Moisture-regulating materials and methods

Abstract

The present invention generally relates to water vapor permeability regulators and / or humidity control materials, and more specifically, compositions for reducing water vapor permeability and / or controlling humidity, but not necessarily, and methods of using the same. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be applied to materials. Such materials can be used for packaging perishable goods such as food. Such materials can be used to reduce or prevent deterioration or damage to packaged electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, paper, and other dry products (to prevent warping of copy paper). Such materials can be used to form packaging that may be weakened by the action of liquids such as water.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention generally relates to water vapor permeability regulators and / or humidity control materials, and more specifically, compositions for reducing water vapor permeability and / or controlling humidity, but not necessarily, and methods of using the same. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be applied to materials. Such materials can be used for packaging perishable goods such as food. Such materials can be used to reduce or prevent deterioration or damage to packaged electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, paper, and other dry products (to prevent warping of copy paper). Such materials can be used to form packaging that may be weakened by the action of liquids such as water. [Background technology]

[0002] In environments with high relative humidity, the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and mold can be accelerated. Even under low-temperature conditions, high relative humidity can cause problems such as the formation of undesirable ice crystals on the product due to moisture. In either case, if the product is food, spoilage is usually accelerated.

[0003] Numerous approaches have been adopted to protect products from the effects of environmental moisture.

[0004] One such approach involves using product packaging that provides a moisture barrier, such as sealed metal packaging, rigid plastic packaging, or flexible plastic packaging. In all cases, product packaging is disposable and typically does not decompose. While some of these packaging forms can be recycled to reduce their environmental impact, some inevitably end up in landfills, and this waste accumulates over time. Even relatively inexpensive disposable materials such as polyethylene used in flexible plastic packaging are not completely impermeable to moisture. Although some biodegradable packaging materials are becoming widely used, most are expensive and have poor moisture barrier properties.

[0005] The ability of the material for product packaging to protect the contents from ambient moisture is usually referred to as the moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR). This value is determined by measuring the resistance of the packaging material to the penetration of moisture under a certain pressure. On the other hand, although plastic barriers are generally considered to be impermeable to water vapor, there are some low-density polyethylene films with a thickness of about 25 microns that have an MVTR of 16 - 23 g / m 2 / 24 hours. For reference, the MVTR of an aluminum foil laminate is 0.001 g / m 2 / 24 hours, which means it is substantially impermeable to water vapor.

[0006] However, in some cases, it may be desirable to allow the package to pass water vapor and ensure that the product inside the package is not sealed. An example is when the product itself is hygroscopic and may release water vapor with an increase in temperature (e.g., tomatoes). In such cases, when the temperature rises, water vapor from the product may condense inside the package, risking damage to the product. Therefore, desiccants and packaging materials need to be carefully selected according to the characteristics of the product. Thus, it is desirable to be able to adjust the moisture barrier property of the packaged product according to the product to be packaged.

[0007] As another approach to reducing the impact of ambient moisture on the packaged product, a method often used in combination with the use of a packaging material with a certain degree of moisture barrier is to enclose a desiccant inside the package. Usually, it competes with the product to absorb moisture and suppress deterioration. Existing desiccants have a limit to their water absorption capacity until they reach a saturated state, and once saturated, further water absorption becomes impossible.

[0008] Existing desiccants are provided in the form of tablets, sachets, and dry powders. As a common example in this technology, silica gel is packed in sachets in the form of spherical beads and installed in a package so as to absorb moisture that enters the package. Desiccants in such forms may be accidentally ingested or aerosolized during handling, posing different health risks depending on the nature of the desiccant. More effective desiccants such as calcium chloride may liquefy under high humidity and cause damage.

[0009] Another problem when using absorbent or adsorbent packaging materials is that their structural integrity may decrease when exposed to moisture. For example, the ubiquitous cardboard packaging material becomes a relatively strong packaging material when dry. However, when exposed to moisture, even a small amount of moisture can significantly reduce its structural integrity. One conventional approach to mitigate the effect of moisture on such packaging materials is to laminate or impregnate the cardboard with moisture-resistant materials such as synthetic polymers or waxes.

[0010] However, laminating or impregnating such materials onto cardboard generally makes the cardboard non-recyclable and may result in relatively high implementation costs. Furthermore, since there are sufficient non-laminated cardboard portions remaining, water can easily penetrate and then readily permeate through the material by capillary action.

[0011] An object of the present invention is to provide a packaging material that reduces the effect of moisture on the contents of the packaging material.

[0012] An object of the present invention is to provide a biodegradable packaging material that reduces the effect of moisture on the contents of the packaging material.

[0013] An object of the present invention is to provide a method for treating a packaging material to reduce the effect of moisture on the packaging material.

[0014] The object of the present invention is to provide a method for treating packaging materials to reduce the effect of moisture on the packaging material.

[0015] Alternatively, the purpose of this technology is to provide a useful alternative, at least to the public. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0016] 1 In this respect, the present invention relates to a material (such as a packaging material, textile or building material) comprising a fiber matrix, wherein the matrix comprises at least one of the following (e.g., two of the following, three of the following): i. A hygroscopic salt that is adsorbed onto the surface of the fiber, and is a water-soluble hygroscopic salt, ii. Phyllosilicate minerals, and iii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix. To provide.

[0017] Preferably, the cation of the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof.

[0018] Preferably, the cellulose particles are selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof.

[0019] In embodiments in which the matrix contains hygroscopic salts adsorbed onto the surface of the fibers and the hygroscopic salts are water-soluble, the material may also contain water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salts. An example of an insoluble hygroscopic salt that can be used in the present invention is calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and / or dihydrate, preferably hemihydrate). Water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salts can be incorporated into the fiber matrix.

[0020] Preferably, the present invention relates to a matrix of fibers (such as those found in packaging materials, textiles, building materials, etc.), wherein the hygroscopic salt is water-soluble (preferably, the cation of the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof), and the material (packaging material, textile, or building material) is further: i. Phyllosilicate minerals, and ii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) Each of these includes:

[0021] Preferably, the present invention relates to a fiber matrix (found in packaging materials, textiles, or building materials) containing a hygroscopic salt adsorbed on the surface of the fibers, wherein the hygroscopic salt is water-soluble (preferably, the cations of the hygroscopic salt are selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof), and the material (packaging material or building material) further comprises: i. Phyllosilicate minerals, and ii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) Each of these includes:

[0022] It was found that using water-soluble hygroscopic salts (containing cations selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof) adsorbed onto the fiber matrix resulted in a decrease in water vapor transmission compared to the same material without the hygroscopic salts.

[0023] It was found that using phyllosilicate minerals coated on the fiber matrix resulted in a decrease in water vapor permeability compared to the same material without phyllosilicate minerals.

[0024] It was found that using cellulose particles (selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) coated on a fiber matrix resulted in a decrease in water vapor transmission compared to the same matrix without particles.

[0025] However, it has been further found that when two or more (preferably all three) of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and cellulose particles are combined and applied to the material so that the hygroscopic salts are adsorbed onto the fiber matrix, the water vapor transmission rate decreases compared to the same matrix without that combination. In some embodiments, using any two or more, or all three, components results in a synergistic decrease in water vapor transmission rate compared to the same matrix without that combination, in ways that could not be predicted by mere additive effects.

[0026] While we don't want to be constrained by theory, hygroscopic salts have the function of adsorbing water, while phyllosilicate minerals and cellulose particles are thought to not only reduce water permeability themselves, but also synergistically help to disperse the hygroscopic salts throughout the matrix.

[0027] The materials of the present invention (packaging materials, textiles, or building materials) may further be provided as composite materials including a polymer layer such as a biodegradable polymer. Such composite materials may also be understood as having a sandwich structure. The materials of the present invention (packaging materials, textiles, or building materials) can form part of a composite material together with other layers used in the packaging industry, such as a printing layer or a compression layer.

[0028] 2ndIn this respect, the present invention relates to a coating system for applying to a material containing a fiber matrix to reduce the overall water vapor permeability of the material, comprising the following composition (each of the following components): A composition comprising a water-soluble hygroscopic salt (preferably, the cation of the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof) and a first carrier, A composition comprising a phyllosilicate mineral and a second carrier, and A composition comprising cellulose particles that can be incorporated into a matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) and a third carrier. A coating system is provided that includes at least two of the following.

[0029] In embodiments where the coating system contains a water-soluble hygroscopic salt, the composition may also contain a water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt. Examples of water-insoluble hygroscopic salts that can be used in the present invention include calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and / or dihydrate, preferably hemihydrate). A water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt can be incorporated into the fiber matrix.

[0030] The coating system may include a polymer (such as a biodegradable polymer) and a fourth support.

[0031] The first, second, third, and fourth carriers may be the same or different, and may be selected from any carriers suitable for dispersing hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, cellulose particles, or polymers (corresponding to each). In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth carriers are selected independently from aqueous carriers such as water.

[0032] ThirdIn this respect, the present invention relates to a method for treating a material containing a fiber matrix to reduce the water vapor permeability of the entire material, comprising the following steps: i. The process of preparing a material containing a fiber matrix; ii. A step of applying the first composition to the material, wherein the composition is the first carrier and the following: a. A water-soluble hygroscopic salt (preferably one having cations selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, or combinations thereof), b. Phyllosilicate minerals, and c. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into a matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) A process including at least one of the following; and iii. Step of removing at least a portion of the aforementioned first carrier from the material. The present invention provides a method comprising the following:

[0033] Embodiments including the step of applying a water-soluble hygroscopic salt may also include the step of applying a water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt. Examples of water-insoluble hygroscopic salts that can be used in the present invention include calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and / or dihydrate, preferably hemihydrate). A water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt can be incorporated into the fiber matrix.

[0034] A third aspect of the method typically involves coating at least a portion of the material with a hygroscopic salt, a phyllosilicate material, and / or particles. Where used, at least a portion of the hygroscopic salt is typically adsorbed onto at least a portion of the material's fiber matrix. In some cases, at least a portion of the hygroscopic salt is adsorbed onto at least a portion of the material's fiber matrix, and, if particles are used, onto at least a portion of the particles.

[0035] The third aspect of the method may include one or more additional coating steps. Each additional coating step, or each additional coating step, may independently include the following steps: i. A step of applying a second composition to a material coated with the first composition, wherein the composition is a second carrier and the following: a. Polymers (biodegradable polymers and / or recyclable polymers), b. A hygroscopic salt (preferably having cations selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, and combinations thereof), c. Phyllosilicate minerals, and d. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof) A process including at least one of the following; and ii. A step of removing at least a portion of the aforementioned second carrier from the material. It may include.

[0036] It will be understood that the additional coating process can be repeated any number of times to provide a composite material containing multiple layers. For example, the additional coating process can be performed once, twice, three times, four times, or five times.

[0037] The inventors have recognized that by using the materials of the present invention in combination with polymer coating agents, the amount of polymer used in the final coated product can be reduced. For example, a material coated with a conventional polymer coating agent may only be able to reduce moisture permeability by X percentage if the polymer coating agent is applied at a coverage of Ygsm. By incorporating hygroscopic salt / phyllosilicate mineral / cellulose particles, the material may only need to be kept below Ygsm of polymer to achieve the same (or better) MVTRX.

[0038] When a layer containing a biodegradable polymer is provided, it is preferable to provide the biodegradable polymer in the final step of the iterative coating process so that it is positioned at the edges of the composite material. This prevents the biodegradable polymer from being sandwiched between the outer edge layers. By positioning the biodegradable polymer at the edges, it becomes possible to bring it into contact with packaged products, such as food. When used in packaging, such edges may be located inside the package. The thickness of such a biodegradable polymer may be less than 50 microns, for example less than 20 microns, for example about 5 to 10 microns.

[0039] 4th In this respect, the present invention provides a package formed at least partially from a packaging material, wherein the packaging material includes a matrix of fibers, and the matrix includes at least one of the following (e.g., two of the following, e.g., three of the following): i. A hygroscopic salt that is adsorbed onto the surface of the fiber, and is water-soluble (preferably, the cation of the salt is selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium, as well as combinations thereof), ii. Phyllosilicate minerals, and iii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix (preferably selected from the group consisting of microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof).

[0040] In embodiments in which the package contains a water-soluble hygroscopic salt, the package may also contain a water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt. Examples of water-insoluble hygroscopic salts that can be used in the present invention include calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and / or dihydrate, preferably hemihydrate). A water-insoluble (or sparingly soluble) hygroscopic salt can be incorporated into the fiber matrix.

[0041] Preferably, the fourth side of the package is recyclable and / or biodegradable.

[0042] The fourth aspect of packaging (and the packaging materials that make up the package) offers several advantages.

[0043] One advantage arises when a package forms an enclosure that seals the contents of the package from the external environment. In such cases, the packaging material has a lower water vapor permeability compared to the same material that does not contain hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and cellulose particles. In practice, this feature allows the enclosed contents of the package to maintain a substantially constant moisture level over a period of time. If the contents are perishable products such as food, the shelf life of the product may be extended. In some embodiments, the environment outside the package has a higher relative humidity than the environment inside the package. In some embodiments, the environment outside the package has a lower relative humidity than the environment inside the package. In some embodiments, the relative humidity of the environment outside the package fluctuates between high and low relative humidity compared to the environment inside the package (due to diurnal cycles, or warming or cooling, etc.). In some or all of these embodiments, it is generally advantageous to reduce the water vapor permeability through the packaging material in order to maintain the quality of the package contents in the same state as when they were first sealed in the package.

[0044] An advantage may be gained when a packaging material exhibits excellent mechanical properties in a relatively dry state but poor mechanical properties in a wet state or at least more wet. Such wetting can occur through several mechanisms, such as a single liquid contact where the liquid penetrates the material, or when the material is gradually exposed to wet conditions due to fluctuations in temperature and / or relative humidity. In any case, it will be understood that if the material's exposure to moisture can be reduced, the material will be able to maintain its excellent mechanical properties for a longer period. The present invention provides a packaging material that offers a lower water vapor permeability compared to the same material without hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles, resulting in typically reduced exposure of the material to moisture. Thus, the use of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles provides a type of modified atmosphere packaging, i.e., a type of packaging system that extends the shelf life of perishable products by changing the atmospheric composition inside the package from the normal air composition. In this case, it is the relative humidity that is modified. Two examples of packaging in which the mechanical properties are improved by the present invention are detailed below.

[0045] In the first example, if the material is corrugated cardboard packaging used in the manufacture of boxes, it can be seen that the mechanical properties of this cardboard are better when dry than when wet. Advantageously, by coating the cardboard with hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles, the permeability of environmental moisture through the cardboard material is reduced, and superior mechanical properties are maintained for a longer period than in the absence of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles. Cardboard packaging in particular (including many other forms of packaging to which the present invention is suitable) is typically over-engineered to account for the loss of mechanical strength that would be expected due to exposure to moisture over time. Another advantage of using the present invention to reduce the permeability of environmental moisture through the cardboard material is that cardboard packaging can be designed more efficiently, as it does not need to be over-engineered to the same extent.

[0046] In the second example, when the material is a laminated cellulose material for liquid packaging (for example, one sold by the international company Tetra Pak®), it is recognized that over time, the core cellulose material is increasingly exposed to moisture from the liquid contents inside the package and from the external environment. Over time, the mechanical properties of the cellulose material weaken, causing the package to bulge, that is, the normally flat surface deforms into a rounded shape.

[0047] In the third example, it will be understood that the packaged product (perishable) may be substantially dry, partially wet, or otherwise in any state and may be served at any temperature. For example, some frozen foods are packaged in laminated cellulose materials such as laminated corrugated cardboard packaging, and ice cream is one example. If the storage temperature of such frozen products changes during transport, the moisture in the packaging material may freeze / thaw, and the structure of the cellulose material used in the packaging structure may rapidly deteriorate.

[0048] Conventional barrier materials such as polyethylene, polyacrylate, or wax are provided by a matrix of these hydrophobic materials. Endurance A moisture barrier is provided. The strength of this barrier is usually proportional to the thickness of the layer and the hydrophobicity of the matrix material. If the layer is penetrated or does not completely cover the material, the material will be exposed to moisture. If the material has the ability to absorb moisture, such weaknesses in the layer will inevitably lead to moisture penetration. This technique is well understood, and numerous polymers and waxes are used, but the coated materials are usually not biodegradable or recyclable.

[0049] This invention differs from conventional approaches to modifying the water permeability of materials. In all cases, conventional approaches attempt to form a barrier layer on the paper surface by dispersion coating techniques, which are inherently susceptible to defects caused by the irregular surface morphology of the paper at a microscopic scale. For example, International Publication 2021 / 224881 discloses the application of glycerides and / or fatty acid salts to cellulose / polymer materials to make them hydrophobic and / or lipophilic. Similarly, International Publication 2021 / 105231 discloses the use of composite materials having multiple layers of water-impermeable polymers, most of which are non-biodegradable, meaning that the coated products are usually neither recyclable nor biodegradable. Likewise, the technique in International Publication 2021 / 105231 uses (meth)acrylate polymers to reduce water permeability.

[0050] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is believed that the application of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles to the material in this invention provides a function different from the resistive function attempted by conventional moisture barrier materials (polyethylene, polyacrylate, or wax). Also, while we do not wish to be bound by theory, conceptually, it is believed that this invention provides a capacitive function (i.e., functions as a capacitor), and it is important that this function is provided throughout the material rather than as a separate layer (because the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles are thought to be adsorbed onto the surface of the material or incorporated into the material and in close contact with the material). The hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles have the ability (or threshold) to interact with moisture, and beyond that ability, the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles become effectively saturated and no longer inhibit water vapor permeation into or across the material. Below this capacity (or threshold), water vapor permeation is suppressed, and it is believed that the suppression of water vapor permeation is further enhanced by the addition of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles.

[0051] More broadly, this invention relates to a material comprising a fibrous matrix, wherein the matrix is ​​as follows: a) A first substance having water-adsorbing properties that is adsorbed onto the surface of the fiber, b) A second substance that inhibits moisture permeation, and c) A dispersion substance that helps to disperse the first substance within the fiber matrix. It has at least one of the following.

[0052] In some embodiments, the second substance inhibits moisture permeation and helps disperse the first substance within the fiber matrix.

[0053] The present invention relates to a method for applying a first substance and / or a second substance and / or a dispersed substance to a material.

[0054] Further aspects of this technology should be considered in all its novel aspects, and will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reading the following description, which provides at least one example of a practical application of this technology.

[0055] Hereinafter, with reference to the drawings, one or more embodiments of the present invention will be described for illustrative purposes only and without the intention of limitation. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0056] [Figure 1] An example of the water retention capacity per unit weight of coating of the composition according to the present invention is shown. [Figure 2] This shows an example of the water retention efficiency of coatings using microfibrillated cellulose, as well as coatings using both microfibrillated cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose, when the calcium chloride content is varied. Detailed description of the invention

[0057] Hygroscopic salt This invention is partly based on the understanding that the properties of a fiber matrix (e.g., water vapor permeability) are regulated by the presence of a hygroscopic salt adsorbed on the fiber surface. The term "hygroscopic" as used herein refers to the ability of a hygroscopic salt to absorb water from the air. Such a hygroscopic salt is applied to the fiber surface within a carrier, such as an aqueous carrier containing water. Therefore, the hygroscopic salt is water-soluble. After applying the salt as a solution within the carrier, the hygroscopic salt remains when the carrier is removed. While such a salt may be provided as a hydrate, a partially hydrated or anhydrous form of the hygroscopic salt, or any other form that is not completely hydrated, is considered preferable.

[0058] It can be seen that the hygroscopicity differs depending on the type of salt. The degree of hygroscopicity of a hygroscopic salt is considered to be a function of the cation and anion. Preferred cations are calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium. Preferred anions are chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. Any combination of these hygroscopic and water-soluble cations and anions is envisioned for use in the present invention.

[0059] It will be understood that the degree of water solubility varies depending on the type of salt. The degree of water solubility of hygroscopic salts is considered to be a function of the cation and anion. Preferred cations are calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium. Preferred anions are chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. Any combination of these hygroscopic and water-soluble cations and anions is envisioned for use in the present invention.

[0060] The preferred properties of the hygroscopic water-soluble salts of the present invention are shown in the table below. [Table 1]

[0061] This table also shows the relative affinity for cellulose. *** Those marked as having the highest affinity for cellulose (a desirable property)* Those marked as such have low affinity for cellulose (and are therefore undesirable).

[0062] Preferred salts of the present invention include calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, lithium chloride, zinc chloride, and aluminum chloride. The most preferred salts of the present invention are calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminum sulfate, and calcium nitrate. Of these, calcium chloride is considered the most preferred.

[0063] This invention envisions the use of either a single hygroscopic water-soluble salt or a combination of different hygroscopic water-soluble salts.

[0064] Calcium chloride is hygroscopic (it becomes liquid when it absorbs a large amount of moisture). When exposed to a moderately humid environment, calcium chloride absorbs excess moisture, keeping materials (such as paper fibers) dry and helping to maintain their strength. In particular, calcium chloride prevents the expansion of paper fibers by reducing the moisture content of the surrounding air, thereby maintaining the mechanical integrity of the paper fibers.

[0065] However, when exposed to a high-humidity environment for a long period of time, calcium chloride can become liquid. When it becomes liquid, it usually has the opposite effect on the paper material. In such embodiments, it may be preferable to use non-hygroscopic, hygroscopic salts such as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate.

[0066] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, the present invention is considered particularly effective in reducing overall moisture permeability of materials due to the following factors common to these specific hygroscopic salts: i) Since the salt dissolves in a support such as an aqueous solvent (preferably a support water), it is commercially usable and easily recyclable and / or biodegradable; ii) Salts are hygroscopic and, in some cases, deliquescent. Salts are thought to form a broad ionic layer adsorbed onto the fibers; iii) The salt is efficiently dispersed throughout the material (preferably cellulose material, etc.); and iv) Some hygroscopic salts (such as calcium chloride and magnesium chloride) are generally considered safe (GRAS) for use, especially in food packaging.

[0067] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic salt is lithium chloride. Lithium chloride is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic. Lithium chloride has affinity for cellulose surfaces and is suitable for cellulose modification processes. Lithium (Li) is a monovalent cation. + ) has a relatively small ionic radius, calcium (Ca 2+ ) and aluminum (Al 3+ Compared to divalent or trivalent cations such as those mentioned above, it does not form a widespread ion-adsorbed aqueous layer on cellulose fibers.

[0068] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic salt is zinc chloride. Zinc chloride is soluble in water and is hygroscopic. Because zinc chloride has the ability to form composites with cellulose, it can be used to modify cellulose fibers, improving properties such as strength and moisture resistance. Zinc chloride can be used in the manufacture of food packaging materials such as films, coatings, and liners.

[0069] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic salt is aluminum chloride. Aluminum chloride dissolves in water and exhibits hygroscopic properties. It can modify the cellulose surface and improve its properties.

[0070] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic salt is calcium chloride. Calcium chloride dissolves in water and exhibits hygroscopic properties. Calcium chloride is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) when used in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and within specified limits. Calcium chloride is approved for direct addition to food and is considered safe for use in a variety of foods.

[0071] Phyllosilicate The phyllosilicate used in this invention is a phyllosilicate mineral or a combination of different phyllosilicates. Suitable examples of phyllosilicates include serpentine, clay, or mica minerals. Preferably, the phyllosilicate is a clay or mica mineral. Suitable examples of clays include halloysite, kaolinite (kaolin), pyrophyllite, talc, illite, smectite (montmorillonite mineral, etc.), chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, or palygorskite (atapulgite) minerals. Suitable examples of mica minerals include biotite, fuchsite, muscovite, phlogopite, lepidolite, margalite, or verdigris minerals. Suitable examples of serpentine minerals include antigorite, chrysotile, lizardite minerals, etc. Preferably, the phyllosilicate is selected from kaolinite (e.g., red kaolinite), talc, illite (e.g., red illite or green French clay), or bentonite (e.g., red bentonite). Bentonite is particularly useful in the present invention because it is widely available, relatively inexpensive, and performs well.

[0072] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is thought that phyllosilicates are contained within the matrix (e.g., within the pores of the matrix) (e.g., incorporated). It is considered likely that phyllosilicates combine with hygroscopic water-soluble salts (calcium chloride) that act as flocculants to form aggregates. This theory is based on the observation that the viscosity of a solution of a mixture of a hygroscopic water-soluble salt and phyllosilicate is significantly higher than that of a solution of the hygroscopic water-soluble salt alone. Phyllosilicates are thought to be mediators of aggregation.

[0073] Cellulose particles Cellulosic particles are cellulose or modified cellulose (e.g., cellulose acetate), and may include mixtures of cellulose / modified cellulose with other materials. Cellulosic particles may be obtained from any material source, including both naturally occurring and synthetic / semi-synthetic (including synthetic bio-derived) sources.

[0074] Cellulose particles are preferably selected from microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and nanostructured cellulose, as well as combinations thereof. These forms of cellulose are formed by processing cellulose in various ways, such as shearing, reaction extrusion, enzyme-mediated hydrolysis, mechanical grinding, sonication, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis.

[0075] Cellulose particles can be incorporated into a matrix. This ability generally depends on the size of the pores present in the matrix, with the size of the cellulose particles being smaller than the size of the pores. For example, the size of the cellulose particles may be less than 0.1 μm, or 0.1 to 1 μm, or 0.1 to 20 μm, or 0.01 to 200 μm, or 0.1 to 400 μm. Although the cellulose particles of the present invention are described as "capable of being incorporated into a matrix," the same may be true when the cellulose particles of the present invention are in contact with the matrix and are actually incorporated into the matrix.

[0076] While this is for illustrative purposes only, it is worth discussing the incorporation of cellulose particles into the matrix of fibers used in office paper. Such matrices are thought to provide pores as gaps between fibers within the matrix. The average pore size of a single sheet of office paper is typically in the range of approximately 10 to 100 micrometers (μm) in diameter. This range varies depending on the type of office paper, the manufacturing process, and the application. In some embodiments, it may be beneficial to use a flocculant that employs cellulose particles smaller than 1 μm in size, resulting in the retention of cellulose particles within the pores. One flocculant that can be used is calcium cations. For example, microfibers contain cellulose particles (and some phyllosilicates such as bentonite), which have a net negative surface charge. When calcium ions come into contact with such charged surfaces, especially if both are dispersed within a carrier, the calcium ions are attracted to the negatively charged surface of these particles, causing aggregation.

[0077] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is conceivable that cellulose particles, when incorporated into the material matrix (e.g., within pores in the material) and / or when used in combination with multiple components, may aid in the dispersion of hygroscopic salts. In particular, it is conceivable that hygroscopic salts can adsorb onto the surface of cellulose particles.

[0078] Material (base material) Materials (also called substrates) such as packaging materials, textiles, and building materials contain a fibrous matrix and can take the form of, for example, membranes, panels, hydrogels, pastes, granules, or pellets. The fibers of the material are usually formed from polymer materials, which are biopolymers or synthetic polymers, although mixtures of biopolymers and synthetic polymers are also conceivable.

[0079] Generally, the fibrous matrix of a material provides a porous structure that can adsorb hygroscopic salts and / or hold the phyllosilicate or cellulose particles of the present invention. Examples of such structures include all forms of paper, textiles / fabrics (woven, knitted, nonwoven, felt, laminates, spun yarns, etc.), and porous building materials (gypsum board, ceiling tiles, foam insulation, panels, gypsum, etc.).

[0080] For example, various types of paper are available and suitable for various types of applications. It is possible to intentionally adjust the properties of the paper during the papermaking process to meet market requirements / demands. For barrier coatings / resistive layers, paper with low porosity and high smoothness is generally required so that the dispersion coating of the barrier material adheres to the surface and maximizes its barrier properties. While the use of such paper is considered in this invention, it is preferable to use paper that is not low-porosity. The inventors found that paper suppliers (Mondi, Billerud, etc.), who have generally been asked to supply low-smoothness, high-porosity paper, were surprised to be asked to supply such paper. This supports the idea that such materials used in this invention are not obvious. In particular, the inventors' requirements contradict current understanding, and the commercial availability of such paper is significantly reduced compared to ordinary barrier material paper. Preferably, the invention uses unsizing, highly porous paper. Such paper is thought to have improved adsorption of hygroscopic salts and, where used, incorporates phyllosilicate materials and / or cellulose particles. In some embodiments, the (paper) material is an uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material.

[0081] When fibers are formed from polymer materials, preferably the polymer is biodegradable. More preferably, the polymer is compostable under both industrial and non-industrial conditions. ISO 14855-1 (2012) is a recognized standard for non-industrial composting. An example of such a biodegradable material is one that can decompose under household composting conditions, where the temperature does not typically reach the temperatures found in industrial composting environments. Preferably, the biodegradable polymer of the present invention is configured to undergo substantial biodegradation within 12 months after exposure to non-industrial composting conditions. Preferably, the biodegradable composition of the present invention is configured to be completely biodegradable within 24 months after exposure to non-industrial composting conditions.

[0082] The polymers you can choose from are: Aliphatic polyesters, such as polyglycolide / polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polydioxanone (PDO), polylactic acid (PLA) (including poly(L-lactic acid), poly(D-lactic acid), and poly(DL-lactic acid)), poly(lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), poly(butylene succinate-cobutylene adipate) (PBSA), and poly(alkyl succinates), such as polyethylene succinate (PES), polypropylene succinate (PPS), and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA), polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB), polyhydroxyvaleric acid (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoic acid (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoic acid (PHO), polyhydroxydecanoic acid (PHD), polyhydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (PHPV), poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) • Aromatic polyesters, such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) • Polyamides such as BAK 1095 and BAK 2195 (caprolactam, butanediol, adipic acid-based) Typically, polyurethane containing a biodegradable portion made of polyester (PCL, PLA, PGA, etc.) • Agricultural polymers (silk, wool, collagen, etc.) • Polysaccharides (starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginic acid, cellophane, pectin, pullulan, or modified versions thereof, such as cellulose acetate) • Polypeptides (gelatin, wheat gluten, casein, whey protein, etc.) • Vinyl alcohol such as polyvinyl alcohol, or vinyl alcohol precursors such as poly(vinyl acetate).

[0083] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is considered preferable that the material has a certain degree of ionic attraction to the hygroscopic salt of the present invention. In many cases, such materials contain functional groups that provide a dipole moment capable of attracting and retaining the cations of the hygroscopic salt. It is believed that the ability to attract and retain the cations of the hygroscopic salt allows the hygroscopic salt to be sufficiently dispersed throughout the material, and as a result, it can attract and retain moisture that penetrates the surrounding material. The present invention can reduce the moisture permeability throughout the material by adsorbing and retaining moisture.

[0084] In a preferred embodiment, the material is paper. The paper may be composed of a mixture of natural polymers such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose.

[0085] Advantageously, it has been demonstrated that using cellulose (or a modified form of cellulose) as part of the material of the present invention provides the following advantages: The present invention attracts and retains cations of hygroscopic salts, such as calcium cations of calcium chloride salts. It is widely used in packaging. • It is biodegradable and can be composted at home.

[0086] In some embodiments, the substrate is a cellulose material such as paper, corrugated cardboard, cotton, jute, hemp, sisal, or wood. In some embodiments, the substrate is a cotton membrane, a cellulose membrane, or a lignin-based membrane. In some embodiments, the substrate is paper fibers composed of fibrils and microfibrils containing cellulose polymer. The cellulose-containing fibers may be cellulose fibers extracted from wood sources used in the manufacture of final products such as paper, cardboard, and corrugated cardboard. In some embodiments, the cellulose fibers can be combined to form pulp, which can then be processed into a desired final product having a desired weight, i.e., grams per square meter (gsm). In some embodiments, if the substrate is paper, the weight of the paper may be 50 to 300 grams per square meter, for example, about 125 gsm. In some embodiments, the material may be a heavier material than paper, for example, a thick cardboard with a weight of 400 to 600 gsm. Such materials are often used in more robust packaging applications where additional strength and durability are required, such as rigid boxes, high-end product packaging, and displays. When exceeding 600 gsm, this material is often called "chipboard" or "grayboard" and is primarily used in applications where hardness and rigidity are important, such as book covers, binders, and rigid packaging boxes. In this invention, it is assumed that all of these forms / weights of products will be used as materials.

[0087] In some embodiments, the material is a starch-based material including a specific type of packaging or starch-based film that can adsorb salts (such as calcium chloride) via hydrogen bonding and enhance moisture adsorption.

[0088] In some embodiments, the material is a hydrogel. Hydrogels are known for their ability to absorb and retain moisture. Hydrogels are formed from polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide, or from polysaccharides that form hydrogen bonds with salts (such as calcium chloride) to improve water absorption.

[0089] In some embodiments, the material is chitosan derived from chitin, which contains amino groups and hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with salts (such as calcium chloride), resulting in improved water adsorption. Chitosan is used in various applications, including water treatment agents.

[0090] In some embodiments, the material is silica gel and other silica-based materials, which can adsorb salts (such as calcium chloride) via hydrogen bonds and enhance water adsorption. The silica surface has hydroxyl groups that can interact with salts such as calcium chloride ions. In some embodiments, the substrate is sintered glass.

[0091] In some embodiments, the material is clay or aluminosilicate. The aluminosilicate may be zeolite. Clay and zeolite have hydrophilic surfaces and adsorb salts such as calcium chloride ions by hydrogen bonds to enhance water absorption. When the material is a phyllosilicate mineral, the phyllosilicate mineral is provided with the hygroscopic salt and / or cellulose particles of the present invention.

[0092] [[ID=LL]] In some embodiments, the material is carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon is preferably activated carbon functionalized with functional groups (such as carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), or carbonyl (-C=O) groups) that promote the absorption of the hygroscopic salt of the present invention.

[0093] In some embodiments, the density of the substrate is about 800 - 1400 kg / m 3 For example, about 900 - 1300 kg / m 3 For example, about 1000 - 1300 kg / m 3 and may be.

[0094] [[ID=2LL]] Preferably, the material is provided in a substantially planar form, such as in the form of a sheet and / or film of paper or cardboard / cardboard. In some embodiments, the film-shaped substrate may be about 1 to about 500 gsm, for example 1 to 200 gsm, for example 50 to 300 gsm, for example 75 to 150 gsm, for example about 125 gsm.

[0095] In some embodiments, the barrier properties of the film-type substrate are such that the water vapor transmission rate through the polymer layer is less than 50 gsm per day at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity.

[0096] The barrier properties of the material can be enhanced by using conventional dispersion coatings, such as waxes or polymer coatings made of polyhydroxyalkanoates.

[0097] Carrier The present invention allows the use of one or more carriers to disperse one or more of a hygroscopic salt, a phyllosilicate mineral, and / or cellulose particles. The carrier is preferably an aqueous carrier such as water, which disperses (dissolves, etc.) the hygroscopic salt, phyllosilicate mineral, and / or cellulose particles to form a dispersion in the aqueous carrier (solution, etc.) applicable to the material.

[0098] The properties of the carrier, such as pH and temperature, may be modified to aid in the dispersion of hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles.

[0099] The solubility or other properties of the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles carried within can be controlled by adjusting the physical and / or chemical properties of the carrier (temperature, pH, use of surfactants, dispersants, and / or flocculants, etc.). For example, it will be understood that depending on the size of the cellulose particles, aggregation may occur, which may or may not be desirable. By adjusting the physical and / or chemical properties of the carrier, the desired dispersion of cellulose can be achieved.

[0100] additional layer In some embodiments, the material of the present invention (such as a packaging material) may be provided with one or more additional material layers. Such additional material layers may be provided on the material before or after the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles are provided on the material.

[0101] An additional layer may be provided as a membrane, such as: • The membrane has barrier properties, and the water vapor transmission rate through the additional layer is less than 300 gsm per day at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity. Please note that a lower water vapor transmission rate may be desirable, and it may be less than 250, 200, 150, 100, 50, or 40 gsm per day at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity. Generally, but not limited to, a lower water vapor transmission rate at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity results in a higher barrier property for the material (such as packaging or building materials), and a wider range of water-sensitive agricultural products that can be packaged using that packaging material; and / or The membrane has oxygen permeability barrier properties, and the oxygen permeability through the second layer is 400 cm³ per day in an environment with 1 atmosphere of oxygen, 25 degrees Celsius, and 75% relative humidity. 3 / m 3 It is less than. A low oxygen permeability may be desirable, and the oxygen permeability is 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 50 cm per day at 1 atmosphere of oxygen, 25 degrees Celsius, and 75% relative humidity. 3 / m 3 It should be understood that this may be less than the stated value. While not limited to this, it is generally true that the lower the oxygen permeability at 1 atmosphere of oxygen, 25 degrees Celsius, and 75% relative humidity, the higher the barrier properties of the packaging material, and the wider the range of oxygen-sensitive agricultural products that can be packaged using that material.

[0102] In some embodiments, the additional layer or each additional layer may be independently selected from thicknesses of 1 to 500 μm, for example, 1 to 200 μm, for example, 1 to 50 μm, for example, up to 30 μm. It should be understood that a certain range of thickness may be appropriate depending on the application, such as packaging or building applications, and the thickness of the additional layer or each layer may be approximately 10 to approximately 25 μm, or approximately 15 to approximately 20 μm.

[0103] In some embodiments, additional layers or each layer may be formed from a polymer material, and the polymer may be a biological polymer or a synthetic polymer, but a mixture of biological and synthetic polymers is also possible.

[0104] Preferably, the polymer is biodegradable. More preferably, the polymer is compostable under both industrial and non-industrial conditions. The recognized standard for non-industrial composting is ISO 14855-1 (2012). Examples of such biodegradable materials include materials that can decompose under household composting conditions, which typically do not reach the temperatures found in industrial composting environments. Preferably, the biodegradable polymer of the present invention is configured to be substantially biodegradable within 12 months after exposure to non-industrial composting conditions. Preferably, the biodegradable composition of the present invention is configured to be completely biodegradable within 24 months after exposure to non-industrial composting conditions.

[0105] The polymers you can choose from are: Aliphatic polyesters, for example, polyglycolide / poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polydioxanone (PDO), polylactic acid (PLA) (including poly(L-lactic acid), poly(D-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic acid)), poly(lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), poly(butylene succinate-cobutylene adipate) (PBSA), poly(alkyl succinate), for example, polyethylene Lensuccinate (PES), polypropylene succinate (PPS), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvaleric acid (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoic acid (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoic acid (PHO), polyhydroxydecanoic acid (PHD), polyhydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (PHPV), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) • Aromatic polyesters, such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) • Polyamides such as BAK 1095 and BAK 2195 (caprolactam, butanediol, adipic acid-based) Typically, polyurethane containing a biodegradable portion made of polyester (PCL, PLA, PGA, etc.). • Agricultural polymers (silk, wool, collagen, etc.) • Polysaccharides (starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginic acid, cellophane, pectin, pullulan, or modified versions thereof, such as cellulose acetate) • Polypeptides (gelatin, wheat gluten, casein, whey protein, etc.) • Vinyl alcohol such as polyvinyl alcohol, or vinyl alcohol precursors such as poly(vinyl acetate).

[0106] In some embodiments, the barrier properties of at least one additional layer are such that the water vapor transmission rate through the additional layer is less than 50 gsm per day at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity.

[0107] Application method Hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles (where used) can be applied individually or in any possible combination. Generally, each of the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles (where used) is dispersed (dissolved, etc.) in one or more carriers (such as aqueous carriers like water), and the dispersion (solution, etc.) is applied to the material. Most existing techniques for surface-treating paper are suitable for applying the compositions of the present invention. These include size presses, short and long dwell coaters, slot coaters, spray coaters, and the like.

[0108] The hygroscopic salts of the present invention are provided as salts of calcium, lithium, zinc, or aluminum. In any case, particularly with respect to calcium, zinc, and aluminum, it can be difficult to optimally coat the material with the salt when the material is cellulose. While we do not wish to be bound by theory, as an example, it is considered particularly difficult to coat cellulose paper with calcium chloride because hydroxyl groups have a strong affinity for cations, and coincidentally, this is also why some of the materials of the present invention have been shown to be very effective in reducing the permeation of moisture through the material.

[0109] The present invention can overcome such problems, particularly when employing a coating method that utilizes a pressure gradient to impregnate a chloride / carrier onto / into a material. In some examples, such a pressure gradient may be provided by a pressure pulse, which can be considered a positive pressure gradient. The pressure pulse is provided by a blade or pressure roll coater (such as a size press), and can be formed as the paper passes through the nip between the blade or pressure roll coater and the backing roll. Another mechanism to overcome such problems is to use a negative pressure gradient, such as one provided by a vacuum, to draw the chloride / carrier into the material.

[0110] When hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles are applied sequentially, the same or different methods can be repeated. In some preferred embodiments, each of the hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and cellulose particles is applied as a mixture in a single coating operation.

[0111] The amount of hygroscopic salt (where used) applied to the material varies depending on the purpose or application of the material thus formed. It is convenient to refer to the amount of hygroscopic salt (where used) applied based on the dry weight per unit surface area of ​​the material. For example, 1-500 gsm, 1-200 gsm, or 5-100 gsm can be applied to the material. The amount can be applied in a single application step or in multiple application steps. In each application step, 1-100 gsm, 1-50 gsm, 1-25 gsm, 5-25 gsm, or 10-25 gsm can be applied to the material.

[0112] The amount of phyllosilicate mineral (where used) applied to a material varies depending on the purpose or application of the material being formed. It is convenient to refer to the amount of phyllosilicate mineral (where used) applied based on the dry weight per unit surface area of ​​the material. For example, 1-500 gsm, 1-200 gsm, 1-100 gsm, or 5-100 gsm can be applied to the material. This amount may be for a single application or multiple applications. In each application, 1-100 gsm, 1-50 gsm, 1-25 gsm, 5-25 gsm, or 10-25 gsm can be applied to the material.

[0113] The amount of cellulose particles (where used) applied to a material may vary depending on the intended purpose or use of the material thus formed. It is convenient to refer to the amount of cellulose particles (where used) applied based on the dry weight per unit surface area of ​​the material. For example, 1–500 gsm, 1–200 gsm, 1–100 gsm, or 5–100 gsm can be applied to the material. The amount may be applied in a single application step or in multiple application steps. In each application step, 1–100 gsm, 1–50 gsm, 1–25 gsm, 5–25 gsm, or 10–25 gsm can be applied to the material.

[0114] Coating rates of 1 to 25 gsm per coating step, for example 5 to 25 gsm, or for example 10 to 25 gsm, are considered particularly beneficial for materials such as cellulose and modified cellulose in paper, cards, and cardboard weighing approximately 125 gsm.

[0115] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is thought that hygroscopic salts are adsorbed onto the surface of the fibers in the material's matrix. In this specification, “adsorption” refers to cations that bind to cellulose. While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it is thought that phyllosilicate minerals and / or cellulose particles are retained by a combination of filtration and the coagulation effect of hygroscopic salt cations, an effect referred to herein as “incorporation” into the matrix. For example, cellulose particles and / or phyllosilicates are thought to have the same charge as the matrix of fibers, which are cellulose. In such cases, the presence of hygroscopic salts such as calcium chloride (particularly calcium cations) results in some degree of crosslinking between the fibers and the cellulose particles and / or phyllosilicates. This adsorption / adhesion mechanism is thought to maximize the dispersion of hygroscopic salts throughout the material, resulting in maximum absorption of active ingredients and consequently maximizing moisture permeability throughout the material.

[0116] In contrast to adsorption, absorption involves the attraction and retention of a substance within the internal structure of a material, such as within the pores of a matrix. Absorption is considered the primary mechanism for retaining particulate components of a treatment, particularly in an aggregated form. Uses and Benefits

[0117] The packaging material of the present invention can be used in a variety of packaging applications where the packaged product or the packaging itself is susceptible to damage from moisture and / or oxygen. Examples of such packaged products include the following: • Electronic equipment and electronic components • Pharmaceuticals • Foods such as powdered milk, coffee, and powdered supplements. • Certain textile products and fabrics, especially those prone to mold growth. • Specific types of paper such as copy paper

[0118] Examples of food packaging applications include the following: • Flexible stand-up pouches that are resealable and available in a variety of sizes. • Takeaway coffee cups, containers for refrigerated or frozen dairy products, and rigid packaging such as bowls and trays manufactured by pressing or vacuum forming. • Rigid packaging such as 3D pulp containers manufactured using conventional pulp manufacturing methods with thermoformed polymer layers. Cardboard packaging used for liquid foods may deteriorate if exposed to moisture for extended periods during delivery and use. Secondary packaging such as cardboard boxes weakens when exposed to periodic humidity for extended periods during delivery, and can no longer protect the contents from mechanical damage.

[0119] The building materials of the present invention can be used in a variety of building applications where it is desirable to reduce the permeability of moisture and / or oxygen from one side of the material to the other. For example, this material can be used to control humidity within a building by installing wall panels and / or ceiling tiles treated with hygroscopic salts, phyllosilicate minerals, and / or cellulose particles. Adding one or more of these components improves the wall panel's ability to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment. This property can be advantageous in certain applications, such as controlling the humidity of an indoor space during periods when daytime humidity changes periodically.

[0120] The building material of the present invention can also be used as a moisture sink / source, regulating humidity in the environment by absorbing moisture under humid conditions and releasing moisture under dry conditions. [Examples]

[0121] Controls: Kraft cellulose fiber material - negative control; and Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with a polymer layer of PHA (25 gsm) - positive control.

[0122] The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of an uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was measured at 3000 g / m². 2 The measurement was taken over 24 hours (at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). In the case of this material, this WVTR represents a negative control.

[0123] As a positive control used to determine how the product of the present invention is considered to provide a useful alternative and overcome some of the problems associated with the use of barrier layers, a polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) polymer coating agent (25 g / m², 20 microns) was directly applied to a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 g / m²) together with a compostable adhesive using an air atomizing spray nozzle. The adhesive used was a compostable laminate adhesive sold by Scitech Adhesive Systems as ST6093G HS.

[0124] In this positive control, the average water vapor transmission rate was 115 g / m³. 2 It was found that the average was 400 cm³ over 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). The oxygen permeability of this packaging material was also measured, and the average was 400 cm³. 3 / m 2 It was calculated as / 24 hours.

[0125] Example 1 - Craft cellulose fiber material coated with bentonite clay (11.67 gsm), calcium chloride (15.83 gsm), and microfibrillated cellulose and bentonite clay (4.31 gsm). In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay coating of 11.67 grams per square meter by dry weight. Next, a calcium chloride solution was directly spray-coated with the bentonite clay-coated material using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a calcium chloride coating of 15.83 grams per square meter by dry weight. Next, the material coated with bentonite clay and calcium chloride was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 6% by weight of bentonite clay and 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay and microfibrillated cellulose coating of 4.31 grams per square meter by dry weight.

[0126] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 1223 g / m³. 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the value had decreased from / 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0127] Example 2 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with bentonite clay (11.67 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay coating of 11.67 grams per square meter by dry weight.

[0128] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 344 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0129] Example 3 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose (6.93 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of microfibrillated cellulose using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried (the spray coating and drying process was repeated three more times) to achieve a coating of 6.93 grams of microfibrillated cellulose per square meter on a dry weight basis.

[0130] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 681 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0131] Example 4 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and bentonite clay (12.93 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose and 6% by weight of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a coating of microfibrillated cellulose and bentonite clay at a dry weight of 12.93 grams / square meter.

[0132] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 868 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0133] Example 5 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with calcium chloride (15.8 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to achieve a calcium chloride coating of 15.8 grams per square meter by dry weight. After dissolving in deionized water, the coating was applied as a solution with a solid content of 50% by weight. In this example, the average water vapor transmission rate was 217 g / m². 2 It was found that the water vapor transmission rate decreased by 1 / day (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). This is in contrast to the water vapor transmission rate of 3000 g / m² for uncoated highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter). 2 It has decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0134] Example 6 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with calcium chloride (63.3 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to achieve a calcium chloride coating of 63.3 grams per square meter by dry weight. After dissolving in deionized water, the coating was applied as a solution with a solid content of 50% by weight. In this example, the average water vapor transmission rate was 255 g / m². 2 It was found that the water vapor transmission rate decreased by 1 / day (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). This is in contrast to the water vapor transmission rate of 3000 g / m² for uncoated highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter). 2 The water vapor transmission rate has decreased significantly from the 24-hour measurement (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). Interestingly, even when the dry weight of calcium chloride was increased to four times the weight tested in Example 5, the water vapor transmission rate did not decrease any further.

[0135] Example 7 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with a polymer layer of bentonite clay (11.67 gsm), calcium chloride (15.83 gsm), microfibrillated cellulose and bentonite clay (4.31 gsm), and PHA.

[0136] In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay coating of 11.67 grams per square meter by dry weight. Next, the bentonite clay-coated material was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a calcium chloride coating of 15.83 grams per square meter by dry weight. Next, the bentonite clay and calcium chloride-coated material was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 6% by weight of bentonite clay and 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay and microfibrillated cellulose coating of 4.31 grams per square meter by dry weight. This example differs from Example 1 in that a PHA polymer coating agent (25 grams per square meter, 20 microns) was directly applied to a material coated with a compostable adhesive. The adhesive used is a compostable laminate adhesive sold by Scitech Adhesive Systems as ST6093G HS.

[0137] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 62 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the oxygen permeability decreased from 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). The oxygen permeability of this packaging material was also measured, and the average was 747 cm³. 3 / m 2 It was calculated as / 24 hours.

[0138] Example 8 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with bentonite clay (11.67 gsm), calcium chloride (15.83 gsm), and microfibrillated cellulose (4.31 gsm). In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a bentonite clay coating of 11.67 grams per square meter by dry weight. Next, the bentonite clay-coated material was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a calcium chloride coating of 15.83 grams per square meter by dry weight. Then, the bentonite clay and calcium chloride-coated material was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried (the spray coating and drying process was repeated), resulting in a microfibrillated cellulose coating of 4.31 grams per square meter by dry weight.

[0139] Example 9 - Craft cellulose fiber material coated with calcium chloride (15.83 gsm) and microfibrillated cellulose and bentonite clay (12.93 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a coating of 15.83 grams of calcium chloride per square meter on a dry weight basis. Next, the calcium chloride-coated material was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose and 6% by weight of bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a coating of microfibrillated cellulose per square meter on a dry weight basis.

[0140] Example 10 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with a polymer layer of calcium chloride (15.83 gsm) and polyhydroxybutyrate (20 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to achieve a calcium chloride coating of 15.83 grams per square meter by dry weight. Two types of polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB) polymer coatings (applied sequentially, totaling 20 grams per square meter, 20 microns) were directly applied to the coated material using a compostable adhesive via an air atomizing spray nozzle. The adhesive used was a compostable laminate adhesive sold by Scitech Adhesive Systems as ST6093G HS.

[0141] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 31 g / m³. 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the oxygen permeability decreased from 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). The oxygen permeability of this packaging material was also measured, and the average was 253 cm³. 3 / m 2 It was calculated as / 24 hours.

[0142] Example 11 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with calcium chloride (15.83 gsm), bentonite clay and microfibrillated cellulose (12.93 gsm), and a polymer layer of polyhydroxybutyrate (20 gsm). In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a calcium chloride solution using an air-spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a coating of 15.83 grams of calcium chloride per square meter on a dry weight basis. Next, the calcium chloride-coated material was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 6% by weight bentonite clay and 1.5% by weight microfibrillated cellulose using an air-spray nozzle, and then dried (the spray-coating and drying process was repeated three more times) to obtain a coating of 12.93 grams of bentonite clay and microfibrillated cellulose per square meter on a dry weight basis. Next, the material coated with a compostable adhesive was directly applied with a polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB) polymer coating agent (20 grams per square meter, 20 microns) using an air-spray nozzle. The adhesive used was a compostable laminate adhesive sold by Scitech Adhesive Systems as ST6093G HS.

[0143] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 33 g / m³. 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m², measured over 24 hours (at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the oxygen permeability decreased from 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). The oxygen permeability of this packaging material was also measured, and the average was 287 cm³. 3 / m 2 It was calculated as / 24 hours.

[0144] Example 12 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with insoluble salt / soluble hygroscopic salt (11.5 gsm) In this example, calcium chloride, potassium carbonate, and phosphoric acid (85% in water) were brought into contact in this order to produce carbon dioxide along with aqueous solutions of tricalcium phosphate and potassium chloride (reaction products). The solution of the reaction products was directly spray-coated onto a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) using an air atomizing spray nozzle (water was optionally added to provide a low viscosity solution), and then dried to obtain a coating of 11.5 grams of the reaction product per square meter on a dry weight basis.

[0145] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 368 g / m². 2 It was found to be / day (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). This is in comparison to the water vapor transmission rate of 3000 g / m² for uncoated highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter). 2 It has decreased significantly from / 24 hours (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0146] Example 13 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with SS (11.5 gsm) In this example, calcium chloride, potassium carbonate, and phosphoric acid (85% in water) were reacted to produce carbon dioxide along with aqueous solutions of tricalcium phosphate and potassium chloride (reaction products). The solution of the reaction products was directly spray-coated onto a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) using an air atomizing spray nozzle (water was optionally added to provide a low viscosity solution), and then dried to achieve a coating of 11.5 grams of the reaction product per square meter on a dry weight basis.

[0147] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 375 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0148] Example 14 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with WPI calcium chloride (20 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a solution of isolated whey protein (WPI) / calcium chloride using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a coating of 20 grams of WPI calcium chloride per square meter on a dry weight basis.

[0149] In this example, the average water vapor transmission rate is 593 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0150] Example 15 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with WPC calcium chloride (20 gsm) In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a concentrated whey protein (WPC) / calcium chloride solution using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried to obtain a WPC calcium chloride coating of 20 grams per square meter by dry weight.

[0151] In this embodiment, the average water vapor transmission rate is 518 g / m². 2 The water vapor transmission rate for uncoated, highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) is 3000 g / m² (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity). 2 It was found that the level had decreased significantly from the 24-hour period (measured at 25 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity).

[0152] As shown in Table 1, the results of the water vapor permeability test show that coatings using at least one of calcium chloride, MFC, and phyllosilicate provide excellent barrier properties against water vapor penetration through the coating.

[0153] Furthermore, compared to other concentrations and ratios evaluated, coating with dispersions of microfiber composite cellulose (e.g., 1.5% by weight) and bentonite (e.g., 6% by weight) dramatically improved the ability to spray the coating onto the surface. When dispersions of microfribrilized cellulose and bentonite were applied, the formation of orange peel caused by the coating's tendency to aggregate on the material surface was little to no.

[0154] While we do not wish to be bound by theory, this observed advantage is thought to be due to the neutralization of negatively charged plates within the walls of microfibrils by positively charged cationic regions within the tetrahedral molecular structure of phyllosilicate particles. This was expected to provide a very good neutral coating, resulting in a mechanically sound layer ideal for containing salt compounds.

[0155] [Table 2] JPEG2026524772000004.jpg244159

[0156] water retention capacity Further coatings were investigated to evaluate the effects of various salts and phyllosilicates on the water retention capacity of coatings containing microfibrillated cellulose. The average water retention capacity per unit weight of coatings for Examples 16-29 is shown in Figure 1.

[0157] Example 16 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a 50 wt% calcium chloride solution In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle. After drying, the coated material was directly spray-coated with a 50 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and then dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1499.7 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0158] Example 17 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red kaolin clay, then exposed to a 50 wt% calcium chloride solution In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 11.6 wt% red kaolin clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 50 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle, and then dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1422.5 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0159] Example 18 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and talc, then exposed to a 50 wt% calcium chloride solution In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.9 wt% talc using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 50 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1493.8 kg / m². 3It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0160] Example 19 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red illite clay, then exposed to a 50 wt% calcium chloride solution. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 6.99 wt% red illite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 50 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1622.0 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0161] Example 20 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and Ben Red, then exposed to a 50 wt% calcium chloride solution In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% Ben Red dispersion using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 50 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1382.5 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0162] Example 21 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a 40 wt% calcium chloride solution. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 40 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1249.7 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0163] Example 22 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a 45 wt% calcium chloride solution. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 45 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1370.3 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0164] Example 23 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a 20 wt% calcium chloride solution. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 20 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1189.5 kg / m².3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0165] Example 24 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a 15 wt% calcium chloride solution In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a 15 wt% solution of calcium chloride in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1152.1 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0166] Example 25 - Craft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a solution of 45% by weight calcium chloride and 5% by weight magnesium sulfate. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of 45 wt% calcium chloride and 5 wt% magnesium sulfate in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 1231.7 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0167] Example 26 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a solution of 35 wt% calcium chloride and 15 wt% magnesium sulfate.

[0168] In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of 35 wt% calcium chloride and 15 wt% magnesium sulfate in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried.

[0169] In this embodiment, the average water retention capacity is 842.5 kg / m³. 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0170] Example 27 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a solution of 25% by weight calcium chloride and 25% by weight magnesium sulfate. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of 25 wt% calcium chloride and 25 wt% magnesium sulfate in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 845.7 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0171] Example 28 - Craft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a solution of 15% by weight calcium chloride and 35% by weight magnesium sulfate. In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of 15 wt% calcium chloride and 35 wt% magnesium sulfate in deionized water using an air spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 606.2 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0172] Example 29 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay, then exposed to a solution of 5 wt% calcium chloride and 45 wt% magnesium sulfate.

[0173] In this example, a sheet of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) was directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite clay using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of 5 wt% calcium chloride and 45 wt% magnesium sulfate in deionized water using an air atomizing spray nozzle and dried. In this example, the average water retention capacity was 715.0 kg / m². 3 It was found that (measured at 25 degrees Celsius).

[0174] Water retention efficiency The effect of calcium chloride concentration on the water retention capacity of microfibrillated cellulose and coatings containing both bentonite and microfibrillated cellulose was evaluated.

[0175] Example 30 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and treated with calcium chloride In this example, five sheets of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) were directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5% by weight of microfibrillated cellulose and dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of deionized water, or solutions of 40% and 45% calcium chloride in deionized water, and dried. As shown in Figure 2, the water retention capacity measured at 25 degrees Celsius was 1,249.7 kg / m², respectively. 3 and 1,370.3 kg / m 3 It was found that...

[0176] Example 31 - Kraft cellulose fiber material coated with microfibrillated cellulose and red bentonite clay and subjected to calcium chloride treatment In this example, five sheets of highly porous kraft cellulose fiber material (125 grams per square meter) were directly spray-coated with a dispersion of 1.5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose and 7.7 wt% red bentonite using an air atomizing spray nozzle and then dried. The coated material was then directly spray-coated with a solution of deionized water, or a solution of 15%, 20%, or 50% calcium chloride in deionized water, and then dried. As shown in Figure 2, the water retention capacities measured at 25 degrees Celsius were 1,152.1, 1,370.3, and 1,499.7 kg / m², respectively. 3 It was found that...

[0177] Unless otherwise clearly indicated in the context, throughout the description and claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and similar phrases shall be interpreted in a comprehensive sense, that is, “including, but not limited to,” and not in an exclusive or exhaustive sense.

[0178] All disclosures of applications, patents, and publications cited above and below are incorporated herein by reference.

[0179] References to prior art in this specification do not constitute, nor should they be interpreted as, an acknowledgment or suggestion in any way that such prior art forms part of the common general knowledge of the art in any country of the world.

[0180] Broadly speaking, this technology can be said to consist of the parts, elements, and features mentioned or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, or of any combination of two or more or all of the said parts, elements, or features.

[0181] Wherever a component is referred to in the preceding description for which an integer or its equivalent is known, those integers are incorporated herein as if they were individually described.

[0182] It should be noted that various changes and modifications to the currently preferred embodiments described herein will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the Art and without impairing its associated advantages. Therefore, such changes and modifications are intended to be included within the Art.

Claims

1. It comprises a matrix of fibers, the matrix being as follows: i. A hygroscopic salt that is adsorbed onto the surface of the fiber, and is a water-soluble hygroscopic salt, ii. Phyllosilicate minerals, and iii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix. A material containing at least one of the following.

2. The material according to claim 1, wherein the cation of the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium.

3. The material according to claim 2, wherein the anion of the hygroscopic salt is selected from chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates.

4. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminum sulfate, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, sodium nitrate, and sodium chloride, as well as combinations thereof.

5. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the hygroscopic salt is selected from calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminum sulfate, and calcium nitrate, and combinations thereof.

6. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is selected from kaolinite, talc, illite, and bentonite, and combinations thereof.

7. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the cellulose particles are selected from microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nanostructured cellulose, and combinations thereof.

8. A packaging material, as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. The above-mentioned hygroscopic salt is included, and further: i. Phyllosilicate minerals, and ii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix A material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising at least one of the following.

10. The above-mentioned hygroscopic salt is included, and further: i. Phyllosilicate minerals, and ii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix The material according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising each of the above.

11. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the hygroscopic salt is calcium chloride.

12. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the hygroscopic salt is provided in an amount of 5 to 100 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

13. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is red bentonite.

14. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is provided in an amount of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

15. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the cellulose particles are microfibrillated cellulose.

16. The material according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the particles are provided in an amount of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of the surface area of ​​the material.

17. A coating system for applying to a material containing a fiber matrix to reduce the overall water vapor permeability of the material, comprising the following composition: A composition comprising a water-soluble hygroscopic salt and a first carrier, A composition comprising a phyllosilicate mineral and a second carrier, and A composition comprising cellulose particles and a third carrier that can be incorporated into the matrix. A coating system comprising at least two of the following.

18. The coating system according to claim 17, wherein at least one of the first carrier, the second carrier, and the third carrier is an aqueous solvent.

19. The coating system according to claim 17 or 18, wherein at least one of the first carrier, the second carrier, and the third carrier is water.

20. The coating system according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the hygroscopic salt is calcium chloride, the phyllosilicate mineral is selected from kaolinite, talc, illite, or bentonite, and the particles are microfibrillated cellulose.

21. A method for treating a material containing a fiber matrix to reduce the overall water vapor permeability of the material, comprising the following steps: i. A step of preparing a material containing the matrix of the fibers; ii. A step of applying the first composition to the material, wherein the composition is the first carrier and the following: a. Water-soluble hygroscopic salt, b. Phyllosilicate minerals, and c. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix A process including at least one of the following; and iii. Step of removing at least a portion of the first carrier from the material. A method that includes the following:

22. Furthermore, the following steps: i. A step of applying a second composition to the material coated with the first composition, wherein the composition is the second carrier and the following: a. Polymers, b. Water-soluble hygroscopic salts, c. Phyllosilicate minerals, and d. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix A process including at least one of the following; and ii. A step of removing at least a portion of the aforementioned second carrier from the material. The method according to claim 21, comprising a coating step including the step.

23. The method according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the hygroscopic salt is calcium chloride.

24. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the hygroscopic salt is applied at a rate of 5 to 100 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

25. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is selected from kaolinite, talc, illite, or bentonite.

26. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 25, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is red bentonite.

27. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is applied at a rate of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

28. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein the cellulose particles are microfibrillated cellulose.

29. The material according to any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein the cellulose particles are applied at a rate of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

30. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 29, wherein at least one of the first carrier and the second carrier is an aqueous solvent.

31. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 30, wherein at least one of the first carrier and the second carrier is water.

32. A package formed at least partially from a packaging material, wherein the packaging material includes a matrix of fibers, and the matrix is ​​as follows: i. A hygroscopic salt that is adsorbed onto the surface of the fiber, and is a water-soluble hygroscopic salt, ii. Phyllosilicate minerals, and iii. Cellulose particles that can be incorporated into the matrix. A package containing at least one of the following.

33. The package according to claim 32, wherein the hygroscopic salt is calcium chloride.

34. The package according to claim 32 or 33, wherein the hygroscopic salt is provided in an amount of 5 to 100 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

35. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is selected from kaolinite, talc, illite, or bentonite.

36. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 35, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is red bentonite.

37. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 36, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral is provided in an amount of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of surface area of ​​the material.

38. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein the cellulose particles are microfibrillated cellulose.

39. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 38, wherein the cellulose particles are provided in an amount of 5 to 25 grams per square meter of the surface area of ​​the material.

40. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 39, further comprising an additional layer of polymer at the edges of the material inside the package.

41. The package according to claim 40, wherein the polymer is a biodegradable polymer.

42. The package according to claim 41, wherein the biodegradable polymer is polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB).

43. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 42, which is biodegradable.

44. A package according to any one of claims 32 to 43, which is compostable.

45. The package according to any one of claims 32 to 44, which is compostable under non-industrial composting conditions.

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