Methods for producing single-layer or multi-layer films, single-layer or multi-layer extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set films, and their applications.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a single-layer or multi-layer extruded, biaxially stretched, and heat-set film. The film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1) and has a thermal deflection temperature greater than 75°C. The film can be used, for example, as a packaging material, particularly for food packaging. The present invention also relates to a method for producing the film and the use of the film, preferably for packaging food.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (Technical field) This application relates to a single-layer or multi-layer extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-fixed (or heat-set, heat-cured, thermofixed, or thermofixation) (or made by heat-fixing) film. The film can be used, for example, as a packaging material (or packing material or packing-material). It can be used particularly as a packaging material for food. This application also relates to a method for manufacturing the film and the uses (or applications or uses) of the film, preferably for food packaging. [Background technology]

[0002] (Current state (or condition) of the field and definition (or definition) of the problem) In the process of improving the reusability or recyclability of plastic-based packaging materials, it is ideal to use so-called single materials (i.e., single-origin materials consisting of only one type of plastic). However, currently available materials often reach their technical limits in more complex applications, such as food packaging, because more complex applications require higher profiles. In other words, there is no single plastic that satisfies all the overall required properties to achieve ideal packaging characteristics (or pack characteristics or packing characteristics or packing properties). Typically, various plastics satisfy only one or two of the following properties: for example, barrier properties (barrier properties against water, water vapor, aromatic components or gases (e.g., oxygen)), sufficient rigidity, puncture resistance, peel resistance and other mechanical properties, good heat resistance, good sealing properties, excellent optical properties (e.g., low haze), and good printability.

[0003] This can result in complex multilayer structures (up to 13 layers) and numerous functional polymers, which in turn make recycling the resulting packaging materials difficult or even impossible.

[0004] As a result, there is still no solution (or method) for recycling plastic-based packaging materials, particularly food packaging materials. Such a solution would preferably satisfy all requirements of rigidity (or stiffness), heat resistance, oxygen barrier, gas barrier and aroma barrier, and low to no shrinkage. [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0005] (Purpose of the invention) Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing single-layer or multi-layer films and single-layer or multi-layer extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-fixed (or heat-set or thermo-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed) (or heat-fixed) films. Such films can be produced by this method. Such films are suitable as food packaging materials. Alternatively, such films can be processed (or treated) to become suitable packaging materials. Such films will have improved (or enhanced) recyclability. Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide applications (or uses or uses) corresponding to such films. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] (Definitions and measurement methods in this invention) "Extrusion (or extrusion molding)" Extrusion (or extrusion molding) is the process of forming a film (a sheet-like material with a small thickness of <3 mm) by passing at least one type of molten thermoplastic material through a die. The thermoplastic material is then re-extruded from the die. The die is preferably a ring or slotted die.

[0007] "After extrusion (or extrusion molding)" "After extruding" means, to the extent technically possible, immediately after the film leaves the die, both temporally and / or spatially.

[0008] "Before stretching" "Before stretching" means before applying force simultaneously in the machine direction and transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) of the film for the purpose of biaxial stretching.

[0009] "The time when the stretching (or extension) begins (or starts)" "Time of Start of Stretching" means the first time point or point of time at which a machine-directed force and a transverse force act simultaneously on the film for the purpose of biaxial stretching.

[0010] "After stretching (or extending)" "After stretching" means, to the extent technically possible, immediately after the application of both machine-directed and transverse (or cross-directional or lateral) forces to the film simultaneously, both temporally and spatially, for the purpose of biaxial stretching (or biaxial stretching).

[0011] "Before thermal fixing (or thermal setting, thermal curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation)" "Before thermofixation" means, temporally and / or spatially, before the film is heated to the temperature at which thermofixation (or thermal fixing, thermal curing, thermofix, or thermofixation) takes place (the third temperature (T3)).

[0012] In the context of the present invention, “relaxing” or “relaxation” means, in MD and / or TD, the controlled shrink-back of the film. Controlled (or managed or controlled) re-shrinking in MD is achieved using varying withdraw or takeoff speeds. That is, downstream of the relaxation process, the withdraw or takeoff of the film is performed at a slower rate compared to the withdraw of the film upstream of the relaxation process. Controlled (or managed or controlled) re-shrinking (or reshrunk or reshrunking) in TD is achieved by reducing the width of the film between two withdraws of the film. Examples of relaxation processes relating to extruded and stretched single-layer or multi-layer films are known to those skilled in the art from the following literature. Savic.

[0013] density The density is measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0014] Film temperature The temperature of the film, for example, during stretching, heat setting (or thermal fixing or heat curing or thermofixing or thermofixation) or relaxation (or relaxation or easing), is the temperature of the film surface. Preferably, this is the temperature measured without contact using an IR temperature sensor.

[0015] Shrinkage (or shrink or shrinkage) (also called thermal shrinkage (or hot shrink or hot shrinkage)) Shrinkage (or shrink or shrinkage) (also called thermal shrinkage (or hot shrink or hot shrinkage)) is measured in water at 90°C. Preferably, it occurs within 1 second after immersion, but at least within 10 seconds after immersion. According to the present invention, the sample (or specimen) is immersed in water (90°C) for a predetermined period, particularly the period described above. This determines the shrinkage (or shrink or shrinkage) (or thermal shrinkage (or hot shrink or hot shrinkage)). After removal (or extraction), it is immediately cooled to room temperature using water. After this process, the length of the pre-marked portion (or section) is measured and correlated with the pre-measured length of the same portion (or section) of the sample (or specimen) before such processing. The ratio of the resulting lengths ("shrink" versus "non-shrink" (or "shrink" / "non-shrink")) defines the shrinkage (or shrink or shrinkage) (expressed as a percentage (%)). Depending on the direction of this length measurement, shrinkage occurs in the longitudinal direction (or longitudinal axis direction) (MD) and the transverse direction (or cross-direction or transverse direction) (TD). The total shrinkage (or total shrink or total shrinkage) is calculated by adding the longitudinal (or longitudinal axis) shrinkage and the transverse shrinkage. Performing multiple length measurements (e.g., three or five measurements) and calculating the corresponding average value from these measurements can favorably increase the accuracy (or precision) of the determination. According to the present invention, shrinkage and total shrinkage can be determined in particular in accordance with ASTM D2732-14 (2020 edition) (April 14, 2020).

[0016] Thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) is the thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) measured according to ASTM D648-18.

[0017] Strength Strength shall conform to tensile properties (DIN EN ISO 527-1:2019-12 (edition 2019-12) and DIN EN ISO 527-2:2012-06 (edition 2012-06)), flexural properties (three-point method) (ASTM D0790-17 (edition July 24, 2017) or flexural properties (four-point method) (ASTM D6272-17e1) edition July 14, 2020).

[0018] Stiffness (or rigidity) Stiffness is measured according to DIN EN ISO 527-1:2019-12 (edition 2019-12) and DIN EN ISO 527-2:2012-06 (edition 2012-06).

[0019] Transparency / Opacity / Clarity Transparency / opacity / clarity are measured according to ASTM D1003-21 (edition June 7, 2021).

[0020] Printability (or printability or printability) Printability is measured according to DIN 16500-2:2018-09 (edition 2018-09) or specified as polarity in the form of surface tension (Dyn / cm (=10)). -3(expressed in units of N / m).

[0021] Sealability (or sealing capability or sealability or sealing capability) Sealability (or sealing ability or sealability or sealing ability) is, for example, the sealing / welding properties of the film or the hot tack test of the film, measured in accordance with DIN 55571-2:2021-07.

[0022] Seam strength (or sealing seam strength or sealing seam strength) Seam strength (or sealing seam strength or sealing seam strength) shall be measured in accordance with DIN 55529:2012-09.

[0023] Sealing temperature (or sealing temperature or sealing temperature) The seal temperature (or sealing temperature or airtight temperature) is the temperature that a material being sealed (or sealed or airtight) exhibits during the sealing process. As specified (or defined) above, the seal temperature (or sealing temperature or airtight temperature) is measured as the temperature of the film.

[0024] Seal (or sealing or airtight sealing) / Heat seal (or heat sealing or heat sealing) A seal (or sealing or sealing) / heat seal (or heat sealing or thermal sealing) is the bonding (or bonding or bonding) of a thermoplastic coating to a carrier material (or carrier material or carrier-material) or the bonding (or bonding or bonding) of multiple purely thermoplastic materials (or materials) under effective time, pressure (contact pressure) and temperature, provided that the carrier material (or carrier material or carrier-material) is not melted.

[0025] In the context of this invention, the following length provisions (or definitions) apply (in each case relating to the machine direction or the transverse direction).

[0026] L0: L0 = The length of a predetermined portion (or section) of the film before stretching. L1: L1 = Length of the same portion (or section) of the film after stretching and before relaxation. L2: L2 = Length of the same portion (or section) of the film after stretching and relaxation.

[0027] Stretch factor (or extension factor or stretch factor) The stretch factor (V) is obtained by dividing the length (L1) of a predetermined portion (or section) of the film after stretching and before relaxation by the length (L0) of the same portion (or section) of the film before stretching (V = L1 / L0). Furthermore, according to the present invention, when the lengths (L0) and (L1) are determined in the machine direction (MD), the stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) MD It is also known as ). According to the present invention, when the lengths (L0) and (L1) are determined in the transverse direction (TD), the stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) TD It is also known as ).

[0028] Relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) Relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) = 1 - (the length of a predetermined portion (or section) of the film after stretching and after relaxation (or easing) (L2) divided by the length of the same portion (or section) of the film after stretching and before relaxation (or easing) (L1)) (R = 1 - (L2 / L1)). Furthermore, according to the present invention, the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) is the machine direction (MD) relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) MD Also called the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R). The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) is calculated as shown above. MD In this case, lengths (L2) and (L1) are lengths determined in the machine direction (MD). Furthermore, according to the present invention, the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) is a relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) in the transverse direction (or crossing direction or lateral direction) (TD). TDAlso called the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R). The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) is calculated as shown above. TD In this case, lengths (L2) and (L1) are lengths determined in the transverse direction (TD).

[0029] After two steps, stretching and heat fixing (or thermal setting, thermosetting, thermofixing, or thermofixation), residual stretching (or rigid stretch) or residual elongation (or rigid elongation) occurs in the film with respect to relaxation (or relaxation). The residual stretch factor (RV) can be determined and is specified (or defined) in detail below, and is based on the ratio of the length (L2) of a portion (or section) of the film after stretching and after heat fixing (or thermal setting or thermosetting or thermofix or thermofixation) (including relaxation) to the length (L0) of the same portion (or section) before stretching and before relaxation.

[0030] Residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) is calculated by dividing the length (L2) of a predetermined portion (or section) of the film after stretching and relaxation by the length (L0) of the same portion (or section) of the film before stretching and before relaxation (RV = L2 / L0). Also, according to the present invention, the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) has lengths (L2) and (L0) determined in the machine direction (MD), and the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) is also called. Also, according to the present invention, the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) has lengths (L2) and (L0) determined in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD), and the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) is also called.

[0031] "Simultaneously biaxially stretched film (or film formed by simultaneously biaxially stretching or simultaneously biaxially stretched film)" "Simultaneously biaxially stretched film (or film formed by simultaneously biaxially stretching or simultaneously biaxially stretched film)" (simultaneously biaxially stretched film) means a film that is simultaneously stretched (or stretched or stretched) in both the machine direction and the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) of the film.

[0032] "Stable method" or "stable process" "Stable method" or "stable process" is a method or process that enables continuous operation (or operation or operation) (execution of the method or process). Thereby, a film that can be used for intended applications (or applications) can be manufactured. Therefore, "unstable" means not "stable" in the sense described above.

[0033] In the context of the present invention, further definitions (or provisions) applicable to the subject matter (or subject matter) and embodiments (or embodiments) of the present invention, particularly as described in the claims and detailed description, are listed below. Herein, for the purposes of the present invention, numerical terms such as "first," "second," and "third" (for example, "second polypropylene" or "second polypropylene (PP2)" used in the names (or designations) of polymers) represent merely the names (or designations) of each polymer, as defined above. No disclosure of a specific number or sequence (or order) of polymers is implied. For example, according to the present invention, the expression "the film comprises a third polypropylene (PP3)" does not mean that the film contains a first polypropylene (PP1) and a second polypropylene (PP2), nor does it mean that the film must contain a first polypropylene (PP1) and a second polypropylene (PP2). Rather, it simply means that the film contains a third polypropylene (PP3), regardless of the presence or absence of any other components, as stipulated (or defined) below. Therefore, “Third Polypropylene” may have any other name (or designation) (for example, “Polypropylene (C)”). The same applies to “First Polyethylene,” “Second Polyethylene,” “Third Polyethylene,” “First Polypropylene,” and “Second Polypropylene,” “Second Polymer,” and “Third Polymer,” as defined below. Furthermore, the limitations (or restrictions) of the polymers described below by definition (or provision) apply whether or not each polymer is used, with further details and / or unclear or clear descriptions of the claims.

[0034] Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene (PE) is a thermoplastic polymer having a repeating unit (or molecular formula) [C2H4], and can be produced (or formed or manufactured) by the chain polymerization (or chain polymerization) of ethene.

[0035] [ka]

[0036] First type polyethylene (PE1) (= high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) The first polyethylene (PE1) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Larger than that, preferably 0.950 g / cm³ 3 Larger than that, especially 0.960 g / cm³ 3 Larger than that, and also 1.010 g / cm³ 3 The following, preferably 1,000 g / cm³ 3 Smaller than that, especially 0.970 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. According to the present invention, the first polyethylene (PE1) comprises a polymer of one polymer type or a mixture of polymers of multiple polymer types (for example, having various chain lengths) of the polyethylene type (or polyethylene-type). If the first polyethylene (PE1) consists of a mixture of several types of polyethylene-type polymers, the above density range also applies to the mixture after they have been homogenized.

[0037] Second polyethylene (PE2) The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polyethylene (PE2) is preferably a polyethylene that is sealable (or can be sealed or can be sealed or can be sealed) or a polyethylene suitable for forming (or generating) a sealable (or can be sealed or can be sealed or can be sealed) layer. According to the present invention, the second polyethylene (PE2) comprises a polymer of one polyethylene-type polymer or a mixture of polymers of multiple polyethylene-type polymers (for example, having various chain lengths). If the second polyethylene (PE2) consists of a mixture of multiple types of polyethylene-type polymers, the above density range also applies to the mixture after their homogenization. The second polyethylene (PE2) is not identical to the first polyethylene (PE1).

[0038] Third type of polyethylene (PE3) The third polyethylene (PE3) is polyethylene (PE) whose density is less than that of the first polyethylene (PE1) and greater than that of the second polyethylene (PE2). Such densities are measured in each case according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. According to the present invention, the third polyethylene (PE3) comprises a polymer of one polyethylene-type polymer or a mixture of polymers of multiple polyethylene-type polymers (for example, having various chain lengths). If the third polyethylene (PE3) consists of a mixture of multiple types of polyethylene-type polymers, the above density range also applies to the mixture after their homogenization. The third polyethylene (PE3) is not identical to the second polyethylene (PE2). Furthermore, the third polyethylene (PE3) is not identical to the first polyethylene (PE1).

[0039] Polypropylene (PP) Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer having a repeating unit (or molecular formula) [C3H6], and can be produced (or formed or manufactured) by the chain polymerization (or chain polymerization) of propene.

[0040] [ka]

[0041] First polypropylene (PP1) The first polypropylene (PP1) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, and particularly greater than 95°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. Preferably, its density is 0.895 g / cm³. 3 Larger than that, and also 0.920 g / cm³ 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.899 g / cm³ 3 Larger than that, and also 0.910 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. According to the present invention, the first polypropylene (PP1) comprises a polymer of one polymer type of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) or a mixture of polymers of multiple polymer types of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) (for example, having various chain lengths). If the first polypropylene (PP1) consists of a mixture of multiple polymer types of polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type), then the above range of heat deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature), preferably the above range of density, also applies to the mixture after homogenization.

[0042] Second type of polypropylene (PP2) The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) less than 75°C, preferably less than 65°C, and particularly less than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The second polypropylene (PP2) is preferably a sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight) polypropylene, or a polypropylene suitable for producing (or forming) a sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight) layer. According to the present invention, the second polypropylene (PP2) comprises a polymer of one polymer type of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) or a mixture of polymers of multiple polymer types of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) (for example, having various chain lengths). If the second polypropylene (PP2) consists of a mixture of multiple types of polypropylene-type polymers, the above range of heat deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) also applies to the mixture after their homogenization.

[0043] Third-generation polypropylene (PP3) The third polypropylene (PP3) is polypropylene (PP) whose thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2). Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured in each case according to ASTM D648-18. According to the present invention, the third polypropylene (PP3) comprises a polymer of one polymer type of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) or a mixture (or formulation or blend) of multiple polymer types of the polypropylene type (or polypropylene-type) (for example, having various chain lengths). If the third polypropylene (PP3) consists of a mixture of multiple types of polypropylene-type polymers, the above range of heat deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) also applies to the mixture after their homogenization.

[0044] Second polymer (PM2) The second polymer (PM2) is a polymer (preferably a polyolefin) that is preferably sealable (or sealable or sealable or sealable), and more particularly heat-sealable (or heat-sealable or heat-sealable or heat-sealable). The second polymer (PM2) is preferably polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), or ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA). If the second polymer (PM2) is a polyolefin, this is preferred and is referred to as the second polyolefin (PO2) according to the present invention.

[0045] Third polymer (PM3) The third polymer (PM3) is a polymer (preferably a polyolefin) and is preferably non-sealable (or non-sealable or non-airtightable), and more preferably non-heat-sealable (or non-heat-sealable or non-heat-sealable). In particular, the sealing temperature (or sealing temperature or airtight temperature) of the third polymer (PM3) is greater than that of the second polymer (PM2) (preferably the second polyolefin (PO2)). The third polymer (PM3) preferably comprises polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof, or consists of polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof. If the third polymer (PM3) is a polyolefin, this is preferred and is referred to as the third polyolefin (PO3) according to the present invention.

[0046] Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polyethylene terephthalate that can be obtained by condensation polymerization (or polycondensation) of terephthalic acid (1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and ethylene glycol (1,2-dihydroxyethane).

[0047] Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) is a thermoplastic polymer formed from vinylidene dichloride (1,1-dichloroethene) (an analog (or similar) of PVC). PVDC decomposes near its melting point (or melting temperature) of approximately 200°C.

[0048] Polyamide (PA) Polyamide (PA) is a material selected from the following group: PA(PA6) derived from ε-caprolactam or poly(ε-caprolactam) PA (PA6.6) produced (or formed or manufactured) from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid or polyhexamethylene adipinamide. PA (PA6.66) is produced (or formed or manufactured) from ε-caprolactam and hexamethylenediamine / adipic acid. PA (PA6.12) produced (or formed or manufactured) from hexamethylenediamine and dodecanediic acid or polyhexamethylenedodecaneamide. PA (PA11) produced (or formed or manufactured) from 11-aminoundecanoic acid or polyundecanoamide. PA(PA12) produced (or formed or manufactured) from 12-laurin lactam or poly(ω-laurin lactam), A mixture of the above PAs, or A mixture of the above PA (single or multiple) and amorphous (or amorphous, irregular, or non-crystalline) PA, or A mixture of the above PA(s) (one or more) and other polymers. The common notation PAx,y is synonymous with PAx / y or PAxy.

[0049] Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is a fully saponified copolymer. Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is produced (or formed or manufactured) from ethene and vinyl acetate and has repeating units of [C2H4O] (molecular formula) and [C2H4] (molecular formula), and has the following structural formula.

[0050] [ka]

[0051] Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is a polymer that can be produced (or formed or manufactured) by the complete saponification (or sapification) (hydrolysis (or hydrolysis)) of polyvinyl acetate (PVAC). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) has repeating units of the molecular formula [C2H4O] and has the following structural formula.

[0052] [ka]

[0053] Adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter) (HV) An adhesion promoter (HV) may be provided as an intermediate layer in a film according to the present invention. The HV is an adhesive layer that ensures good composite adhesion between each layer. HV may be based on a basic material (or base material). HV is selected from the following group: PE, PP, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), and ionomers, or mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable adhesion promoters (or adhesion promoters or adhesion promoters) according to the present invention are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA). The purity of the adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) is >99%, preferably >99.9%. Unless otherwise stated (or defined) above, those skilled in the art will understand that the abbreviations (or abbreviated or shortened terms) used refer to the conventional definitions (or definitions) commonly used in the technical field of the present invention.

[0054] For the purposes of the present invention, the name of the material as a "layer component" means that the layers of the film according to the present invention comprise at least partially this material. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “layer component” may include this material. In particular, it may include the fact that the layer consists entirely or exclusively of this material.

[0055] For the purposes of the present invention, “inner layer” means a layer of the film whose surface faces or comes into contact with an article to be packaged (or packaged or packaged) when the film according to the present invention is used as intended or as part of a packaging material (or packaging material or packaging material). As a result, the inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) is the interface (or interface or boundary) of the film to the article to be packaged (or packaged or packaged) when the film is used as a packaging material (or packaging material or packaging material). Alternatively, the inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) represents the interface of the film to a further layer (or layer) or layer packaging (or layer packaging or layer packaging) when a further layer (or layer) or layer packaging (or layer packaging or layer packaging) can be laminated (or laminated or laminated) to the film according to the present invention during a further processing (or processing or process).

[0056] For the purposes of the present invention, “outer layer” means a layer (or layer of the film) that forms the outside of the surface of the film when the film according to the present invention is used as or as part thereof as a packaging material (or packaging material or packaging material) in accordance with its intended use (or use or use), and which does not come into direct contact with the article to be packaged (or packaged or packaged). Therefore, the outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) is the interface between the film and the external environment (or external environment). The outer layer and the inner layer are two layers that seal the film to the outside and are substantially opposite to each other.

[0057] For the purposes of the present invention, the "middle" or "intermediate" layer means a layer of the film that is positioned between the outer layer and the inner layer.

[0058] In the context of this application, all mass fractions (%), temperatures (°C), and durations (seconds) disclosed are considered to be specified and determined to one decimal place. For example, "50%" means "50.0%", "120°C" means "120.0°C", "2 seconds" means "2.0 seconds", and "1.5 seconds" means "1.5 seconds". Where not more precisely specified, for example, "0.05 seconds" means "0.05 seconds". [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0059] (Disclosure of the subject matter of the invention) The subject matter described in the claims and / or the detailed description below solves the above-mentioned problems (or objectives or objects).

[0060] Methods according to the present invention can be carried out or manufactured using a number of processing techniques (or manufacturing techniques or process techniques) known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, in particular, so-called triple-bubble processes, double-bubble processes (processes involving downstream thermal fixing (or thermal setting or heat curing or thermofix or thermofixation) or heat curing (or heat set or heat setting)), and tenter-frame processes (processes involving simultaneous biaxial stretching). In the heat-setting (or heat-setting, heat-curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation) process, the film is passed through an oven to be treated at a constant temperature (or heat). In most cases, this is done using a tenter-frame process, which utilizes hot air. Alternatively, the triple-bubble process uses infrared radiation or high-temperature steam to heat-set (or thermally fix, heat-cur, thermofix, or thermofixation) the film to reduce shrinkage (or shrinkage) caused by stretching. Alternatively, in a double-bubble process, downstream thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermosetting or thermofix or thermofixation) can be performed using tempering rollers (or tempering rollers) or a horizontal hot air oven (or horizontal hot air oven). Therefore, a film according to the present invention can be manufactured using such processing techniques (or processing techniques or process techniques) or other suitable processing techniques (or processing techniques or process techniques) known to those skilled in the art. Such processing techniques (or manufacturing techniques or process techniques) are known to those skilled in the art from relevant literature or practical research. For example, see the following textbooks (Savic, Z., Savic, I.). "Sausage Casings", Publisher: VICTUS Lebensmittelindustriebedarf Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, Vienna, 1st edition, June 2002, Chapter 7 (Especially subchapter 4.2, pages 244-301)

[0061] In particular, the methods and films according to the present invention can preferably be carried out or manufactured using a double-bubble process, especially a triple-bubble process. For this purpose, the applicant provides suitable equipment. The film may be co-extruded from the molten (or melted) portions of each resin, preferably with thermal separation of the individual layers. For example, this may be done using a nozzle blow head or die blow head set up by the applicant to produce a single-layer film or a composite film (two, three, or more layers). Co-extrusion is performed using the applicant's water-cooling system, followed by reheating and simultaneous biaxial stretching (or simultaneous biaxial stretching) in the machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). This is done by encapsulated and compressed air bubbles. Finally, in a further process (or step), the film is thermally fixed (or thermally set or thermoset or thermofixed or thermofixed) within a specified temperature range (or regime), and then relaxed (or relaxed or mitigated) as necessary. Relaxation (or relief) can be achieved in both directions (i.e., both machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD)). For the method according to the present invention, it is essential that relaxation (or easing) (if used) does not proceed equally in both directions (MD and TD directions). However, it is essential that the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) in the transverse direction (TD) is always greater than the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) in the machine direction (MD). Furthermore, relaxation (or relief) in only one direction (i.e., only the TD direction) is also possible.

[0062] The direction of relaxation (or mitigation) can always be chosen independently of each other. In the context of this invention, the quantitative expression of relaxation (or mitigation) is represented by a so-called relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor). This will be explained in more detail below.

[0063] Another method for producing a film according to the present invention is to stretch a flat film (or a planar film) that has been extruded (or co-extruded) according to a tenter-frame process known to those skilled in the art.

[0064] Furthermore, if the device disclosed in the same applicant's patent specification (DE 199 16 428 B4) is used for rapid cooling of thin thermoplastic tubes after extrusion molding, the film of the present invention can be advantageously obtained in the applicant's device or system for producing tubular food films (or tubular food films) (e.g., shrink films (or shrink films or shrinkage films) or shrink bags (or shrink bags or shrinkage bags)) for food packaging (or food packaging or food packaging) using a nozzle blow process. Furthermore, for this purpose, corresponding further developments may be considered in accordance with the patent application (DE 100 48 178 B4).

[0065] Here, the tubular film (or tubular film) produced from the plastic molten (or melted) in the nozzle blow head is subjected to concentrated cooling (or strong cooling). During this time, the amorphous (or amorphous, irregular, or non-crystalline) structure of the thermoplastic (or thermoplastic plastic) derived from the plastic molten (or melted) is maintained. In a nozzle blow head, a tubular film (or tubular film) extruded vertically from a molten plastic is first moved to a cooling device (or cooling device) for cooling without contact with the walls (or walls), as described in detail in the above publications (DE 199 16 428 B4 and DE 100 48 178 B4). To avoid repetition, all information regarding the method, operation, and design of this cooling device (also known as a calibration device or calibration device) is referenced in these documents (DE 199 16 428 B4 and DE 100 48 178 B4).

[0066] Next, the tubular film passes through the support of the cooling device. The film is supported as a result of the pressure difference between the interior of the tubular film and the coolant. This maintains the liquid state of the film between the film and the support. In this way, adhesion (or fixation) of the tubular film is avoided. The diameter of the support (or backing) affects the diameter of the tubular film (or tubular film). Therefore, this cooling device (or cooling device) of the same applicant is also called a calibration device (or calibration device or calibrating device).

[0067] Using the method according to the present invention, it becomes possible to manufacture single-layer or multi-layer films based on polypropylene (PP) in a first time (or initial or first time). Such films can meet the high requirements for food packaging materials (or packing materials or packing materials or packing materials). According to the present invention, it is essential that the film is based on PP. The film according to the present invention comprises polypropylene (such polypropylene is hereafter referred to as "first polypropylene (PP1)" and is configured as defined (or specified) above as "first polypropylene (PP1)"). In a film according to the present invention, the mass fraction (or mass fraction) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 30% (or greater than 30%, or less than 30%) to 100% based on the total mass (or total mass) of the film.

[0068] The manufactured film exhibits little to no shrinkage (or shrinking or shrinking). Shrinkage is 0-3%, preferably 0-2%, and particularly 0-1% in both the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD). Shrinkage is measured at 90°C according to ASTM D2732-14, as described above. Surprisingly, the inventors have found that the manufacturing method according to the present invention is stable and easy to operate, and when the stretch in the machine direction is greater than the stretch in the transverse direction during simultaneous biaxial stretching, the resulting film has satisfactory properties, particularly with respect to its mechanical properties. This is an inherent feature (or unique feature) of the method according to the present invention, because in simultaneous biaxial stretching (or simultaneous biaxial stretching), particularly in simultaneous biaxial stretching in double-bubble and triple-bubble processes, the stretch in the machine direction is conventionally always set to be smaller than the stretch in the transverse direction.

[0069] Furthermore, the inventors have surprisingly established, contrary to all predictions in the art, that the following relationships apply to the methods according to the present invention. At the stretching temperature (or stretch temperature or stretching temperature) provided according to the present invention, as the stretching (or stretching or stretching) of the film according to the present invention increases, the shrinkage (or shrink or shrinkage) of the film decreases, the haze of the film decreases (the clarity (or transparency or clarity) increases), and the film becomes harder. Therefore, the method according to the present invention makes it possible to achieve less shrinkage (or shrinking or shrinking) of the film. Alternatively, it is possible to completely eliminate (or remove) it by selecting a high stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) in both directions. However, the stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) should not exceed 8.0 in the machine direction, preferably not exceeding 7.5. Furthermore, it should not exceed 7.0 in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction), preferably not exceeding 6.5. Otherwise, the stability of the stretching process (or stretching process or stretching process or stretching treatment or stretching step), and consequently the stability of the method for manufacturing the film, can no longer be guaranteed.

[0070] Further discoveries by the inventors are as follows: In the method according to the present invention, a longer residence time (or dwell time) during the heat setting (or heat setting (or heat setting or heat setting or heat setting or thermofixing) = the period (or duration) of setting (or setting or curing or fixing or fixing) at the setting temperature (or setting temperature or curing temperature or fixing temperature or fixing temperature) specified according to the present invention) of the film results in a more transparent film. Furthermore, it was observed that higher temperatures during thermal fixing (or thermal bonding, thermosetting, thermofixing, or thermofixation) resulted in films that were more transparent or had less haze.

[0071] Furthermore, during the development of the method according to the present invention, it was surprisingly discovered that higher temperatures during thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermosetting or thermofix or thermofixation) result in clearer (or transparent) films, and films with higher stiffness (or rigidity) and higher mechanical stability (or mechanical stability or mechanical stability). Furthermore, less relaxation (or easing) during thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofixing or thermofixation) results in a clearer (or transparent) film and a film with higher rigidity (or stiffness). This is likely because stronger (or wider) stretching results in higher crystallinity, and therefore a more transparent film. Furthermore, this involves less shrinkage (or shrinking or shrinking) of the film. In the method according to the present invention, if relaxation (or mitigation) is completely eliminated, the resulting film becomes even clearer (or transparent) in the sense of having higher transparency (or clarity).

[0072] Overall, the inventors of the present invention recognize that an increase in the stretch factor (or extension factor or stretch factor) during stretching (or stretching) combined with a greater stretch factor (or extension factor or stretch factor) in the machine direction than in the transverse direction, a higher temperature during heat setting (or heat fixing or thermosetting or thermofix or thermofixation), and a lower relax factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (or no relaxation or relaxation) will result in a film according to the present invention having high transparency (or transparency) or high clarity (or clarity or transparency), high stiffness (or stiffness) and small shrinkage (or shrinkage or shrinkage). The inventors believe that the reason for such remarkable achievements of improved properties lies in the higher crystallinity of the main component (i.e., the first polypropylene (PP1)) of the film according to the present invention compared to conventional methods or conventional films. In a film according to the present invention, the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or transverse direction or transverse direction) (TD) is... TD Preferably, the value is greater than 2.8 and less than 4.4. More preferably, it is greater than 3.6 and less than 4.4. In particular, it is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4. Furthermore, the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film. MD Preferably, the value is greater than 3.6 and less than 5.4. More preferably, it is greater than 4.1 and less than 5.4. In particular, it is greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4. RV TD and RV MD The above range is particularly suitable when the film according to the present invention comprises a first polypropylene (PP1) and its thermal deflection temperature is greater than 85°C. In a film according to the present invention, if the film contains a first polypropylene (PP1) and its thermal deflection temperature is higher than 75°C and 85°C or less, the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the film is... TD Preferably, the value is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0. More preferably, it is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0. In particular, it is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. Furthermore, the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film. MD(The film is a first polypropylene (PP1) whose thermal deflection temperature is greater than 75°C and 85°C or less) is preferably greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0. More preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0. In particular, it is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. However, in any case, the film according to the present invention has a residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film. MD Preferably, the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) is the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) in the transverse direction (or transverse direction or transverse direction) (TD) of the film. TD It is larger than ).

[0073] Furthermore, surprisingly, the inventors have established the following relationships (or correlations) relating to the methods and films according to the present invention.

[0074] • In simultaneous biaxial stretching, a greater stretch factor or degree of stretch results in a film with less shrinkage (or shrinking or shrinkage).

[0075] • In simultaneous biaxial stretching, increasing the stretch factor or degree of stretch results in a film with lower haze and greater clarity (or transparency) or transparency (or translucency).

[0076] • When each stretch factor or degree of stretching in simultaneous biaxial stretching is increased, a film with higher stiffness (or rigidity) can be obtained.

[0077] • Higher temperatures during the heat setting (or heat fixing or heat curing or thermofix or thermofixation) of the film result in a film with greater clarity (or transparency or clarity) or transparency (or transparency) and greater stability (or stability).

[0078] • A longer period (or duration) for the heat setting (or heat fixing, or heat curing, or thermofixing or thermofixation) of the film results in a film with greater clarity (or transparency or clarity) or transparency (or transparency) and greater stability (or stability).

[0079] • A smaller relaxation factor (or relaxation factor) during thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) results in a film with greater clarity (or transparency or clarity) or transparency (or transparency).

[0080] • A smaller relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) during thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) results in a film with higher stiffness.

[0081] The method according to the present invention completely eliminates the step of laminating (or laminating or coating) or extrusion coating (or extrusion coating) a film or individual layers or layer packaging (or layer package or layer package). On the other hand, this eliminates an additional step (or process) in the method. Therefore, the method according to the present invention is simplified in relation to the implementation of this method and the necessary equipment (or apparatus or device). On the other hand, the resulting film is mechanically more stable because the lamination interface (or lamination interface or lamination interface) of a laminated film always represents a mechanically weak point. This increases the possibility (or risk) of delamination (or peeling) of one or more film layers. Since the film according to the present invention is extruded or co-extruded in one step, the resulting film can be up to 50% thinner than a film produced by extruding layers separately and then continuously laminating (or stacking) multiple such separately extruded layers (which has a thickness of, for example, 40-60 μm). Furthermore, this is due to the fact that, by the method according to the present invention, PP (=PP1) can be used as a relatively high-density layer component in the production of a film according to the present invention. In any case, a film according to the present invention that is up to 50% thinner (for example, having a thickness of 20-30 μm) requires less corresponding material and therefore less energy compared to a control film having a similar layered structure produced by lamination (or bonding or lamination).

[0082] However, it is not excluded that a film according to the present invention may be laminated (or laminated) in another process (or step) (a process (or step) using one or more other layers) for producing (or forming) an immediately usable film (or ready-to-use film).

[0083] Another essential aspect of the method according to the present invention is that, after extrusion, the film is cooled very rapidly to a temperature of 20°C or less. As a result, thermal energy is removed from the film substantially immediately after its formation by extrusion or co-extrusion. This inhibits the crystallization of polymer molecules, or at least inhibits (or prevents) the progression (or progress or progression) of crystallization (or crystallization). Therefore, it is also important to heat the film to the stretching temperature in the few seconds prior to stretching, and preferably to stretch it immediately after reaching the stretching temperature (i.e., preferably without any time delay). Furthermore, in this context, the above is advantageous if the film is cooled to a temperature below 50°C as quickly as possible after stretching. However, it is not absolutely essential.

[0084] According to the present invention, crystallization of PP1 is suppressed (or prevented) as much as possible by, for example, limiting the period of time during which the film is exposed to high temperatures before or during stretching. Technically, this is ensured by drastically shortening the heating and cooling times, and by minimizing the period (or phase) during which the film is exposed to high temperatures (e.g., the period (or phase) from reaching the stretching temperature (or stretch temperature) to the start of stretching (or stretching)). Therefore, prior to stretching, the film according to the present invention must be heated from the temperature at which the film cools after extrusion to the stretching temperature for a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, and particularly 2 to 9 seconds. In other words, heating must proceed over a distance of approximately 5 to 50 cm at the normal speed (or running speed) at which the film is moving. Based on the current state of development, such heating cannot be technically achieved within a timeframe of less than one second. On the other hand, if heating takes a very long time (especially longer than 18 seconds), crystallization of the polyolefin material may begin or may progress considerably. Furthermore, the purpose of exposing the film to high temperatures, and therefore to a thermal load that may (or poses a risk) of crystallization (or crystallization) for as short a time as possible, also serves to measure the cooling of the film immediately after extrusion (or extrusion), as provided according to the present invention.

[0085] In the method according to the present invention, it is fundamentally important that the film does not crystallize (or crystallize) before stretching (or drawing), or that the film does not crystallize (or crystallize) too strongly. On the other hand, if the film crystallizes after stretching, this is generally not a problem. In fact, it may even be desirable, as long as it is advantageous. At most, bubbles trapped by the film during stretching can cause the film to burst, thus potentially leading to an unstable process (this is especially true for triple-bubble and double-bubble processes).

[0086] To avoid crystallization of the polyolefin material (or polyolefin material) of the film, the method according to the present invention can therefore also allow the film to be cooled very rapidly to a temperature of less than 50°C after stretching and before heat setting (or thermal fixing or thermosetting or thermofix or thermofixation). Depending on the processing technology used, this cooling step may be essential, for example, in a triple-bubble or double-bubble process. Alternatively, it may be optional, for example, in a tenter-frame process. For example, the inventors found that when manufacturing a film according to the present invention using a triple-bubble process, it is essential to cool the film to below 50°C, preferably below 40°C, and more preferably below 30°C after stretching. Otherwise, the manufacturing method is unstable.

[0087] Furthermore, compliance with the temperature range provided for thermal fixation (or thermal setting or thermosetting or thermofixing or thermofixation) according to the present invention is essential. For example, the inventor discovered the following: When a film is heat-fixed (or thermally set, thermoset, thermofix, or thermofixation) at temperatures below 60°C (the temperature is measured on the surface of the film), depending on the polymer material used, the film will become excessively cloudy even at temperatures below 100°C. Therefore, it cannot be used in its most intended application (or use). In particular, it cannot be used as a food film. On the other hand, if the film temperature exceeds 200°C during thermal setting (or thermal bonding, thermal curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation), the film may suffer thermal damage (for example, it may burst). In contrast, a very transparent film with good stability is provided by a temperature window (or window) provided according to the present invention, particularly a temperature window (or window) greater than 60°C and less than 200°C, preferably greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, and especially greater than 100°C and less than 160°C. In particular, such a temperature window is applied when the thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) contained in the film according to the present invention is higher than 95°C. Furthermore, if the film according to the present invention contains a second polyethylene (PE2) in its inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) or if the inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) is made of the second polyethylene (PE2), the same temperature window (or window) is also suitably applied.

[0088] On the other hand, if the thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) contained in the film according to the present invention is higher than 85°C and 95°C or lower, the temperature of the film (the temperature measured on the surface of the film) during thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) is preferably higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C. On the other hand, if the thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) contained in the film according to the present invention is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower, the temperature of the film (the temperature measured on the surface of the film) during thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) is preferably higher than 60°C and lower than 160°C.

[0089] A particular advantage of the film according to the present invention is that it is recyclable (or reusable). The film according to the present invention is preferably flat or tubular.

[0090] In a film according to the present invention, EVOH may serve (or act) as a layer component (or layer component) for good barrier against oxygen and other gases. Additionally, PVOH may be provided as a layer component (or layer component) of a film according to the present invention, either as an addition or as an alternative. According to the present invention, PVOH is more sensitive to heat. Therefore, it may be treated only at a maximum temperature of about 190°C. And it is also more expensive. However, PVOH provides an even better gas barrier than EVOH. Furthermore, PVOH is easy to process (or manufacture) together with polyethylene or polypropylene. Therefore, it can be very well combined with the PE and PP materials that are processed (or manufactured) in this application.

[0091] According to the present invention, it is preferable that the inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) of the film according to the present invention is a polyolefin seal layer (or sealing layer or airtight layer). Such a polyolefin seal layer (or sealing layer or airtight layer) is preferably made of polypropylene (PP) (particularly second polypropylene (PP2) or third polypropylene (PP3)) or is made of polypropylene (PP) (particularly second polypropylene (PP2) or third polypropylene (PP3)).

[0092] According to the present invention, one or more intermediate layers (or intermediate layers) of the film according to the present invention preferably consist of a polyolefin polymer (preferably polypropylene (PP), particularly third polypropylene (PP3)) or a polyolefin polymer (preferably polypropylene (PP), particularly third polypropylene (PP3)).

[0093] Alternatively, the following film may be provided in accordance with the present invention. This film, in accordance with the present invention, comprises an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer). The outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) is made of a first polypropylene (PP1). The inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer) is made of second polyethylene (PE2) or third polyethylene (PE3) instead of polypropylene (for example, instead of second polypropylene (PP2)). This type of structure (constellation) improves the sealing properties (or sealing ability or sealability) of the film compared to, for example, a film made solely of PP. This is because the inner layer's second polyethylene (PE2) has a lower melting temperature compared to PP (e.g., PE2 (55~75°C) vs. PP2 (>75~105°C)). This improves the overall meltability of the film, while maintaining its good heat resistance. This is caused or supported by the outer layer of PP1. Furthermore, with this configuration (constellation), the difference in melting temperature between the outer layer (or outer layer) and the inner layer (or inner layer) increases compared to a film in which the outer layer (or outer layer) and the inner layer (or inner layer) are each made of a single sheet of polypropylene. This improves the overall processability (or processability or processability) of the film at higher temperatures. This means that higher cycle rates (or cycle speeds or cycle rates) can be achieved in the film manufacturing method.

[0094] (Preferred embodiment of a film according to the present invention) Several exemplary embodiments of the film according to the present invention are outlined below. These embodiments are suitable for immediate use (ready to use or RTU) or for lamination to additional layers. When only one material is specified for a layer, this means that the layer is composed of that specific material. The structure of each layer is shown below (the layer sequence from left to right in the rows represents the outer layer to the inner layer).

[0095] • Single-layer film (or single-layer film or single-layer film or single-layer film): Made from PP1 • Single-layer film (or single-layer film or single-layer film or single-layer film): Made from >65% by mass of PP1 + <35% by mass of PP2 or PP3 (for example, made from 75% by mass of PP1 + 25% by mass of PP2; or made from 70% by mass of PP1 + 20% by mass of PP2 + 10% by mass of PP3)

[0096] • Two-layer film: PP1 / PP1 • Two-layer film (or double-layer film): PP1 / PP2 • Two-layer film (or double-layer film): PP3 / PP1

[0097] • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP2 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP3 • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 3-layer film (or three-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PE2

[0098] • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP2 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 4-layer film (or four-layer film): PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2

[0099] • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PE2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PE2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP2 • 5-layer film (or five-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3

[0100] • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP2 / / PE2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP2 / / PE2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PE2 • 6-layer film (or six-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PE2

[0101] • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 • 7-layer film (or seven-layer film): PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2

[0102] • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 / / PE2 • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 • 8-layer film (or eight-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 / / PE2

[0103] • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP2 / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP2 / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 / / PE2 • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 9-layer film (or nine-layer film): PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 / / PE2

[0104] Descriptions and abbreviations for preferred embodiments described above

[0105] • " / / " symbolizes the boundaries between layers. For example, "A / / B / / C" means a multilayer film with a total of three layers. Of these, the outer layer consists of component A. The intermediate layer consists of component B. And the inner layer consists of component C.

[0106] • The same reference numeral corresponds to the same polymer component (or polymer component) in the claims.

[0107] All embodiments (or embodiments) described herein can be manufactured using triple-bubble technology (or triple-bubble technology) by a method according to the present invention.

[0108] All embodiments of the films according to the invention described herein are at least limited by at least one claim of an object (or product). In particular, all embodiments (or embodiments) are films that are extruded, simultaneously biaxially stretched (or biaxially stretched), and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed) (or made by heat-fixing).

[0109] • PE1 = First polyethylene (PE1) (=HDPE) (as explained above) • PE2 = Secondary polyethylene (PE2) (as explained above), sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight) • PE3 = Third type of polyethylene (PE3) (as explained above) • PP1 = First-grade polypropylene (PP1) (as explained above) • PP2 = Secondary polypropylene (PP2) (as explained above), sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight) • PP3 = Third-generation polypropylene (PP3) (as explained above) • PM2 = Second polymer (PM2) (as described above), preferably second polyolefin (PO2) (as described above), sealable (or sealable or sealable or sealable) • PM3 = Third polymer (PM3) (as explained above), preferably third polyolefin (PO3) (as explained above) • EVOH = Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) (as explained above) • PVOH = Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) (as explained above) • HV = Adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) (HV) (as explained above) [Examples]

[0110] The following lists preferred embodiments of the method according to the present invention.

[0111] Embodiment 1 (V1) (V1) Method for manufacturing single-layer or multi-layer films The method includes at least the following steps: A process (or step) of extruding one layer or co-extruding multiple layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film. A process (or step) of simultaneously biaxially stretching (or simultaneously biaxially stretching) the extruded film described above. The process (or step) of heat-fixing (or heat-setting, heat-curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation) the simultaneously biaxially stretched (or co-biaxially stretched) film described above. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly preferably greater than 90%, of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and particularly preferably higher than 95°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). After extrusion molding, the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) of less than 20°C, particularly preferably less than 15°C, for a period of 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, particularly preferably 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) or longitudinal direction (or longitudinal axis direction) MD ) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, particularly preferably greater than 7.0, and less than 8.0. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the transverse direction (TD) or transverse direction (or lateral direction) TD ) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, particularly preferably greater than 6.0, and less than 7.0. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) (V MD ) is the stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD). TD It is larger than ). During stretching, the film has a second temperature (T2) that is higher than 130°C and lower than 170°C, particularly preferably higher than 140°C and lower than 160°C. Prior to stretching, the film is heated from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) for a period of 1.0 to 12 seconds, particularly preferably 2 to 9 seconds. The period (Δt) (=t2-t1) between the first time point (t1) and the second time point (t2) is 0.1 to 3 seconds, and particularly preferably 0.3 to 1.5 seconds. At a first time point (t1), the film reaches a second temperature (T2). At the second time point (t2), the stretching of the film begins. During thermal setting (or thermal fixing, thermal curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation), the film has a third temperature (T3) that is higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C, and particularly preferably higher than 100°C and lower than 160°C. The residence time (or dwell time) (= period (or duration) of the heat-setting (or thermal fixing) of the film) is longer than 1 second and shorter than 45 seconds, and particularly preferably longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds. During such a residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0112] Embodiment 2 (V2) (V2) How to follow (V1) The method further includes relaxing (or easing or easing) the film during the thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermal curing or thermofixing or thermofixation) of the film. The machine direction (MD) of the above film is the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R MD ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, and particularly preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03. The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) of the above film in the transverse direction (or crossing direction or transverse direction) (TD) TD ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, more preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05. The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) of the above film in the transverse direction (or crossing direction or transverse direction) (TD) TD ) is the machine direction (MD) of the above film's relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R MD It is larger than ). During relaxation (or easing or easing), the film has a third temperature (T3). The relaxation (or relaxation or easing) period (or duration) of the above film is preferably longer than 5 seconds, more preferably longer than 10 seconds, and shorter than 30 seconds. During such a period, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0113] Embodiment 3 (V3) (V3) How to follow (V1) or (V2) The method further includes cooling the film after stretching and before heat fixing (or thermal setting, heat curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation). After stretching, the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) of less than 40°C, particularly preferably less than 30°C, for a period of 0.01 to 0.5 seconds, particularly preferably 0.07 to 0.3 seconds.

[0114] Embodiment 4 (V4) (V4) How to follow (V1), (V2), or (V3) The above film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0115] Embodiment 5 (V5) (V5) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), or (V4) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and its mass fraction is less than 5% based on the total mass of the above film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, which is made of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH).

[0116] Embodiment 6 (V6) (V6) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), or (V5) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and its mass fraction is less than 5% of the total mass of the film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, which is made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0117] Embodiment 7 (V7) (V7) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), or (V6) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has (or includes) an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer). Such an outer layer is made of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the second polypropylene (PP2) is lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. Such outer layers do not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0118] Embodiment 8 (V8) (V8) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), or (V7) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has (or includes) an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer). Such an inner layer consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the second polypropylene (PP2) is lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such densities are measured according to ASTM D648-18. Such inner layers do not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0119] Embodiment 9 (V9) (V9) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7), or (V8) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer. Such a layer comprises a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2), or a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2) It consists of [this]. The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably less than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0120] Embodiment 10 (V10) (V10) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7), (V8), or (V9) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2), or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[0121] Embodiment 11 (V11) (V11) How to follow (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7), (V8), (V9), or (V10) The method does not include a step of laminating (or bonding or laminating) or extrusion coating (or extrusion coating) the above-mentioned film or its components, particularly preferably multiple layers of the above-mentioned film. And / or, the above film is a multilayer film. The co-extrusion of the multilayer film is performed in one step.

[0122] The following lists preferred embodiments (or embodiments) of the film according to the present invention. The film is preferably manufactured using a method according to the present invention, particularly using one of the above methods (V1) to (V11).

[0123] Embodiment 1 (F1) (F1) A single-layer or multi-layer extruded (or extruded) and simultaneously biaxially stretched (or simultaneously biaxially stretched) and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed) (or a film made by heat-fixing), preferably a film manufactured by a method according to the present invention or by a method according to one of the embodiments (or embodiments) (V1) to (V11). The film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and particularly preferably higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly preferably greater than 90%, of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0124] Embodiment 2 (F2) (F2) (F1) Film The above film is not laminated (or laminated or laminated).

[0125] Embodiment 3 (F3) (F3) A film according to (F1) or (F2) The film is relaxed. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film MD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0. Preferably, it is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD) of the film TD ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0. Preferably, it is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film MD ) is greater than the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD) of the film TD ). Alternatively, The film is relaxed. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV) in the machine direction (MD) of the film MD) is greater than 5.0 and still less than 7.0. And the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film is greater than 4.0 and still less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. Or, The film is relaxed. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than 6.0 and still less than 7.0. And the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film is greater than 5.0 and still less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RVTD It is larger than ).

[0126] Embodiment 4 (F4) (F4) Film according to (F1), (F2), or (F3) The above film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0127] Embodiment 5 (F5) (F5) Films conforming to (F1), (F2), (F3), or (F4) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and its mass fraction is less than 5% of the total mass of the film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH).

[0128] Embodiment 6 (F6) (F6) Films conforming to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), or (F5) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and its mass fraction is less than 5% of the total mass of the film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, which is made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0129] Embodiment 7 (F7) (F7) Films conforming to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), or (F6) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has (or includes) an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer). Such an outer layer consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the second polypropylene (PP2) is lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The outer layer described above does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0130] Embodiment 8 (F8) (F8) Films conforming to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6), or (F7) The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has (or comprises) an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer). Such an inner layer comprises a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2), or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The inner layer described above does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0131] Embodiment 9 (F9) (F9) Films conforming to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6), (F7), or (F8). The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2), or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is less than 0.940 g / cm 3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm 3 Such density is measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP), and its heat deflection temperature is lower than 65°C, particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such heat deflection temperature is measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises at least one layer, and such layer comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The heat deflection temperature of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, and such layer comprises or consists of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0132] Embodiment 10 (F10) (F10) A film according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6), (F7), (F8) or (F9) The above film is a multilayer film (or multi-layer). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2), or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than that, 0.870 g / cm³ 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 65°C, and particularly preferably lower than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[0133] Embodiment 11 (F11) (F11) Film according to (F1), (F2), or (F3) The above film consists of a single layer (or one layer or single layer or single layer), and such layer is made of a first polypropylene (PP1). Alternatively, the above film consists of multiple layers, preferably two, three, four, or five layers, each of which is made of a first polypropylene (PP1).

[0134] The following lists preferred embodiments (or embodiments) of uses (or applications or uses) according to the present invention.

[0135] Embodiment (U1) (U1) Applications (or uses) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for single-layer or multi-layer extruded (or extruded) and simultaneously biaxially stretched (or simultaneously biaxially stretched) and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed) (or heat-fixed) films, preferably applications (or uses) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for films according to the present invention or films according to one of the above embodiments (or embodiments) (F1) to (F11), or applications (or uses) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for manufacturing these films. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly preferably greater than 90%, of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and particularly preferably higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0136] Embodiment 2 (U2) (U2) Use (or application or use) in accordance with (U1) The above film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2). The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0137] Embodiment 3 (U3) (U3) An application (or use or use) of a film according to one of the embodiments (F1) to (F11) described above, which is an application (or use or use) of a film as a ready-to-use (or ready-to-use) packaging material (or pack material or packing material) for food, or an application (or use or use) of a film for manufacturing a ready-to-use (or ready-to-use) packaging material (or pack material or packing material) for food, which is an application (or use or use) which is a process or step of laminating (or laminating or laminating) an additional polymer layer or an additional or multiple polymer layers or a package (or packaging) of multiple polymer layers.

[0138] The disclosure of the present invention expressly includes, in the sense of particularly preferred embodiments (or embodiments) of the invention as a whole, any selection of features (or features) described as “particularly” or “particularly preferred” in the claims or detailed description.

[0139] Furthermore, the disclosure of the present invention explicitly includes, in the sense of a preferred embodiment (or embodiment) of the invention as a whole, any selection of features (or features) described as “preferred” in the claims or detailed description.

[0140] The disclosure of the present invention further expressly includes, in the sense of particularly preferred embodiments (or embodiments) of the invention as a whole, any selection of features (or features) described as “particularly preferred” in the embodiments (or embodiments) described above or below.

[0141] Furthermore, the disclosure of the present invention explicitly includes, in the sense of preferred embodiments (or embodiments) of the invention as a whole, any selection of the features (or features) described as "preferred" in the embodiments (or embodiments) described above or below.

[0142] (Further disclosure of the present invention) In the context of the present invention, the term "manufactured according to this method" is synonymous with "can be manufactured according to this method" and may be interchangeable.

[0143] The subject matter of an independent claim of a method may be limited by any of the following features, or by any selection of the following features (including all of them):

[0144] The first polypropylene (PP1) contains a mass fraction (or mass fraction) greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the film.

[0145] The residence time (or dwell time) (= period (or duration) of the heat-fixing of the film) during thermal setting (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofixing) is longer than 1.5 seconds and shorter than 50 seconds, preferably longer than 2 seconds and shorter than 40 seconds, particularly longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds. During such a residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0146] The subject matter of an independent claim for an item (or product) is characterized by the following features: The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. This may be further limited (or restricted) by...

[0147] Within the scope of the present invention, and particularly in claim 2, the following features: After extrusion (or molding), the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) of less than 20°C, preferably less than 15°C, and particularly less than 10°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. It has the following characteristics (or features): After extrusion, the film is cooled at a cooling rate (or cooling speed or cooling rate) of 240 to 24,000°C / second, preferably 800 to 3,500°C / second. It may be replaced or supplemented by.

[0148] Within the scope of the present invention, and particularly in claim 2, the following features: • Before stretching, heat the film from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) for a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, and particularly 2 to 9 seconds. It has the following characteristics (or features): • Heat the film from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) at a heating rate (or heating speed, heating rate, or heating rate) of 5 to 170°C / second, preferably 10 to 85°C / second. It may be replaced or supplemented by.

[0149] Within the scope of the present invention, and particularly in claim 6, the following features: After stretching, the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) of less than 50°C, preferably less than 40°C, and particularly less than 30°C for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. It has the following characteristics (or features): After stretching, the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) of less than 50°C, preferably less than 40°C, and particularly less than 30°C, at a cooling rate (or cooling speed or cooling rate) of 100 to 10,000°C / second. It may be replaced or supplemented by...

[0150] (Further disclosure of the present invention) In the following sections (or items) 1 to 53, the subject matter (or subject matter) belonging to the present invention and the subject matter (or subject matter) encompassed by the present invention will be described (or defined or specified).

[0151] 1 A method for producing a single-layer or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: A step of extruding one layer or co-extruding multiple layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film. A process (or step) of simultaneously biaxially stretching (or simultaneously biaxially stretching) the extruded film described above. A process (or step) of heat-fixing (or heat-setting, heat-curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation) a film that has been simultaneously biaxially stretched (or a simultaneously biaxially stretched film). The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) (V MD ) is the stretch factor (or extension factor or stretch factor) in the transverse direction (or transverse direction or lateral direction) (TD) (V TD It is larger than ). During stretching, the second temperature (T2) of the film is greater than 120°C and less than 180°C, preferably greater than 130°C and less than 170°C, and particularly greater than 140°C and less than 160°C. During thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation), the third temperature (T3) of the film is higher than 60°C and lower than 200°C, preferably higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C, particularly higher than 100°C and lower than 160°C.

[0152] 2 A method for producing a single-layer or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: A process (or step) of extruding one layer or co-extruding multiple layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film. A process (or step) of simultaneously biaxially stretching (or simultaneously biaxially stretching) the extruded film (or extruded film) described above. A process (or step) of heat-fixing (or heat-setting, heat-curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation) the simultaneously biaxially stretched film (or simultaneously biaxially stretched film) described above. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). After extrusion (or molding), the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) of less than 20°C, preferably less than 15°C, and particularly less than 10°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) (V MD ) is the stretch factor (or extension factor or stretch factor) in the transverse direction (or transverse direction or lateral direction) (TD) (V TD It is higher than ). During stretching, the second temperature (T2) of the film is higher than 120°C and lower than 180°C, preferably higher than 130°C and lower than 170°C, particularly higher than 140°C and lower than 160°C. Prior to stretching (or stretching), the film is heated from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) for a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, and particularly 2 to 9 seconds. The period (Δt) (=t2-t1) between the first time point (t1) and the second time point (t2) is 0.05 to 6 seconds, preferably 0.1 to 3 seconds, and particularly 0.3 to 1.5 seconds. At a first time point (t1), the film reaches a second temperature (T2). At a second time point (t2), the stretching of the film begins. During thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation), the third temperature (T3) of the film is higher than 60°C and lower than 200°C, preferably higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C, particularly higher than 100°C and lower than 160°C. The residence time (or dwell time) (= period of heat setting of the film) during thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) is longer than 1 second and shorter than 60 seconds, preferably longer than 2 seconds and shorter than 45 seconds, particularly longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds. During such a residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0153] 3 A method for producing a single-layer or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: A step of extruding one layer or co-extruding multiple layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film. A process (or step) of simultaneously biaxially stretching (or simultaneously biaxially stretching) the extruded film described above. The above process (or step) of heat-fixing (or heat-setting, heat-curing, thermofixing, or thermofixation) the simultaneously biaxially stretched film (or biaxially stretched film). The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), the mass fraction (or mass fraction) thereof being greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). After extrusion (or molding), the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) of less than 20°C, preferably less than 15°C, and particularly less than 10°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) or longitudinal direction (or longitudinal axis direction) MD ) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, particularly greater than 7.0, and less than 8.0. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) TD ) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, particularly greater than 6.0, and less than 7.0. The stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) of the above film in the machine direction (MD) (V MD) is the stretch factor (or elongation factor or stretch factor) (V) of the above film in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD). TD It is larger than ). During stretching, the second temperature (T2) of the film is greater than 120°C and less than 180°C, preferably greater than 130°C and less than 170°C, and particularly greater than 140°C and less than 160°C. Prior to stretching (or stretching), the film is heated from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) for a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, and particularly 2 to 9 seconds. The period (Δt) (=t2-t1) between the first time point (t1) and the second time point (t2) is 0.05 to 3 seconds, preferably 0.1 to 3 seconds, and particularly 0.3 to 1.5 seconds. At a first time point (t1), the film reaches a second temperature (T2). At a second time point (t2), the stretching of the film begins. The third temperature (T3) of the film during heat setting (or heat fixing or heat curing or thermofix or thermofixation) is higher than 60°C and lower than 200°C, preferably higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C, particularly higher than 100°C and lower than 160°C. The residence time (or dwell time) (= period of heat setting of the film) during thermal setting (or thermal fixing or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) is longer than 2 seconds and shorter than 60 seconds, preferably longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 45 seconds, particularly longer than 4 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds. During such a residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0154] 4 A method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 3, the method further comprising relaxing (or easing or easing) the film during the thermal fixing (or thermal setting or thermal curing or thermofix or thermofixation) of the film (or process or step). The machine direction (MD) of the above film is the relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R MD ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, and particularly greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03. The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) of the above film in the transverse direction (or crossing direction or transverse direction) (TD) TD ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, and particularly greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05. The relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R) of the above film in the transverse direction (or crossing direction or transverse direction) (TD) TD ) is the machine direction (MD) of the above film's relaxation factor (or relaxation factor or relaxation factor or relaxation factor) (R MD It is larger than ).

[0155] 5 The method described in paragraph 4, wherein during relaxation (or relaxation or easing), the film has a third temperature (T3). The relaxation (or relaxation or easing) period (or duration) of the above film is longer than 2 seconds, preferably longer than 3 seconds, particularly longer than 4 seconds, and shorter than 45 seconds, preferably shorter than 30 seconds. During such a period, the film has a third temperature (T3).

[0156] 6 A method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, the method further comprising cooling the film after stretching and before heat fixing. After stretching, the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) of less than 50°C, preferably less than 40°C, and especially less than 30°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and particularly 0.07 to 0.3 seconds.

[0157] 7 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 6, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer. Such a layer comprises or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2). The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0158] 8 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer. Such a layer comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 75°C, preferably lower than 65°C, and particularly lower than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18.

[0159] 9 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 8, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer. Such a layer comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[0160] 10 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 9, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is 5% or less, preferably less than 5%, based on the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film comprises at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer). The above at least one intermediate layer comprises or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). The above-mentioned intermediate layer comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Preferably, at least one of the above-mentioned intermediate layers comprises or is composed of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and is surrounded (or sandwiched) from both sides by a plurality of layers. Each of such layers comprises an adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) (HV).

[0161] 11 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 10, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is 5% or less, preferably less than 5%, relative to the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer). The at least one intermediate layer comprises or consists of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The above-mentioned at least one intermediate layer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Preferably, the at least one intermediate layer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or is made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and is surrounded (or sandwiched) on both sides by multiple layers. Each of these layers comprises an adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) (HV).

[0162] 12 The method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 9, wherein the film does not contain either ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0163] 13 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 9, The above film comprises an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer). The outer layer described above does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The inner layer described above does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0164] 14 The method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 13, wherein the film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0165] 15 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 14, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a second polyethylene (PE2).

[0166] 16 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 15, The above film is a multilayer film (or multilayer layer). The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a second polypropylene (PP2). Alternatively, the film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a third polypropylene (PP3). Alternatively, the film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1), at least one layer made of a second polypropylene (PP2), and at least one layer made of a third polypropylene (PP3).

[0167] 17 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 16, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0168] 18 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 17, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0169] 19 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 18, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0170] 20 The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0171] twenty one The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 20, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0172] twenty two The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 21, The method does not include any step of laminating (or bonding or laminating) or extrusion coating (or extrusion coating) of the film or components thereof, particularly of multiple layers of the film. And / or, the above film is a multilayer film (or multi-layer film), and the co-extrusion (or co-extrusion) of the above multilayer film (or multi-layer film) is performed in one step (or single step).

[0173] twenty three The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 22, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film has at least an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and / or an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer), preferably an inner layer. Such a layer comprises a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2), or consists of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2). The second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable (or sealable or sealable or sealable), and in particular heat-sealable (or heat-sealable or heat-sealable or heat-sealable), and preferably comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof, or comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof.

[0174] twenty four The method described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 23, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and / or an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer), preferably an outer layer. Such a layer comprises a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3), or consists of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3). The third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is preferably not sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight), and more preferably not heat-sealable (or heat-sealable or heat-sealable or heat-sealable). The third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), has a seal temperature (or sealing temperature or airtight temperature), in particular. Such a seal temperature is higher than that of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), and preferably comprises polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or a mixture thereof, or consists of polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or a mixture thereof.

[0175] twenty five A single-layer or multi-layer film which is extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed), preferably a film produced by the method described in any one of items 1 to 24, The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, and particularly greater than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), the mass fraction (or mass fraction) thereof being greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0176] 26 A single-layer or multi-layer film which is extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed), preferably a film produced by the method described in any one of items 1 to 24, The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90%, relative to the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0177] 27 The film according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the above film is not laminated (or laminated or laminated).

[0178] 28 The film according to claim 25 or 26, the above film is relaxed (or relaxed or relaxed), the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the above film is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, particularly greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (TD) of the above film is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD) of the film. Alternatively, the film is relaxed (or relaxation or relaxation), and the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0. the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD) of the film is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0. the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV TD ) in the transverse direction (or cross direction or lateral direction) (TD) of the film. Alternatively, the film is relaxed (or relaxation or relaxation), and the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or residual stretch factor) (RV MD ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ).

[0179] 29 A film in accordance with paragraph 25 or 26, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, preferably greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, and particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4, preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, and particularly greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ).

[0180] 30 A film as described in paragraph 25 or 26, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and particularly greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, and particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or transverse direction or lateral direction). TD It is larger than ). or, The above film is relaxed (or soothed or eased), The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. The residual stretch factor (or rigid stretch factor) (RV) of the above film in the machine direction (MD). MD ) is the residual stretch factor (or residual stretch factor or rigid stretch factor) (RV) in the transverse direction (or cross-directional or transverse direction) (TD) of the above film. TD It is larger than ).

[0181] 31 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 30, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, and comprises or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2). The second polyethylene (PE2) is polyethylene (PE), and its density is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0182] 32 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 31, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer. Such a layer comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The second polypropylene (PP2) is polypropylene (PP) having a thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) lower than 75°C, preferably lower than 65°C, and particularly lower than 55°C. Such a thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18.

[0183] 33 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 32, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer. Such a layer comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[0184] 34 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 33, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is 5% or less, preferably less than 5%, based on the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film comprises at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer or intermediate layer), the at least one intermediate layer comprising or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). The above-mentioned intermediate layer comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) but does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Preferably, the at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer) comprises or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and is surrounded (or sandwiched) on both sides by multiple layers. Each of these layers comprises an adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) (HV).

[0185] 35 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 34, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and its mass fraction is 5% or less, preferably less than 5%, relative to the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer). The at least one intermediate layer comprises or consists of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The above-mentioned at least one intermediate layer (or intermediate layer) comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) but does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Preferably, the at least one intermediate layer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or is made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and is surrounded (or sandwiched) on both sides by multiple layers. Each of these layers comprises an adhesion promoter (or adhesion promoter or adhesion promoter) (HV).

[0186] 36 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 33, wherein the film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and does not contain polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0187] 37 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 33, wherein the film comprises an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer). The outer layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The inner layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0188] 38 A film according to any one of paragraphs 25 to 37, wherein the film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0189] 39 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 38, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a second polyethylene (PE2).

[0190] 40 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 39, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a second polypropylene (PP2). or, The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer made of a third polypropylene (PP3). or, The above film comprises at least one layer made of a first polypropylene (PP1), at least one layer made of a second polypropylene (PP2), and at least one layer made of a third polypropylene (PP3).

[0191] 41 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 40, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0192] 42 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 41, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0193] 43 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 42, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0194] 44 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 43, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0195] 45 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 44, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0196] 46 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 45, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3). The above film comprises at least one layer, which comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), or consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[0197] 47 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 46, The above film consists of one layer (or single layer or single layer or single-layer), and such layer is made of a first polypropylene (PP1). or, The above film consists of multiple layers, preferably two, three, four, or five layers, each of which is made of a first polypropylene (PP1).

[0198] 48 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 47, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and / or an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer), preferably an inner layer. Such a layer comprises a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2), or consists of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2). The second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable (or sealable or sealable or sealable), and in particular heat-sealable (or heat-sealable or heat-sealable or heat-sealable). The second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), preferably comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof, or comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof.

[0199] 49 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 47, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises at least an outer layer (or outer layer or outer layer) and / or an inner layer (or inner layer or inner layer), preferably an outer layer. Such a layer comprises a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3), or consists of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3). The third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is preferably not sealable (or sealable or sealable or airtight), and more preferably not heat-sealable (or heat-sealable or heat-sealable or heat-sealable). In particular, the sealing temperature (or sealing temperature or airtight temperature) of the third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is higher than that of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2). The third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), preferably comprises polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof, or consists of polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof.

[0200] 50 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 49, The above film has (or includes) an outer layer. The outer layer is made of a first polypropylene (PP1). The above film has (or includes) an inner layer. The inner layer is made of a second polypropylene (PP2), a third polypropylene (PP3), or a second polyethylene (PE2). The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the second polypropylene (PP2) is lower than 75°C, preferably lower than 65°C, and particularly lower than 55°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1), and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2). These thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. 3 Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ 3 It is smaller than that, and also has a weight of 0.870 g / cm³. 3 It is greater than [this value]. Such densities are measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[0201] 51 A film as described in any one of paragraphs 25 to 50, The above film is a multilayer film. The above film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and its mass fraction is less than 5% based on the total mass of the above film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, which is made of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). or, The above film is a multilayer film (or multi-layer film), The above film comprises polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is less than 5% based on the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The above film has (or comprises) at least one layer, which is made of polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH).

[0202] 52 Uses (or applications) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for single-layer or multi-layer extruded (or extruded) and simultaneously biaxially stretched (or simultaneously biaxially stretched) and heat-fixed (or heat-set or heat-cured or thermofixed or thermofixed) (or heat-fixed) films, preferably the use (or applications) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for films described in any one of items 25 to 51, or the use (or applications) of a first polypropylene (PP1) for manufacturing such films, The above film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and its mass fraction (or mass fraction) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90% of the total mass (or total mass) of the above film. The thermal deflection temperature (or heat deflection temperature) of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C. Such thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The above film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA).

[0203] 53 Uses (or applications) of the films described in any one of headings 25 to 51, which include use as ready-to-use (or readily available or ready-to-use) packaging material (or packing material or packing material) for food (or food staff), or use for manufacturing ready-to-use (or readily available or ready-to-use) packaging material (or packing material or packing material) for food (or food staff), which include lamination (or lamination or lamination) of an additional polymer layer, or additional or multiple polymer layers, or multiple polymer layers onto a package (or packaging).

Claims

1. A method for producing a single-layer or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: A process of extruding one layer or co-extruding multiple layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film. The process of simultaneously biaxially stretching the extruded film, The process of heat-fixing the biaxially stretched film, Includes, The aforementioned film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C, and the thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and the mass fraction of the first polypropylene (PP1) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film. The aforementioned film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). Machine direction (MD) stretch factor (V ＭＤ ) is the stretch factor (V) in the transverse direction (TD). ＴＤ Larger than ) The film has a second temperature (T2) during stretching that is higher than 120°C and lower than 180°C, preferably higher than 130°C and lower than 170°C, particularly higher than 140°C and lower than 160°C. The film has a third temperature (T3) during heat setting that is higher than 60°C and lower than 200°C, preferably higher than 80°C and lower than 180°C, particularly higher than 100°C and lower than 160°C. method.

2. After extrusion molding, the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) of less than 20°C, preferably less than 15°C, and particularly less than 10°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. Before stretching, the film is heated from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) for a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, and particularly 2 to 9 seconds. The period (Δt) (= t2-t1) between the first time point (t1) and the second time point (t2) is 0.05 to 6 seconds, preferably 0.1 to 3 seconds, and particularly 0.3 to 1.5 seconds. At the first time point (t1), the film reaches a second temperature (T2). At the second time point (t2), the stretching of the film begins, The residence time during the heat setting (the period of heat setting of the film) is longer than 1 second and shorter than 60 seconds, preferably longer than 2 seconds and shorter than 45 seconds, particularly longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds, and during the residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3). The method according to claim 1.

3. Machine direction (MD) or longitudinal direction stretch factor (V ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, particularly greater than 7.0, and less than 8.

0. Transverse direction (TD) stretch factor (V ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, particularly greater than 6.0, and less than 7.

0. The residence time during the heat setting (i.e., the period of heat setting of the film) is longer than 2 seconds and shorter than 60 seconds, preferably longer than 3 seconds and shorter than 45 seconds, particularly longer than 4 seconds and shorter than 30 seconds, and during the residence time, the film has a third temperature (T3). The method according to claim 1 or 2.

4. The method further includes relaxing the film during the thermal setting of the film, Machine direction (MD) relaxation factor (R ＭＤ ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, particularly greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03, Transverse direction (TD) relaxation factor (R ＴＤ ) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, particularly greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, Transverse direction (TD) relaxation factor (R ＴＤ ) is the relaxation factor (R) of the machine direction (MD). ＭＤ Larger than ) The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. The film has a third temperature (T3) during the relaxation period. The relaxation period of the film is longer than 2 seconds, preferably longer than 3 seconds, particularly longer than 4 seconds, and shorter than 45 seconds, preferably shorter than 30 seconds, during which the film has a third temperature (T3). The method according to claim 4.

6. The method further includes cooling the film after stretching and before heat setting, After stretching, the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) of less than 50°C, preferably less than 40°C, and particularly less than 30°C, for a period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, and especially 0.07 to 0.3 seconds. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. The method described above does not include a step of laminating or extruding coating the film or its components, particularly multiple layers of the film, and / or The aforementioned film is a multilayer film, and the co-extrusion molding of the multilayer film is performed in one step. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. A single-layer or multi-layer extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set film, preferably a film manufactured by the method described in any one of claims 1 to 7. The aforementioned film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C, and the thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C, and the thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and the mass fraction of the first polypropylene (PP1) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film. The aforementioned film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). film.

9. The film according to claim 8, wherein the film is not a laminated film.

10. The aforementioned film is relaxed, The residual stretch factor (RV ＭＤ ) in the machine direction (MD) of the film is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, particularly greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, and particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 6.

0. The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ Larger than ) The film according to claim 8 or 9.

11. The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and preferably, the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.899 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.920 g / cm³ ３ Smaller than, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, preferably greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4, preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, particularly greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and preferably, the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.899 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.920 g / cm³ ３ Smaller than, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and preferably, the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.899 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.920 g / cm³ ３ Smaller than, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 85°C, and preferably, the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.899 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.920 g / cm³ ３ Smaller than, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ Larger than ) The film according to claim 8 or 9.

12. The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower, and preferably the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.895 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.899 g / cm³. ３ The following: The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and particularly greater than 6.0 and less than 7.

0. The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, and particularly greater than 5.0 and less than 6.

0. The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower, and preferably the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.895 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.899 g / cm³. ３ The following: The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ ) is larger than, or The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower, and preferably the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.895 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.899 g / cm³. ３ The following: The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ Larger than ) or, The aforementioned film is relaxed, The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C and 85°C or lower, and preferably the density of the first polypropylene (PP1) is 0.895 g / cm³. ３ It is larger than that, and also 0.899 g / cm³. ３ The following: The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the aforementioned film ＴＤ ) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0, The residual stretch factor (RV) of the film in the machine direction (MD) ＭＤ ) is the residual stretch factor (RV) in the transverse direction (TD) of the film. ＴＤ Larger than ) The film according to claim 8 or 9.

13. The aforementioned film consists of one layer, and the layer is made of a first polypropylene (PP1), or The film consists of a plurality of layers, preferably two, three, four, or five layers, and each of the layers is made of a first polypropylene (PP1). The film according to any one of claims 8 to 12.

14. The aforementioned film is a multilayer film, The film comprises at least an outer layer and / or an inner layer, preferably an inner layer, and the layer comprises a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2), or is composed of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2). The second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable, and especially heat-sealable, and the second polymer (PM2) preferably comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof, or comprises polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ionomer (IO), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), or any mixture thereof. The film according to any one of claims 8 to 13.

15. The aforementioned film is a multilayer film, The film comprises at least an outer layer and / or an inner layer, preferably an outer layer, and the layer comprises a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3), or is composed of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3). The third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is preferably not sealable, more preferably not heat-sealable, and in particular, the sealing temperature of the third polymer (PM3) is higher than that of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), and the third polymer (PM3) preferably comprises polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof, or consists of polyethylene (PE) and / or polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof. The film according to any one of claims 8 to 14.

16. The film comprises an outer layer, the outer layer is made of a first polypropylene (PP1), The film comprises an inner layer, the inner layer being made of a second polypropylene (PP2), a third polypropylene (PP3), or a second polyethylene (PE2). The thermal deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2) is lower than 75°C, preferably lower than 65°C, and particularly lower than 55°C, and the thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The thermal deflection temperature of the third polypropylene (PP3) is lower than that of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than that of the second polypropylene (PP2), and these thermal deflection temperatures are measured according to ASTM D648-18. The density of the second polyethylene (PE2) is 0.940 g / cm³. ３ Smaller than, preferably 0.920 g / cm³ ３ It is smaller than that, and also has a density of 0.870 g / cm³. ３ The density is greater than the above, and is measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. The film according to any one of claims 8 to 15.

17. The aforementioned film is a multilayer film, The film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and the mass fraction of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is less than 5% based on the total mass of the film. The film comprises at least one layer, the layer being made of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), or The aforementioned film is a multilayer film, The aforementioned film comprises polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH), and the mass fraction of polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH) is less than 5% based on the total mass of the film. The film comprises at least one layer, the layer being made of polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH). The film according to any one of claims 8 to 16.

18. Use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for single-layer or multi-layer extruded and simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set films, preferably the use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for films according to any one of claims 8 to 17, or the use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for the manufacture thereof, The film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1), and the mass fraction of the first polypropylene (PP1) is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, and particularly greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film. The thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) is higher than 75°C, preferably higher than 85°C, and particularly higher than 95°C, and the thermal deflection temperature is measured according to ASTM D648-18. The aforementioned film does not contain any polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyamide (PA). use.

19. Use of the film according to any one of claims 8 to 17, for use as a ready-to-use packaging material for food, or for use in manufacturing a ready-to-use packaging material for food by laminating an additional polymer layer, or additional or multiple polymer layers, or multiple polymer layers into a package.

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