Methods for reducing, preventing or ameliorating a transport-related condition or symptom in cattle

Abstract

To provide novel means of reducing, inhibiting, or improving the condition or symptom of cattle related to transportation stress.SOLUTION: There is provided a method for reducing, inhibiting, or improving the condition or symptom of cattle related to transportation, which comprises feeding the transported cattle with bypass processed lysine. The condition or symptom of cattle related to transportation is at least one condition or symptom selected from e.g., weight loss, weight gain suppression, the deterioration of meat quality, the deterioration of carcass performance, the induction of inflammatory response, and decreased liver function, in cattle after transportation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for reducing, inhibiting or ameliorating a transport-related condition or symptom in cattle. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, commercial transportation of cattle has become commonplace, and it is empirically known that the increased stress associated with transportation causes cattle to lose weight. Transportation conditions are also diverse, including long-distance transportation between Honshu and Kyushu or Hokkaido, and short-distance transportation between local farmers, public ranches, and livestock markets. Transportation is often carried out without food or water. Transportation involving fasting and water deprivation leads to weight loss and other physiological changes, but the changes that occur differ in part depending on the distance of the transportation. For example, (1) transportation activates thyroid and adrenal gland functions, and this activation is greater in long-distance transportation than in short-distance transportation, and (2) short-distance transportation increases the blood concentration of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress, more than long-distance transportation.

[0003] On the other hand, various feed additives that have been processed to bypass the rumen (first stomach) of ruminants are being used (for example, Patent Document 1), and bypass-processed lysine (hereinafter sometimes referred to as bypass lysine) is also known (Patent Documents 2 and 3). Bypass lysine is used as a feed additive that supplements lysine, which is easily deficient in dairy cows, and improves lactation performance (Non-Patent Document 3). In addition, a product that uses lysine and methionine in combination is known as a feed additive for cows that not only improves milk yield and milk protein production, but also improves reproductive performance and has an effect against fatty liver and ketosis (Non-Patent Document 4).

[0004] Regarding lysine and animal stress, it is known that, for example, in rats, lysine deficiency increases serotonin release in the amygdala, which increases anxiety symptoms due to stress (Non-Patent Document 1), and oral supplementation of lysine and arginine reduces anxiety symptoms in humans (Non-Patent Document 2). However, the effect of feeding lysine on transportation stress in cattle is completely unknown. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] JP 2020-145962 A [Patent Document 2] Patent No. 3728738 [Patent Document 3] Patent No. 5040919 [Non-patent literature]

[0006] [Non-Patent Document 1] Smriga et al., The Journal of Nutrition, December 2002, Volume 132, Issue 12, Pages 3744-3746 [Non-Patent Document 2] Smriga et al., Biomedical Research, 2007, Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 85-90 [Non-Patent Document 3] Ajinomoto Healthy Supply Co., Ltd., “AjiPro(R)-L Lysine Preparation for Dairy Cows,” [Retrieved December 27, 2021], Internet<URL: https: / / www.ahs.ajinomoto.com / products / feed / feed_4.html> [Non-Patent Document 4] Bio Science Co., Ltd., "Bypass Supplement "Milk Liver Plus Lysine"," [Retrieved December 27, 2021], Internet <URL: https: / / www.bioscience.co.jp / products / livestock / %E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3-%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3 / > Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] An object of the present invention is to provide a novel means for reducing, inhibiting or ameliorating conditions or symptoms associated with transport stress in cattle. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] As a result of extensive research, the inventors of the present application have discovered that by feeding bypass-processed lysine to cattle after transportation, conditions or symptoms associated with transportation, such as weight loss, suppression of weight gain, and deterioration in meat quality, can be alleviated, inhibited, or ameliorated, and thus completed the present invention. That is, the present invention is a method for reducing, suppressing or ameliorating a condition or symptom associated with transportation by feeding bypassed lysine to transported cattle, and includes the following aspects. (1) Under fasting and water deprivation conditions Bypass-processed lysine was administered to transported growing beef cattle. At least from 1 day before transportation to 28 days after transportation - A method for reducing, preventing or ameliorating a condition or symptom of a cattle related to transport, including feeding The method, wherein the transportation-related condition or symptom is at least one selected from reduced meat quality and reduced carcass performance in cattle after transportation. . ( 2 ) The transportation is short-distance transportation, (1 ) notes Method of posting. ( 3 ) The short-distance transportation is transportation within 8 hours, ( 2 ) The method described. ( 4 ) The daily feeding amount of bypassed lysine is 1g to 100g in terms of lysine, (1) to ( 3 ) The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7. ( 5 ) B Feeding of lysine processed with Ipas was started one day before transportation. 1 ) To any one of items (4) The method described. ( 6 ) Feeding bypass-processed lysine to cattle at least once a week after transportation. 5 ) The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7. Effect of the Invention

[0009] According to the present invention, it is possible to reduce, suppress or ameliorate conditions or symptoms associated with transportation stress observed in cattle after transportation, such as weight loss, suppression of weight gain, reduced meat quality, reduced carcass performance, induction of inflammatory responses, reduced liver function and the like. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 is a graph showing the time course of serum lysine concentration (upper row) and α-aminoadipic acid concentration (lower row) in the control group and the lysine group. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] In the present invention, the term "transportation" includes short-distance transportation with a transportation time of 8 hours or less, and long-distance transportation with a transportation time of more than 8 hours. In the case of transportation by land route by vehicle, short-distance transportation is transportation within about 450 km, and transportation exceeding 450 km is long-distance transportation. The examples described in the following examples are examples of short-distance transportation, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0012] The cattle to which the method of the present invention is applied may be cattle for meat or cattle for milk production. In the present invention, cattle for meat are called beef cattle. The term beef cattle includes cattle of meat breeds such as Japanese Black, as well as cattle of dairy breeds such as Holstein and Jersey, which are used for meat. Examples of the latter include male cattle of dairy breeds and female dairy cattle that are used for meat. The sex of the cattle to which the method of the present invention is applied is not limited, and they may be male or female. There is also no particular limit to their age, and for example, in the case of beef cattle, they may be cattle in the rearing period (raising cattle). In one embodiment of the present invention, for example, when the method of the present invention is applied to the transportation of rearing cattle from a breeding farm to a fattening farm, the age of the target beef cattle is generally about 7 to 10 months, but the method of the present invention may be applied to the long-distance transportation of younger or older beef cattle. Generally, beef cattle between 4 and 10 months of age are called "rearing cattle (rearing period)," and beef cattle from 11 months of age up to about 30 months of age (when shipped) are called "fattened cattle (fattening period)."

[0013] In the present invention, bypassed lysine (bypass lysine) is fed. The bypass process of bypassing the rumen itself is well known in the art. For example, the bypass process can be performed by spray coating or pan coating the raw material used in the bypass process, such as hardened oil. Since bypass lysine is commercially available, the present invention can also be carried out using a commercially available product.

[0014] The amount of bypass lysine fed in the method of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the daily amount is usually about 1 g to 100 g in terms of lysine, and may be, for example, 1 g to 90 g, 1 g to 80 g, 1 g to 70 g, 1 g to 60 g, 1 g to 50 g, 1 g to 40 g, 1 g to 35 g, 1 g to 30 g, 1 g to 25 g, 1 g to 20 g, 5 g to 100 g, 5 g to 90 g, 5 g to 80 g, 5 g to 70 g, 5 g to 60 g, 5 g to 50 g, 5 g to 40 g, 5 g to 35 g, 5 g to 30 g, 5 g to 25 g, or 5 g to 20 g. The daily amount is not the average amount fed per day during the feeding period, but the amount fed on the day of feeding. For example, when feeding once a week, the amount fed on the day of feeding bypass lysine may be within the above range. If feeding is divided into several times a day, the total amount for each feeding should be within the above range.

[0015] In the method of the present invention, the period for feeding bypass lysine is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to feed it for at least 1 day before transportation to 21 days after transportation, for example, 1 day before transportation to 28 days after transportation. The feeding start time may be, for example, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, or 7 days before transportation. Feeding after transportation may be performed up to 21 days, 25 days, 28 days, or 30 days after transportation, or for a period longer than that. It is preferable to feed bypass lysine immediately after transportation, but thereafter it may be fed every day, or once every few days, for example, once a week.

[0016] Bypass lysine can be administered by adding it to feed or drinking water.

[0017] The transportation-related conditions or symptoms include various undesirable conditions or symptoms in cattle after transportation. Specifically, they include weight loss, suppression of weight gain, reduced meat quality, reduced carcass performance, induction of inflammatory responses, and reduced liver function. According to the present invention, at least one selected from these conditions or symptoms can be alleviated, suppressed, or ameliorated.

[0018] The term "carcass performance" includes carcass weight (larger is better), loin area (larger is better), rib thickness (thicker is better), backfat thickness (thicker is better), yield standard value (higher is better), beef marbling standard (BMS, higher value is better), beef color standard (BCS, intermediate color is better, not too light and not too dark), firmness (higher value is better), texture (higher value is better), and beef fat standard (BFS, color and quality of fat, lower value is better). As described in the examples below, temporary damage and decomposition of muscle tissue occurs in cattle after transportation, but feeding bypass lysine can reduce this damage and decomposition of muscle tissue. Therefore, feeding bypass lysine can reduce or suppress the deterioration of meat quality and carcass performance in cattle after transportation, and can improve one or more of the above-mentioned performance items of the carcass obtained from cattle after transportation. EXAMPLES

[0019] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, although the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0020] Example 1: Effects of bypass lysine supplementation on various transport-related conditions and symptoms 1. Materials and Methods Twelve Japanese black steers (six in each group, control and lysine groups) with an average age of about 8.1 months were used in the study. Each group was transported from the breeding farm to the fattening farm over a distance of about 300 km by land over a period of about six hours under fasting and water-free conditions. The animals were fed at 17:00 on the day before transportation and fasted until 14:00 on the day of transportation. Feed was given twice a day and water was allowed ad libitum. The control group was managed according to the practice of each farm. In addition to the management of the control group, the lysine group was orally supplemented with bypass lysine (Bioscreen Technologies Srl, "Spray Lysine") at 25 g / head / day (10 g / head / day in terms of lysine) before transportation (-1 day), immediately after transportation (0 day), and at the time of blood sampling 7 days (7 days), 14 days (14 days), 21 days (21 days), and 28 days (28 days) after transportation.

[0021] The survey was conducted on the following items: (a) Feed intake: measured daily. (a) Body weight: measured before transportation (-1 day), immediately after transportation (0 day), 7 days (7 days), 14 days (14 days), 21 days (21 days), 28 days (28 days), and at the time of shipping. (c) Biochemical tests: Blood was drawn at the same time as body weight was measured, and the serum obtained after centrifugation was used to measure total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), protein fractions, creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (Tcho), free fatty acids (NEFA), vitamin A (VA), glucose (Glu), cortisol, catecholamines, hematocrit, blood cell counts, and free amino acid concentrations. (d) Carcass quality: After transportation, the cattle were fattened according to farm practices until they were approximately 30 months old and then slaughtered. The carcass quality was evaluated according to the evaluation criteria of the Japan Meat Grading Association.

[0022] Data on food intake, body weight, and biochemical tests were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA with treatment and time as factors using model fitting in JMP Ver. 15. When significant differences (P<0.05) were found, Student's t-test was performed. Carcass quality data was analyzed using JMP Ver. 15.0.0, and Student t-test was performed using model fitting. p<0.05 was considered to indicate significant differences.

[0023] 2. Results and Discussion A. Food intake and body weight up to day 28 (Table 1) Although the amount of feed intake is not shown, all cattle consumed feed according to the feeding system of the fattening farm, and no difference was confirmed between the groups. The body weight of the control group decreased during transportation, and then showed high gain until the 21st day. This result of temporary high gain after arrival at the farm was consistent with the results of the control group in our previous study. The body weight of the lysine group also decreased during transportation, but the amount of weight loss was smaller than that of the control group. Like the control group, high gain was observed until the 21st day after transportation. The 21-28 days DG (daily gain) of the lysine group tended to be higher than the DG of the control group during the same period. Therefore, the ADG (average daily gain) until the 28th day was higher in the lysine group than in the control group. These results suggest that lysine supplementation of growing cattle suppresses weight loss during transportation and promotes weight gain after transportation.

[0024] [Table 1]

[0025] A. Serum lysine and α-aminoadipic acid concentrations (Figure 1) The serum lysine concentration in the control group on day 0 was lower than that on day -1. Since the animals were fasting during the transportation period, there was no source of lysine supplementation, so it is possible that the serum lysine concentration was not maintained and decreased. The serum lysine concentrations in the control group on days 14 and 28 were not different from those on day -1, but the serum lysine concentrations on days 7 and 21 were lower than those on day -1. This suggests that even if lysine is supplied daily, the adverse effects of transportation may temporarily promote lysine consumption, resulting in a decrease in serum lysine concentration.

[0026] The serum lysine concentration in the lysine group on day 0 was lower than that on day -1, as in the control group, but the serum lysine concentration after transportation was not different from that on day -1. Therefore, it is considered that the amount of lysine supplemented before transportation was not enough to maintain the serum lysine concentration due to rapid metabolism of lysine or promotion of lysine consumption. In addition, it is considered that the serum lysine concentration in the lysine group after transportation was maintained by lysine supplementation, and the serum lysine concentration in the lysine group on days 7, 21, and 28 was higher than that in the control group.

[0027] The serum concentration of α-aminoadipic acid produced by lysine catabolism on day 0 was lower in the control group than on day -1. It is believed that the concentration of α-aminoadipic acid produced in the body was also low because lysine was not supplemented during the transportation period. Furthermore, the serum α-aminoadipic acid concentrations in the control group on days 14 and 28 were not different from those on day -1, but the serum α-aminoadipic acid concentrations on days 7 and 21 were lower than those on day -1. This result was similar to that of serum lysine concentration, and it is believed that serum α-aminoadipic acid concentrations are greatly affected by lysine nutrition.

[0028] The serum α-aminoadipic acid concentration in the lysine group decreased on day 0 compared to day -1. On the other hand, the serum α-aminoadipic acid concentration in the lysine group was higher than that in the control group. This suggests that the lysine supplemented before transportation was rapidly metabolized and used to produce α-aminoadipic acid. In addition, the serum α-aminoadipic acid concentration in the lysine group after transportation was thought to be maintained by the lysine supplementation, and the serum lysine concentration in the lysine group on days 7, 21, and 28 was higher than that in the control group.

[0029] C. Serum biochemistry test (Table 2) The serum Alb concentration in the lysine group increased for 21 days compared to the control group. The serum Tcho concentration in the lysine group increased for 21 days compared to the control group. The serum Glu concentration in the lysine group was higher than that in the control group on days 0 and 28. In cows, serum Glu and Alb concentrations decrease as a result of decreased liver function (Pearson, In: Large Animal Internal Medicine (Smith SB ed). Mosby, St. Louis, Mo: 790-795 (2002).). It has also been reported that serum Tcho concentration decreases with decreased liver function in lactating cows (Katoh, J Vet Med Sci, 64: 293-307 (2002).). These results suggest that although liver function decreases due to transportation, lysine supplementation may alleviate the decrease in liver function due to transportation.

[0030] On day 0, serum CK activity in the lysine group was lower than that in the control group, suppressing the increase in CK activity due to transportation. CK is known to be released into the blood when muscles are damaged due to trauma or strenuous exercise. Therefore, the transport distance and transport time in this study showed that serum CK activity increased as a result of physical stress, and lysine supplementation before transport showed that it suppressed the increase in serum CK activity. Serum 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) concentration in the lysine group was also lower than that in the control group on day 0, as was CK activity, suppressing the increase in 3-MH concentration due to transportation. 3-MH is used as an indicator of body protein mobilization in dairy cows (Sawada et al., Livest Sci, 143:278-282 (2012).). Swanepoel et al. reported that lysine supplementation reduced plasma 3-MH concentrations in lactating cows (Swanepoel et al., Anim feed sci technol, 157:79-94 (2010)). They considered that this was due to the promotion of muscle protein synthesis and / or the reduction of muscle protein breakdown caused by lysine supplementation. Therefore, it was suggested that transportation causes somatic protein mobilization, but that lysine supplementation before transportation may reduce somatic protein mobilization by promoting muscle protein synthesis and / or reducing muscle protein breakdown.

[0031] The serum NEFA concentration in the lysine group on day 0 tended to be lower than that of the control group, suppressing the increase in NEFA concentration due to transportation. NEFA is used as an indicator of energy deficiency, and blood concentrations increase during energy deficiency. In this study, as mentioned above, serum Glu concentration increased with lysine supplementation on day 0, suggesting that gluconeogenesis was enhanced in the lysine group. In the lysine group on day 0, energy deficiency was resolved compared to the control group as a result of gluconeogenesis, and it is believed that serum NEFA concentration was lower as a result of reducing body fat mobilization due to transportation.

[0032] The serum α2 globulin concentration in the lysine group was lower than that in the control group on days 0, 7, and 14. The serum γ globulin concentration in the lysine group was lower than that in the control group on days 0 and 7. Protein fractions are used as indicators of inflammatory responses, and show high values ​​when an inflammatory response occurs. It has been reported that transportation of cattle induces inflammatory responses such as increased blood concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins (Van Engen et al., Anim Health Res Rev, 19:142 154 (2018).). Therefore, it has been shown that lysine supplementation of heifers during transportation may reduce inflammatory responses caused by transportation.

[0033] [Table 2]

[0034] D. Serum cortisol and catecholamine concentrations (Table 3) The serum cortisol concentrations in the lysine group on days 0 and 7 were lower than in the control group, suppressing the increase in cortisol concentration due to transportation. In addition, the serum adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in the lysine group on days 0, 7, and 14 were lower than in the control group, suppressing the increase in these catecholamine concentrations due to transportation. Stress, which is a physiological response to exogenous or endogenous stimuli that cause activation and response of the neuroendocrine system, promotes the release of glucocorticoids such as catecholamines and cortisol from the adrenal gland. Therefore, it was suggested that lysine supplementation of heifers during transportation may reduce the stress response that increases due to transportation.

[0035] [Table 3]

[0036] E. Blood cell count (data omitted) There were no differences in all blood cell counts, indicating that transportation did not affect any of the blood cell counts and that lysine supplementation had no effect on the blood cell counts.

[0037] F. White blood cell differential (Table 4) The monocyte count, neutrophil count, and N:L ratio in the lysine group on days 0, 7, and 14 were lower than in the control group. The eosinophil count in the lysine group on day 0 was lower than in the control group. There was no difference in the basophil and lymphocyte counts. It has been reported that stress reduces lymphocyte counts and increases neutrophil counts, resulting in an increase in the N:L ratio (Dhabhar et al., J Immunol, 157:1638-1644 (1996)). It has been reported that transporting ducks increases the total white blood cell count, neutrophil count, eosinophil count, and monocyte count in the blood (Seo et al., Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 29: 471-478 (2016)). Transporting dairy cows increases the blood neutrophil count and monocyte count (Hong H et al., Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 32: 442-451 (2019)). In addition, it has been reported that in piglets, lysine restriction increases serum IgG and IgM concentrations and enhances inflammatory cytokine-related gene expression in the kidney and spleen (Han, H et al., Sci Rep, 8: 2451 (2018)). Lysine deficiency may induce an inflammatory response. As mentioned above, in this study, the serum lysine concentration in the control group was low on days 0, 7, and 21. From the above, it was suggested that the number of monocytes, neutrophils, N:L ratio, and eosinophils (only on day 0) may have increased due to lysine deficiency on days 0 and 7, and that the increase in the number of monocytes, neutrophils, and N:L ratio on day 14 may have been caused by factors other than lysine deficiency. In addition, the serum lysine concentration in the lysine group in this study was not different from that in the control group on day 0, but the serum concentration of the metabolic product α-aminoadipic acid was higher than that in the control group, the serum lysine and α-aminoadipic acid concentrations in the lysine group on day 7 were higher than those in the control group, and the number of monocytes, neutrophils, N:L ratio, and eosinophils (only on day 0) in the lysine group on days 0 and 7 were lower than those in the control group, supporting the possibility that lysine deficiency is involved in inflammatory reactions. On the other hand, the serum lysine concentration in the control group on day 21 was lower than before transportation, but did not affect the white blood cell fraction.It is likely that the effect of lysine deficiency on the inflammatory response was minor, since serum concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines, which are stress indicators, were no different from those before and after transportation.

[0038] [Table 4]

[0039] G. Growth and carcass performance during the fattening period (Tables 5 and 6) During the fattening period, the average daily gain (DG) was significantly higher in the lysine group than in the control group, and the shipping weight also tended to be higher in the lysine group. Carcass performance also tended to be higher in the lysine group, with carcass weight and flank thickness tending to be higher.

[0040] [Table 5]

[0041] [Table 6]

[0042] 3. Conclusion (1) Lysine supplementation reduced weight loss during transportation and consequently increased average daily gain during the study period. (2) In the control group, serum lysine concentrations on days 0, 7, and 21 were lower than those before transportation, indicating that transportation may cause long-term lysine deficiency. With lysine supplementation, serum lysine concentrations on day 0 were lower than those before transportation, resulting in lysine deficiency, but no lysine deficiency occurred from day 7 onwards. (3) In the control group, persistent decline in liver function and temporary damage and degradation of muscle tissue occurred after transportation, whereas lysine supplementation reduced the decline in liver function and temporary damage and degradation of muscle tissue caused by transportation. (4) Transportation increased serum concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines, which are indicators of stress, but lysine supplementation attenuated the increase in these concentrations. (5) The shipping weight, carcass weight and rib thickness of the lysine-supplemented pigs tended to be greater than those of the control pigs.

Claims

1. A method for reducing, suppressing or ameliorating a condition or symptom of cattle associated with transportation, comprising feeding bypass-processed lysine to growing beef cattle that have been transported under fasted and water-deprived conditions from at least 1 day before transportation to 28 days after transportation, wherein the condition or symptom associated with transportation is at least one selected from a decrease in meat quality and a decrease in carcass grade in the cattle after transportation.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transport is a short distance transport.

3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the short distance transport is a transport of 8 hours or less.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the daily feeding amount of the bypassed lysine is 1 g to 100 g in terms of lysine.

5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein feeding of bypassed lysine is commenced one day prior to transport.

6. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising feeding bypass processed lysine to the cattle after transportation at least once a week.

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