of the following: a PRACH CLI threshold, one or more configurations (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.) relating to one or more reference signals, and / or time and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI). The WTRU may be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold to determine, for example, a two-step RA or a four-step RA. The WTRU may be configured with a first PRACH CLI threshold when the PRACH CLI threshold is used to determine, for example, whether a two-step RA or a four-step RA should be used. The WTRU may be configured with a second PRACH CLI threshold. The second PRACH threshold may be used to determine the active operating mode in PRACH transmission in a selected cell from a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD) and / or a second operating mode (e.g., without SBFD).

[0210] A WTRU that has selected the operating mode to be SBFD in a selected cell may choose and / or decide to transmit a PRACH preamble in a configured SBFD resource (e.g., via SIB1) (e.g., in the UL subband within an SBFD symbol) and / or in a time unit without SBFD operation (e.g., in UL and / or flexible symbols, slots, etc.). A second PRACH CLI threshold may represent the existing CLI in the UL subband of the SBFD symbol in the selected cell. For example, if the measured CLI is higher than the threshold, this implies that the CLI level is already higher than an acceptable level and that the gNB may not want to increase the CLI by transmitting (e.g., another) PRACH in the UL subband of the SBFD symbol. The first and second thresholds may be the same or different, and / or one threshold may be used for both decisions.

[0211] The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). This configuration information may, for example, indicate resources in time and / or frequency for one or more random access opportunities (ROs). The configuration information may, for example, indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active operating mode is SBFD. The configuration information may, additionally or alternatively, indicate resources (e.g., ROs) that may be used when the active operating mode is non-SBFD.

[0212] The configuration may include indexes to a first and / or second table and / or list of parameters. For example, if the WTRU determines that the active operating mode is SBFD, it may use the index to find RO transmit resources (e.g., SBFD resources) in the first table and / or first list of parameters. The WTRU may determine that the active operating mode is non-SBFD. The WTRU may use the configured index to find RO transmit resources (e.g., non-SBFD resources) in a second table and / or second list of parameters. Time and frequency configurations in the first and / or second table and / or list of parameters may be (pre-configured). Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may determine values ​​corresponding to the second and / or first table and / or list of parameters based on the first and / or second table or list of parameters, and / or based on (pre-configured) rules. The WTRU may be determined for a second and / or first table or list of parameters by, for example, using one or more offset values ​​in time and / or frequency with respect to the first and / or second table or list of parameters, respectively.

[0213] The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) using configured reference signals and / or time and frequency resources. The WTRU may compare the measured CLI to a configured second PRACH CLI threshold. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the measured CLI is less than the second PRACH CLI threshold. If the WTRU determines that the measured CLI is less than the second PRACH CLI threshold, it may determine that the active operating mode in the cell is SBFD operation. The WTRU may decide to send a PRACH preamble for the RA on configured time and / or frequency resources based on configured indices of the RA's parameters in a first and / or second table or list. The WTRU may decide to send a PRACH preamble based on configured indices of the parameters in a first table and / or list, and / or configured indices of the parameters in a second table and / or list.

[0214] A WTRU may be configured using (for example, using) a configured index (e.g., an index) to a first table or list of parameters. A WTRU may transmit a selected and / or configured PRACH preamble using an RO (e.g., an RO based on the first table or list) from an RO that can be used for SBFD mode and / or SBFD resources (e.g., the UL subband in SBFD symbols), for example based on its configuration. A WTRU may (e.g., implicitly) indicate that its operating mode is a first mode (e.g., SBFD) by transmitting a PRACH preamble in a resource configured for SBFD transmission (e.g., the UL subband in SBFD symbols). A gNB may determine that a WTRU supports SBFD and / or that a WTRU is SBFD-enabled. The gNB may, additionally or alternatively, determine that a WTRU has selected and / or decided that its active operating mode is based on SBFD. The WTRU may, for example, monitor for the reception of DL messages and / or indicators (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may select and / or transmit a PRACH preamble in configured RO resources. The PRACH preamble may be selected from a (pre-configured) set. The (pre-configured) set may indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or that the WTRU has selected SBFD operation as its active operating mode. The WTRU may, for example, after transmitting a PRACH preamble, monitor for the reception of DL messages and / or indicators (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein).

[0215] A WTRU may be configured using (for example, using) a configured index (e.g., an index) to a second table and / or list of parameters. In one example, a WTRU may send a selected and / or configured PRACH preamble using an RO (e.g., an RO based on a second table or list of parameters) from an RO that can be used for non-SBFD mode and / or non-SBFD resources (e.g., TDD UL and / or TDD Flexible Symbols), for example, based on configuration. A WTRU may decide to send a PRACH preamble based on a second table or list of parameters (even though, for example, it supports SBFD operation). A WTRU may decide to send a PRACH preamble based on a second table and / or list of parameters when, for example, a first available SBFD RO is slower than a first available non-SBFD RO (e.g., slower by a threshold amount of time or time unit). In another example, a WTRU may select and / or send a PRACH preamble on a configured RO resource based on a second table.

[0216] The PRACH preamble may be selected from a (pre-configured) set. The (pre-configured) set may indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or that the WTRU has selected SBFD operation as its active operating mode. The WTRU may, for example, after sending the PRACH preamble, monitor for the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may (e.g., otherwise) select and / or send the PRACH preamble at a determined RO, for example, based on a second table (e.g., the PRACH preamble does not inform the gNB that the WTRU supports SBFD). The gNB may not (e.g., may not be able to) determine whether the WTRU supports SBFD operation and / or may assume that the WTRU operates without SBFD. A WTRU may, for example, after transmitting a PRACH preamble, monitor for the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) on time and frequency resources corresponding to non-SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein). A WTRU may indicate its SBFD support separately from the preamble transmission (e.g., in a Msg3 or PUSCH transmitted based on a UL grant in RAR or another UL grant). A WTRU may transmit a MsgA that may contain a PRACH preamble and / or PUSCH, for example, a two-step RA. A WTRU may include an indication that it supports SBFD in the PUSCH part of the MsgA.

[0217] Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may determine that the measured CLI exceeds a second PRACH CLI threshold. Based on the WTRU's determination that the measured CLI exceeds a second PRACH CLI threshold, the WTRU may determine that the active operating mode in the cell is non-SBFD operation. The WTRU may determine to send a PRACH preamble for the RA on the configured time and / or frequency resources, based on the configured index of the RA to a second table or list of parameters, for example. After sending the PRACH preamble, the WTRU may monitor for the reception of DL messages and / or indications (e.g., PDCCH, RAR, etc.) on the time and frequency resources corresponding to the non-SBFD resources (e.g., as described herein).

[0218] A WTRU may report CLI through initial access. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell (e.g., as a preferred cell) (e.g., during initial access and / or cell (re)selection procedures). A WTRU may select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in a cell. A WTRU may measure interference (e.g., CLI) for a cell, for example, based on one or more received configurations. A WTRU may receive one or more indications (e.g., from a serving cell or a cell the WTRU has already camped on, via, for example, MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) with informational content that the WTRU has determined, detected, decoded, and / or received regarding the detected SSB of a cell. The indications may include, or alternatively, the cell ID and / or component carrier (CC) on which the CLI is measured, in addition to one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power RS ​​and / or non-zero-power RS), time resources, and / or frequency resources for measuring CLI. A WTRU may receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI). A WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on one or more of the received configurations. A WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to a selected cell, which may be associated with a selected SSB, for example.

[0219] A WTRU may indicate and / or report a measured CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) as part of an initial access procedure (e.g., a PRACH preamble, Msg3, MsgA, etc.). A WTRU may report a measured CLI value. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may compare the measured CLI to a (pre-configured) threshold. For example, if the measured CLI is higher than the (pre-configured) threshold, the WTRU may indicate the CLI value (e.g., in a gNB). One or more PRACH preambles may be associated with a CLI level. One or more random access (RA) resources may be associated with a CLI level. A WTRU may report CLI-RSSI as part of a random access Msg3 / MsgA. There may be associations between one or more PRACH preambles and CLI levels. For example, a WTRU may compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold and / or select a PRACH preamble based on the CLI level. The WTRU may, for example, select a PRACH preamble from a first set (e.g., preamble type A) if the measured CLI is lower than a configured CLI threshold. The WTRU may, for example, decide to select a PRACH preamble from a second set (e.g., preamble type B) if the measured CLI is higher than a configured CLI threshold. There may be associations between one or more random access (RA) resources and CLI levels. For example, the WTRU may compare the measured CLI to a configured CLI threshold and / or select time and / or frequency resources for transmitting RO based on the CLI level. The WTRU may, for example, use, select, and / or decide to use an RO resource from a first set of time and / or frequency resources if the measured CLI is lower than a configured threshold. The WTRU may, for example, use, select, and / or decide to use an RO resource to transmit PRACH on a second set of time and / or frequency resources if the measured CLI is higher than a configured threshold.A WTRU may report CLI-RSSI as part of a random access Msg3 / MsgA. For example, a WTRU may report and / or send a display if the measured CLI is higher than the configured CLI threshold as part of a Msg3 / MsgA in a random access procedure.

[0220] A WTRU may receive indications from a cell to enable / disable it. For example, a WTRU may receive an indication from a cell to enable / disable it to report CLI values ​​or CLI levels, for example, as part of an initial access procedure (e.g., via a PRACH preamble, RO resource, or Msg3 / MsgA association). The indications may include one or more explicit and / or implicit indications. Explicit indications may be via one or more MIBs, SIBs, etc. Implicit indications may be an additional or alternative. For example, a WTRU may receive an indication regarding a threshold for a potential Msg3 size (e.g., UL data available for transmission, plus (one or more) MAC subheaders, and / or MAC CE, if required). A WTRU may decide to include CLI reporting as part of the Msg3 report if, for example, the Msg3 size is higher than a configured threshold (e.g., ra-Msg3SizeGroupA).

[0221] The WTRU may decide to include a CLI report as part of the initial access report if it determines that a (pre-defined) event and / or condition has been triggered, for example, due to an L1 / L2 CLI measurement (e.g., a measured CLI higher than a (pre-configured) threshold). The WTRU may monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., for receiving RARs) in time and / or frequency resources corresponding to, for example, SBFD symbols. The WTRU may, additionally or alternatively, monitor DL ​​messages (e.g., for receiving RARs) in time and / or frequency resources corresponding to, for example, non-SBFD symbols (e.g., TDD DL or TDD Flexible Time Unit). The WTRU may decide to include a CLI report as part of the initial access report if it detects an RAR indication in time and / or frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation.

[0222] Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may report that the CLI connects to the cell and / or switches to RRC connection mode. The WTRU may send an SR (e.g., to the gNB) for CLI measurement and / or reporting of the measured CLI. The WTRU may receive one or more CLI reporting configurations (e.g., a reference signal for measuring the CLI, and / or time and frequency resources for reporting the CLI).

[0223] The gNB may refuse a WTRU to camp on to a cell using SBFD behavior. A WTRU may decide to camp on to a cell (for example, based on measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, cell ranking, and at least one of the following: measured CLI < first threshold, or the first CLI threshold is not broadcast). A WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH over SBFD RO time and / or frequency resources, and / or over non-SBFD resources (e.g., if the preamble indicates that the WTRU supports SBFD). A WTRU may, for example, after transmitting a PRACH, attempt to monitor and / or detect a DCI corresponding to a RAR (e.g., with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) within the duration of a Random Access Response (RAR) window. A RAR may indicate acceptance of SBFD when a WTRU receives it (e.g., within a RAR window) (e.g., a RAR received with a matching RAPID (e.g., via a DCI using RA-RNTI)). A RAR may indicate, for example, a rejection of SBFD when a WTRU receives a RAR (for example, within a RAR window), i.e., that the corresponding cell (gNB) did not accept the WTRU connecting to it in SBFD operation (for example, due to a reduction in CLI level or EPRE experienced by the WTRU, or due to load balancing purposes on the network side). A RAR may indicate acceptance of SBFD (for example, a RAR received with a matching RAPID (for example, via a DCI using RA-RNTI)). For example, a RAR may be received within a RAR reception time limit (for example, a window).

[0224] A Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID) may be included in the RAR. The RAPID may match the index of the preamble sent by the WTRU and / or may indicate acceptance of SBFD (for example, for the WTRU). The RAR may indicate rejection of SBFD (for example, i.e., that the corresponding cell (gNB) did not accept the WTRU connecting to it in SBFD operation (for example, due to a reduction in the CLI level or EPRE experienced by the WTRU, or due to load balancing purposes on the network side)). For example, there may be cell common rejection signaling. The RAR may be received with (pre-configured) informational content (RAPID). For example, a WTRU may receive the RAR within the RAR reception time limit based on the DCI with the WTRU's calculated RA-RNTI (for example, based on where and / or when the PRACH was sent). The RAPID in the RAR may be a (pre-configured) value (for example, a value for index FFFF). The (pre-configured) values ​​may not match the index in the preamble used by the WTRU (e.g., RAPID). For example, the WTRU may determine that the received indication indicates an SBFD rejection signal.

[0225] Rejection signaling is possible. WTRU-specific rejection signaling is possible. A WTRU may receive RARs and / or other messages based on a DCI that uses a rejection RNTI (e.g., RJ-RNTI) (e.g., a pre-configured or pre-defined RNTI). A DCI (e.g., using RJ-RNTI) may include information about other recommended cells (one or more) on which the WTRU may attempt to send a second PRACH, and / or one or more second thresholds on which the WTRU may compare a second CLI measurement. A WTRU may send a second PRACH to a cell if, for example, the second CLI measurement for the cell meets the second threshold.

[0226] The WTRU may, for example, decide to connect to the cell in a non-SBFD operation after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection (e.g., by sending a PRACH associated with the non-SBFD operation (e.g., using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources)). The WTRU may, for example, select a second cell and / or send a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection (e.g., based on the information received in the rejection RAR). The WTRU may, for example, decide not to consider the cell as a candidate for an SBFD operation after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection (e.g., the WTRU adds the cell to a list of conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operation (e.g., for a (pre-)configured duration)). There may be conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operation as described herein. A WTRU may, for example, send a message (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection request or resumption) after receiving a RAR indicating or associated with an acceptance. The message (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection request or resumption) may be based on scheduling information (e.g., UL grant) provided by the RAR.

[0227] The gNB may refuse to allow a WTRU to camp on to a cell using SBFD behavior. A WTRU may decide to camp on to a cell (for example, based on measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, cell ranking, and at least one of the following: measured CLI < first threshold, or the first CLI threshold is not broadcast). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH over SBFD RO time and / or frequency resources, and / or over non-SBFD resources (e.g., if the preamble indicates that the WTRU supports SBFD). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may, for example after transmitting a PRACH, attempt to monitor and / or detect a DCI corresponding to a RAR (e.g., with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) within the duration of a Random Access Response (RAR) window. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may receive RARs. When a WTRU receives a RAR (for example, within a RAR window), the RAR may indicate acceptance of an SBFD (for example, a RAR received with a matching RAPID (for example, via DCI using RA-RNTI)). For example, a RAR may be received within a RAR reception time limit (for example, a window).

[0228] RAPID may be included in the RAR. RAPID may match the index of the preamble sent by the WTRU and / or may indicate acceptance of SBFD (e.g., for the WTRU). RAR may indicate rejection of SBFD (e.g., that the corresponding cell (gNB) did not accept the WTRU connecting to it in SBFD operation (e.g., due to a reduction in CLI level or EPRE experienced by the WTRU, or due to load balancing purposes on the network side)). Cell common rejection signaling may exist. RAR may be received with (pre-configured) informational content (RAPID). For example, a WTRU may receive a RAR based on a DCI with the WTRU's calculated RA-RNTI (e.g., based on where and / or when the PRACH was sent). A WTRU may receive a RAR within a RAR reception time limit. RAPID in RAR may contain (e.g., could be) a (pre-configured) value (e.g., a value for index FFFF). The (pre-configured) value may not match, for example, the index in the preamble used by the WTRU (e.g., RAPID). The WTRU may determine that the received indication indicates an SBFD rejection signal.

[0229] There may be WTRU-specific rejection signaling. For example, a WTRU may receive RARs and / or other messages based on a DCI that uses a rejection RNTI (e.g., RJ-RNTI) (e.g., a pre-configured or pre-defined RNTI). The DCI content in a DCI using RJ-RNTI may include information about other recommended cells (one or more) on which the WTRU may attempt to send a second PRACH, and / or one or more second thresholds on which the WTRU may compare the second CLI measurement. For example, the WTRU may send a second PRACH to a cell if the second CLI measurement for the cell meets the second threshold. For example, after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection, the WTRU may select a second cell (e.g., based on the information received in the rejection RAR) and / or send a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell. A WTRU may, for example, decide to connect to a cell in non-SBFD operation after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection (e.g., by sending a PRACH associated with non-SBFD operation (e.g., using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources)). A WTRU may, for example, decide not to consider a cell as a candidate for SBFD operation after receiving a RAR and / or RNTI indicating an SBFD rejection (e.g., the WTRU adds the cell to a list of conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operation (e.g., for a (pre-configured) duration)). There may be conditionally prohibited cells for SBFD operation as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may, for example, send a message (e.g., Msg3 or RRC connection request or resumption) based on scheduling information provided by a RAR (e.g., a UL grant) after receiving a RAR indicating or associated with an acceptance.

[0230] A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may select a cell to camp on (e.g., as a preferred cell) (e.g., during the initial access and / or cell (re)selection procedure). For example, a WTRU may select a cell based on one or more of the following: measured parameters (e.g., measured and / or evaluated RSRP, RSRQ), cell ranking configuration, measured and / or evaluated interference (e.g., measured CLI smaller than a (pre-)configured threshold if the first CLI threshold is not broadcast). A WTRU may select an SSB (e.g., an SSB beam) as the best SSB in the cell. A WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to the selected cell (e.g., associated with the selected SSB). The WTRU may indicate its determination and / or selected active operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) by, for example, transmitting a PRACH (e.g., sending a PRACH over SBFD RO time and frequency resources, as described herein, and / or by using a PRACH preamble selected from a first set indicating that the WTRU supports SBFD).

[0231] The WTRU may determine its operating mode (e.g., operation with or without SBFD) based on the received Random Access Response (RAR). The WTRU may, for example, after sending a PRACH, attempt to monitor and / or detect DL messages or indicators (e.g., DCI with RA-RNTI or another RNTI) corresponding to the RAR within the RAR window or limit period.

[0232] A RAR may indicate acceptance for the use of SBFD. A WTRU may determine that an received RAR (e.g., received within a RAR reception time window or limit) indicates that the gNB has accepted that the WTRU will connect to the cell and / or operate in SBFD mode. A WTRU may determine that an received RAR message contains a RAPID that matches a RAPID and / or preamble sent by the WTRU. A WTRU may receive a representation via RAR, for example, based on one or more implicit and / or explicit representations.

[0233] An indication can be implicit. For example, the reception of the RAR itself may indicate that the gNB has accepted that the WTRU is camping on to the cell and / or that the active operating mode may be SBFD. The reception of the RAR in time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation may (e.g., implicitly) indicate that the gNB has accepted that the WTRU is camping on to the cell and / or that the active operating mode may be SBFD. An indication can be explicit. For example, a WTRU may receive an explicit indication (e.g., a flag indication) contained in the RAR (message) and / or contained in the DCI that schedules the PDSCH carrying the RAR. The WTRU may, for example, determine (using) an explicit indication that the gNB has accepted that the WTRU is camping on to the cell and / or that the active operating mode may be SBFD.

[0234] Additionally or alternatively, a RAR may indicate a rejection of SBFD. For example, a WTRU may determine that the received RAR (e.g., received within the RAR reception time window or limit) indicates that the gNB did not accept the WTRU, whose active operating mode is SBFD, connecting to the cell. A WTRU may determine (e.g., based on the received RAR) that the gNB cannot permit the WTRU to operate in SBFD operating mode on the cell. For example, this may be due to the CLI level and / or EPRE reduction experienced by the WTRU, and / or load balancing purposes on the network side.

[0235] A WTRU may receive rejection signals through one or more of the following: rejection signaling (e.g., cell-common rejection signaling), rejection signaling (e.g., WTRU-specific rejection signaling), and / or rejection signaling (e.g., WTRU-specific rejection signaling). A rejection signaling may be a cell-common rejection signaling. A WTRU may determine that the received RAR contains one or more (pre-configured) informational content that may indicate, for example, an SBFD rejection signaling. A rejection signaling may be a group-based rejection signaling and / or a cell-common rejection indication. A WTRU may receive a RAR based on the DCI, for example, the CRC in the DCI may be scrambled within a RAR reception time window or limit using a first RNTI (e.g., the WTRU's calculated RA-RNTI based on when and where the PRACH was sent) and / or a second RNTI (e.g., a (pre-configured) RNTI that may be associated with SBFD acceptance or rejection). A WTRU may determine that the RAPID included in the RAR (e.g., a preamble index) is based on a (pre-defined) or (pre-configured) value (e.g., a value for index 0 or FFFF), and / or that the RAPID does not match the index of the preamble sent by the WTRU. A WTRU may determine that the received RAPID matches a (pre-configured) preamble index, and / or that it indicates SBFD rejection signaling.

[0236] A rejection signaling can be WTRU-specific. For example, a WTRU may determine that an received RAR contains one or more (pre-configured) informational contents that could indicate, for example, an SBFD rejection signaling. A rejection signaling can be WTRU-specific rejection indications. For example, a WTRU may receive a RAR and / or another message based on a DCI. A DCI can be scrambled with a rejection RNTI (e.g., RJ-RNTI) (e.g., a (pre-configured) or predefined RNTI). The DCI, RAR, and / or another message may indicate, for example, the index of a preamble sent by the WTRU (e.g., RAPID). A WTRU may determine that the message was addressed to the WTRU (for example, by matching the received RAPID to the preamble index sent by the WTRU). A WTRU may determine that the received signaling indicates an SBFD rejection signaling. DCI, RAR, and / or other messages may include information about other recommended (one or more) cells and / or one or more second thresholds (for example, that the WTRU may compare against a second CLI measurement) that may prompt the WTRU to attempt to send a second PRACH. The WTRU may attempt to send (e.g., send) second PRACH information about another recommended (one or more) cell. The WTRU may receive one or more informational contents about one or more cells (e.g., suggested by a gNB) for, for example, to monitor cell (re)selection and / or to send a PRACH to camp on (one or more) cells. There may be a second threshold (e.g., that the WTRU may compare against a second CLI measurement). The WTRU may send a second PRACH to a cell if, for example, the second CLI measurement for the cell meets the second threshold (e.g., the second measured CLI is lower than the second CLI threshold). Rejection signaling may include (for example, could include) rejection signaling specific to the WTRU.For example, a WTRU may receive a rejection indication via an indicator (e.g., a flag indication). The indicator may be included in the RAR and / or (e.g., when the RAR includes a RAPID matching the index of the preamble sent by the WTRU) in the DCI that schedules the PDSCH carrying the RAR. The WTRU may determine that the received indication represents SBFD rejection signaling.

[0237] The WTRU may, for example, after receiving an SBFD denial indication from a cell (e.g., via DCI, RAR, RNTI (e.g., RJ-RNTI)), conditionally ban the cell for SBFD operation, perform non-SBFD operation, and / or select a second cell. The WTRU may perform (one or more) conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation. For example, the WTRU may decide not to consider a cell as a candidate for SBFD operation (e.g., during a periodic cell search and / or cell (re)selection procedure). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may add that cell to the list of conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation (e.g., for a (pre-)configured duration). The WTRU may measure and / or detect conditionally banned cells for SBFD operation, as described herein, for example.

[0238] A WTRU may perform non-SBFD operations. For example, a WTRU may decide to connect to a cell in a non-SBFD operating mode. A WTRU may determine a cell as a candidate cell for non-SBFD operations (for example, during a periodic cell search and / or cell (re)selection procedure) (for example, it may be considered a candidate cell). A WTRU may send a PRACH preamble associated with non-SBFD operations (for example, using a non-SBFD preamble and / or non-SBFD resources) if the cell is selected for cell selection (for example, with the highest cell ranking).

[0239] The WTRU may select a second cell. For example, the WTRU may select a second cell (for example, based on information received in a rejection RAR) and / or send a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the second cell. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may decide that it can perform SBFD operation in a cell after receiving, for example, a RAR indicating acceptance to a cell and / or associated with it. The RAR may be received with symbols that overlap with SBFD symbols (e.g., time and frequency resources corresponding to SBFD operation). The symbols may (e.g., implicitly) indicate a first mode of operation in the cell (e.g., SBFD operation). The WTRU may send messages (e.g., Msg3 and / or RRC connection request or resumption) based on scheduling information provided by the RAR (e.g., UL grant).

[0240] For example, there may be a conditional acceptance of the WTRU camping on to a cell using SBFD operation, based on a tolerance window and / or timer. The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via SIB). The configuration information may indicate one or more resources and / or reference signals for CLI measurements. The WTRU may have a time period (e.g., a window) (e.g., T) for prohibiting SBFD. SBFD-Barred ) can be received (for example, via SIB). WTRU is CLI threshold (for example, TH SBFD-B ) can be received (for example, via SIB). CLI thresholds can be associated with SBFD banning (for example, the threshold is the value below which cells are not considered SBFD-barred cells).

[0241] A WTRU may send signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to a cell (for example, by sending a PRACH preamble in a PRACH resource, and / or by using an SBFD resource, and / or indicating SBFD support, if the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resource indicate SBFD support). A cell may include the same cell from which the WTRU received one or more of the configuration information, SBFD ban time period, and / or CLI thresholds (for example, it may be the same cell). A WTRU may receive an SBFD reject message and / or indication from a cell (for example, via RAR or RJ-RNTI) in response to the WTRU sending a PRACH preamble to the cell. That message and / or indication may include an indication that the cell is conditionally banned from SBFD operation. For example, an SBFD-conditionally-barred cell is a minimum T SBFDーBarred A cell may not be used as an SBFD candidate cell for (re)selection for a certain period of time (e.g., a threshold). In another example, an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell may be T SBFD-Barred After time has elapsed and / or the measured CLI is the CLI threshold (for example, TH SBFD-Barred When it is lower than ), it can be used as an SBFD candidate cell for cell (re)selection. WTRU is the configured SBFD prohibition time period (e.g., T SBFD-Barred A blackout period may be initiated (for example, started) (for example, a timer may be started) based on (for example, equal to) the configured SBFD blackout period T after receiving an SBFD denial indication or message. SBFD-Barred A prohibited time period may be initiated (for example, started) (for example, a timer may be started) based on (for example, equal to) this.

[0242] WTRU may perform cell ranking for cell (re)selection. Cell ranking may be determined based on whether the prohibition period has ended (e.g., whether the timer has expired) and / or CLI measurement. For example, if the prohibition period has not ended (e.g., the timer has not expired), WTRU may consider the cell invalid for SBFD operation and perform cell ranking for cell (re)selection (e.g., during initial access or periodic cell discovery procedures). WTRU may consider cells for non-SBFD operation (e.g., still). In another example, for example, when the prohibition period has ended (e.g., the timer has expired), WTRU may measure CLI based on configured CLI measurement resources. For example, if the measured CLI is above a configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH SBFD-B If the value is lower than , the WTRU may consider the cell a candidate for SBFD in cell ranking for a cell (re)selection procedure (for example, during a periodic cell search procedure). The WTRU may measure one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) to determine the cell ranking for a cell. The WTRU may select that cell or another cell and / or send a PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD behavior (for example, depending on the selected cell). For example, based on the cell ranking, the WTRU may select that cell or another cell and / or send a PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD behavior (for example, depending on the selected cell).

[0243] A WTRU may accept and / or conditionally accept camping on to a cell using SBFD operation. For example, a WTRU may accept and / or conditionally accept camping on to a cell using SBFD operation based on a tolerance window and / or timer. A WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., via SIB). The configuration information may indicate one or more resources and / or reference signals for CLI measurements. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may have a time period (e.g., a window) (e.g., T) for SBFD prohibition. SBFD-Barred ) may be received (for example, via SIB). Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may receive CLI thresholds associated with SBFD prohibition (for example, TH SBFD-B ) may receive (for example, via SIB) (for example, the threshold is a value below which the cell is not considered an SBFD prohibited cell). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may send signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to a cell (for example, using an SBFD resource, or indicating SBFD support, such as sending a PRACH preamble in a PRACH resource if the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resource indicate SBFD support). For example, a cell may include the same cell from which the WTRU received one or more of the configuration information, SBFD prohibition time period, and / or CLI threshold (for example, it may be the same cell). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive an SBFD rejection message and / or indication from a cell (for example, via RAR and / or RJ-RNTI) in response to the WTRU sending a PRACH preamble to the cell. That message and / or indication may include an indication that the cell is conditionally prohibited from SBFD operation. For example, if the SBFD conditional prohibition cell is the smallest T SBFDーBarred A cell may not be used as an SBFD candidate cell for (re)selection for a certain period of time (e.g., a threshold). In another example, an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell is T SBFD-BarredAfter time has elapsed, it may be used as an SBFD candidate cell for cell (re)selection, and / or the measured CLI may be used as the CLI threshold (TH SBFD-Barred It is lower than ).

[0244] As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may be, for example, the configured SBFD prohibition time period T SBFD-Barred A blackout period may be initiated (for example, a timer may be started) based on (for example, equal to) the configured SBFD blackout period (for example, T SBFD-Barred ) can be obtained based on (for example, it can be equal to). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may perform cell ranking for cell (re)selection. The rank of a cell may be determined based on whether the prohibition period has ended (for example, whether the timer has expired) and / or the CLI measurement. For example, if the prohibition period has not ended (for example, the timer has not expired), the WTRU may perform cell ranking for cell (re)selection (for example, during initial access or periodic cell search procedures) by considering the cell invalid for SBFD operation. The WTRU may still consider cells for non-SBFD operation. The WTRU may measure CLI based on the configured CLI measurement resources when the prohibition period has ended (for example, the timer has expired). The WTRU may, for example, use the measured CLI as configured against the CLI threshold (TH SBFD-BIf the value is lower than , the cell may be considered an SBFD candidate in cell ranking for the cell (re)selection procedure (for example, during a periodic cell search procedure). The WTRU may measure one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) to determine, for example, the cell ranking for a cell. The WTRU may select that cell or another cell and / or send a PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD behavior (for example, depending on the selected cell). For example, based on the cell ranking, the WTRU may select that cell or another cell and / or send a PRACH according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD behavior (for example, depending on the selected cell).

[0245] There may be cells that are conditionally prohibited from performing SBFD operations. A WTRU (e.g., an SBFD-enabled WTRU) may detect one or more SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) from a cell (e.g., during cell discovery). The cell may be a candidate cell used for cell (re)selection. The WTRU may determine, detect, decode, and / or receive one or more informational contents corresponding to the detected SSBs of a cell (e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit message, etc., from a serving cell or a cell the WTRU is already camp-on). For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., via flagging) that a cell supports and / or operates using SBFD operations (e.g., based on decoding informational contents). The WTRU may receive configurations concerning a cell (e.g., from a serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped up, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit message, etc.) indicating time units and frequency resources (e.g., subbands, RBs, BWPs, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive configurations concerning a cell (e.g., from a serving cell or a cell on which the WTRU is already camped up, e.g., via MIB, SIB, explicit message, etc.) if a first operating mode (e.g., SBFD operation) is applied. The WTRU may receive configurations indicating the direction of UL / DL transmission and / or reception on the configured frequency resources.

[0246] The WTRU may measure interference (e.g., CLI) about a cell based on one or more received configurations. The WTRU may receive one or more indications with informational content that the WTRU has determined, detected, decoded, and / or received about the detected SSB of a cell (e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) from a serving cell or a cell the WTRU is already camp-on. The indications may include component carriers (CCs) on which the cell ID and / or CLI are measured. The indications may additionally or alternatively include one or more reference signals (e.g., zero-power and / or non-zero-power RS), time resources, and / or frequency resources, for example, to measure CLI. The WTRU may receive one or more thresholds (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.). The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on, for example, a received configuration.

[0247] The WTRU may perform cell ranking (e.g., based on RSRP, RSRQ, CLI, etc.) and / or select cells as suitable for connection and / or camp-on using SBFD operation (e.g., based on the cell with the highest ranking or the cell with the highest selection priority). The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble to a cell based on the selected operating mode, which is SBFD operation. The WTRU may send a PRACH preamble on SBFD resources (e.g., the UL subband in SBFD symbols) (e.g., based on the received configuration of time and frequency resources in SBFD). The WTRU may (e.g., implicitly) indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD and / or that the WTRU active operating mode is SBFD. The WTRU may select and / or transmit (e.g., send) a PRACH preamble. The PRACH preamble may be from (e.g., a first) set of preambles. (e.g., a first) set of preambles may correspond to SBFD configurations. Alternatively or additionally, the PRACH preamble may (e.g., implicitly) indicate that the WTRU supports SBFD and / or that the WTRU active operating mode is SBFD.

[0248] The WTRU may, for example, attempt to monitor and / or detect RAR messages within the duration of the Random Access Response (RAR) window and / or restrictions. For example, after sending a PRACH preamble, the WTRU may attempt to monitor and / or detect RAR messages within the duration of the Random Access Response (RAR) window and / or restrictions. The WTRU may receive RARs and / or other messages (e.g., a DCI with a CRC scrambled using RJ-RNTI). RARs and / or other messages may indicate that the gNB has rejected and / or refused to allow the WTRU to connect to the gNB using the SBFD operating mode (e.g., as described herein).

[0249] The WTRU may determine that a cell is conditionally prohibited from performing SBFD operations. Figure 9 shows an exemplary procedure for determining that a cell is prohibited from performing SBFD operations. For example, upon receiving an SBFD reject signal, the WTRU may determine that a cell is conditionally prohibited from performing SBFD operations. The WTRU may construct and / or receive one or more pieces of informational content regarding the SBFD conditionally prohibited cell. In one example, the WTRU may construct and / or receive one or more time periods and / or windows (e.g., T) for the SBFD conditional prohibition. SBFD-Barred ) may receive. WTRU is one or more CLI thresholds associated with SBFD conditionally prohibited cells (e.g., TH SBFD-B The WTRU may receive the configuration as part of the SSB detection information content (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.), and / or via the received RRC and / or other messages (e.g., DCI with CRC scrambled using RJ-RNTI).

[0250] A WTRU may halt an initial access procedure initiated toward an SBFD-conditionally prohibited cell. For example, a WTRU may halt an initial access procedure initiated toward an SBFD-conditionally prohibited cell after receiving an SBFD denial indication and / or message. A WTRU may switch its operating mode to non-SBFD operation (e.g., non-SBFD operation). For example, a WTRU may switch its operating mode to non-SBFD operation (e.g., non-SBFD operation) if it was in the middle of initial access to a cell. A WTRU may transmit a PRACH preamble on resources configured for non-SBFD operation (e.g., TDD DL, TDD UL, and / or TDD flexible time units and frequencies). A WTRU may halt a cell (re)selection procedure toward a cell. For example, a WTRU may halt a cell (re)selection procedure toward that cell if it was in the middle of one. WTRU may, for example, consider a cell as an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell while (re)initiating (a new) cell (re)selection procedure and / or cell ranking.

[0251] The WTRU may, for example, determine that a cell is prohibited from performing SBFD operations for a predetermined period of time. The WTRU may decide to connect to a cell for non-SBFD operations. The WTRU may, for example, if a cell contains a first cell, select a second cell based on information received in the RAR and / or send a PRACH preamble to the second cell.

[0252] WTRU is, for example, the configured SBFD prohibition time period (e.g., T SBFD-Barred A WTRU may initiate a prohibited time period based on (for example, equal to) the configured SBFD prohibited time period (for example, by starting a timer). The WTRU may, for example, initiate a prohibited time period after receiving an SBFD rejection indication or message (for example, T SBFD-BarredA prohibited time period may be initiated (for example, by starting a timer) based on (for example, equal to) ). Additionally or alternatively, WTRU may be the minimum duration (for example, T SBFD-Barred During this period, SBFD conditionally prohibited cells may not be used as SBFD candidate cells for cell (re)selection. WTRU is, for example, the minimum duration (e.g., T SBFDーBarred During this time, SBFD conditionally prohibited cells can be used as non-SBFD candidate cells for cell (re)selection (e.g., candidate cells that do not use SBFD behavior). WTRU can measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI based on configured reference signals and time and frequency resources). For example, a timer (e.g., T SBFD-Barred When the ) expires, the WTRU may measure the CLI (for example, CLI-RSSI based on the configured reference signal and time and frequency resources). The WTRU may determine that the cell is no longer an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell. The WTRU may determine, for example, that the measured CLI is the configured CLI threshold (for example, TH SBFD-B If the WTRU is lower than the configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH), it can be determined that the cell is no longer an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell. SBFD-B If it is higher than the configured SBFD ban period (e.g., T SBFD-Barred Based on this, the prohibited time period may be (re)started and / or (re)restarted.

[0253] A WTRU performing cell ranking for cell (re)selection may determine the cell's ranking based on whether the cell is SBFD conditionally prohibited (e.g., based on the prohibited time window and / or measured CLI). For example, a WTRU may determine that the prohibited time window has not expired (e.g., the started timer has not expired). Based on the determination that the prohibited time window has not expired, the WTRU may consider the cell invalid for SBFD operation and perform cell ranking for cell (re)selection (e.g., during initial access or periodic cell search procedures). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may consider a cell for cell ranking in a non-SBFD operating mode (e.g., for that purpose alone).

[0254] The WTRU may determine that the prohibition window has not ended (for example, that a started timer has not expired). The WTRU may measure CLI (e.g., CLI-RSSI) based on the configured CLI measurement reference signal and / or time and frequency resources. The WTRU may determine, for example, that the measured CLI is equal to the configured CLI threshold (e.g., TH SBFD-B If the value is lower than TH, the cell may be considered a candidate cell for SBFD in cell ranking for the cell (re)selection procedure (for example, during a periodic cell search procedure). Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may be used, for example, if the measured CLI is below the configured CLI threshold (TH SBFD-B If the value is higher than (for example, during a periodic cell search procedure), it may be decided to consider the cell as an SBFD conditionally prohibited cell and / or a non-SBFD candidate cell in cell ranking for a cell (re)selection procedure.

[0255] In 902, the WTRU may select a cell and / or a synchronous signal block (SSB) associated with the cell, for example, based on a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement. In 904, the WTRU may send a physical random access channel (PRACH) message using, for example, at least one of one or more first resources for an SBFD active operating mode and / or one or more second resources for a non-SBFD active operating mode. The PRACH message may include an indication that the WTRU supports SBFD. The WTRU may select its cell or another cell (for example, for camp-on) and / or, for example, depending on the selected cell, send a PRACH according to SBFD or non-SBFD operation (for example, based on whether the determined operating mode is SBFD or non-SBFD). As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may select that cell or another cell (for example, to camp on) and / or send a PRACH based on the determined cell ranking, for example, according to SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation. Performing cell ranking based on (one or more) SBFD conditionally prohibited cells may be beneficial, for example, in terms of reducing latency when accessing (e.g., camping on) a cell based on the selected SBFD and / or non-SBFD operation mode, and / or improving reliability based on comparing the measured (one or more) CLIs with one or more CLI thresholds.

[0256] For example, if the CLI is reduced after a time window, there may be conditional acceptance for the WTRU in the cell (re)selection process. The WTRU may perform the cell (re)selection process. For example, the WTRU may decide whether to send a PRACH preamble (e.g., Msg1) to the first cell. The WTRU may send signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the first cell. For example, if the PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resource indicates SBFD support, the WTRU may send signals, channels, messages, and / or other transmissions to the first cell using the SBFD resource, such as sending the PRACH preamble in the PRACH resource, and / or indicating SBFD support.

[0257] A WTRU may receive a first indication (e.g., sent via SIB1, SIB2, etc.) sent by a first cell, which indicates a first CLI threshold for the cell (re)selection process. The first indication may be sent from the first cell via a broadcast message (e.g., MIB, SIB1, SIB2, etc., or a separate broadcast / multicast message). Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may measure the CLI (e.g., L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI, etc.). For example, a WTRU may measure the CLI (e.g., L1 / L2 CLI-RSSI, etc.) based on the first indication. A WTRU may measure the CLI based on one or more measurement resources (e.g., those indicated by the first indication and associated with the first indication) determined by the first indication. As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may determine that it can camp on to a first cell by sending a PRACH preamble (for example, if the measured CLI is less than or equal to a first CLI threshold). For example, depending on the determination, the WTRU may send a PRACH (e.g., a preamble) to the first cell. The WTRU may receive a response message from the first cell.

[0258] The WTRU may receive a response message from the first cell. The response message may be based on indicating conditional acceptance. The response message may include one or more parameters (for example, CLI thresholds, timers, CLI measurement RS configurations applicable to the WTRU, and / or conditions to be checked during a time period to determine whether to remain in the first cell). In 906, the WTRU may receive a Random Access Response (RAR). The RAR response may include Downlink Control Information (DCI) and / or an indication that SBFD was denied. In 908, the WTRU may determine that the cell is prohibited from performing SBFD operation. For example, during initial access to a cell to camp on, the WTRU may receive conditional acceptance signaling via initial access signaling (e.g., RAR or Msg4). There may be benefits to avoiding ping-pong and / or implementing fast handover (e.g., Layer 1 (L1) or Layer 2 (L2) mobility management). As an addition or alternative, robustness may be improved, for example, based on the WTRU indicating to the first cell that the WTRU is connected to the first cell, provided that the CLI can be reduced during that time period. As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may receive configurations relating to one or more of a first time window, a second time window, etc. The first time window may be the minimum time (e.g., T1) during which the CLI should be considered low. The second time window may be the maximum monitoring time (e.g., T2), etc. As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may measure and / or determine the CLI based on received CLI measurement resources (e.g., L1-CLI-RSSI, SB unit CLI, and / or delta CLI). The WTRU may start a timer. For example, the WTRU may start a timer (e.g., T2) provided that the measured CLI is lower than a first threshold and higher than a second threshold.

[0259] The RAR may include a Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID). The WTRU may determine that a cell is prohibited from SBFD operation based on the RAPID not matching the index of the WTRU. The DCI may include a Denied Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RJ-RNTI). The DCI may include, for example, a representation of a second cell for sending a PRACH preamble if the cell includes a first cell. The DCI may include a threshold for cross-link interference (SLI) measurements. The WTRU may compare the threshold to a CLI measurement. The WTRU may, for example, determine, based on the comparison, whether a second PRACH message should be sent to a second cell if a PRACH message includes a first PRACH message.

[0260] As an addition or alternative, the WTRU may continue to measure one or more CLIs (e.g., periodically) on the configured resources and / or RSs (e.g., or may be configured to do so). The configured resources and / or RSs may be associated with a first cell and / or a second cell and / or TRP. Measuring one or more CLIs on at least one of the configured resources and / or RSs associated with the second cell and / or TRP may include (e.g., imply) that the WTRU may perform L1 and / or L2-based (e.g., fast) mobility management-related procedures (e.g., fast handover processes) (e.g., which may be configured by the first cell). The WTRU may reset timers. For example, the WTRU may reset a timer (e.g., T2) if the measured CLI is lower than a second CLI threshold for a longer period than a minimum time (e.g., T1) indicated as a first time window.

[0261] The WTRU may decide to remain in the first camped-on cell. The WTRU may decide to remain in the first camped-on cell based, for example, on the condition that the measured CLI is lower than a second CLI threshold for a longer period than the minimum time indicated as a first time window (e.g., T1), and / or on the condition that the WTRU resets a timer (e.g., T2). The WTRU may decide not to camp on to the first cell and / or request a fast handover process (e.g., L1 and / or L2-based mobility management-related procedures) and / or indicate this to the gNB (e.g., the first cell or TRP). For example, if the timer has reached the maximum monitoring time window (e.g., T2) and / or the measured CLI is still higher than the second CLI threshold, the WTRU may decide not to camp on to the first cell and / or request a fast handover process (e.g., L1 and / or L2-based mobility management-related procedures) and / or indicate this to the gNB (e.g., the first cell and / or TRP). The fast handover process may reduce latency in the handover and / or improve robustness when camping on to a cell or TRP.

Claims

1. A method carried out by a wireless transmitter / receiver unit (WTRU), Detecting one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from a cell, Receiving configuration information including the display of cross-link interference (CLI) thresholds, Based on the configuration information, determine the CLI measurement value associated with the cell, The determined CLI measurement value is compared with the CLI threshold value, Based on the fact that the determined CLI measurement is smaller than the CLI threshold, it is determined that the active operating mode for accessing the cell includes subband non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD), The process involves selecting one or more resources from an SBFD symbol or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of one or more slots within a set of permitted resources, wherein the one or more resources are associated with transmitting a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. Using one or more of the selected resources, transmit the PRACH preamble, Methods that include...

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising monitoring a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) that exhibits a random access response (RAR) in an opportunity to monitor an SBFD symbol or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of one or more slots in a set of permitted resources.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CLI measurement value is determined by measuring one or more SSBs from the cell.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determined CLI measurement value includes a measurement value of the CLI received signal strength indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period.

5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising determining whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a display for measuring the CLI associated with the cell.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CLI measurement value is determined by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

8. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) equipped with a processor, wherein the processor is Detect one or more synchronous signal blocks (SSBs) from the cell, Receive configuration information including the display of cross-link interference (CLI) thresholds. Based on the above configuration information, the CLI measurement value associated with the cell is determined. The determined CLI measurement value is compared with the CLI threshold value, Based on the fact that the determined CLI measurement is smaller than the CLI threshold, it is determined that the active operating mode for accessing the cell includes subband non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD). From the set of permitted resources, select one or more resources from SBFD symbols or one or more uplink (UL) subbands of one or more slots, and the one or more resources are associated with transmitting a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble. The PRACH preamble is transmitted using one or more of the selected resources. WTRU is configured in this way.

9. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) that exhibits a random access response (RAR) in an opportunity to monitor an SBFD symbol or one or more downlink (DL) subbands of one or more slots in a set of permitted resources.

10. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the CLI measurement by measuring one or more SSBs from the cell.

11. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the determined CLI measurement includes a measurement of the CLI received signal strength indicator (RSSI) over a predetermined time period.

12. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to determine whether the cell supports SBFD operation.

13. The WTRU according to claim 8, further comprising a display for measuring the CLI associated with the cell.

14. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the CLI measurement value by measuring one or more reference signals indicated by the configuration information.

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