Compositions, methods, and articles containing the same for reducing surface friction or static friction.

Abstract

Compositions for reducing surface friction or static friction are disclosed. The compositions comprise at least one organosilane, at least one organophosphorus, or a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions further comprise at least one polymer. Methods for applying the compositions to a surface are also disclosed. Non-limiting examples of surfaces to which the compositions may be applied include metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, glass, ceramics, or synthetic resin substrates, and combinations thereof. Articles comprising at least one surface treated with the compositions are also disclosed. Non-limiting examples of such articles include windows, watches and watch bands, screens, monitors, high-frequency contact surfaces, coatings for electronic products, housings for electronic devices, and combinations thereof. Such articles may also exhibit improved hydrophobicity and / or corrosion resistance compared to untreated articles.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 445,538, filed on February 14, 2023, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002]

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to the field of compositions for reducing at least one of surface friction or stiction, and methods of using such compositions. This disclosure also relates to articles having at least one treated surface comprising the disclosed compositions.

Background Art

[0003]

[0003] Perfluorinated polymers together with fluoroalkylsilanes are abundantly used as surface treatments for metals, metal alloys, and metal oxides to make them hydrophobic and / or omniphobic. A secondary and synergistic effect of this reduction in surface energy is that it further significantly reduces stiction (adhesion) and friction. While these coatings work well in reducing friction and wear on sliding surfaces, fluorine - based tribological coatings and surface treatments are increasingly being regulated. Recent evidence shows the potentially harmful effects that fluorine - based solutions can have on humans and our environment. In light of the harmful effects associated with these chemicals, the European Commission (EC) has proposed a ban on all per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which is expected to come into force in 2026. With the recent prevalence of fluorinated tribological coatings in the consumer goods market where their contact with humans and the environment is inevitable, there is currently a strong push in the industry to switch to more human - and environmentally - considerate alternatives.

[0004]

[0004] Although a few alternative tribological coatings exist, they have not been able to provide the same performance as their fluorinated counterparts. Solutions based on organosilanes and organophosphorus compounds typically have poor shelf-life stability, degrade or wear off easily during use, and have poor lubricity to coated substrates. In addition, conventional lubricants, such as those based on layers of liquid oil or dry powder, can be easily removed from the substrate or transferred to the user in high-frequency contact applications. For this reason, the presence of a fluorine-free surface bonding material that can reduce friction or static friction is an unmet need.

[0005]

[0005] The disclosed compositions, methods for using them to form a surface having reduced friction or static friction, and articles comprising such surfaces overcome one or more of the problems described above and / or other problems of the prior art. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0006]

[0006] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, compositions for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction are disclosed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and the at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce surface friction, static friction, or both compared to the untreated form of the surface.

[0007]

[0007] Consistent with some embodiments, a method is disclosed for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction, comprising the step of applying a composition as described herein to the surface of a material. For example, the method uses a composition comprising a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and the at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce surface friction, static friction, or both compared to the surface in an untreated form.

[0008]

[0008] In accordance with some embodiments, articles are disclosed having a surface treatment on at least one surface, wherein the surface treatment causes at least one surface to exhibit reduced friction or static friction. The surface treatment comprises compositions as described herein. For example, a composition comprises a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce the friction, static friction, or both of the surface compared to the untreated form of the surface.

[0009]

[0009] The accompanying drawings incorporated herein and constituting part thereof illustrate some of the disclosed embodiments and, together with the descriptions, serve to illustrate the disclosed embodiments. Details shown are illustrative and illustrative of embodiments of the present disclosure. The descriptions taken together with the drawings will make it clear to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the present disclosure may be carried out. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0010] [Figure 1A-1D]

[0010] Figure 1A is a schematic diagram showing cross-sectional views of various non-limiting configurations of the deposited layer and adjacent polymer on the substrate, consistent with various disclosed embodiments. Figure 1B is a schematic diagram showing cross-sectional views of various non-limiting configurations of the deposited layer and adjacent polymer on the substrate, consistent with various disclosed embodiments. Figure 1C is a schematic diagram showing cross-sectional views of various non-limiting configurations of the deposited layer and adjacent polymer on the substrate, consistent with various disclosed embodiments. Figure 1D is a schematic diagram showing cross-sectional views of various non-limiting configurations of the deposited layer and adjacent polymer on the substrate, consistent with various disclosed embodiments. [Figure 2]

[0011] This is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lubricant layer configuration on a treated surface, consistent with some disclosed embodiments. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0011]

[0012] This disclosure presents several exemplary embodiments, with the understanding that features of the exemplary embodiments may be combined with other disclosed features, or incorporated into compositions, methods of using such compositions, or embodiments not described herein, while remaining within the scope of this disclosure. For convenience, any form of the term “embodiment” as used herein is intended to refer to at least one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0012] Definition:

[0013] As used herein, “friction” is intended to mean dynamic or kinetic friction, and therefore refers to a resistive force that must be overcome in linear, rotational, or reciprocating motion to keep a surface or object that is already in motion moving, or to slide it against another surface, object, or medium.

[0013]

[0014] As used herein, “static friction” is intended to mean static friction, and therefore refers to the force resisting disengagement of stationary surfaces or objects in contact with each other. Static friction may be affected by the age of contact and the loads acting on the contact.

[0014]

[0015] As used herein, “lubricant” means a composition that, when applied to a substrate or surface, results in a reduction of friction or static friction of the substrate surface to other contact surfaces, objects, or media compared to the bare substrate or surface.

[0015]

[0016] As used herein, “polymer” refers to a molecule comprising at least two monomer molecules that react together to form a larger molecule.

[0017] As used herein, “weight percent” or “wt%” refers to the ratio of the weight of an ingredient in a composition to the total weight of the composition, expressed as a percentage.

[0016]

[0018] As used herein, “physicoadsorption” refers to the adsorption of molecules onto a surface, which is brought about by van der Waals forces. In some embodiments, physicoadsorption refers to the adhesion of a portion of a composition, such as a lubricant composition or a polymer, to the surface of a substrate and / or an attached layer.

[0017]

[0019] As used herein, “additive” refers to a compound that improves various performance metrics of a composition. In some embodiments, this may imply that, when added in appropriate amounts, it improves the corrosion resistance and / or lubricity of the composition. In further embodiments, additives such as two-dimensional materials or particles may be included in the composition to improve dynamic or sliding friction. In additional embodiments, corrosion inhibitors in the form of metal halides, triazoles, or metal passivators may be added to prevent substrate degradation in corrosive environments.

[0018]

[0020] As used herein, “corrosion resistance” refers to the ability of a material, or the surface of a material, to resist damage and deterioration when exposed to environmental conditions. In some embodiments, environmental conditions may be high humidity or moisture, heat, exposure to liquids such as water, high or low pH solutions, or liquids with high salt concentrations.

[0019]

[0021] As used herein, “adhered layer” refers to a portion of a composition that interacts with the surface of a substrate. The interaction may be non-covalent, covalent, or a combination of both. The layer may exist as a continuous or discontinuous (i.e., providing diverse coverage) layer on the treated surface.

[0020]

[0022] As used herein, “adjacent to” refers to two elements of a composition that share an interface with each other. This interface may be an abrupt, discontinuous change in the composition, or it may be a diffusion interface having some interdiffusion or miscibility between the two elements.

[0021]

[0023] As used herein, "two-dimensional morphology (or material)" refers to a material having a layered structure that can slide easily relative to each other upon application of a shearing force, which provides a lubricating effect. In some embodiments, a representative two-dimensional material consists of boron and nitrogen atoms covalently bonded in atomically thin layers, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and is a laminate having van der Waals interactions between multiple layers.

[0022]

[0024] As used herein, "lubricating emulsion" refers to an additive containing at least one immiscible liquid dispersed in another liquid, which can impart increased lubricity to a surface.

[0023]

[0025] As used herein, "silane" refers to any molecule containing a silicon atom attached to four functional groups, at least one of which is a leaving group.

[0026] As used herein, "leaving group" refers to a functional atom or atomic group on a molecule that is intended to react and detach from the molecule to enable a covalent bond to another atom, molecule, or surface. In some instances, the leaving group on a molecule reacts with water and is replaced by a silanol group (Si-OH) on the silane. The silanol group can remain on the molecule or serve as an intermediate for subsequent reactions.

[0024]

[0027] As used herein, a "multipodal" silane is a molecule having two or more silane functional groups therein. For example, a dipodal or tripodal silane has two or three silicon groups, respectively, with a leaving group bonded to the silicon atom.

[0025]

[0028] As used herein, "organosilane" refers to a molecule having at least one silane attached thereto.

[0026]

[0029] This disclosure describes coatings comprising organosilanes, organophosphorus compounds, and combinations thereof for various surfaces such as metals and metal alloys including stainless steel, glass, ceramics, and synthetic resins. Additional two-dimensional materials or lubricating emulsions or oils may also be included in the final composition to further reduce sliding friction.

[0027]

[0030] In accordance with some embodiments, compositions for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction are disclosed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and the at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce surface friction, static friction, or both compared to the untreated form of the surface.

[0028]

[0031] In some embodiments, at least one organosilane is a molecule having at least one leaving group, such as an alkoxy or chloride group.

[0032] In some embodiments, at least one organosilane has at least one non-leaving group such as an alkyl (which may have between 1 and 100 carbon atoms), aromatic, silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, or cyclic group.

[0029]

[0033] In some embodiments, the first part of the composition comprises at least one organosilane containing only a leaving group and at least one organosilane containing at least one non-leading group, wherein the weight ratio of the silanes having all leaving groups to the silanes having at least one non-leading group is in the range of 1:100 to 10:1.

[0030]

[0034] In some embodiments, the weight ratio of a silane having only leaving groups to a silane having at least one non-leading group may be about 1:10, for example 1:8, or 1:6, or 1:3, and may even be 1:2.

[0031]

[0035] In some embodiments, the organosilane comprises an alkyl group and includes dodecyltriethoxysilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives thereof.

[0032]

[0036] In some embodiments, the organosilane contains an aromatic group and includes 1-napthyltrimethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

[0033]

[0037] In some embodiments, the organosilane contains an unsaturated (vinyl) group and includes vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

[0034]

[0038] In some embodiments, the organosilane contains a thiol group and includes 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propanthol, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, or derivatives thereof.

[0035]

[0039] In some embodiments, the organosilane contains an epoxy group and includes 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

[0036]

[0040] In some embodiments, the organosilane includes a cyclic group and comprises cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives thereof.

[0037]

[0041] In some embodiments, the organosilane comprises an additional silane group and includes 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane, 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, or derivatives thereof.

[0038]

[0042] In some embodiments, organophosphorus includes molecules having at least one group, including alkyl, aromatic, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, phosphonic acid, or cyclic groups. In some embodiments, alkyl groups have between 1 and 100 carbon atoms. Additionally, in some embodiments, organophosphorus includes methylphosphonic acid, (2,4-xylyl)phosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, 6-phosphonohexanoic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, n-dodecylphosphonic acid, (12-phosphonododecyl)phosphonic acid, 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid), N,N'-2-methylpiperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid), or combinations thereof.

[0039]

[0043] In some embodiments, the second portion comprises a polymer having a molecular weight of 1 kDa to 10,000 kDa. The polymer may also have a kinematic viscosity of 1 to 10,000 cSt when measured alone.

[0040]

[0044] In some embodiments, the polymer includes silicone, polyolefin, polystyrene, rubber, wax, polyether, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0041]

[0045] In some embodiments, the silicone includes polydimethylsiloxane, polyphenylsiloxane, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0046] In some embodiments, the polyolefin includes polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0042]

[0047] In some embodiments, the wax is part of a wax emulsion containing ethylenebis(stearoamide)-based wax, carnauba wax, lanolin, or a combination thereof.

[0043]

[0048] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises a hydroxyl, silanol, amine, aldehyde, or thiol functional group, or a combination thereof.

[0049] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one solvent in an appropriate amount to dissolve the first part, the second part, or both. In further embodiments, the solvent is a polar solvent, a nonpolar solvent, or a mixture thereof. The nonpolar solvent may be selected from methylcyclohexane, isoparaffinic solvents, mineral spirits, or mixtures thereof. The polar solvent may be selected from water, ethanol, methanol, ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, or mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting example, the at least one solvent comprises both ethanol and methylcyclohexane. In some embodiments, the at least one solvent comprises a mixture of at least one polar solvent and at least one nonpolar solvent, with a volume ratio of the nonpolar solvent to the polar solvent between 10:1 and 1:10.

[0044]

[0050] In some embodiments, the ratio of the nonpolar solvent to the polar solvent may be about 80:20, for example 75:25, or 70:30, and may even be 65:35.

[0051] At least one solvent may constitute 2 to 99.9 weight percent of the composition. In some embodiments, at least one solvent may constitute 5 to 99 weight percent of the composition, for example, 50 to 98 weight percent of the composition, for example, 60 to 97 weight percent of the composition, for example, 75 to 96 weight percent of the composition, for example, 80 to 95 weight percent of the composition, for example, 85 to 94 weight percent of the composition, for example, 90 to 93 weight percent of the composition, or even 91 to 92 weight percent of the composition.

[0045]

[0052] In some embodiments, the composition may be defined by certain amounts or ratios of the first and second parts. For example, the total amount of the first and second parts combined typically constitutes 0.1 to 98 weight percent of the composition. In some embodiments, the total amount of the first and second parts may constitute 1 to 95 weight percent of the composition, for example, 2 to 50 weight percent of the composition, for example, 3 to 40 weight percent of the composition, for example, 4 to 25 weight percent of the composition, for example, 5 to 20 weight percent of the composition, for example, 6 to 15 weight percent of the composition, for example, 7 to 10 weight percent of the composition, or even 8 to 9 weight percent of the composition. In addition, the weight ratio of the first part to the second part may be in the range of 10:1 to 1:10. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the first part to the second part may be about 10:1, for example, 8:1, for example, 6:1, or 3.8:1, and even more precisely, 3:1.

[0046]

[0053] In some embodiments, the organophosphorus may constitute 0.01 to 90 weight percent of the first portion, for example, 0.1 to 80 weight percent, for example, 0.5 to 40 weight percent, for example, 1.0 to 20 weight percent, for example, 1.5 to 10 weight percent, or for example, 1.6 to 4 weight percent of the first portion of the composition.

[0047]

[0054] In some embodiments, organosilane may constitute 10 to 99.99 percent by weight of the first part of the composition, for example, 50 to 99.5 percent by weight, for example, 70 to 99.2 percent by weight, for example, 85 to 99.0 percent by weight, for example, 90 to 98.5 percent by weight of the first part of the composition.

[0048]

[0055] In addition to reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction, the disclosed compositions may impart to the surface to which it is applied other benefits to the surface, such as improved hydrophobicity and / or improved corrosion resistance, compared to the untreated form of the surface. For example, when applied to a surface, the composition may show an increase in the water contact angle at the surface compared to the untreated surface, thereby demonstrating improved hydrophobicity. The composition may also impart to the treated surface improved corrosion resistance compared to the untreated form of the surface when the surface is exposed to saltwater, sebum, sweat, moist heat, or a combination thereof.

[0049]

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition may further include, but is not limited to, one or more additives such as triazole derivatives, hindered phenols, metal halides, and thioethers, or combinations thereof.

[0050]

[0057] In some embodiments, the composition may further include a material having a two-dimensional morphology. The material having a two-dimensional morphology exhibits a flat, sheet-like structure in one or more dimensions. Non-limiting examples of materials having a two-dimensional morphology that may be used herein include hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS), graphene, or combinations thereof.

[0051]

[0058] In some embodiments, one or more silanes may contain one, two, three, or four leaving groups, including alkoxy or chloride groups. Most silanes can exist as derivatives of each other, where the molecules are similar to each other but composed of different leaving groups. Some examples of silanes having four non-leading groups are as follows:

[0052] [ka]

[0053] Examples include tetraethyl orthosilicate and tetramethyl orthosilicate, as shown in [reference].

[0059] In some embodiments, the leaving group may be an ethoxy, methoxy, or chloride as shown below:

[0054] [ka]

[0055]

[0060]

[0056] [ka]

[0057]

[0061] In some embodiments, the non-leaving functional group has reactive or non-reactive terminal groups such as alkyl, aromatic, silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, cyclic, or norbornene groups.

[0058]

[0062] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group may be bonded to one or more silanes, and the group may be an alkyl group having a carbon chain length ranging from 1 to 100 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of silanes that can be used include methyltrimethoxysilane having one carbon in the non-leaving functional group, octyltrimethoxysilane having eight carbons in the non-leaving functional group, or hexadecyltrimethoxysilane having sixteen carbons in the non-leaving functional group.

[0059]

[0063] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group may have an aromatic functional group, where the aromatic functional group refers to a functional group having a benzene group or an associated ring structure. Some non-limiting examples include 1-naphthyltrimethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, or derivatives of these compounds.

[0060]

[0064] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group is a vinyl group having a double bond or an unsaturated functional group. Some non-limiting examples include vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, or derivatives of these compounds.

[0061]

[0065] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group contains a thiol functional group, where the thiol functional group refers to a functional group having a sulfur atom within itself. Some non-limiting examples include 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propanethol, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, or derivatives of these compounds.

[0062]

[0066] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group contains an epoxy functional group, and the epoxy functional group refers to a functional group containing a three-membered ring having an oxygen atom. Some non-limiting examples are 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, or derivatives of these compounds.

[0063]

[0067] In some embodiments, the non-leaving group contains a cyclic group, which refers to a series of carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure. Some non-limiting examples include cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives of these compounds.

[0064]

[0068] In some embodiments, one or more of the silanes may be singular, dipodal, or tripodal. As previously defined, dipodal or tripodal silanes each have two or three silicon groups, with leaving groups bonded to the silicon atoms. Some non-limiting examples include 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane, 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, or derivatives of these compounds. Some examples of multipodal silanes are illustrated below.

[0065]

[0069]

[0066] [ka]

[0067] [ka]

[0068]

[0070] Non-limiting examples of organophosphorus compounds that can be used herein include those having alkyl functional groups with carbon chain lengths ranging from 1 to 100 carbon atoms, dipodal organophosphorus compounds, or organophosphorus compounds having functional groups. Examples of such organophosphorus compounds include methylphosphonic acid, (2,4-xylyl)phosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, 6-phosphonohexanoic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, n-dodecylphosphonic acid, (12-phosphonododecyl)phosphonic acid, 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid), N,N'-2-methylpiperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid), or combinations thereof.

[0069]

[0071] In some embodiments, nonpolar solvents such as methylcyclohexane, isoparaffinic solvents, and mineral spirits can be used. Protic polar solvents such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, other alcohols, ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, other acids, or other similar solvents may also be used as cosolvents. The total weight percentage of these solvents in the composition may range from 2% to 99.9%.

[0070]

[0072] In some embodiments, the solvent may constitute 5 to 99 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 50 to 98 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 60 to 97 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 75 to 96 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 80 to 95 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 85 to 94 percent by weight of the composition, for example, 90 to 93 percent by weight of the composition, or even 91 to 92 percent by weight of the composition.

[0071]

[0073] In some embodiments, the ratio of the nonpolar solvent to the polar solvent may be about 80:20, for example, 75:25, or 70:30, and may even be 65:35.

[0074] In accordance with some embodiments, a pretreatment step may be used to prepare the surface for the disclosed coating. For example, in some embodiments, prior to application of the coating, the surface may be made hydrophilic by appropriate treatment. Such treatment may include plasma treatment, corona treatment, or rinsing in sodium hydroxide. In further embodiments, sufficient application or contact time is used to ensure adsorption and self-assembly of the lubricant composition on the surface during application. In some embodiments, this time may range from one minute to one hour, for example, 1 to 5 minutes, or 5 to 50 minutes, or 10 to 40 minutes, or even 20 to 30 minutes.

[0072]

[0075] In some embodiments, the composition also includes a polymer which may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. Homopolymer and copolymer refer to polymers formed from one or more types of monomers, respectively. In some embodiments, the polymer may be a linear polymer, or it may have a branched, star-shaped, or bottlebrush structure. In further embodiments, the polymer may have a molecular weight between 1 kDa and 10,000 kDa, and a kinematic viscosity between 1 and 10,000 cSt in its pure form (i.e., when composed alone and not in combination with other compositional elements).

[0073]

[0076] In some embodiments, the polymer includes silicone, polyolefin, polystyrene, rubber, wax, and polyether.

[0077] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises hydroxyl, silanol, amine, aldehyde, thiol, or a combination thereof.

[0074]

[0078] In further embodiments, the silicone may include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polyphenylsiloxane, or other similar silicone-based materials. Alternatively, the polymer may be a copolymer containing several subunits comprising these groups.

[0075]

[0079] In some embodiments, the polyolefin may include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, or copolymers thereof. Alternatively, the polymer may be a copolymer containing several subunits comprising these groups.

[0076]

[0080] In some embodiments, the wax may be part of a wax emulsion, or a combination thereof, including ethylenebis(stearoamide)-based waxes, carnauba wax, or lanolin. Alternatively, the polymer may be a copolymer containing several subunits that include these groups.

[0077]

[0081] In some embodiments, the polyether may contain polyoxypropylene or polyoxyethylene. Alternatively, the polymer may be a copolymer containing several subunits that include these groups.

[0078]

[0082] Coatings comprising the compositions described herein can be applied as a mixture of the components mentioned above, but also in a stepwise manner in which a mixture of silane and organophosphorus compounds ("self-assembling compounds") is applied first, prior to the modified polymer. In some cases, a final step such as moisture or thermal curing may also be included. For example, in some embodiments, thermal curing is employed to improve the corrosion resistance of the treated substrate.

[0079]

[0083] A method is disclosed, consistent with some embodiments, for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction, comprising the step of applying a composition as described herein to the surface of a material. For example, the method uses a composition comprising a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and the at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce surface friction, static friction, or both compared to an untreated surface.

[0080]

[0084] In some embodiments, the method may further include at least one pre-cleaning step for the surface prior to the application step. For example, in some embodiments, the pre-cleaning step may include corona treatment, plasma treatment, acid or base bath, or a combination thereof.

[0081]

[0085] In some embodiments, the material (whose surface will be treated in the manner disclosed) is selected from metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, glass, ceramics, synthetic resins, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal may include stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, or combinations thereof.

[0082]

[0086] In some embodiments, the method may further include at least one curing step selected from room temperature curing, thermal curing, or high humidity curing. For example, room temperature curing may be performed for 1 minute to 7 days, e.g., 1 hour to 5 days, or 12 hours to 4 days, or 18 hours to 3 days, or 1 to 2 days.

[0083]

[0087] In some embodiments, the curing step may include room-temperature curing, in which the treated surface or article is exposed to the ambient environment for several hours to several days, depending on the composition. The lubricant composition then reacts with ambient moisture to achieve full curing on the treated surface. In some embodiments, the curing step may include a heating step to shorten the curing time, and in some cases, improve corrosion resistance.

[0084]

[0088] In some embodiments, the composition may be applied to the substrate by dip coating, spraying, needle dispensing, brushing, or a combination thereof. For example, dip coating may be performed for a time ranging from 1 minute to 1 hour, for example, 5 to 50 minutes, or 10 to 40 minutes, or 20 to 30 minutes.

[0085]

[0089] In some embodiments, the method further includes a step of rinsing the article after applying the composition. For example, in some embodiments, the rinsing step can be carried out using one or more of the solvents described herein, such as polar solvents, nonpolar solvents, or mixtures thereof.

[0086]

[0090] As stated above, the disclosed method is carried out using the compositions specifically disclosed above and generally described herein.

[0091] In one embodiment, the synergistic chemistry of short-chain polymers, which can be grafted onto a surface with a solvent-containing coating and short-chain polymers, including non-fluorinated self-assembling molecules such as alkylsilanes and organophosphorus compounds, is described, where a significant reduction in surface energy is achieved.

[0087]

[0092] In some embodiments, if the polymer is not included in the first attached layer, it may be applied as a second adjacent or adsorbed layer, and the first attached layer may act as a binder between the substrate and the polymer. This second step may also include thermal or moisture curing of the polymer.

[0088]

[0093] In some embodiments, long-chain silanes and organophosphorus compounds can adhere to the substrate. In further embodiments, this adsorption may result in a decrease in surface energy, and simultaneously, due to the alkyl chain, the surface is made hydrophobic. This can be confirmed by a change in the water contact angle. For example, in some embodiments, there is an increase in the contact angle of, for example, at least 10°, for example, at least 15°, at least 20°, at least 25°, or at least 30°. In some embodiments, there is a 31° change in the water contact angle between an uncoated substrate and a coated substrate. This self-assembled hydrophobic layer prevents static friction and adhesion under static load (or during prolonged contact with another (engaging) surface). Additionally, in the presence of a polymer, the coating provides an interface with low shear strength, and therefore reduces friction during sliding. The addition of a polymer also increases the load capacity of the boundary lubricant, thereby reducing wear and tear on the surface. In some embodiments, the present disclosure reduces static friction and sliding on the substrate by combining the synergistic effects of low surface energy, high hydrophobicity, and dissipation pathways.

[0089]

[0094] In accordance with some embodiments, articles are disclosed having a surface treatment on at least one surface, wherein the surface treatment causes at least one surface to exhibit reduced friction or static friction. The surface treatment comprises compositions as described herein. For example, a composition comprises a first part comprising (a) at least one organosilane; (b) at least one organophosphorus; or (c) a combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The compositions disclosed herein also comprise a second part comprising at least one polymer. In some embodiments, (a), (b), or (c) of the first part constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and at least one polymer of the second part is adjacent to the attached layer, and the first and second parts of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce the friction, static friction, or both of the surface compared to the surface in its untreated form.

[0090]

[0095] In some embodiments, the disclosed articles are made of a material selected from metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, glass, ceramics, synthetic resins, or combinations thereof, or include a surface made of such a material.

[0091]

[0096] In some embodiments, the article includes at least one surface that undergoes linear or rotational motion relative to another surface, the at least one surface having a surface treatment as described herein. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the at least one surface is part of a chain link assembly, a bearing, a press assembly, a hinge or hinge assembly, or a combination thereof.

[0092]

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one surface has prolonged contact with another surface. As used herein, prolonged contact can extend up to one year. Such prolonged contact is particularly desirable when the treated surface is in contact with a living organ or tissue, such as skin. Thus, as used herein, in some embodiments, linear or rotational motion against another surface may include linear or rotational motion against a living organ or tissue, such as human skin.

[0093]

[0098] In some embodiments, at least one surface that has been surface-treated is placed in air or a water medium.

[0099] As stated above, the disclosed articles include at least one surface that is surface-treated, the surface treatment including compositions specifically disclosed above and generally described herein.

[0094]

[0100] Non-limiting examples of embodiments disclosed herein are shown in Figures 1A–1D, which are schematic diagrams showing cross-sectional views of various non-limiting configurations of deposited layers and adjacent polymers on a substrate, consistent with various disclosed embodiments. For example, Figure 1A shows Embodiment 100, which includes a continuous deposited layer 112 and adjacent polymers 110 on a substrate 105. Figure 1B shows Embodiment 101, which includes a discontinuous deposited layer 122 and continuous adjacent polymers 120 on a substrate 105. Figure 1C shows Embodiment 102, which includes a continuous deposited layer 132 and discontinuous adjacent polymers 130 on a substrate 105. Figure 1D shows Embodiment 103, which includes a deposited layer 142 and adjacent non-directional adjacent polymers 140 on a substrate 105. Figure 1D further shows embodiments in which adjacent polymers 140 may also be adjacent to the substrate 105.

[0095]

[0101] Figure 2 roughly illustrates the lubricant layer configuration on the treated surface 200. In this embodiment, a polymer 210 is shown, illustrated as a physically adsorbed and / or bound film adjacent to the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215, the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215 adhering to the surface of an article 220, such an article 220 is referred to as a treated article. In some embodiments, the polymer 210 can be sheared linearly or rotationally to create dissipation paths. In other embodiments, the polymer 210 can be sheared away from the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215 to create dissipation paths, thereby reducing static and sliding friction on a hard substrate 220 such as stainless steel or glass.

[0096]

[0102] In some embodiments, organosilane 215 is a molecule having at least one leaving group, including an alkoxy or chloride group, and may further contain at least one non-leading group, such as an alkyl, aromatic, multipodal silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, or cyclic group.

[0097]

[0103] In some embodiments, organophosphorus 215 is a molecule having at least one substituent, including alkyl, aromatic, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, phosphonic acid, or cyclic groups.

[0098]

[0104] In accordance with some embodiments and with continued reference to Figure 2, a lubricant layer configuration on a treated surface 200 can be disclosed. In this embodiment, a silane and polymer 210 is shown, such as a copolymer illustrated as a physically adsorbed and / or bound film adjacent to the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215, the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215 adhering to the surface of an article 220, such an article is referred to as a treated article, for example. In some embodiments, the organosilane contains at least one alkyl group, such as a methyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer 210 is sheared from the organosilane and / or organophosphorus compound 215 to create dissipation pathways, which can reduce static friction and friction on a hard substrate 220 such as stainless steel or glass.

[0099]

[0105] Although not shown in the figures, in some embodiments, additives for improving friction prevention and antistatic properties may also be included in the disclosed composition. For example, to improve lubrication performance, additives such as two-dimensional boron nitride, graphite materials, ester oils, or wax-based emulsions may be added to the composition. To improve hydrophobicity, hydrophobic nanoparticles such as silicon dioxide may be added to the composition. To improve corrosion resistance, corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole or phenolic passivators and metal halides may be added to the composition.

[0100] Test method

[0106] As described herein, the corrosion performance of a substrate can be tested by immersing it in seawater, brine, or artificial sweat, or by exposing it to a brine mist or spray in accordance with ASTM B117 (Salt Mist Standard Test). The substrate can then be examined for visual signs of corrosion after a specific exposure time, or until corrosion is observed (where the time of the first observable corrosion is the figure of merit). Improvement or enhancement of corrosion performance is measured by comparing the onset of visual corrosion on a treated substrate with that on an untreated substrate, where the treated article shows either a delayed onset of corrosion or no onset of corrosion at all compared to the untreated substrate.

[0101]

[0107] The hydrophobicity of a coating may be measured by observing the contact angle that a water droplet makes on the surface of the coating. Improvement in hydrophobicity is measured as an increase in the water contact angle after the surface has been treated with a lubricant composition, compared to an untreated surface.

[0102]

[0108] As used herein, static friction or reduction in static friction can be measured by measuring the coefficient of static friction of treated and untreated substrates. The measurement is performed by placing the substrate on an inclined plane with a variable inclination angle. Using the minimum angle (θ) at which the treated substrate begins to slide freely, the equation is: μ = tan(θ) The coefficient of static friction (μ) is calculated by [formula]. The reduction in static friction is measured by comparing the obtained coefficients of static friction and critical angles of treated and untreated substrates, where the treated substrate should show a decrease in μ and θ.

[0103]

[0109] As used herein, friction, sliding friction, or dynamic friction can be measured using a nanoindenter (e.g., Bruker Hysitron TS77). The indenter slides against the surface of the substrate at a set speed and load, and the lateral force experienced by the indenter during the sliding motion is recorded as friction. In the embodiments described herein, friction was measured on treated and untreated substrates with a maximum load of up to 100 μN, a sliding distance of up to 10 μm, and a sliding speed ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm / s. The reduction in friction was measured by comparing the frictional force on the treated surface to that on the untreated surface, where the friction measured by the indenter on the treated substrate is less than the friction measured on the untreated substrate.

[0104]

[0110] The features and advantages of the compositions and methods used to produce them disclosed herein are illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure. [Examples]

[0105] Example 1

[0111] In this example, a composition containing dodecyltriethoxysilane (2.3 wt%), octadecylphosphonic acid (0.13 wt%), tetraethoxysilane (2.3 wt%), 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (2.3 wt%), and silicone polyol copolymer (1.8 wt%) in methylcyclohexane (63 wt%) and ethanol (27 wt%) was applied to a stainless steel substrate by immersing the substrate in the composition for 1 minute, and then air-cured for 24 hours before rinsing with the solvent.

[0106]

[0112] The treated stainless steel substrate had an average water contact angle of 83° with a standard deviation of 5°. The untreated stainless steel substrate had an average water contact angle of 62° with a standard deviation of 6°.

[0107]

[0113] The treated substrate exhibits a 20% to 37% reduction in static friction compared to the untreated surface, as measured by the inclined plane method.

[0108] Example 2. Improved corrosion resistance

[0114] The composition of Example 1 is as described above. However, the surface of this example is cured at 100°C for 30 minutes instead of being air-cured for 24 hours. The heat-cured surface is then rinsed with a solvent. The resulting coated surface exhibits improved corrosion resistance compared to the untreated surface and the treated substrate cured under ambient conditions. In a salt spray test, the heat-cured substrate showed no signs of visible corrosion for up to 72 hours, while the untreated and room-temperature cured substrates showed visible corrosion within 24 and 48 hours, respectively.

[0109] Example 3. Improvement of hydrophobicity

[0115] This example describes a lubricant composition prepared in a single nonpolar solvent: a composition containing tetraethoxysilane (4 wt%), dodecyl(triethoxy)silane (2%), (1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane) (2%), and silicone copolymer polyol (3 wt%) in mineral spirits (89%) was applied to a stainless steel substrate by immersing the substrate in the composition for 1 minute, followed by air curing for 24 hours, and then rinsing with the solvent. The resulting coated surface exhibited improved hydrophobicity, and the water contact angle on the stainless steel surface increased to an average contact angle of 97° with a standard deviation of 3°.

[0110] Example 4

[0116] In addition to the composition described in Example 3, this example describes a composition prepared using an hBN additive (up to 0.5 wt%). The substrate to be treated was immersed in the lubricant for 1 minute, followed by air curing for 24 hours. In this example, the surface was not rinsed after the curing step. Qualitatively, the lubricant was shown to be more lubricating compared to the untreated surface, for example, through the feel on the skin.

[0111] Example 5

[0117] This example describes a composition containing different ratios of the first and second parts compared to Example 1: dodecyltriethoxysilane (1 wt%), tetraethoxysilane (2 wt%), and silicone copolymer polyol (2 wt%) in methylcyclohexane (95 wt%), applied to a substrate by immersing the substrate in the composition for 30 minutes, followed by air curing for 24 hours before rinsing with the solvent. The treated substrate showed improved corrosion resistance compared to the untreated surface in immersion tests and ASTM B117 tests, with no signs of corrosion observed for up to 36 and 72 hours, respectively, of the tests. For reference, the untreated surface corroded within the first 24 hours in all three tests.

[0112] Example 6

[0118] This example describes the first part of a composition that does not contain organophosphorus compounds: a composition consisting of dodecyl(triethoxy)silane (5.5 wt%), a silicone polyol having a pendant polyoxypropylene chain (1.7 wt%), tetraethoxysilane (6 wt%), and 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (3.5 wt%) in methylcyclohexane (83.3 wt%) was applied to a stainless steel substrate by immersing it in the lubricant for 1 minute, followed by air curing for 24 hours before rinsing with the solvent.

[0113]

[0119] The resulting surface-treated articles were qualitatively shown to exhibit increased lubricity compared to the untreated surfaces, for example, through tactile sensation on the skin.

[0114] Example 7

[0120] In this example, a composition containing dodecyltriethoxysilane (2.3 wt%), octadecylphosphonic acid (0.13 wt%), tetraethoxysilane (2.3 wt%), 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (2.3 wt%), and silicone polyol copolymer (1.8 wt%) in methylcyclohexane (63 wt%) and ethanol (27 wt%) was applied to a glass substrate by immersing the substrate in the composition for 1 minute, and then air-cured for 24 hours before rinsing with the solvent.

[0115]

[0121] The treated substrates were measured using a nanoindenter and showed at least a 10% reduction in friction compared to the untreated surface.

[0116] Comparative Example 1

[0122] The following comparative compositions were prepared without using adjacent polymers: a composition containing tetraethoxysilane (4.5 wt%), octadecylphosphonic acid (1.5 wt%), dodecyl(triethoxy)silane (2.5 wt%), and 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (2.5 wt%) in methylcyclohexane and ethanol (70:30 vol%), respectively, was applied to a stainless steel substrate by immersing it in the composition for 1 minute, followed by air curing for 24 hours before rinsing with the solvent.

[0117]

[0123] The resulting treated surface exhibited reduced corrosion resistance after 36 hours of immersion in seawater compared to the treated substrate described in Example 1.

[0118] Comparative Example 2

[0124] The following comparative compositions were prepared without using the first portion of the composition: a composition containing a silicone copolymer polyol (4 wt%) in methylcyclohexane (96 wt%) was applied to a substrate by immersing it in the composition for 1 minute, and then air-cured for 24 hours before rinsing with a solvent.

[0119]

[0125] The resulting composition was unstable and non-functional, as evidenced by the fact that no material remained after rinsing / wiping. [Industrial applicability]

[0120]

[0126] This disclosure describes compositions that may have broad applications for one or more described properties. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions may be used in applications requiring low-friction or static friction coatings. The non-limiting advantages of the compositions and articles of this disclosure include materials that replace compositions currently using fluorinated dry lubricants; lubricants for consumer goods having metal or metal oxide assemblies; and lubricants for articles including metal chains and braided bands, including watch bands, including jewelry.

[0121]

[0127] More generally, the disclosed compositions can be used as standalone hydrophobic surface treatments for several material surfaces, including metals, metal oxides, glass, and acrylics. Non-limiting examples of such uses include coatings on windows, screens, monitors, high-frequency contact surfaces, electronic products, housings for electronic devices, and combinations thereof. Hydrophobic coatings can be used in virtually any application where improved visibility is desired and therefore water needs to bead up and roll off. For example, it can be applied to car windshields, windows, and bodywork, or any location exposed to rainfall conditions where water needs to bead up and roll off.

[0122]

[0128] The hydrophobic coatings described herein can be applied to electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, and cameras to protect them from water damage. These coatings can repel water, preventing it from entering vulnerable components and thus creating a barrier that increases the durability and reliability of the device.

[0123]

[0129] In addition, the reduced friction and improved corrosion resistance provided by the described compositions can improve the efficiency and performance of equipment and manufacturing processes. For example, bearings, gears, and other moving parts can operate more smoothly, resulting in reduced energy consumption, reduced wear and tear, and extended equipment life.

[0124]

[0130] In some embodiments, reduced friction in sports equipment such as fishing gear, skiing gear, snowboarding gear, ice hockey gear, snorkeling / diving gear, and cycling gear can improve performance and user experience, especially when used in harsh or corrosive environments, by improving various properties such as reduced fogging (on masks or goggles, for example), reduced resistance, improved speed, and increased maneuverability.

[0125]

[0131] The foregoing description is presented for illustrative purposes only. It is not exhaustive and is not limited to the exact form or embodiment disclosed. Modifications and alterations of the embodiments will become apparent from the discussion herein and the implementation of the disclosed embodiments. While certain components are described in conjunction with one another, such components may be integrated with one another or distributed in any preferred manner.

[0126]

[0132] In addition, illustrative embodiments are described herein, but their scope includes all any embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., in various embodiments), alterations, and / or changes based on this disclosure. Elements in the claims should be interpreted broadly based on the terminology adopted in the claims, and embodiments should be interpreted as non-exclusive. Not limited to embodiments described herein or during the filing process. Furthermore, steps of the disclosed methods can be modified in any way, including rearranging steps and / or inserting or deleting steps.

[0127]

[0133] The features and advantages of this disclosure are evident from the detailed specification, and therefore the appended claims are intended to encompass all systems and methods that fall within the true spirit and scope of this disclosure. As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” mean “one or more.” Similarly, the use of plural terms does not necessarily mean plural unless made clear in a given context. Words such as “and” or “or” mean “and / or” unless otherwise specifically indicated. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and variations readily arise from examining this disclosure, it is not desirable to limit this disclosure to the exact, illustrated and described structures and operations, and therefore all suitable modifications and equivalents may be used within the scope of this disclosure.

[0128]

[0134] Throughout this application, various embodiments of the disclosure may be presented in the form of scopes. It should be understood that descriptions in the form of scopes are merely for convenience and brevity and should not be interpreted as restrictive limitations lacking flexibility to the scope of the disclosure. Therefore, scope descriptions should be considered to specifically disclose not only individual numerical values ​​within that scope but also all possible sub-ranges. For example, a scope description such as 1 to 6 should be considered to include sub-ranges such as 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, and individual numerical values ​​within that range, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the width of the scope.

[0129]

[0135] Other embodiments will become apparent from the discussion herein and from the implementation of the embodiments disclosed herein. This specification and the examples are to be considered merely illustrative, and the true scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments are intended to be shown by the following claims.

Claims

1. A composition for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction, (a) at least one species of organosilan, (b) at least one organophosphorus, or (c) A combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The first part includes, A second part comprising at least one polymer and Includes, The first portion (a), (b), or (c) is configured as a layer attached to the surface, and the second portion of at least one polymer is adjacent to the attached layer. The first and second portions of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce the friction, static friction, or both of the surface compared to the untreated surface. composition.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a molecule having at least one leaving group.

3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the at least one leaving group comprises an alkoxy or chloride group.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one organosilane has at least one group that is not a leaving group.

5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the at least one group that is not a leaving group comprises an alkyl, aromatic, silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, or cyclic group.

6. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the organosilane comprises an alkyl group and includes dodecyltriethoxysilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrichlorosilane, or a derivative thereof.

8. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane comprises an aromatic group and includes 1-naphthyltrimethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

9. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane contains an unsaturated (vinyl) group and comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

10. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane contains a thiol group and comprises 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propanthol, 11-mercaptondecyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, or derivatives thereof.

11. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane contains an epoxy group and comprises 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, or a derivative thereof.

12. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane comprises a cyclic group and includes cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives thereof.

13. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the organosilane comprises an additional silane group and includes 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane, 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, or a derivative thereof.

14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the organophosphorus comprises a molecule having at least one group including alkyl, aromatic, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, phosphonic acid, or cyclic group.

15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

16. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the organophosphorus comprises methylphosphonic acid, (2,4-xylyl)phosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, 6-phosphonohexanoic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, n-dodecylphosphonic acid, (12-phosphonododecyl)phosphonic acid, 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid), N,N'-2-methylpiperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid), or a combination thereof.

17. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the second portion comprises a polymer having a molecular weight of 1 kDa to 10,000 kDa.

18. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymer comprises silicone, polyolefin, polystyrene, rubber, wax, polyether, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the silicone comprises polydimethylsiloxane, polyphenylsiloxane, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

20. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the polyolefin comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

21. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the wax is part of a wax emulsion comprising an ethylenebis(stearoamide)-based wax, carnauba wax, lanolin, or a combination thereof.

22. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises a hydroxyl, silanol, amine, aldehyde, or thiol functional group, or a combination thereof.

23. The composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the polymers has a kinematic viscosity of 1 to 10,000 cSt when measured individually.

24. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising an appropriate amount of at least one solvent for dissolving the first portion, the second portion, or both.

25. The composition according to claim 24, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from polar solvents, nonpolar solvents, or mixtures thereof.

26. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the nonpolar solvent is selected from methylcyclohexane, isoparaffinic solvents, mineral spirits, or mixtures thereof.

27. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the polar solvent is selected from water, ethanol, methanol, ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, or a mixture thereof.

28. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the at least one solvent comprises both ethanol and methylcyclohexane.

29. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the at least one solvent comprises a mixture of at least one polar solvent and at least one nonpolar solvent, wherein the volume ratio of the nonpolar solvent to the polar solvent is between 10:1 and 1:

10.

30. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the at least one solvent constitutes 2 to 99.1 percent by weight of the composition.

31. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the first and second portions combined constitutes 0.1 to 98 percent by weight of the composition.

32. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the first portion to the second portion is in the range of 10:1 to 1:

10.

33. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the organophosphorus constitutes 0.01 to 90 weight percent of the first portion.

34. The composition according to claim 1, wherein there is at least one organosilane containing only a leaving group and at least one organosilane containing at least one non-leading group, and the weight ratio of the silane containing only a leaving group to the silane containing at least one non-leading group is in the range of 1:100 to 10:

1.

35. The composition according to claim 1, further imparting improved hydrophobicity to the surface, as evidenced by an increase in the water contact angle at the surface compared to an untreated surface.

36. The composition according to claim 1, wherein when the surface is exposed to saltwater, sebum, sweat, moist heat, or a combination thereof, it imparts improved corrosion resistance to the surface compared to an untreated surface.

37. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additives.

38. The composition according to claim 37, wherein the one or more additives are selected from triazole derivatives, hindered phenols, metal halides, and thioethers, or combinations thereof.

39. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a material having a two-dimensional form.

40. The composition according to claim 39, wherein the material having the two-dimensional form includes hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS), graphene, or a combination thereof.

41. A method for reducing at least one of surface friction or static friction, The step is to apply the composition to the surface of the material, wherein the composition is (a) at least one species of organosilan, (b) at least one organophosphorus, (c) A combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The first part includes, A second part comprising at least one polymer and Includes, The first portion (a), (b), or (c) is configured as a layer attached to the surface, and the second portion of at least one polymer is adjacent to the attached layer. The first and second portions of the composition are in an amount sufficient to reduce the friction, static friction, or both of the surface compared to the untreated surface. A method comprising the steps described above.

42. The method according to claim 41, further comprising at least one step of pre-cleaning the surface before applying the step.

43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the pre-cleaning step includes corona treatment, plasma treatment, an acid or base bath, or a combination thereof.

44. The method according to claim 41, wherein the material is selected from metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, glass, ceramics, synthetic resins, or combinations thereof.

45. The method according to claim 44, wherein the metal or metal alloy includes stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof.

46. The method according to claim 41, further comprising at least one curing step selected from room temperature curing, thermal curing, or high humidity curing.

47. The method according to claim 46, wherein room temperature curing is performed from 1 minute to 7 days.

48. The method according to claim 41, wherein the composition is applied to the substrate by dip coating, spraying, needle dispensing, brushing, or a combination thereof.

49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the dip coating is performed for a time range of one minute to one hour.

50. The method according to claim 41, further comprising the step of rinsing an article after applying the composition.

51. The method according to claim 41, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a molecule having at least one leaving group.

52. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one leaving group comprises an alkoxy or chloride group.

53. The method according to claim 41, wherein the at least one organosilane has at least one group that is not a leaving group.

54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the at least one non-leaving group comprises an alkyl, aromatic, silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, or cyclic group.

55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

56. The method according to claim 55, wherein the organosilane comprises an alkyl group and includes dodecyltriethoxysilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrichlorosilane, or a derivative thereof.

57. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane comprises an aromatic group and includes 1-naphthyltrimethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

58. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane contains an unsaturated (vinyl) group and includes vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

59. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane contains a thiol group and comprises 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propanechol, 11-mercaptondecyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, or derivatives thereof.

60. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane comprises an epoxy group and includes 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

61. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane comprises a cyclic group containing an organosilane and includes cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives thereof.

62. The method according to claim 54, wherein the organosilane comprises an additional silane group and includes 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane, 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, or derivatives thereof.

63. The method according to claim 41, wherein the organophosphorus comprises a molecule having at least one group including alkyl, aromatic, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, phosphonic acid, or cyclic group.

64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

65. The method according to claim 41, wherein the organophosphorus includes methylphosphonic acid, (2,4-xylyl)phosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, 6-phosphonohexanoic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, n-dodecylphosphonic acid, (12-phosphonododecyl)phosphonic acid, 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid), N,N'-2-methylpiperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid), or a combination thereof.

66. The method according to claim 41, wherein the second portion comprises a polymer having a molecular weight of 1 kDa to 10,000 kDa.

67. The method according to claim 41, wherein the at least one polymer includes silicone, polyolefin, polystyrene, rubber, wax, polyether, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

68. The method according to claim 67, wherein the silicone comprises polydimethylsiloxane, polyphenylsiloxane, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

69. The method according to claim 67, wherein the polyolefin comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

70. The method according to claim 67, wherein the wax is part of a wax emulsion comprising an ethylenebis(stearoamide)-based wax, carnauba wax, lanolin, or a combination thereof.

71. The method according to claim 41, wherein the polymer contains a hydroxyl, silanol, amine, aldehyde, or thiol functional group, or a combination thereof.

72. The method according to claim 41, wherein the at least one polymer has a kinematic viscosity of 1 to 10,000 cSt when measured alone.

73. The method according to claim 41, further comprising an appropriate amount of at least one solvent for dissolving the first portion, the second portion, or both.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from polar solvents, nonpolar solvents, or mixtures thereof.

75. The method according to claim 74, wherein the nonpolar solvent is selected from methylcyclohexane, isoparaffinic solvents, mineral spirits, or mixtures thereof.

76. The method according to claim 74, wherein the polar solvent is selected from water, ethanol, ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, or a mixture thereof.

77. The method according to claim 74, wherein the at least one solvent includes both ethanol and methylcyclohexane.

78. The method according to claim 74, wherein the at least one solvent comprises a mixture of at least one polar solvent and at least one nonpolar solvent, wherein the volume ratio of the nonpolar solvent to the polar solvent is between 10:1 and 1:

10.

79. The method according to claim 73, wherein the at least one solvent constitutes 2 to 99.1 percent by weight of the composition.

80. The method according to claim 41, wherein the total amount of the first and second portions combined constitutes 0.1 to 98 percent by weight of the composition.

81. The method according to claim 41, wherein the weight ratio of the first part to the second part is in the range of 10:1 to 1:

10.

82. The method according to claim 41, wherein the at least one organophosphorus constitutes 0.01 to 90 weight percent of the first portion.

83. The method according to claim 41, wherein there is at least one organosilane containing only a leaving group and at least one organosilane containing at least one non-leading group, and the weight ratio of the silane containing only a leaving group to the silane containing at least one non-leading group is in the range of 1:100 to 10:

1.

84. The method according to claim 41, further imparting improved hydrophobicity to the surface, as evidenced by an increase in the water contact angle compared to an untreated surface.

85. The method according to claim 41, further imparting improved corrosion resistance to the surface compared to an untreated surface when exposed to saltwater, sebum, sweat, moist heat, or a combination thereof.

86. The method according to claim 41, further comprising one or more additives.

87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the one or more additives are selected from triazole derivatives, hindered phenols, metal halides, and thioethers, or combinations thereof.

88. The method according to claim 41, further comprising a material having a two-dimensional shape.

89. The method according to claim 88, wherein the material having the two-dimensional form includes hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS), graphene, or a combination thereof.

90. An article comprising at least one surface that has been surface-treated, wherein the surface treatment is (a) at least one species of organosilan, (b) at least one organophosphorus, or (c) A combination of at least one organosilane and at least one organophosphorus. The first part includes, A second part comprising at least one polymer and Having a composition containing, Here, (a), (b), or (c) of the first portion constitutes a layer attached to the surface, and the at least one polymer of the second portion is adjacent to the attached layer, An article wherein the composition is present in an amount sufficient to reduce the friction or static friction of the surface compared to the untreated surface.

91. The article according to claim 90, wherein the surface is made of a material selected from metal, metal alloy, metal oxide, glass, ceramic, synthetic resin, or a combination thereof.

92. The article according to claim 90, comprising two surfaces that are in contact with each other and are subjected to linear or rotational motion relative to each other, wherein at least one of the surfaces is surface-treated.

93. The article according to claim 90, wherein the at least one surface is part of a chain link assembly, a bearing, a press assembly, a hinge or hinge assembly, or a combination thereof.

94. The article according to claim 90, wherein at least one surface has prolonged contact with another surface.

95. The article according to claim 94, wherein the other surface is a living organ or tissue.

96. The article according to claim 94, wherein prolonged contact may extend up to one year.

97. The article according to claim 90, wherein the at least one surface that is surface-treated includes windows, watches and watch bands, screens, monitors, high-frequency contact surfaces, electronic products, housings for electronic devices, and combinations thereof.

98. The article according to claim 90, wherein the at least one surface that has been surface-treated is placed in air or a water medium.

99. The method according to claim 90, wherein the organosilane comprises a molecule having at least one leaving group.

100. The article according to claim 99, wherein the at least one leaving group comprises an alkoxy or chloride group.

101. The article according to claim 90, wherein the organosilane has at least one group that is not a leaving group.

102. The article according to claim 101, wherein the at least one non-leaving group comprises an alkyl, aromatic, silane, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, or cyclic group.

103. The article according to claim 102, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

104. The article according to claim 103, wherein the organosilane comprises an alkyl group and includes dodecyltriethoxysilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrichlorosilane, or a derivative thereof.

105. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane comprises an aromatic group and includes 1-naphthyltrimethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, or a derivative thereof.

106. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane contains an unsaturated (vinyl) group and comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, or derivatives thereof.

107. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane contains a thiol group and comprises 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propanthol, 11-mercaptondecyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, or derivatives thereof.

108. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane comprises an epoxy group and includes 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, or a derivative thereof.

109. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane comprises a cyclic group containing an organosilane, and comprises cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrichlorosilane, or derivatives thereof.

110. The article according to claim 102, wherein the organosilane comprises an additional silane group and includes 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane, 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, or a derivative thereof.

111. The article according to claim 90, wherein the organophosphorus comprises a molecule having at least one group including alkyl, aromatic, silicone, unsaturated (vinyl), epoxy, thiol, phosphonic acid, or cyclic group.

112. The article according to claim 111, wherein the alkyl group has between 1 and 100 carbon atoms.

113. The article according to claim 90, wherein the organophosphorus comprises methylphosphonic acid, (2,4-xylyl)phosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, 6-phosphonohexanoic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, n-dodecylphosphonic acid, (12-phosphonododecyl)phosphonic acid, 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid), N,N'-2-methylpiperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid), or a combination thereof.

114. The article according to claim 90, wherein the polymer has a molecular weight of 1 kDa to 10,000 kDa.

115. The article according to claim 90, wherein the at least one polymer includes silicone, polyolefin, polystyrene, rubber, wax, polyether, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

116. The article according to claim 115, wherein the silicone comprises polydimethylsiloxane, polyphenylsiloxane, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

117. The article according to claim 115, wherein the polyolefin comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof.

118. The article according to claim 115, wherein the wax is part of a wax emulsion comprising an ethylenebis(stearoamide)-based wax, carnauba wax, or lanolin, or a combination thereof.

119. The article according to claim 115, wherein the polymer contains a hydroxyl, silanol, amine, aldehyde, or thiol functional group, or a combination thereof.

120. The article according to claim 90, wherein the polymer has a kinematic viscosity of 1 to 10,000 cSt when measured alone.

121. The article according to claim 90, wherein the total amount of the first and second portions combined constitutes 0.1 to 98 percent by weight of the composition.

122. The article according to claim 90, wherein the weight ratio of the first part to the second part is in the range of 10:1 to 1:

10.

123. The article according to claim 90, wherein the at least one organophosphorus constitutes 0.01 to 90 weight percent of the first portion.

124. The article according to claim 99, wherein there is at least one organosilane containing only a leaving group and at least one organosilane containing at least one non-leading group, and the weight ratio of silanes having all leaving groups to silanes having at least one non-leading group is in the range of 1:100 to 10:

1.

125. The article according to claim 90, further imparting improved hydrophobicity to the surface, as evidenced by an increase in the water contact angle compared to an untreated surface.

126. The article according to claim 90, further providing the surface with improved corrosion resistance compared to an untreated surface when exposed to saltwater, sebum, sweat, moist heat, or a combination thereof.

127. The article according to claim 90, further comprising one or more additives.

128. The article according to claim 127, wherein the one or more additives are selected from triazole derivatives, hindered phenols, metal halides, and thioethers, or combinations thereof.

129. The article according to claim 90, further comprising a material having a two-dimensional shape.

130. The article according to claim 129, wherein the material having the two-dimensional form includes hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS), graphene, or a combination thereof.

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