Systems and methods for tissue ablation and related measurements - Patents.com

Abstract

An exemplary ablation system is provided. The system is designed for safe and effective energy delivery into tissue by emitting energy in a controlled and reproducible manner, enabling feedback and titration of energy emission based on, for example, sensed parameters (e.g., tissue temperature) measured during ablation. The system may include a switched antenna for both heating the target tissue and measuring radiation to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue. For example, the switched antenna may include a monopole formed by a proximal radiating element and a distal radiating element, such that the proximal radiating element includes a short circuit to break the choke effect of the proximal radiating element. The system further includes a processor for calculating the temperature of the target tissue and estimating the volume of the ablation lesion based on the target tissue temperature.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 112,101, filed November 10, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 968,726, filed January 31, 2020, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present application generally relates to systems and methods for safe and effective ablation of target tissue, for example, by measuring parameters (e.g., temperature of the target tissue) during ablation and determining the volume of the ablation lesion based on the measured parameters. [Background technology]

[0003] BACKGROUND OF THEINVENTION Tissue ablation can be used to treat a variety of clinical disorders, and several ablation techniques have been developed, including cryoablation, microwave ablation, radio frequency (RF) ablation, and ultrasound ablation. A number of treatment schemes use RF power applied by a catheter in contact with the inner wall of an artery to affect nerves.

[0004] Such techniques are typically performed by a clinician who introduces a catheter having an ablation tip via the venous vasculature into the target tissue, positions the ablation tip adjacent what the clinician believes to be a suitable region based on tactile feedback, mapping electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, anatomical structures, and / or fluoroscopic imaging, activates the flow of irrigation fluid to cool the surface of the selected region, and then activates the ablation tip for a period of time believed to be sufficient to destroy tissue within the selected region.

[0005] Although commercially available ablation tips may include a thermocouple to provide temperature feedback via a digital display, such thermocouples typically do not provide meaningful temperature feedback during irrigated ablation. For example, thermocouples measure only surface temperature, whereas tissue heating or cooling that results in tissue ablation may occur at some depth below the tissue surface. Also, for procedures in which the surface of the tissue is cooled with irrigation fluid, the thermocouple measures the temperature of the irrigation fluid, thus also masking any useful information regarding the temperature of the tissue, especially at depth. Thus, the clinician has no useful feedback regarding the temperature of the tissue as it is being ablated, or whether the time period of ablation is sufficient.

[0006] Thus, it may only be revealed after the procedure is completed that the targeted abnormal pathway was not properly interrupted. In such a situation, the clinician may not know whether the procedure failed because the incorrect area of ​​tissue was ablated, the ablation tip was not activated for a sufficient period of time to destroy the target tissue, the ablation tip did not contact or insufficiently contacted the tissue, the ablation energy output was insufficient, or some combination of the above. By repeating the ablation procedure to try again to ablate the target tissue, the clinician may not have as much feedback as during the first procedure, and thus may potentially fail to destroy the abnormal pathway again. In addition, there may be some risk that the clinician will re-treat the previously ablated area of ​​the target tissue, not only ablate the target tissue but also damage adjacent tissue.

[0007] In some circumstances, to avoid having to repeat the ablation procedure in its entirety, the clinician may ablate a series of regions of the target tissue along which the target tissue is believed to reside in order to increase the likelihood of successful ablation, however, there is again insufficient feedback to assist the clinician in determining whether any of those ablated regions have been sufficiently destroyed.

[0008] No. 4,190,053 to Sterzer describes a hyperthermia treatment apparatus in which a microwave source is used to deposit energy in biological tissue to produce hyperthermia. The apparatus includes a radiometer for measuring temperature deep within the tissue and a controller that controls the application of energy from the microwave source by feedback of a control signal from the radiometer corresponding to the measured temperature.

[0009] U.S. Patent No. 7,769,469 to Carr et al. describes an integrated heating and sensing catheter device for treating arrhythmias, tumors, and the like, having a diplexer that allows for near-simultaneous heating and temperature measurement. The patent also describes that the temperature measured by the radiometer can be used to control the application of energy, for example, to maintain a selected heating profile.

[0010] Despite the promise of precise temperature measurement sensitivity and control offered by the use of radiometry, there have been few successful commercial medical applications of this technology. One drawback of previously known systems is the inability to obtain highly reproducible results due to slight variations in the construction of the microwave antenna used in the radiometer, which can lead to significant differences in measured temperature between catheters. Problems also arise regarding orienting the radiometer antenna on the catheter to properly capture the radiated energy emitted by the tissue, and regarding shielding high frequency microwave components within the surgical environment to prevent interference between the radiometer components and other devices within the surgical field.

[0011] The acceptance of microwave-based hyperthermia treatments and temperature measurement techniques has also been hindered by the capital costs associated with implementing radiometric temperature control schemes. Radiofrequency ablation techniques have gained considerable support in the medical community, even though such systems may have severe limitations, such as the inability to accurately measure tissue temperature at depth when irrigation is employed. However, the widespread acceptance of RF ablation systems, the extensive knowledge base of the medical community using such systems, and the significant costs required for switching to and training on newer technologies have dramatically slowed the widespread adoption of radiometric measurements.

[0012] US Pat. Nos. 8,926,605 and 8,932,284 to McCarthy et al. describe systems for radiometrically measuring temperature during ablation, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0013] In light of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide a system and method that allows for advanced radiometric measurement of temperature deep within tissue and achieves accurate temperature measurements using microwave heating.

[0014] It would further be desirable to provide a system and method for the calibration of such microwave heating and radiometric measurement systems.

[0015] Additionally, it would be desirable to provide an ablation system that has a feedback mechanism to detect and / or prevent overheating of target tissue during the ablation procedure to improve the effectiveness and safety of the ablation system.

[0016] Although a category of energy-based devices exists that treat a range of conditions and offer the promise of improved outcomes, lower risks, and shortened recovery times, significant opportunities remain to harness the capabilities of distinct technologies to deliver optimal therapy to advance outcomes and improve risk profiles. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0017] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,053 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Pat. No. 7,769,469 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 8,926,605 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 8,932,284 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0018] The present invention provides an ablation system and method for ablating target tissue and sensing parameters (e.g., temperature) during ablation. In a preferred embodiment, the ablation system utilizes microwave energy for ablation. For example, a system for ablating target tissue in a patient may include a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region, and a main antenna disposed at the distal region of the catheter. The main antenna may both emit energy to ablate the target tissue and measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission. The system further includes a reference termination disposed at the distal region of the catheter for measuring a reference temperature at the distal region. The system is designed for safe and effective energy delivery into tissue by emitting energy in a controlled and reproducible manner that allows for feedback and titration of energy emission based on, for example, a sensed parameter (e.g., tissue temperature) measured during ablation. The system may include a cooling sleeve disposed over at least the distal region of the catheter. The cooling sleeve may be coupled to a coolant source to allow coolant to overflow the main antenna and the reference termination, thereby cooling the main antenna and the reference termination during pre-ablation calibration as well as during the ablation procedure. In this manner, the ex vivo calibration prior to the in vivo ablation procedure closely matches the ablation procedure to ensure accurate sensing of parameters (e.g., target tissue during ablation).

[0019] In addition, the system may further include a processor operably coupled to the main antenna and the reference terminal. The processor may cause the main catheter to emit energy, measure the radiometer temperature, and cause the reference terminal to measure the reference temperature in an alternating manner. For example, the processor may cause the main catheter to emit energy for a first time period, and cause the main catheter to measure the radiometer temperature and the reference terminal to measure the reference temperature in an alternating manner for a second time period. The first time period may be at least 80 percent of the sum of the first time period and the second time period. The processor may also be programmed to cause the main catheter to measure the reference temperature and the reference terminal to measure the reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference terminal.

[0020] The processor may be programmed to calculate the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature. The processor may also be programmed to estimate the volume of the ablation lesion created by the energy delivery during the ablation procedure based on the target tissue temperature. For example, the ablation lesion volume may be estimated based on at least one of the average target tissue temperature or the area under the plotted curve of the target tissue temperature. Furthermore, the processor may further enable titration of the energy delivery based on the volume of the ablation lesion. In addition, the processor may modulate the energy delivery such that the calculated target tissue temperature is maintained within a predetermined threshold.

[0021] According to another aspect of the invention, the processor may be programmed to perform a reference termination calibration to account for heating of the reference termination during energy emission via the main antenna and a radiometer calibration to account for heating of an environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission via the main antenna. Additionally, the processor may be programmed to calculate a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature while accounting for heating of the reference termination and the environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission via the main antenna.

[0022] For example, the reference termination calibration may include measuring the resulting output voltage from the energy discharge generated by the reference termination for various levels of energy discharged by the main antenna while the main antenna and reference termination are in a thermostatic chamber that provides a high fluid flow across the main antenna so that the temperature of the environment adjacent to the main antenna remains constant, and comparing the measured voltage to the various levels of energy discharge and taking into account the effect of the energy discharge on the reference termination during the energy discharge.

[0023] The radiometer calibration may also include measuring a first temperature and a second temperature in response to an impingement of the main antenna with a first noise level and a second noise level, respectively, while the main antenna and the reference termination are in the thermostatic bath, and comparing the first and second temperatures to the first and second noise levels to account for the effect of the energy emission on an environment adjacent to the target tissue during the energy emission. Alternatively, the radiometer calibration may include measuring a first output voltage and a first temperature in response to a first radiometer signal while the main antenna and the reference termination are in a first bath having a first temperature, measuring a second output voltage and a second temperature in response to a second radiometer signal while the main antenna and the reference termination are in a second bath having a second temperature different from the first temperature, and comparing the first and second output voltages to the first and second temperatures to account for the effect of the energy emission on an environment adjacent to the target tissue during the energy emission.

[0024] According to yet another aspect of the invention, the processor may be programmed to calculate the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature, monitor the target tissue temperature, and predict and / or detect a pop in the target tissue temperature (e.g., a rapid target tissue temperature increase followed by a sudden target tissue temperature drop). Thus, the processor may generate an alert if a pop is detected. The processor may also be programmed to automatically modulate energy emissions via the main antenna to reduce at least one of the target tissue temperature or the rate of increase of the target tissue temperature if a pop is predicted. Additionally, the system may further include a display operably coupled to the processor such that the processor causes the display to display a pop in the target tissue temperature.

[0025] According to another aspect of the present invention, an alternative system for ablating a target tissue in a patient is provided. The system may include a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region, and a main antenna having a monopole. The main antenna may be disposed at the distal region of the catheter and may emit energy to ablate the target tissue and measure a radiometer temperature generated as a result of the energy emission. In addition, the system may include a reference terminal disposed at the distal region of the catheter such that the reference terminal may measure a reference temperature at the distal region. The system may also include a processor operably coupled to the main antenna and the reference terminal, the processor configured to cause the main catheter to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference terminal to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference terminal, and to calculate a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature.

[0026] The monopole may include a proximal radiating element and a distal radiating element such that a proximal end of the proximal radiating element has a short circuit designed to defeat the choke effect of the proximal radiating element. Thus, the switch may be located between the proximal and distal radiating elements. Alternatively, the switch may be located in a proximal region of the proximal radiating element, the proximal region being proximal to the junction between the proximal and distal radiating elements.

[0027] The switch may include a first switching diode and a second switching diode. The switch may also include a third switching diode that improves isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during ablation of the target tissue. Additionally, the switch may include a fourth switching diode that improves isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during measurement of the reference temperature. The second switching diode and the fourth switching diode may be in series with the main antenna and separated by a microstrip transmission line. The system may further include a switch module that is sized and shaped to house the switch. The switch module may include a proximal coaxial connector and a distal coaxial connector that are structured to be removably coupled to a coaxial cable of the catheter. The present invention provides, for example, the following items. (Item 1) 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna comprising a monopole, the main antenna being disposed at a distal region of the catheter and configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; A processor operatively coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination, the processor comprising: causing the main catheter to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference termination to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination; calculating a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature; a processor configured to: A system comprising: (Item 2) Item 1, the monopole comprising a proximal radiating element and a distal radiating element, the proximal end of the proximal radiating element comprising a short circuit configured to overcome a choke effect of the proximal radiating element. (Item 3) 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the switch is configured to be disposed between the proximal radiating element and the distal radiating element. (Item 4) 4. The system of claim 2 or 3, wherein the switch is configured to be disposed within a proximal region of the proximal radiating element, the proximal region being proximal to a junction between the proximal radiating element and the distal radiating element. (Item 5) 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the switch comprises a first switching diode and a second switching diode. (Item 6) Item 6. The system of item 5, wherein the switch comprises a third switching diode configured to improve isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during ablation of the target tissue. (Item 7) 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the switch comprises a fourth switching diode configured to improve isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during measurement of the reference temperature. (Item 8) 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the second switched diode and the fourth switched diode are in series with the main antenna and separated by a microstrip transmission line. (Item 9) 11. The system of any preceding item, further comprising: a switch module configured to house the switch, the switch module comprising a proximal coaxial connector configured to be removably coupled to a coaxial cable of the catheter and a distal coaxial connector. (Item 10) 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to estimate a volume of an ablation lesion created by the energy emission during an ablation procedure based on the target tissue temperature. (Item 11) 13. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on an estimated volume of the ablation lesion. (Item 12) 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to estimate a volume of an ablation lesion created by energy emission during an ablation procedure based on at least one of an average target tissue temperature or an area under a plotted curve of the target tissue temperature. (Item 13) 13. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on the target tissue temperature. (Item 14) 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the main antenna to emit energy, measure a radiometer temperature, and cause the reference termination to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner. (Item 15) Item 15. The system of item 14, wherein the processor is configured to cause the main catheter to emit energy over a first period of time and cause the main catheter to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference terminal to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner over a second period of time. (Item 16) Item 16. The system of item 15, wherein the first time period is at least 80 percent of the sum of the first time period and the second time period. (Item 17) 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to modulate the energy emission such that the calculated target tissue temperature is maintained within a predetermined threshold. (Item 18) The system of any preceding item, wherein the processor is further configured to perform a reference termination calibration to account for heating of the reference termination during energy emission through the main antenna, and a radiometer calibration to account for heating of an environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna. (Item 19) 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature while accounting for heating of the reference termination and the environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna. (Item 20) The system of any preceding item, further comprising a cooling sleeve disposed over at least a distal region of the catheter, the cooling sleeve coupled to a coolant source and configured to allow coolant to flow over the main antenna and the reference termination, thereby cooling the main antenna and the reference termination during pre-ablation calibration as well as during an ablation procedure. (Item 21) 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the main antenna configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; 1. A processor comprising: performing a reference termination calibration to account for heating of the reference termination during energy emission through the main antenna and a radiometer calibration to account for heating of an environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna; calculating the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature, taking into account heating of the reference termination and the environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna; a processor configured to: A system comprising: (Item 22) 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the processor is configured to perform the reference termination calibration by measuring output voltages resulting from energy discharge generated by the reference termination for various levels of energy discharged by the main antenna while the main antenna and reference termination are in a thermostatic bath that provides a high fluid flow across the main antenna so that a temperature of an environment adjacent to the main antenna remains constant, comparing the measured voltages to the various levels of energy discharge, and taking into account the effect of energy discharge on the reference termination during energy discharge. (Item 23) 23. The system of claim 21 or 22, wherein the processor is configured to perform the radiometer calibration by measuring a first temperature and a second temperature in response to an impingement of the main antenna with a first noise level and a second noise level, respectively, while the main antenna and the reference termination are in a thermostatic bath, comparing the first temperature and the second temperature with the first noise level and the second noise level, and taking into account an effect of energy emission on the environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission. (Item 24) 24. The system of any of items 21-23, wherein the processor is configured to perform the radiometer calibration by measuring a first output voltage and a first temperature in response to a first radiometer signal while the main antenna and reference termination are in a first bath having a first temperature, measuring a second output voltage and a second temperature in response to a second radiometer signal while the main antenna and reference termination are in a second bath having a second temperature different from the first temperature, comparing the first output voltage and the second output voltage to the first temperature and the second temperature, and taking into account an effect of energy emission on the environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission. (Item 25) 25. The system of any of items 21-24, further comprising a cooling sleeve disposed over at least a distal region of the catheter, the cooling sleeve coupled to a coolant source and configured to allow coolant to flow over the main antenna and the reference termination, thereby cooling the main antenna and the reference termination during radiometer calibration and ablation procedures. (Item 26) 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the main antenna configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; a cooling sleeve disposed over at least a distal region of the catheter, the cooling sleeve being coupled to a coolant source and configured to allow coolant to flow over the main antenna and the reference termination, thereby cooling the main antenna and the reference termination during pre-ablation calibration as well as during an ablation procedure; A system comprising: (Item 27) 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising a processor operably coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination, the processor configured to calculate a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature. (Item 28) 30. The system of claim 27, wherein the processor is further configured to estimate a volume of an ablation lesion created by the energy emission during the ablation procedure based on the target tissue temperature. (Item 29) 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on a volume of the ablation lesion. (Item 30) 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the main antenna configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; 1. A processor comprising: calculating a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature; estimating a volume of an ablation lesion created by energy emission during the ablation procedure based on at least one of an average target tissue temperature or an area under a plotted curve of said target tissue temperature; a processor configured to: A system comprising: (Item 31) 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on the target tissue temperature. (Item 32) 32. The system of claim 30 or 31, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the main catheter to emit energy, measure a radiometer temperature, and cause the reference terminal to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner. (Item 33) Item 33. The system of item 32, wherein the processor is configured to cause the main catheter to emit energy over a first period of time and cause the main catheter to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference terminal to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner over a second period of time. (Item 34) Item 34. The system of item 33, wherein the first time period is at least 80 percent of the sum of the first time period and the second time period. (Item 35) 35. The system of claim 33 or 34, wherein the processor is configured to cause the main catheter to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference terminal to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference terminal. (Item 36) 36. The system of any of items 30-35, wherein the processor is further configured to modulate the energy emission such that the calculated target tissue temperature is maintained within a predetermined threshold. (Item 37) 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the main antenna configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at a distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; 1. A processor comprising: calculating a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature; monitoring said target tissue temperature and predicting and / or detecting pops in said target tissue temperature; a processor configured to: A system comprising: (Item 38) Item 38. The system of item 37, wherein the pop indicates a rapid increase in target tissue temperature followed by a sudden decrease in target tissue temperature. (Item 39) Item 39. The system of item 37 or 38, wherein the processor is further configured to generate an alert if the pop is detected. (Item 40) 40. The system of any of claims 37-39, wherein the processor is further configured to automatically modulate the energy emission via the main antenna when the pop is predicted to reduce at least one of the target tissue temperature or a rate of increase of the target tissue temperature. (Item 41) 41. The system of any of items 37-40, further comprising a display operably coupled to the processor, the processor further configured to cause the display to display the pop in the target tissue temperature. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0028] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a microwave radiometer having a Dicke switch.

[0029] [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a microwave heating and temperature sensing system in which a Dicke switch and reference termination are placed at the end of the coaxial cable near the connection to the antenna.

[0030] [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary microwave ablation system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0031] [Figure 4] FIG. 4A illustrates a computer simulation of the temperature field and power loss density created by microwave heating in the system of FIG. 3, and FIG. 4B illustrates the temperature distribution at the cutting surface.

[0032] [Figure 5-1] FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary microwave ablation system in which a reference termination is placed between the dipoles of a radiometer antenna, FIG. 5B illustrates a switching network of the microwave ablation system of FIG. 5A, and FIG. 5C illustrates the microwave ablation system of FIG. 5A. [Figure 5-2] FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary microwave ablation system in which a reference termination is placed between the dipoles of a radiometer antenna, FIG. 5B illustrates a switching network of the microwave ablation system of FIG. 5A, and FIG. 5C illustrates the microwave ablation system of FIG. 5A.

[0033] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 illustrates the basic dipole of a microwave radiating element of an exemplary microwave ablation system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0034] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 illustrates a balun transformer of a microwave radiating element of an exemplary microwave ablation system in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0035] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a cutaway view of a radiometer antenna of an exemplary microwave ablation system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0036] [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A illustrates back-to-back balun transformers of microwave radiating elements of an exemplary microwave ablation system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0037] [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B illustrates the back-to-back balun transformer of FIG. 9A with switched diodes and a reference termination resistor in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0038] [Figure 10] FIG. 10A illustrates the power dissipation in tissue when the diode of an exemplary microwave ablation system is biased on, and FIG. 10B illustrates the power dissipation in tissue when the diode of an exemplary microwave ablation system is biased off.

[0039] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a three conductor transmission line cross section of a balun transformer constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0040] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 illustrates an encapsulated and unpackaged diode of an exemplary microwave ablation system in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0041] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary microwave ablation system having a coolant sleeve constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0042] [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating the steps for ablating target tissue in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0043] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary reference termination calibration in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0044] [Figure 16A] FIG. 16A is a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary radiometer calibration in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0045] [Figure 16B] FIG. 16B is a flow chart illustrating steps of an alternative exemplary radiometer calibration in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0046] [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating temperature versus time for an ablation procedure performed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0047] [Figure 18A] FIG. 18A is a graph illustrating ablation lesion volume versus average target tissue temperature for an ablation procedure performed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0048] [Figure 18B] FIG. 18B is a graph illustrating the radiometric area under the curve of ablation lesion volume versus target tissue temperature for an ablation procedure performed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0049] [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a graph illustrating pop conditions in target tissue temperature.

[0050] [Figure 20] FIG. 20 illustrates data showing induced thermal lesions within homogenous tissue.

[0051] [Figure 21A] 21A-21C illustrate the results of heat sink testing using an ablation system according to the principles of the present invention. [Figure 21B] 21A-21C illustrate the results of heat sink testing using an ablation system according to the principles of the present invention. [Figure 21C] 21A-21C illustrate the results of heat sink testing using an ablation system according to the principles of the present invention.

[0052] [Figure 22] FIG. 22 illustrates the results of a heat sink test on a bovine liver using an ablation procedure performed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0053] [Diagram 23]FIG. 23 illustrates the results of a pulmonary ablation study on a bovine liver using an ablation procedure performed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0054] [Figure 24] FIG. 24A illustrates data showing the radiometer AUC resulting from a lung ablation study, and FIG. 24B illustrates data showing the delivered energy resulting from a lung ablation study.

[0055] [Figure 25A] FIG. 25A illustrates the basic dipole of a microwave radiating element of an exemplary microwave ablation system.

[0056] [Figure 25B] FIG. 25B illustrates the conversion of the elementary dipole of FIG. 25A into a monopole in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0057] [Figure 25C] FIG. 25C illustrates a thin monopole constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0058] [Figure 26A] FIG. 26A illustrates an exemplary microwave ablation system in which a switching network is disposed within a monopole in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0059] [Figure 26B] FIG. 26B illustrates a switching network of the microwave ablation system of FIG. 26A.

[0060] [Figure 26C] FIG. 26C illustrates an alternative switching network for the microwave ablation system of FIG. 26A.

[0061] [Figure 27]27A and 27B illustrate an exemplary microwave ablation system in which the switching network is pushed back in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0062] [Figure 28] 28A-28C illustrate an exemplary switch module constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0063] [Figure 29] FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary switch board constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0064] Detailed Description of the Invention In light of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a system and method for treating biological tissue that employs a radiometric system (e.g., a microwave radiometric system) for temperature measurement and control. According to one aspect of the present invention, a system and method for radiometrically measuring temperature during microwave ablation, i.e., calculating temperature based on a signal from a radiometer, is provided. In a microwave ablation system, an antenna determines how the ablation signal power is distributed within the target tissue. This can be quantified as a power loss density. In a radiometric sensing system, the antenna runs in exactly the opposite direction, where the power loss density becomes the source density. The total received power is the sum of all of the sources within the measurement volume. The relative received magnitude of the sources is the same as the relative dissipation magnitude of the power loss for the transmission or ablation case.

[0065] Unlike standard thermocouple techniques used in existing commercially available ablation systems, the radiometer provides useful information regarding tissue temperature at depth where tissue ablation occurs, and thus may provide feedback to the clinician regarding the extent of tissue damage as he or she ablates selected regions of the target tissue. Specifically, the present disclosure overcomes the shortcomings of previously known systems by providing improved systems and methods for microwave ablation of target tissue and measuring the temperature of the target tissue during ablation. The present disclosure also provides improved systems and methods for calibrating an ablation system to account for the effects of energy emission on the reference termination and the environment adjacent to the antenna, estimate ablation lesion volume, and detect and / or predict pop conditions indicative of undesired heating and / or movement of the ablation system, thereby improving the safety and effectiveness of the system. The novel invention described herein may have broad application to catheter / probe-based therapies, including, but not limited to, targets in the vasculature as well as soft tissue targets in the liver, kidney, prostate, and lungs. For example, the principles of the invention described herein may be used in conjunction with known ablation systems (e.g., NeuWave TM It may be incorporated into a microwave ablation system (manufactured by Ethicon, a part of Johnson & Johnson (Bridgewater, New Jersey and Cincinnati, Ohio)).

[0066] Microwave heating of a target tissue and microwave radiometry as a means of monitoring the temperature of the heated tissue ensures that the desired temperature is delivered to properly treat the target tissue and achieve the therapeutic goal, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2019 / 0365466 to Allison, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, heating and temperature sensing are accomplished with a catheter that uses a single antenna shared for both functions. Microwave heating may be directed toward the target tissue. A radiometer operating at the same frequency as the microwave generator and time-shared with the antenna senses microwave emissions from the area surrounding the antenna and converts these to tissue temperature. In this case, the volume of tissue being monitored includes, for example, tumorous lung tissue. An algorithm relates the temperature in the target area to a volumetric temperature reading.

[0067] However, there are obstacles to achieving accurate temperature measurements using radiometry with microwave heating. These arise from dissipation losses in the relatively long coaxial cable between the radiometer and the antenna. The usual approach uses a Dicke radiometer, which compares the unknown temperature of the target tissue being heated with an internal reference of known temperature within the radiometer. The radiometer output voltage is: [ka]

[0068] where slope is the sensitivity in volts per degree and offset is the sum of all of the fixed errors. These constants are determined by calibration using hot and cold input terminations. [ka]

[0069] Figure 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of such a system with a Dicke radiometer. As shown in Figure 1, an input switch (e.g., a Dicke switch) 32 is used that selects either the antenna input 28 or an internal reference input (e.g., reference temperature termination) 30. This approach is popular because everything in the measurement path behind the Dicke switch 32 is common to both the target measurement from the antenna input 28 and the reference measurement from the reference temperature termination 30, taking most of the possible measurement errors out of the equation.

[0070] A problem with antenna catheters is the dissipation losses in the coaxial catheter that runs the length of the catheter. Emissions resulting from cable losses are indistinguishable from emissions received by the antenna. A radiometer measures the antenna temperature combined with the cable temperature. The problem is exacerbated by small diameter catheters requiring high losses, the desire for small diameter coaxial cables, and the heating of the coaxial cable caused by the dissipation of some of the generator's power.

[0071] A solution is disclosed in the block diagram of Figure 2. As illustrated in Figure 2, the Dicke switch 34 and reference termination 36 are moved to the end of the coaxial cable (e.g., a short flexible cable 38 at the distal end of the main catheter cable, near the connection to the antenna 40). Now the coaxial cable is part of both the target measurement from the antenna 40 and the reference measurement from the reference termination 36, and the heat dissipated from it is taken out of the temperature calculation. However, this scheme suffers from some error resulting from heating of the reference due to its proximity to the heating cable.

[0072] To overcome the shortcomings of previously known radiometric systems, the present invention integrates a Dicke switch radiometer function integrated into the antenna. For example, referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram illustrating a microwave heating and temperature sensing system 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is provided. As shown in FIG. 3, a generator 12 supplies ablation energy to a switched antenna 22 through a transmit / receive (T / R) switch 16 followed by an antenna switch bias diplexer 18. The generator 12 may be any previously known commercially available ablation energy generator (e.g., a microwave energy generator), thereby allowing radiometric techniques to be employed with reduced capital expenditures.

[0073] Furthermore, the radiometer 24 receives temperature measurements from the switched antenna 22 via the cable 20 (e.g., a coaxial cable). The switched antenna 22 includes a main antenna having one or more microwave radiating elements for emitting microwave energy and for measuring the temperature of tissue adjacent to the main antenna, and a reference termination for measuring a reference temperature. In addition, the switched antenna 22 includes a switching network (e.g., a Dicke switch) integrated therein for detecting the volumetric temperature of the tissue undergoing ablation. The switching network selects between a signal indicative of a measured radiometer temperature from the main antenna of the switched antenna 22 (e.g., the temperature of tissue adjacent to the main antenna during an ablation procedure) and a signal indicative of a measured reference temperature from the reference termination of the switched antenna 22. Because the switching network is integrated within the switched antenna 22 and is sufficiently distant from the connection point of the cable 20 and the switched antenna 22, heating of the reference termination by the cable 20 is avoided.

[0074] The switch 16 and antenna switch bias diplexer 18 may be disposed within the handle 14 along with a radiometer 24 for receiving temperature measurements from the switched antenna 22 depending on the state of the switch 16. For example, the switch 16 may be in an ablation state such that microwave power may be transmitted from the generator 12 to the switched antenna 22, or the switch 16 may be in a measurement state such that the radiometer 24 may receive temperature measurements from the switched antenna 22 (e.g., from the main antenna and / or reference termination). Thus, the switch bias diplexer 18 may be in a main antenna state such that the radiometer 24 may receive temperature measurements from the main antenna, or the switch bias diplexer 18 may be in a reference termination state such that the radiometer 24 may receive temperature measurements from the reference termination. The handle 14 may be reusable, while the cable 20 and switched antenna 22 may be disposable.

[0075] The system 10 further includes a controller 26 coupled to the generator 12 and the switched antenna 22, e.g., via the handle 14 and cable 20, and coordinating signals therebetween. The controller 26 thereby provides the generator 12 with information required for operation, transmits ablation energy to the switched antenna 22 under the control of a clinician, and may display the temperature deep in the tissue as it is being ablated via a temperature display for use by the clinician. The displayed temperature may be calculated based on the signals measured by the switched antenna 22 using a computer algorithm. Thus, the controller 26 includes a processor having a memory for storing instructions to be executed by the controller 26. The processor may comprise one or more commercially available microcontroller units, which may include a programmable microprocessor, volatile memory, non-volatile memory (e.g., EEPROM for recording programming), and non-volatile storage (e.g., flash memory for recording firmware). The memory of the processor stores program instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor and the functional components of the system 10 to provide the functionality attributed thereto herein. The processor is configured to be programmable such that programming data is stored in the memory of the processor or accessible over a network. As will be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art, although FIG. 3 is illustrated to show one controller, the processor may include multiple processors utilized in a single location / enclosure or multiple locations / enclosures. Additionally, the reusable devices of FIG. 3 may be stored in a common enclosure or separate enclosures.

[0076] The processor may direct the switch 16 to transition between an ablation state and a measurement state, as described above. For example, the processor may cause the main antenna of the switched antenna 22 to emit microwave energy when the switch 16 is in the ablation state, and may cause the radiometer 24 to receive a signal indicative of a temperature measurement from the switched antenna 22 (e.g., from the main antenna and / or the reference termination) when the switch 16 is in the measurement state. In addition, the processor may direct the switch bias diplexer 18 to transition between a main antenna state and a reference termination state, as described above. For example, the processor may receive a signal indicative of a measured radiometer temperature (e.g., a temperature of tissue adjacent the switched antenna 22 during an ablation procedure) from the main antenna of the switched antenna 22 when the switched bias diplexer 18 is in the main antenna state, and a signal indicative of a measured reference temperature from the reference termination of the switched antenna 22 when the switched bias diplexer 18 is in the reference termination state. Thus, the processor may calculate a volumetric temperature of tissue undergoing ablation based on the signals. The processor may also, as part of a feedback loop, modulate the level of energy emitted via the main antenna 43 based on the calculated volumetric temperature of the tissue undergoing sustained ablation to ensure that the temperature of the target tissue is maintained within a predetermined threshold.

[0077] According to one aspect of the invention, the processor directs the switch 16 to be positioned in the ablation state for a majority of the ablation cycle (e.g., more than 50%, more than 75%, more than 80%, or preferably more than 90%) to maximize dissipated power. Thus, the processor may direct the switch 16 to be positioned in the measurement state for the remainder of the ablation cycle (e.g., less than 50%, less than 25%, less than 20%, or preferably less than 10%, respectively). Also, during the ablation cycle when the switch 16 is in the measurement state, the processor may alternately direct the switch bias diplexer 18 to alternate between being positioned in the main antenna state and being positioned in the reference termination state.

[0078] For example, in a one second cycle, the processor may direct the switch 16 to be positioned in the ablation state for 900 milliseconds, so that the main antenna emits microwave energy to the target tissue for 900 milliseconds, and then direct the switch 16 to be positioned in the measurement state for 100 milliseconds. During the 100 milliseconds that the switch 16 is in the measurement state, the processor may direct the switch bias diplexer 18 to alternate between the main antenna state and the reference termination state every 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 milliseconds, for example. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the processor may direct the switch 16 to be positioned in the ablation state for more than or less than 900 milliseconds, and the processor may direct the switch bias diplexer 18 to alternate every time period, including any time less than 1 millisecond or more than 5 milliseconds. Also, at least one of the switching components (e.g., the switch 16 and the switch bias diplexer 18) may be integrated into the switching antenna 22, as described in more detail below.

[0079] Microwave power propagates from the generator 12 down a cable 20 in the catheter to a switched antenna 22 at the tip of the catheter. The microwave power radiates outward from the main antenna of the switched antenna 22 into the target tissue (e.g., targeted lung tissue such as a tumor). In other embodiments, such as when the ablation system is used for denervation, an introducer device may be used to deliver the catheter into the body lumen, and a spacer device may be used to ensure that the switched antenna 22 is deployed in the approximate center of the body lumen. The volume of blood flowing through the body lumen at body temperature may cool the surface of the body lumen upon immediate contact with the blood. Additionally or alternatively, a coolant from outside the body introduced through the cooling lumen of the catheter may be used to cool the surface of the body lumen. Tissue beyond the lumen wall that is not subject to this cooling will become hot. Sufficient microwave power is provided to heat the target tissue (e.g., nerve area) to a temperature that destroys the target tissue.

[0080] A computer simulation of the temperature field created by microwave heating is shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates a cut through a switched antenna and surrounding tissue. The effect is symmetric around the antenna, so only one half of the cut is shown. The temperature along a radial line through the peak temperature represents the temperature within the target tissue. The temperature rises inside the tissue near the tissue surface and reaches a maximum deep near the target tissue. FIG. 4 also illustrates the microwave power loss density pattern as seen by the switched antenna. Because the switched antenna and frequency are common to both the generator and the radiometer, the patterns generated for both functions are consistent, with the radiometer optimally monitoring the heated area.

[0081] 5A-5C, a switched antenna 22 of a microwave ablation system 10 is provided. The switched antenna 22 includes a main antenna 43 used for both microwave heating and temperature sensing, and a reference termination 48 for measuring a reference temperature (e.g., the temperature adjacent the switched antenna 22). For example, the main antenna 43 of the switched antenna 22 includes one or more microwave radiating elements (e.g., a first microwave radiating element 44a and a second microwave radiating element 44b) designed to receive power from the generator 12 via the cable 20 and to emit microwave energy into the surrounding target tissue at a level sufficient to ablate the target tissue.

[0082] The main antenna 43 of the switched antenna 22 further includes means (e.g., one or more circuits formed by the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b) for detecting microwave emissions from the area surrounding the antenna and converting these into a temperature (i.e., radiometer temperature) of tissue adjacent to the switched antenna 22. The switched antenna 22 further includes a reference termination 48 for measuring a reference temperature. In addition, the switched antenna 22 incorporates a switching network 42 (e.g., a Dicke switch) disposed between the dipole halves of the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b of the main antenna 43 of the switched antenna 22. As explained in detail above, the processor may direct the switching network 42 to alternate between enabling microwave energy emissions via the main antenna 43 and enabling temperature measurements via the main antenna 43 or the reference termination 48.

[0083] The volumetric temperature output is the difference between the radiometer temperature (e.g., the temperature of the heated tissue surrounding the main antenna 43) and the reference temperature measured by the reference termination 48. The volumetric temperature output may be calculated based on signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature from the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b of the main antenna 43 and signals indicative of the measured reference temperature from the reference termination 48 using an algorithm (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,932,284 and 8,926,605, both of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0084] Specifically, all of the switching components (e.g., switching diodes 46a, 46b) and the reference termination 48 are located at the junction of the two antenna dipole halves. The junction between the two antenna dipole halves may have a length of, for example, 5 mm or less, preferably 3 mm or less. Thus, the integrated antenna / switch configuration of the microwave ablation system 10 is physically shorter and more flexible. The switching diodes 46a, 46b are actuated by biasing the switching diodes 46a, 46b on or off, and are switched in unison to the same state. Thus, only a single bias source is required and may be operably coupled to the switching diodes 46a, 46b through the conductors of the cable 20. The switching diodes 46a, 46b may be, for example, microwave PIN diodes, biased with a small forward current in the on state or back biased with a negative voltage in the off state.

[0085] In addition, a microwave choke array 52 is provided to minimize folding back of the radiation pattern of microwave energy from the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b onto the coaxial catheter shaft. The choke is formed by connecting a proximal dipole half (e.g., microwave radiating element 44a) to the cable 20 at the feed point of the main antenna 43. A coaxial structure is formed between the microwave radiating element 44a and the cable 20, which provides an open circuit choke between the main antenna 43 and the cable 20.

[0086] The input from the main antenna 43 or from the reference termination 48 is selected by reversing the polarity of the bias current applied to the center conductor 39 of the cable 20. The series connected switched diodes 46a, 46b are either low resistance that passes the microwave signal or small capacitance that blocks the signal depending on the bias polarity. A resistor (e.g., bias component 53) returns the bias current through the outer conductor 41 of the cable 110. A bias current diplexer provides bias to the proximal end of the catheter outside the body.

[0087] The chip level switching components (diodes, resistors, and capacitors) are very small and reside on the ceramic card in the small space between the dipole halves of the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b. The cable 20 and antenna structure are made from flexible materials that can fit through narrow passages. The only rigid section may be the switching network 42, which is approximately 3 mm or less.

[0088] System 10 is suitable for applications such as lung tissue ablation, where reference termination 48 must establish a reference temperature. For this reason, reference termination 48 is located proximal to the antenna structure so that the temperature sensor does not have to cross the feed point of main antenna 43, which would disrupt the antenna radiation pattern. A thermocouple circuit formed by outer conductor 41 and a very thin dissimilar metal wire that terminates near the reference resistor of reference termination 48 may be used for this purpose.

[0089] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b are basic dipoles that receive power from the generator 12 via the cable 20. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b may have a cylindrical shape. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b may have other shapes, including spiral windings. Within each of the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b is a balun transformer. The balun transformer transforms a single-ended transmission line system into a balanced system, as shown in FIG. 7, which illustrates a balun transformer 54a.

[0090] 8, an alternative exemplary microwave ablation system 60 is provided. The microwave ablation system 60 is constructed similarly to the microwave ablation system 10 of FIG. 3, with similar components identified by similarly primed reference numbers. For example, cable 20' corresponds to cable 20, switched antenna 22' corresponds to switched antenna 22, main antenna 43' corresponds to main antenna 43, microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b' correspond to microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b, switched diodes 46a', 46b' correspond to switched diodes 46a, 46b, and reference termination 48' corresponds to reference termination 48. As shown in FIG. 8, within each of the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b are balun transformers 54a, 54b, respectively.

[0091] Microwave ablation system 60 differs from microwave ablation system 10 in that reference termination 48' is located distal to second microwave radiating element 44b'. Specifically, switched antenna 22' integrates a switching network (e.g., a Dicke switch including switched diodes 46a', 46b') into main antenna 43', which allows reference termination 48' to protrude out from the distal end of main antenna 43'. Thus, system 60 can be used in applications such as renal denervation, where reference termination 48' can be maintained at body temperature by blood flow.

[0092] The structure of the main antenna 43' is unique in that it integrates the Dicke switch function of the radiometer into a flexible remote antenna and provides for the radiometer reference termination 48' to project from the main antenna 43' into a stable temperature region (e.g., the path of blood flow). The volumetric temperature output is the difference between the radiometer temperature (e.g., the temperature of the heated tissue surrounding the main antenna 43') and the reference temperature (e.g., the known stable body temperature provided by the blood flow across the reference termination 48' (e.g., in the renal artery). The volumetric temperature output may be calculated based on signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature from the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b' of the main antenna 43' and a signal indicative of the measured reference temperature from the reference termination 48' using an algorithm (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,932,284 and 8,926,605, both of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0093] As illustrated in FIG. 9A, the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b' include two back-to-back balun transformers 54a, 54b. As illustrated in FIG. 9B, two switching diodes (e.g., switching diodes 46a', 46b') are integrated into the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b' of the main antenna 43'. The switching diode 46a' is positioned between the balun transformers 54a, 54b, and the switching diode 46b' is positioned distal to the balun transformer 54b (e.g., between the balun transformer 54b and the reference termination 48' (not shown)). When the switching diodes 46a', 46b' are closed, the single-ended input is converted to a balanced output that connects to the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b'. The balun transformer 54a is shorted to the distal end of the main antenna 43', thus converting to an open circuit at the balanced output. When the switching diodes 46a', 46b' are open as shown in FIG. 9A, no conversion occurs and the structure is in a straight line through the transmission line path to the distal end of the main antenna 43', with the reference termination (e.g., reference termination 48') positioned as shown in FIG. 9B.

[0094] FIG. 9B illustrates a switched antenna 22' having back-to-back balun transformers 54a, 54b with switched diodes 46a', 46b' integrated therein and a reference termination 48' having a bias blocking capacitor 56 and a reference termination resistor 58. As further shown in FIG. 9B, connection 62a connects to microwave radiating element 44a' and connection 62b connects to microwave radiating element 44b'. The switched diodes 46a', 46b' are actuated by biasing the switched diodes 46a', 46b' on or off to switch in unison to the same state. Thus, only a single bias source is required and may be operatively coupled to the switched diodes 46a', 46b' via the conductors of cable 20.

[0095] The switching diodes 46a', 46b' may be, for example, microwave PIN diodes, biased with a small forward current in the on state or back biased with a negative voltage in the off state. A bias blocking capacitor 56 prevents bias current from dissipating in the reference termination resistor 58 of the reference termination 48'. The reference termination resistor 58 may be located any distance from the balun transformers 54a, 54b of the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b' to minimize heating of the reference termination 48', as long as the connecting transmission line has the same characteristic impedance as the resistor value of the reference termination resistor 58.

[0096] 10A and 10B, antenna power loss density patterns for both switch positions (e.g., on and off) of the switching diodes 46a', 46b' are provided. For example, FIG. 10A illustrates the power dissipation in tissue during operation of the switching antenna 22' when the switching diodes 46a', 46b' are biased on. As shown in FIG. 10A, a volume of tissue at a predetermined depth in the target tissue (e.g., where the target tissue to be ablated is located) is heated to a desired temperature sufficient for ablation. FIG. 10B illustrates the power dissipation in tissue when the switching diodes 46a', 46b' are biased off, and thus no dissipation is shown indicating that the switching antenna 22' is detecting only the reference termination 48'.

[0097] To overcome the challenges of constructing a balun structure and mounting a switching diode in a flexible small diameter catheter, a three conductor transmission line structure is used to form the balun transformers 54a, 54b, as shown in FIG. 11. As illustrated in FIG. 11, a thin flexible dielectric substrate 64 includes a center conductor 66 printed on the top surface of the substrate 64 and two split ground conductors 68a, 68b printed on the bottom surface of the substrate 64. The substrate 64 may be, for example, at most 0.005 inches thick, preferably up to 0.005 inches thick. In addition, the dielectric constant of the substrate 64 is relatively high, for example, about at least 10. The transmission line impedance is a function of the width of the conductors and the size of the gap between the split ground conductors 68a, 68b.

[0098] The switched antenna 22' may need to flex during delivery to the target tissue site, for example, to redirect from the femoral artery into the renal artery. To keep the geometry of the switched antenna 22' small, an unpackaged diode is used and encapsulated to prevent damage when the main antenna 43' flexes. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates the diode chip 70 and ribbon connection 76 positioned on the top side circuit trace 72, as well as the encapsulation material 74. In addition, FIG. 12 illustrates the connection 62a that connects to the microwave radiating element 44a' and the connection 62b that connects to the microwave radiating element 44b'.

[0099] In embodiments where the main antenna 43' is rigid in one plane of the substrate, the main antenna 43' is flexible in at least one plane so that it can navigate, for example, bends in the patient's artery. For example, the main antenna 43' can be relatively rigid in the plane of the substrate 64, but curl in a plane perpendicular to the substrate 64. This is deemed to be sufficiently flexible that the catheter only needs to be twisted and oriented in the direction of the required bend. Thus, the structure of the main antenna 43' allows the main antenna 43' to be flexible in at least one plane, and preferably both planes. A foamed dielectric may be used to fill the areas above and below the substrate 64 under the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b'. A braided metal shielding layer may also be used to cover the balun transformers 54a, 54b under the microwave radiating elements 44a', 44b'.

[0100] 13, an exemplary ablation system having a coolant sleeve disposed thereon is provided. As shown in FIG. 13, a coolant sleeve 80 may be disposed over the cable 20 and the switched antenna 22. The coolant sleeve 80 may include an inner tube 82 having a passageway 84 that surrounds the cable 20 and the switched antenna 22 and is sized and shaped to allow coolant to flow therethrough. The inner tube 82 may be coaxial with the cable 20 and the switched antenna 22. In addition, the coolant sleeve 80 may include an outer tube 86 having a passageway 88 in fluid communication with the passageway 84 of the inner tube 82 via a mating cavity 89 such that coolant may flow through the passageway 84, through the mating cavity 89, and out through the passageway 88 in the direction of the arrows illustrated in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, the outer tube 86 may also be coaxial with the cable 20 and the switched antenna 22. Thus, a proximal end of the coolant sleeve 86 may be fluidly coupled to a coolant source. As the coolant flows over the switched antenna 22, it cools the surface of the switched antenna 22 and prevents the switched antenna 22 from heating up more than a predetermined amount. The coolant sleeve 80 may allow for closed loop cooling such that the coolant is maintained within the coolant sleeve 80 and is not discharged into the patient's body. As described in more detail below, the coolant sleeve 86 may further be used to prevent the reference termination 42 from heating up more than a predetermined amount during pre-ablation calibration. The coolant may further be used to cool the surface of the tissue being ablated, thereby allowing the energy to be deposited deeper into the target tissue. Thus, the peak temperature is achieved deep within the tissue, rather than at the surface, as shown in FIG. 4B.

[0101] 14, an exemplary method 100 for ablating target tissue according to the principles of the present invention is provided. During pre-ablation, in step 101, the processor of the system may perform a reference termination calibration to account for the effect of microwave energy emission of the reference termination. For example, a temperature offset exists between the main antenna 43 (e.g., a reference temperature sensor (thermocouple) on the outside of the switched antenna 22) and the reference termination 42 (e.g., a microwave reference termination within the switched antenna 22). The offset is a function of the thermal resistance between the main antenna 43 and the reference termination 42. Heating of the reference termination 42 is caused by dissipation of a small amount of applied microwave ablation power within the main antenna 43. Calibrating the reference termination 42 involves measuring the temperature rise of the reference termination 42 using the radiometer 24 while holding the tissue adjacent to the switched antenna 22 being measured at a constant temperature.

[0102] FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary method step 101 for performing a reference termination calibration. In step 108, the switched antenna 22 is positioned in a constant temperature bath acting as a dissipating tissue. In effect, a normal temperature measurement is performed in reverse, with the known reference being the water bath captured by the main antenna 43 and the unknown reference being the reference termination 42. In step 109, a high circulating fluid flow may be provided in the bath so that the environment around the antenna 22 does not heat up as the high fluid flow removes all the heat generated by the microwave energy emitted from the main antenna 43. In step 110, various levels of microwave energy are emitted through the main antenna 22, which causes the reference termination 42 to heat slightly due to the microwave energy traveling through the cable / circuit, and the voltage resulting from the energy emission generated by the reference termination 42 is measured for each of the various levels of energy emission. As explained above, the environment around the switched antenna 22 does not heat up as various levels of microwave energy are emitted due to the high flow bath across the main antenna 43. In step 111, the measured voltage is compared to various levels of energy discharge to account for the effect of energy discharge on the reference termination 42 during energy discharge via the main antenna 43. Specifically, a comparison of the temperature of the reference termination 42 to an external temperature sensor reveals a linear relationship with the applied microwave power, whose slope is the thermal resistance. This thermal resistance constant is multiplied by the applied power level to find the temperature of the reference termination 42 during ablation.

[0103] 14, during pre-ablation, in step 102, the system's processor may perform a radiometer calibration to account for the effect of microwave energy emission on the environment adjacent the target tissue during energy emission via the main antenna 43. The radiometer calibration provides the ability to determine the microwave energy sensed by the radiometer 42 versus the temperature of the environment adjacent the target tissue during energy emission.

[0104] 16A, an exemplary method 102 for performing a reference termination calibration is provided. In step 112, the switched antenna 22 is positioned in a thermostatic chamber. In step 113, using a known microwave noise source already calibrated for temperature, the main antenna 43 is struck with a first noise level to create a first known temperature, and in step 114, the first temperature is measured. In step 115, using a known microwave noise source already calibrated for temperature, the main antenna 43 is struck with a second noise level different from the first noise level to create a second known temperature, and in step 116, the second temperature is measured. Thus, during this radiometric calibration, the reference termination 42 does not need to be cooled. In step 117, the first measured temperature and the second measured temperature are compared to the first noise level and the second noise level to calibrate the effect of energy emission through the main antenna 43 on the environment adjacent to the switched antenna 22. Also, the first output voltage and the second output voltage resulting from the energy release generated by the reference termination 42 may be recorded while measuring the first temperature as well as the second temperature such that the temperature difference between the first temperature and the second temperature is divided by the voltage difference to provide the degree sensitivity per volt of the radiometer 24.

[0105] 16B, an alternative exemplary method 102' for performing a reference termination calibration is provided. In step 118, the switched antenna 22 is positioned in a first bath having a first known temperature. In step 119, a radiometer signal is applied to the main antenna 43, and in step 120, a first output voltage resulting from an energy release generated by the reference termination 42 in response to the application of the radiometer signal is measured. In step 121, the switched antenna 22 is positioned in a second bath having a second known temperature different from the first temperature. In step 122, a radiometer signal is again applied to the main antenna 43, and in step 123, a first output voltage resulting from an energy release generated by the reference termination 42 in response to the application of the radiometer signal is measured. As described above, a coolant may be allowed to flow across the switched antenna 22, thereby cooling the switched antenna 22. Thus, the temperature of the reference termination 42 does not change when placed in two different baths with different temperatures, the only increase in temperature is that of the unknown environment adjacent to the switched antenna 22. In step 124, the first measured output voltage and the second measured output voltage are compared to the first known temperature and the second known temperature to calibrate the effect of the energy emission through the main antenna 43 on the environment adjacent to the switched antenna 22. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the user may use the radiometer calibration method 102 or 102 and may further perform the reference termination calibration step 101 and the radiometer calibration method 102, 102' in any preferred order.

[0106] Referring again to FIG. 14, in step 103, the switched antenna 22 is positioned adjacent to the target tissue (e.g., lung tissue). In step 104, as described above, the process switches in an alternating fashion between enabling the main antenna 43 to emit microwave energy and enabling the main antenna 43 to measure a radiometer temperature generated as a result of the energy emission by the main antenna 43 via the switched network of the switched antenna 22. In step 105, the processor switches between enabling the main antenna 43 to measure a radiometer temperature and enabling the reference termination 42 to measure a reference temperature. For example, as described above, in one ablation cycle (which may be repeated as desired), the main antenna 43 may emit microwave energy for 90% of the ablation cycle to maximize power dissipation, and the main antenna 43 and the reference termination 42 may alternate to measure the radiometer temperature and the reference temperature, respectively, for the remainder of the ablation period of the ablation cycle. In step 106, the processor may calculate the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature as well as the measured reference temperature, using the calibrated values ​​described above to account for the effect of energy emission on the reference termination 42 and the effect of microwave energy emission on the environment adjacent the target tissue during energy emission via the main antenna 43. For example, Figure 17 is a chart illustrating the target tissue temperature measured during a period of microwave ablation.

[0107] Referring again to FIG. 14, in step 107, the processor may estimate the volume of the ablation lesion resulting from the microwave energy emission via the main antenna 43 during the ablation procedure based on the target tissue temperature. Specifically, the volume of the ablation lesion created by the energy emission during the ablation procedure may be estimated based on at least one of the average target tissue temperature or the area under a plotted curve of the target tissue temperature. For example, FIG. 18A illustrates a graph plotting the average target tissue temperature versus the estimated ablation lesion volume, and FIG. 18B illustrates a graph plotting the radiometric area under the plotted curve of the target tissue temperature versus the estimated ablation lesion volume. The estimated ablation lesion volume may also be used to enable titration of the energy emission to achieve a desired therapeutic goal.

[0108] Referring now to FIG. 19, a pop condition (e.g., a water vapor pop) may be detected and / or predicted via an algorithm programmed into the processor described above. As shown in FIG. 19, a pop condition 90 indicates a rapid target tissue temperature rise followed by a sudden target tissue temperature drop. The sudden drop may indicate a condition in which the switched antenna transitions out of place and thus is no longer heating the target tissue. Thus, as the processor monitors the target tissue temperature in real time, the processor may be able to detect when the target tissue temperature is rising too quickly or otherwise in a manner outside of a predetermined threshold and predict that a pop condition will be observed. When a pop condition 90 is detected or predicted to occur, the processor may automatically shut off heating and / or generate an alert to alert the user that a problem exists.

[0109] Additionally or alternatively, the processor may be programmed to automatically modulate the energy emission through the main antenna 22 in response to detecting or predicting a pop condition, thereby preventing heating of the target tissue and / or other tissue. For example, the energy emission through the main antenna may be modulated to reduce at least one of the target tissue temperature or the rate of increase of the target tissue temperature if a pop is predicted. The detection and prediction of a pop condition improves the safety and effectiveness of the ablation system described herein. The processor may also be coupled to a display for displaying a monitoring of the target tissue temperature so that a user may visualize a pop condition in the target tissue temperature. Additionally, the temperature may be controlled to a set temperature point by modulating the power to achieve a constant temperature.

[0110] Clinical trial results discussed below confirm the effectiveness of the microwave heating and measurement system described herein. For example, Figure 20 illustrates data showing thermal lesions induced by microwave ablation in homogenous tissue.

[0111] 21A-21C illustrate the results of a heat sink test using an ablation system according to the principles of the present invention. For example, a glass tube was positioned within the ablation field to draw heat away from the area of ​​heating. This mimics a blood vessel. As shown in FIGS. 21A-21C, a narrower radiometer area under the curve ("Rad AUC") is achieved when the flow in the tube (or heat sink) is on compared to when it is off. This correlates with a smaller lesion size. Thus, the volume of the lesion can also be determined when there is a heat sink (e.g., a blood vessel) that draws heat away from the ablation area. Known methods only allow the user to control the power and set the power and time levels, which does not allow the user to determine whether the heat is actually heating and destroying tissue. For example, the user cannot know whether there are 10 vessels that draw heat away (creating a smaller lesion), or zero vessels that draw heat away. According to the principles of the present invention, the user can more precisely predict the lesion size in the presence of a heat sink (e.g., a blood vessel).

[0112] FIG. 22 illustrates the results of a heat sink test on a bovine liver using an ablation procedure performed according to the principles of the present invention. Specifically, a more extreme embodiment of the heat sink was simulated. The antenna was positioned slightly below the surface of the tissue, and the tissue was positioned in a water bath. Thus, on one side, the antenna captured all the tissue, and on the other side, the antenna captured less tissue, mostly water / saline. In addition, a flow in the water was created that pulled the heat away in the water as an extreme method of heat sinking. Here again, the radiometer can detect when the antenna is near the surface and there is a lot of heat sink with the water pulling the heat away (narrow AUC), and when there is no heat sink (completely embedded in the tissue), and therefore there is higher heating as well as a wider AUC.

[0113] FIG. 23 illustrates the results of a lung ablation test on a bovine liver using an ablation procedure performed according to the principles of the present invention. Compared to the liver tissue discussed above, which is very homogeneous, the liver tissue is non-homogeneous (e.g., has air pockets and connective tissue, etc.). As shown in FIG. 23, a microwave ablation system constructed according to the principles of the present invention may further be used on non-homogeneous tissue to predict ablation lesion volume with strong AUC correlation with lesion volume. Also, FIG. 24A illustrates data showing the radiometer AUC resulting from the lung ablation test, and FIG. 24B illustrates data showing the delivered energy resulting from the lung ablation test. Specifically, FIG. 24A illustrates regression plots (left to right) of radiometer AUC versus diameter, length, and volume, and FIG. 24B illustrates regression plots of delivered microwave energy versus diameter, length, and volume (left to right).

[0114] Referring now to FIG. 25A, a basic dipole of a microwave radiating element of a switched antenna of an exemplary microwave ablation system is provided. Specifically, FIG. 25A illustrates a switched antenna constructed similarly to the switched antenna 22 of FIG. 5A, with the switching network omitted for clarity. As shown in FIG. 25A, the switched antenna includes microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b, which form the two dipole halves of the switched antenna. As explained above, a microwave choke array 52 at the proximal end of the microwave radiating element 44a minimizes folding back of the radiation field pattern of microwave energy from the microwave radiating elements 44a, 44b onto the coaxial catheter shaft. The choke is formed by connecting the proximal dipole half (e.g., microwave radiating element 44a) to the cable 20 at the feed point of the switched antenna. A coaxial structure is formed between the microwave radiating element 44a and the cable 20, which results in an open circuit choke between the switched antenna and the cable 20.

[0115] As shown in FIG. 25B, the basic dipole of the switched antenna of FIG. 25A may be converted to a monopole by shorting the proximal end of microwave radiating element 44a″ and breaking the choke effect of microwave radiating element 44a″. Thus, microwave radiating elements 44a″ and 44b″ may form a monopole. The monopole may have a diameter similar to cable 20″, as shown in FIG. 25C, thereby providing an overall smaller diameter switched antenna. A monopole radiating folded pattern may be acceptable since a smaller diameter device may be required for the applications described herein.

[0116] 26A, the switched antennas of FIGS. 25B and 25C are illustrated in a depicted switched network 42″. As shown in FIG. 26A, the switched network 42″ may be positioned at the junction between microwave radiating elements 44a″ and 44b″. As shown in FIG. 26B, the switched network 42″ may be constructed similarly to the switched network 42 of FIG. 5B, except that the switched network 42″ may further include a third switched diode 46c in addition to the first switched diode 46a″ and the second switched diode 46b″ and an additional bias component 53″. The third switched diode 46c may improve isolation of the reference termination 48″ from radiometer temperatures (e.g., heating of tissue due to ablation during ablation of the target tissue).

[0117] Referring now to FIG. 26C, another alternative switching network is provided. The switching network 42''' includes a fourth switching diode 46d in addition to the first switching diode 46a'''', the second switching diode 46b''', and the third switching diode 46c'. The fourth switching diode 46d may improve isolation of the reference termination 48''' from the radiometer temperature during measurement of the reference temperature. As shown in FIG. 26C, the fourth switching diode 46d and the second switching diode 46b''' may be in series with the main antenna (e.g., microwave radiating element 44b'''') and separated by a microstrip transmission line 92 on the switching network substrate. The microstrip transmission line 92 may improve the isolation achieved by the two switching diodes 46b''', 46d, which may be particularly useful for applications using higher ablation frequencies. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the switching network 42'' may replace the switching network 42'' in the switching antenna of FIG. 26A.

[0118] 27A and 27B, the switched antenna of FIG. 26A is illustrated with switching network 42'' pushed back from the monopole tip to accommodate a smaller diameter coaxial cable (e.g., cable 20'') at or near the main antenna (e.g., microwave radiating element 44b''). As shown in FIG. 27A, switching network 42'' may be pushed back into the distal region of cable 20'', proximal to the proximal end of microwave radiating element 44b''. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 27B, switching network 42'' may be pushed further back into the distal region of cable 20'', for example, at a point along cable 20'' where cable 20'' transitions from smaller diameter coaxial cable portion 20a' to larger diameter coaxial cable portion 20b''. Specifically, the switching network 42'' may be disposed within the larger diameter coaxial cable portion 20b'' of the cable 20'', and further away from the microwave radiating element 44b'', so that the cable 20'' may include a smaller diameter coaxial cable portion 20a'' extending between the microwave radiating element 44b'' and the switching network 42''.

[0119] The switching network 42'' may be disposed within a switch module 130, which may be structured to be removably coupled to a coaxial cable of a target device. As shown in FIG. 27B, the switch module 130 may be removably coupled to a distal end of a larger diameter coaxial cable portion 20b'' of the cable 20'' via a proximal connector 96 and to a proximal end of a smaller diameter coaxial cable portion 20a'' of the cable 20'' via a distal connector 94, thereby providing an electrical connection between the generator and the microwave radiating element 44b''. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, although FIG. 27B depicts cable portion 20b'' having a larger diameter than cable portion 20a'', cable portions 20a'' and 20b'' may have the same diameter such that cable 20'' may have a uniform diameter throughout.

[0120] 28A-28C, an exemplary switch module is provided. As shown in FIG. 28A, the switch module 130 may include a proximal connector 132a that may be electrically coupled to the proximal connector 96 and a distal connector 132b that may be electrically coupled to the distal connector 94. For example, the proximal connector 132a may have a lumen that is sized and shaped to receive a portion of the proximal connector 96 such that the proximal connector 132a and the proximal connector 96 may be releasably engaged, and the distal connector 132b may have a lumen that is sized and shaped to receive a portion of the distal connector 94 such that the distal connector 132b and the distal connector 94 may be releasably engaged. Thus, the switch module 130 may be easily integrated with an existing target device.

[0121] As shown in FIG. 28A, the switching network 42'' may be disposed on a substrate 64'' which may be disposed within the switch module 130. For example, as shown in FIG. 28B, the switch module 130 may include a conductor 134 (e.g., a center conductor of the coaxial cable 20'') to provide an electrical connection between the cable 20'' and the substrate 64'' within the switch module 130. Also, as shown in FIG. 28C, the switch module 130 may further include a protrusion 136 to provide support for the substrate 64'' within the switch module 130.

[0122] 29, the switching network 42'' of FIG. 26B is illustrated on a substrate 64''. As shown in FIG. 29, the first switching diode 46a'' and the second switching diode 46b'' may be disposed on a first side of the substrate 64'' (left picture), and the third switching diode 46c may be disposed on the opposite side of the substrate 64'' (right picture).

[0123] Although various illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the present invention. It should be further understood that the systems and methods described herein may be utilized for ablation and temperature measurement of tissues other than renal arteries. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. 1. A system for ablating target tissue in a patient, the system comprising: a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region; a main antenna comprising a monopole, the main antenna being disposed at the distal region of the catheter and configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometric temperature generated as a result of the energy emission; a reference terminal disposed at the distal region of the catheter, the reference terminal configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; A processor operatively coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination, the processor comprising: causing the main antenna to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference termination to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination; calculating a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature; a processor configured to: the monopole comprises a proximal radiating element and a distal radiating element, a proximal end of the proximal radiating element comprising a short configured to defeat a choke effect of the proximal radiating element.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the switch is configured to be disposed between the proximal radiating element and the distal radiating element.

3. 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the switch is configured to be disposed within a proximal region of the proximal radiating element, the proximal region being proximal to a junction between the proximal radiating element and the distal radiating element.

4. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the switch comprises a first switching diode and a second switching diode.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the switch comprises a third switching diode configured to improve isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during ablation of the target tissue.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the switch comprises a fourth switching diode configured to improve isolation of the reference termination from the radiometer temperature during measurement of the reference temperature.

7. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the second and fourth switched diodes are in series with the main antenna and separated by a microstrip transmission line.

8. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a switch module configured to house the switch, the switch module comprising a proximal coaxial connector configured to be removably coupled to a coaxial cable of the catheter and a distal coaxial connector.

9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the processor is further configured to estimate a volume of an ablation lesion created by the energy emission during an ablation procedure based on the target tissue temperature.

10. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on the estimated volume of the ablation lesion.

11. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to estimate a volume of an ablation lesion created by energy emission during an ablation procedure based on at least one of an average target tissue temperature or an area under a plotted curve of the target tissue temperature.

12. The system of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the processor is further configured to enable titration of the energy emission based on the target tissue temperature.

13. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the main antenna to emit energy, measure a radiometer temperature, and cause the reference termination to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner.

14. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to cause the main antenna to emit energy over a first period of time and cause the main antenna to measure a radiometer temperature and the reference termination to measure a reference temperature in an alternating manner over a second period of time.

15. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the first time period is at least 80 percent of the sum of the first time period and the second time period.

16. The system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the processor is further configured to modulate the energy emission such that the calculated target tissue temperature is maintained within a predetermined threshold.

17. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform a reference termination calibration to account for heating of the reference termination during energy emission through the main antenna, and a radiometer calibration to account for heating of an environment adjacent to the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna.

18. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature while accounting for heating of the reference termination and the environment adjacent the target tissue during energy emission through the main antenna.

19. 19. The system of any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising a cooling sleeve disposed over at least the distal region of the catheter, the cooling sleeve coupled to a coolant source and configured to allow coolant to flow over the main antenna and the reference termination, thereby cooling the main antenna and the reference termination during pre-ablation calibration and during an ablation procedure.

Images